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WELCOME V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 2 M ARCH 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March 2016 issue of CERN Courier.

This month we have been captivated by the wonderful images of the Very Large Telescope, ESO’s breathtaking installation, which made the cover, and the article is as inspiring as the accompanying photographs. We also collect a series of “firsts” in this issue. The first Viewpoint by CERN’s new Director-General, Fabiola Gianotti, as well as the first article about the newly proposed SHiP facility, designed to explore the hidden world. And the idea that two researchers had to use the sonification technique (well known in particle physics) to develop novel investigation methods to study the body motor also comes under the “first” label. In addition to a great collection of features, we have a rich body of news articles, with new information published on antimatter and nuclear physics.

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The giant of astronomy

CERN INTENSITY FRONTIER ANTIHYDROGEN Introducing the The SHiP experiment is Organization’s on the lookout for CHARGE EDITOR: ANTONELLA DEL ROSSO, CERN new management hidden particles ALPHA presents DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p21 p25 new results p9

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 Contents

TURBOVAC Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management. TURBOLAB o l u m e u m b e r a r c h Editor Antonella Del Rosso V 5 6 N 2 m 2 0 1 6 Books editor Virginia Greco CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail cern[email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V i E W p O i n t Web cerncourier.com Advisory board Luis Alvarez-Gaume, Peter Jenni, Christine Sutton, Claude Amsler, 7 n E W s Roger Bailey, Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty CERN sets accelerator objectives for 2016 Exploring the Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte nature of the proposed magic number N = 32 New ALPHA Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel measurement of the charge of antihydrogen • ATLAS searches DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck for strong SUSY production at Run 2 CMS bridges the gap in jet EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino measurements Jet ν2 measurements with ALICE LHCb brings Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher charm physics to the frontier of experimental knowledge GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu Construction of KM3NeT, a next-generation neutrino telescope, IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov • INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin has begun • Manufacturing and delivery of components for the Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen new heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100 at FAIR has begun LUNA JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko • KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada observes a rare nuclear reaction that occurs in giant red stars Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta DAMPE joins the search for dark matter in space NCSL (US) Ken Kingery • Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman 17 s CiEnCEWatCh Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 19 a s t r O W a t C h Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan F E a t u r E s

©BICOM_13622.02 0.1.2016 Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 21 CERN’s new management begins a fi ve-year term IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK The laboratory takes on the challenges of the Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 coming years. Publisher Susan Curtis Production editor Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey 25 SHiP sets a new course in intensity-frontier exploration All new smart High vacuum pumps and systems Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham Go-ahead to prepare a Comprehensive Design Report is received. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage

Rely on the state-of-the-art vacuum solutions provided by Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum for your high vacuum Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 28 The eye that looks at galaxies far, far away needs. Turbomolecular pumps from the TURBOVAC i/iX line with integrated electronic drive will allow you to Art director Andrew Giaquinto Take a virtual tour of ESO’s breathtaking installation. Advertising optimize pump-down times and consistently hit your target regarding pressures and gas flows. Designed to Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) 33 Data sonifi cation enters the biomedical fi eld or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); offer the best performance:size ratio available in the ISO 63/100/160 size range, they feature a rotor and drag E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 Sonograms can be used to better understand human motor control. stage design to achieve maximum performance and unparalleled speed, especially for light gases. General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] 37 i ntEraCtiOns & C r O s s r O a d s TURBOLAB are plug-and-play high vacuum pump systems, comprising turbomolecular pump, backing pump In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Jiang Ya'ou, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, and the innovative TPU display power unit. TURBOLAB systems are available as table top or cart versions. PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China a C E s L a C E s E-mail: [email protected] 41 F & p The basic TURBOLAB can be upgraded with accessories and gauges to cover individual demands. Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: desypr@desy.de 50 E C r u i t M E n t Highlights UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star r Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ ■ E-mail: [email protected] Enhanced pump performance US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, 54 B O O k s h E L F ■ St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Compact benchmark design, reliability and functionality Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] ■ POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, 58 a r C h i V E Covering a wide range of applications St Charles, IL 60174, US

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS COMPACT ● POWERFUL ● SMART ● PLUG & PLAY 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CERNCOURIER Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 2 M ARCH 2 0 1 6

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH Bonner Strasse 498 © 2016 CERN ISSN 0304-288X D-50968 Köln T +49 (0)221 347-0 F +49 (0)221 347-1250 The giant of astronomy On the cover: One of the four gigantic (30 m-tall) fi xed-unit telescope of ESO’s CERN INTENSITY FRONTIER ANTIHYDROGEN Very Large Telescope observatory, at Cerro Paranal, Northern Chile. (Image credit: Introducing the The SHiP experiment is Organization’s on the lookout for CHARGE [email protected] new management hidden particles ALPHA presents p21 p25 new results p9 Mike Struik.) www.oerlikon.com/leyboldvacuum

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Anz_TURBOLAB_TMP90i_EN_213x282.indd 1 19.01.16 12:23 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 Viewpoint Charting the future of CERN The coming years will be crucial for the long-term future of particle physics.

life, and it is a programme that will evolve and develop CERN as physics needs dictate. Furthermore, with the new neutrino platform, CERN is contributing to projects hosted outside of Europe, notably the exciting neutrino programme underway at Fermilab. If CERN is to retain its position as a focal point for accelerator-based physics in the decades to come, we must continue to play a leading role in global efforts to develop technologies to serve a range of possible physics scenarios. These include R&D on superconducting high-fi eld magnets, high-gradient, high-effi ciency accelerating structures, and novel acceleration technologies. In this context, AWAKE is a unique project using CERN’s high-energy, high-intensity proton beams to investigate the potential of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration for the very-long-term future. In parallel, CERN is playing a leading role in international This model magnet recently By Fabiola Gianotti design studies for future high-energy colliders that achieved a fi eld of 16.2 T at could succeed the LHC in the medium-to-long term. CERN, twice the nominal Over the next fi ve years, key events shaping the future Circular options, with colliding electron–positron fi eld of the LHC dipoles, of particle physics will unfold. We will have results and proton–proton beams, are covered by the Future offering promise for a from the second run of the LHC, and from other Circular Collider (FCC) study, while the Compact long-term accelerator-based particle and astroparticle physics projects around the Linear Collider (CLIC) study offers potential future for the laboratory. world. These will help us to chart the future scientifi c technology for a linear electron–positron option road map for our fi eld. The international collaboration reaching the multi-TeV range. To ensure a future that is forming around the US neutrino programme programme that is compelling, and scientifically will crystallise, bringing a new dimension to global diverse, we are putting in place a study group that collaboration in particle physics. And initiatives will investigate future opportunities other than to host major high-energy colliders in Asia should high-energy colliders, making full use of the unique become clear. All of this will play a role in shaping capabilities of CERN’s rich accelerator complex, the next round of the European Strategy for Particle while being complementary to other endeavours Physics, which will in turn shape the future of our around the world. Along with the developments fi eld in Europe and at CERN. I mention above, these studies will also provide SERVICE SOLUTIONS CERN is first and foremost an accelerator valuable input into the next update of the European laboratory. It is there that we have our greatest Strategy, towards the end of this decade. First-class service for high-quality products. experience and concentration of expertise, and it is Global planning in particle physics has advanced there that we have known our greatest successes. I greatly over recent years, with European, US and Fast. Reliable. Efficient. believe that it is also there that CERN’s future lies. Japanese strategies broadly aligning, and the processes Whether or not new physics emerges at the LHC, that drive them becoming ever more closely linked. and whether or not a new collider is built in Asia, For particle physics to secure its long-term future, CERN should aim to maintain its pre-eminence as we need to continue to promote strong worldwide an accelerator lab exploring fundamental physics. collaborations, develop synergies, and bring new and Are you looking for a perfect vacuum solution? Please contact us: CERN’s top priority for the next five years is emerging players, for example in Asia, into the fold. Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH · Headquarters/Germany · T +49 6441 802-0 · F +49 6441 802-1202 ensuring a successful LHC Run 2, and securing the Within that broad picture, CERN should steer [email protected] · www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com fi nancial and technical development and readiness of a course towards a future based on accelerators. the High-Luminosity LHC project. This does not mean Any future accelerator facility will be an ambitious Fabiola Gianotti that CERN should compromise its scientifi c diversity. undertaking, but that should not deter us. We should started her Quite the opposite: our diversity underpins our not abandon our exploratory spirit just because the fi ve-year strength. CERN’s programme today is vibrant, with technical and fi nancial challenges are intimidating. mandate as CERN unique facilities such as the Antiproton Decelerator Instead, we should rise to the challenge, and develop Director-General and ISOLDE, and experiments studying topics ranging the innovative technologies needed to make our on 1 January. from kaons to axions. This is vital to our intellectual projects technically and fi nancially feasible.

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16.02.02_CernCourier_Service_213x282_EN.indd 1 02.02.16 15:34 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 Advertising feature News Providing Positioning Solutions L h C Queensgate, a brand of Elektron Technology UK Ltd, specialise in offering nano- positioning and nano-measuring solutions CERN sets accelerator objectives for 2016 to meet individual customer requirements. Queensgate pioneered the use of capacitive The 2016

micrometry in nano-positioning. The CERN LHC capacitive sensors deliver high resolution, Performance low noise and high linearity of movement with Workshop positional repeatability of less than 1nm. participants. Positioning and Active Optics Resolution in large earthbound telescopes is limited by atmospheric turbulence and vibrations. Piezoelectrically driven active secondary mirrors can improve the effective resolution by correcting for these image shifts in real time. In addition momentum compensation systems integrated into the tip/tilt platforms can cancel undesirable NCG-1-AL-UHV Nanosensor ™ The LHC Performance Workshop took performance. The electron cloud has side connection to the Booster, the upgrade vibrations and thus offer significantly better place in Chamonix from 25 to 28 January. effects such as heat load to the cold sectors programme comprises an impressive and stabilization. Mirror edge sensors detect the Attended by representatives from across the of the machine and beam instabilities. These extensive number of projects. The energy attitude of neighbouring mirror segments and accelerator sector, including members of have to be effectively handled to avoid upgrade to the Booster will involve the feed into the control system. the CERN Machine Advisory Committee, compromising operations. In particular, replacement of its entire radio-frequency High speed Beam-steering mechanisms and the LHC experiments, the programme the heat load to the beam screens that shield (RF) system with a novel solution based on Vibrational stability in Beamline optics covered a review of the 2015 performance the walls of the beam pipes was a major a new magnetic alloy (Finemet). The PS continues to evolve to comply with the and a look forward to 2016, as well as the challenge for the cryogenics teams, who will have to tackle the increased injection improved brilliance of low emittance storage status of both the LHC injector upgrade were forced to operate their huge system energy from the Booster, as well as upgrades rings around the world. This requires (LIU) and the High Luminosity LHC close to its cooling-power limit. Plans to its RF and damper systems. The SPS ▲ that the vibrational performance of the (HL-LHC) projects. It fi nished with a session for tackling the electron cloud in 2016 foresees a major RF upgrade, a new beamline be characterised, monitored and dedicated to the next long shutdown (LS2), were discussed at the Chamonix meeting, often compensated for during operation to planned for 2019–2020. including a short scrubbing run that should nanometre levels of performance. For the LHC, 2015 was the fi rst year of allow the conditions at the end of 2015 to be Sommaire en français Queensgate beam steering mechanisms offer operation following the major interventions re-established. Further staged improvement Objectifs 2016 fi xés pour les accélérateurs 7 nanoradian levels of resolution as well as carried out during the long shutdown (LS1) will be obtained by further scrubbing while du CERN high bandwidths. Our patented Dual sensor UHV Actuator of 2013–2014. At Chamonix, an analysis delivering luminosity to the experiments. Sonder la nature magique du nombre N = 32 8 technology, doubles the bandwidth that can of the year’s operations and operation The machine confi guration, planning be achieved using traditional PID & Notch of moving loads of up to 60 kg over the full spacing of these two plates can be measured effi ciency was performed, with the aim to and potential performance for 2016 and Nouvelle mesure par ALPHA de la charge 9 filter control for a given resonant frequency. travel range with low electronic noise and to better than 0.1nm resolution and with identify possible improvements for 2016. The Run 2 were outlined. The LHC has shaken de l’antihydrogène This coupled with the capacitive positioning high linearity. This gives confidence that linearity of up to 0.02%. performance of key systems (e.g. machine off the after effects of LS1, and the clear Quand ATLAS cherche SUSY 10 sensors delivers unparalleled speed and the actuator is positioned with precision, They are available for ranges from 20 microns protection, collimation, radio frequency, hope is to enter into a production phase CMS complète le tableau pour les mesures 10 accuracy of positioning. speed and accuracy. High thermal stability to 15mm in a variety of materials including transverse dampers, magnetic circuits, in the coming years. Besides luminosity • Tip mechanisms – these offer a single super invar construction gives superior Aluminium, Super Invar, Gold on Zerodur and and beam diagnostics) has been good, but production, 2016 will include the usual de jets nonetheless a push is still being made for mix of machine development, technical axis of rotation with the highest operational position stability. Gold coated Alumina. Mesures de jets ν à ALICE 11 bandwidth and nanoradian levels of better reliability, improved functionality and stops, special physics runs and an ion 2 Beamline Insertion Device By encouraging engineering partnerships, resolution. more effective monitoring. run. The special runs will include the LHCb : la physique des charmes aux confi ns 11 The NCG-1-AL-UHV Nanosensor ™ was Queensgate Instruments work to deliver the • Tip-tilt mechanisms – these offer two axis of The fi rst year of operation also revealed commissioning of a machine confi guration des connaissances expérimentales developed to measure over an 11mm range best solution, delivering performance at the rotation with nanoradian levels of resolution. with 80nm (typical) resolution to provide a number of challenges, including the that will allow TOTEM and ALFA to probe Coup d’envoi de la construction du télescope 12 right price. We offer a comprehensive service now-famous unidentifi ed falling objects very-low-angle elastic scattering. Crystal Bending Applications accurate positioning of two parallel magnetic à neutrinos KM3NeT and support consistently achieving the best (UFOs), and an unidentifi ed aperture Machine availability is key to effi cient The Queensgate NPS-Z-500A-UHV was beams. Designed to be radiation stable to performance for the price. developed as an extra-long range flexure 107 Gy, UHV compatible to 10-10 Torr, the gold restriction in an arc dipole called the luminosity production, and a day was spent FAIR : premiers composants du nouveau 13 If you have a positioning application where guided piezo actuator offering over 4 times plated ceramic sensors are designed so they unidentifi ed lying object (ULO). Both examining availability tracking and the synchrotron à ions lourds SIS100 you require a nano-positioning solution problems are under control and there should performance of all key systems. Possible the range of standard actuators to operate can be used from -273 to +150 Degrees C and LUNA observe une réaction nucléaire rare 13 please contact us be no surprises in 2016. areas for improvement in the short and in UHV for crystal bending applications. Its operate in a high magnetic field. ayant lieu dans les étoiles géantes rouges companion NPS-Z-15L-UHV was developed A dominating feature of 2015 was the medium term were identifi ed. NX/NZ/NC NanoSensors® electron cloud. The worst effects were The LIU project has the job of upgrading Le satellite DAMPE se lance à la recherche 14 to sustain loads of up to 600Kg with a high The Nanosensor® is a non-contact measuring resonant frequency, and it has a blocking suppressed by a systematic scrubbing the injectors to deliver the extremely de la matière noire system based on the principle of capacitance campaign and a strategy that allowed challenging beams for the HL-LHC. The force of 35,000N. Des diamants low-cost ? 17 micrometry to enable highly accurate continued scrubbing in physics conditions status of Linac4 and the necessary upgrades DPT-D and DPT-E Actuators displacement measurement. Two Nanosensor at 6.5 TeV. This strategy delivered 2244 to the Booster, PS and SPS were presented. La « neuvième planète » existe-t-elle ? 19 The DPT-D and DPT-E range of actuators are plates (Probe and Target) are mounted facing bunches and encouraging luminosity Besides the completion of Linac4 and its designed with capacitive feedback control to each other; the probe is secured to a fixed Web www.nanopositioning.com/ give precise positioning. They are capable reference and target to the moving part. The Email [email protected] 7

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beam dump, an extensive campaign of novel contribution from RF is the production Of note is major work in the much-solicited The charge radii for 40–52Ca isotopes were shift, includes a part that is proportional The resulting charge radius of 52Ca is impedance reduction, and the deployment of crab cavities, which are designed to PS and SPS experimental areas. obtained from the measured optical isotope to the change in the nuclear mean square found to be much larger than expected of electron-cloud reduction measures. The mitigate the effort of the large crossing angle Besides the exploitation of the LHC in shifts extracted from the fi t of the hyperfi ne charge radii. Measurement of such a tiny for a doubly magic nucleus, and largely upgrade programme also targets ions as it at the high-luminosity interaction points. The the short term, the workshop revealed that experimental spectra. Indeed, although the change is only possible by using ultra-high- exceeds the theoretical predictions. The plans improvements to Linac3 and LEIR, preparation for the installation of test crab there is a huge amount of work going on to average distance between the electrons and resolution techniques. With a production large and unexpected increase of the and looks at implementing new techniques cavities in the SPS is well under way. anticipate and assure the mid-term future the nucleus in an atom is about 5000 times yield of only a few hundred ions per second, size of the neutron-rich calcium isotopes to produce a higher number of intense ion Ions will be an integral part of the of the laboratory, both at the high-energy larger than the nuclear radius, the size of the the measurement on 52Ca represents one beyond N = 28 challenges the doubly bunches in the PS and SPS. HL-LHC programme, and the means to frontier and in the extensive non-LHC nuclear-charge distribution is manifested as of the highest sensitivities ever reached magic nature of 52Ca, and opens new and An in-depth survey of the potential deliver the required beams and luminosity physics programmes. The LIU upgrade a perturbation of the atomic energy levels. using fl uorescence-detection techniques. intriguing questions on the evolution of performance limitations of the HL-LHC are taking shape. The recent successful and the consolidation effort will help to A change in the nuclear size between two The collinear laser spectroscopy technique nuclear size away from stability, which are and means to mitigate or circumvent them Pb–Pb run at 5.02 TeV centre-of-mass guarantee the future for, and offer potential isotopes gives rise to a shift of the atomic developed at ISOLDE has been established of importance for our understanding of were discussed. Although it is clear that energy per colliding nucleon pair and the performance improvements to, the extensive hyperfi ne structure (hfs) levels. This as a unique method to reach such high neutron-rich atomic nuclei. the electron cloud will remain an issue, the quench tests performed during the same run fi xed-target facilities, including the shift between two isotopes, one million resolution, and has been applied with experts gathered at Chamonix proposed have provided very useful input. Antiproton Decelerator and the new Extra times smaller than the absolute transition different detection schemes to study a ● Further reading a number of measures including in-situ Although it will only start in 2019, planning Low ENergy Antiproton ring (ELENA), frequency, commonly known as the isotope variety of nuclear chains. Nature Physics 2016 10.1038/nphys3645. amorphous-carbon (a-C) coating and in-situ for LS2 is already under way, and a dedicated HIE-ISOLDE, nTOF and AWAKE. laser-engineered surface structures (LESS) session looked at the considerable amount of a n t i M a t t E r as a way of tackling the electron cloud in the work foreseen for the next two-year stop of ● Further reading magnets at the insertion regions. the accelerator complex. A major part of the Material and detailed information about the summary New ALPHA measurement of the charge of antihydrogen Besides the complete re-working of the effort will be devoted to the deployment of the session of Chamonix 2016 can be found at https:// high-luminosity insertions, key upgrades LIU injector upgrade discussed previously. indico.cern.ch/event/486336/. to the RF and collimation systems are also Looking at the experiments, ALICE and https://indico.cern.ch/event/448109. The ALPHA collaboration has just published required. Here, plans have been base-lined LHCb will perform major upgrades to their https://espace.cern.ch/be-dep/ a new measurement of the charge of the CERN and work is in progress to develop and detectors and read-out systems. An impressive BEDepartmentalDocuments/BE/LHC_ antihydrogen atom. Although the Standard produce the required hardware. An important amount of consolidation work is also foreseen. Schedule_2016.pdf. Model predicts that antihydrogen must be strictly neutral, only a few actual direct n u C L E a r p h Y s i C s measurements have been performed so far to test this conjecture. Exploring the A glance at the Particle Data Book reveals that, according to the latest measurements, the antiproton charge can differ from the charge nature of the of the electron by at most 7 × 10 –10 times the

Ronald FernandoRonald Garcia fundamental charge. The comparable number proposed magic for the positron is somewhat larger, at 4 × 10 –8. Note that studies with atoms of normal matter show that they are neutral to about one part number N = 32 in 1021. We are, therefore, unsurprisingly, hyperfine structure spectra N way behind in our ability to study antimatter. 0 2000 3000 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Given that we still do not understand the 150 0.6 Magic numbers appear in nuclei in which F’ 49 Exp baryon asymmetry, it is generally a good idea The ALPHA experiment installed at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator. 2 Ca(I = 3/2) NNLOsat 4p P UNEDF0 nuclear theory protons or neutrons completely fi ll a shell. 3/4 50 ) to take a hard look at antimatter, if you can get 2 0.4 The existence of magic numbers to explain DF3-a your hands on some. acceleration, involves subjecting the If we take another approach and assume 393.4 nm 20 51Ca(I = 3/2) ZBM2

certain regularities observed in nuclei F > (fm 0.2 Antihydrogen is unique in the laboratory trapped antihydrogen atoms to electric-fi eld that antihydrogen is indeed neutral, we 10 2 4s 2S was discovered in 1949 independently by 1/2 in that it should be neutral, stable antimatter. pulses at various time intervals. If the can combine this result with ASACUSA’S 52 + 2 dnucleons, namely 2, 8, 20, 28, 50 and 82, are Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca charge neutrality. In ALPHA, we can produce Comparing the results of trials with and Of course, we are looking for signs of new spherical, and present a very high degree of Top: The region of the chart of nuclei including the 40–52Ca isotopes studied at ISOLDE. antihydrogen atoms and catch them in a trap without the pulsed fi eld, we can derive a physics in the antihydrogen system – it is stability, which makes them very diffi cult to Bottom, left to right: The atomic excitation scheme used to study the Ca isotopes. The formed by superconducting magnets, and we limit on how “charged” antihydrogen might probably best not to assume anything. excite. The degree of “magicity” of a nucleus measured hyperfi ne structure for 49Ca, 51Ca and 52Ca isotopes; dashed lines indicate the can hold them for at least 1000 s. be. The answer so far: antihydrogen is can be determined by precisely determining centroid of the hyperfi ne structure. The charge radii for the 39–52Ca isotopes are shown and The current article in Nature results from neutral to 0.7 ppb (one standard deviation) ● Further reading its shape, mass, excitation energy and compared with the best-performing models. The large radius of 52Ca (Z = 20, N = 32) experiments in the recently commissioned of the fundamental charge. This is a factor C Amole et al. 2014 Nature Commun. 5 3955 electromagnetic observables – properties challenges theory and questions its magicity nature. ALPHA-2 machine, and uses a new of 20 improvement over our previous limit, G B Andresen et al. 2010 Nature 468 673–676. that can be precisely studied with dedicated technique proposed by ALPHA member set by using static electric fi elds to try to G B Andresen et al. 2011 Nature Phys. 7 558–564 experiments at ISOLDE. an excess of eight neutrons, 48Ca exhibits 48Ca was crucial from an experimental Joel Fajans and colleagues at UC Berkeley. defl ect antihydrogen when it is released M Hori et al. Nature 475 484–488 dx.doi. The calcium-isotopic chain (Z = 20, the striking feature that it has an identical and theoretical point of view. The new The new method, known as stochastic from the trap. org/10.1038/nature10260. magic proton number) is a unique nuclear mean square charge radius as 40Ca. In determination of the nuclear radius is now system to study how protons and neutrons addition, experimental evidence of doubly challenging the magicity of the 52Ca isotope. Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international interact inside of the atomic nucleus: two magic features in a short-lived calcium The measurements were performed contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, of its stable isotopes are magic in both isotope, 52Ca (N = 32), was obtained in 2013 by using high-resolution bunched-beam their proton and neutron number (40Ca (Wienholtz et al. 2013 Nature 498 346). collinear laser spectroscopy in the seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for with N = 20 and 48Ca with N = 28). Despite Therefore, to determine the radius beyond COLLAPS installation at ISOLDE, CERN. faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected].

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L h C EXpEriMEnts data are compared with the theoretical of perturbative calculations mostly cancel in 2011 (2013 Eur. Phys. J. C 73 2509), but prediction at next-to-leading-order QCD out in the ratio, leaving exposed the nearly with a data set 20 times smaller. ATLAS searches for strong SUSY production at Run 2 (the theory of the strong force) using pure, so-called DGLAP, evolution of the The fi gure demonstrates the excellent different sets of parameterisations for proton parton density functions (PDFs). agreement of the ratio of 2.76 and 8 TeV the structure of the colliding protons. In particular, one can monitor directly the data with the QCD predictions, laying a 0 χ , As the LHC gg production, g→ bb+ 1 m(q) >> m(g) searches looked for such a signature, with This measurement tests and confi rms evolution of the gluon density as a function solid foundation for future searches for new delivered proton– 1600 ATLAS preliminary ATLAS 8 TeV, 20.1 fb–1 different selections depending on the number the predictions of QCD at 2.76 TeV, and of the energy of the collisions. This lays a physics through smaller QCD uncertainties. –1 proton collisions at expected limit ( ± 1␴ exp ) of jets, b-tagged jets and leptons, to be extends the kinematic range probed at solid foundation for future searches for new This opportunistic use of the 2.76 GeV data b SUSY 1200 0 + 2m observed limit (± 1␴ theory ) ~ the record energy < m χ 1 sensitive to different production and decay this centre-of-mass energy beyond those physics, for which the parametrisations by CMS has again proven the versatility m ~g all limits at 95% CL

of 13 TeV during the summer and autumn ATLAS Collaboration modes. Six of the searches found event rates available from previous studies. of the PDFs are the leading uncertainty. and power of the LHC programme – a true

(GeV) 800 0 1 ∼ of last year, the experiments were eagerly χ in good agreement with the Standard Model Calculating ratios of the jet cross-sections Also, the experimental uncertainties cancel Valentine’s Day for jet afi cionados. scrutinising the new data. They were on alert m prediction, and placed new limits on squark at different energies allows particularly out in the ratio if the conditions are stable 400 for the signatures that would be left by new and gluino masses. The fi gure shows the new high sensitivity to certain aspects of enough, as indeed they were for this period ● Further reading heavy particles, indicating a breakdown limits for a gluino decaying to two b quarks the proton structure. The main theory of data-taking. This principle was proven CMS Collaboration 2015 CMS PAS SMP-14-017, 0 cds.cern.ch/record/2033773. of the Standard Model in the new energy 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 and a neutralino LSP. For a light neutralino, scale-uncertainties from missing orders by ATLAS with 2.76 TeV data collected regime. A few days before CERN closed the Run 1 limit of 1300 GeV on the gluino m∼ (GeV) for the Christmas break, and only six weeks g mass has been extended to 1780 GeV by the results of ATLAS, using both charged ν after the last proton–proton collisions of The gluino (x-axis) and neutralino (y-axis) new results. Jet ν2 measurements with ALICE and neutral fragments, and 2 of ALICE 2015, the ATLAS collaboration released masses to the bottom left of the red line are The seventh search looked for events and CMS, using single charged particles. the results of seven new searches for excluded by the latest results, under the with a Z boson, jets and missing transverse The ALICE measurement covers the pT σ supersymmetric particles. assumption that the gluino decays to two momentum, a fi nal state where a 3 was High-energy scattering of ALICE range between the charged-particle results ch jet v 2 30–50%, stat. unc. Supersymmetry (SUSY) predicts that, b quarks and a neutralino. The grey area is observed in the Run 1 data. Intriguingly, partons (quarks and gluons) 0.3 Pb–Pb √s NN = 2.76 TeV and the ATLAS jet measurements. Jet syst. unc. (shape) R = 0.2 anti-kT,|ηjet|<0.7 for every known elementary particle, there the corresponding Run 1 limit. the new data show a modest 2σ excess over produces collimated cones syst. unc. (correlated) measurements in this momentum range calo jet ATLAS v 2 30–50% is an as-yet-undiscovered partner whose the background prediction. This intriguing of particles called jets, the part (20–50 GeV/c) are challenging due to the 0.2 CMS v 2 {|∆η|>3} 30–50%

ALICE Collaboration part spin quantum number differs by half a integrated luminosity available are an order excess, and a full investigation of all SUSY production rate of which can ALICE v 2 {|∆η|>2} 30–50% large background of soft particles in the jet 2

unit. In most models, the lightest SUSY of magnitude less that collected in Run 1, channels, make the upcoming 2016 data be calculated using perturbative QCD , v event. This background is itself subject 0.1 part particle (LSP) is stable, electrically neutral and a small fraction of that expected by 2018. eagerly awaited. techniques. In heavy-ion collisions, partons 2 to azimuthal variations, which have to be v and weakly interacting, hence it is a good The fi rst Run 2 searches for SUSY particles lose energy in the hot, dense quark–gluon carefully separated from the jet ν2 signal. dark-matter candidate. SUSY also protects have focused on the partners of the quarks ● Further reading plasma (QGP), leading to a modifi cation of 0 The signifi cant positiveν for both jets p > 0.15 GeV/c, p > 3 GeV/c 2 the Higgs boson mass from catastrophically and gluons (called squarks and gluinos). “Search for gluino-mediated stop and sbottom pair the jet-energy distribution. Measurement of T,track T,lead and single charged particles indicates that production in events with b-jets and large missing large quantum corrections, because the They would be abundantly produced through the jet characteristics can therefore be used 050 100 150 in-medium parton energy loss is large, and contributions from normal particles and strong interactions with cross-sections transverse momentum in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions to probe QGP properties. part jet that sensitivity to the collision geometry pT , pT (GeV/c) their partners cancel each other out. The up to 40 times larger than in Run 1. The with the ATLAS detector”, ATLAS-CONF-2015-067, In non-central heavy-ion collisions, persists up to high pT. For a more quantitative cancellation is effective only if some of the sensitivity has also been boosted by detector https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/ the overlap region between the two nuclei Positive ν2 for both jets and charged hadrons interpretation in terms of density and SUSY particles have masses in the range upgrades (in particular, the new “IBL” pixel CONFNOTES/ATLAS-CONF-2015-067/. where nucleon–nucleon scattering takes is observed up to high pT in semi-central path-length dependence, the experimental probed by the LHC. There are therefore layer installed near to the beam pipe) and “A search for supersymmetry in events containing place has a roughly elliptic shape, resulting collisions (30–50% collision centrality), for results will need to be interpreted within well-founded hopes that SUSY particles improvements in the data analysis. a leptonically decaying Z boson, jets and missing in a longer average path length – and single particles (ALICE and CMS), theoretical models that include the might be detected in the higher-energy Squarks and gluinos would decay to transverse momentum in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions therefore larger energy loss – for jets and charged-particle jets (ALICE) and effects of parton energy loss as well as jet collisions of LHC Run 2. quarks and the undetectable LSP, producing with the ATLAS detector”, ATLAS-CONF-2015-082, particles that are emitted along the major calorimetrically measured jets (ATLAS). fragmentation. Larger data samples from The data collected by the ATLAS detector an excess of events with energetic jets and https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/ axis, than for those emitted along the minor Run 2 will further improve the measurement, in 2015 are just an appetiser. The 3.2 fb–1 of missing transverse momentum. The seven CONFNOTES/ATLAS-CONF-2015-082/. axis of the interaction region. The resulting proposed energy-loss mechanisms and can giving more precise information about the variation of the azimuthal jet distribution be studied via model comparisons. nature of the QGP and its interactions with Ratio of the inclusive jet-production can be expressed as jet ν , the second The fi gure shows the new jetν high-momentum quarks and gluons. CMS preliminary 5.43 pb–1 (2.76 TeV) 2 2 CMS bridges the gap 0.16 cross-section at √s = 2.76 TeV to the one at coeffi cient of a Fourier expansion of the measurement of ALICE, using only ● √s = 8 TeV, shown as a function of jet pT in angular distribution. The magnitude of jet charged particles for jet reconstruction, in Further reading 0.14 data ν ALICE Collaboration 2016 Phys.Lett. B 753 511, in jet measurements rapidity of |y| < 0.5. The measurements are 2 depends on the path-length dependence semi-central collisions (30–50% collision CMS Collaboration compared with the NLO QCD prediction of the jet energy loss, which differs among centrality) compared with earlier jet ν arxiv.org/abs/1509.07334. V) 0.12 theo. prediction 2 Te using the CT10 PDFs. (8 0.10 dy ␴ T

The LHC Run 1, famed 2 achieved, clear evidence of CP violation has d dp / for its discovery of the 0.08 reconstruction software. Because the LHCb brings charm physics to the not been seen yet. Mesons composed of a

V) 0 Higgs boson, came to a Te 2.76 TeV run was an almost direct charm and an anti-up quark, so-called D conclusion on Valentine’s 0.06 continuation of the 8 TeV proton–proton particles, constitute an interesting laboratory (2.76 frontier of experimental knowledge 0 dy ␴ T

Day (14 February) 2013. 2 programme, it provided a rare opportunity for this search. The D meson is the only

d 0.04 The little-known fact is that the last three dp CT10 NLO⊗NP to measure jets at two widely separated particle in nature containing an up-type |y| < 0.5 days of the run were reserved neither for the 0.02 collision energies with almost identical Owing to the large symmetry in weak interactions is among the quark that gives rise to the phenomenon of highest energies nor for the heaviest ions, detector conditions and with the same cross-section for charm most relevant of such tests. matter–antimatter oscillation. but for relatively low-energy proton–proton analysis software. CMS used this production at the LHC, In recent years, LHCb confi rmed In the SM, in contrast to the case of 80 100 200 300 400 500 collisions at 2.76 TeV centre-of-mass energy. Jet p (GeV) Valentine’s Day gift from the LHC to LHCb collected the unequivocally that CP violation occurs in beauty mesons, the weak decays of charmed Originally designed as a reference run T measure the inclusive jet cross-section over world’s largest sample of charmed hadrons, the B0 system, and observed, for the fi rst mesons are not expected to produce large 0 for heavy-ion studies, it also provided the Jet measurements are often plagued a wide range of angles (absolute rapidity allowing for stringent tests of the Cabibbo– time, the same mechanism in Bs decays. CP-violating effects. However, CP violation perfect opportunity to bridge the wide gap by large uncertainties arising from the |y| < 3.0) and for jet transverse momenta pT Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) mechanism All of the results match the SM predictions can be enhanced by transitions involving

in jet measurements between the Tevatron’s jet-energy scale, which itself is subject from 74 to 592 GeV, nicely complementing in the Standard Model (SM). The search well. Although an outstanding experimental new particles beyond those already known. ▲ 1.96 TeV and the LHC’s 7 and 8 TeV. to changes in detector conditions and the measurements performed at 8 TeV. The for violation of the charge-parity (CP) precision in the charm sector has been In 2011, LHCb reported the fi rst

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n EW F a C i L i t i E s evidence for CP violation in the charm ×103 ×103 sector, measuring the difference of 80 0 – + LHCb 0 – + the time-integrated CP asymmetries 300 LHCb D →K K D →π π ) 6 6 )

2 preliminary Manufacturing and delivery of components for the 0 – + 0 – + preliminary N ∼7.7 × 10 N ∼2.5 × 10 in D →K K and D →π π decays S 2 S 60 to differ signifi cantly from zero, LHCb Collaboration Δ ± ± 200 new heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100 at FAIR has begun ACP = [–0.82 0.21 (stat.) 0.11 (syst.)]%. This result was reinforced later by 40 new measurements from the CDF 100 and Belle experiments. On the other 20 The international Facility for Antiproton series of fast-ramped, dipole magnets is

hand, in 2014, LHCb published candidates/0.5 MeV/c and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR) (CERN in its fi nal stage (see fi gure). The results candidates/0.5 MeV/c a more precise measurement, Courier May 2007 p23) is currently under available so far indicate high mechanical BNG Industry ΔA = [+0.14±0.16 (stat.)±0.08 (syst.)]%, 0 construction at GSI, in Darmstadt, Germany. precision and excellent performance of the CP 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 with a central value closer to zero than that 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 The FAIR accelerators will deliver antiproton superconducting coil. Following successful m(K–K+) (MeV/c2) m(π–π+) (MeV/c2) obtained previously, with a precision of and ion beams of unprecedented intensities results, series production has started, and 2 × 10 –3. Invariant mass spectra for D0 → K–K+ (left) and D0 → π–π+ (right), showing the and qualities to perform heavy-ion and the fi rst devices are expected to be delivered Now, using the full data sample collected high-statistics samples of cleanly reconstructed decays in these suppressed modes. antimatter research. The driver accelerator by the middle of 2016. The series devices in Run 1, LHCb breaks the wall of 10–3 for of FAIR is a fast-ramping, superconducting will be tested at the new test facility at the fi rst time ever, reaching a precision of brings charm physics to the frontier of will improve the precision of these results by synchrotron, SIS100, which allows the GSI, which has been set up for cold testing –4 9 × 10 . The measured value of ΔACP is experimental knowledge. The experiment an order of magnitude. acceleration of high-intensity beams of stable of FAIR magnets. In accordance with the [–0.10±0.08 (stat.)±0.03 (syst.)]%. plans to collect an integrated luminosity of elements from protons (29 GeV) to uranium contracts, many other SIS100 components Although the evidence for CP violation 50 inverse femtobarn, owing to an upgraded ● Further reading (11 GeV/u). SIS100 will be installed in an will be delivered in 2016, including the fi rst in the charm sector is not confi rmed, LHCb detector, in about 10 years from now. This LHCb-PAPER-2015-055 (cds.cern.ch). underground tunnel and all of the services The fi rst fast-ramped superconducting of a series of superconducting quadrupoles will be installed in a parallel supply tunnel. dipole for the SIS100 accelerator is from JINR (Dubna, Russia), resonance n E u t r i n O p h Y s i C s The delivery of components for SIS100 currently being tested at GSI. sextupole magnets, acceleration cavities, commenced at the end of 2015. On magnet chambers, cryo-catcher and Construction of KM3NeT, a next-generation neutrino 21 December, AURION in Seeligenstadt the fi rst piece of cryogenic-bypass line, cryo-absorption pumps, and many others. delivered the fi rst of nine magnetic-alloy made at the Wroclaw University of The realisation phase of the SIS100 bunch-compression cavities. In a combined Technology, was delivered in February. project is fully under way, and the work telescope, has begun site/factory acceptance test at GSI, approval After delivery, the bypass line will undergo is proceeding according to schedule. The for series production is now in preparation. acceptance tests at GSI. production of accelerator components is As the fi rst Polish in-kind contribution, The site acceptance test of the fi rst of a expected to take a maximum of four years. In the early morning of 3 December, A building scientists and engineers started the block of u n d E r G r O u n d LaBOratOriEs installation of KM3NeT (CERN Courier KM3NeT July/August 2012 p31). Once completed, comprises LUNA observes a rare nuclear reaction INFN it will be the largest detector of neutrinos 115 detection in the Northern Hemisphere. Located in Marc de Boer/Ori Ginale strings; the that occurs in giant red stars the depths of the Mediterranean Sea, the full detector infrastructure will be used to study the has many fundamental properties of neutrinos and building In December, the Laboratory for reactions and, with its accelerator, goes back to map the high-energy cosmic neutrinos blocks, with Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) in time to one hundred million years after the emanating from extreme cataclysmic events a total of a experiment (CERN Courier October 2004 Big Bang, when the fi rst stars formed and the in space. few hundred p31) reported the fi rst direct observation of processes that gave rise to the huge variety of Neutrinos are the most elusive of strings. sodium production in giant red stars, one of elements in the universe started. elementary particles and their detection the nuclear reactions that are fundamental to This result is an important piece in the requires the instrumentation of enormous the formation of the elements that make up puzzle of the origin of the elements in the volumes: the KM3NeT neutrino telescope the universe. universe, which LUNA has been studying will occupy more than a cubic kilometre of LUNA is a compact linear accelerator for 25 years. Stars assemble atoms through a seawater. It comprises a network of several depth of 3500 m and connected to a junction behind a vertical string. The string was then for light ions (maximum energy 400 keV). complex system of nuclear reactions. A very hundred vertical detection strings, anchored box, already present on the sea fl oor, using a powered on from the shore station, and the A unique facility, it is installed in a small fraction of these reactions have been to the seabed and kept taut by a submerged remotely operated submersible. The junction fi rst data from the sensor modules started deep-underground laboratory and shielded studied at the energies existing inside of the buoy. Each string hosts 18 light-sensor box is connected by a 100 km cable to the streaming to shore. from cosmic rays. The experiment aims to stars, and a large part of those few cases have modules, equally spaced along its length. shore station located in Portopalo di Capo The successful acquisition of data study the nuclear reactions that take place been observed using LUNA. In the darkness of the abyss, the sensor Passero in the south of Sicily. from the abyss with the novel technology inside stars, where elements that make A high-purity germanium detector with modules register the faint fl ashes of After verifi cation of the quality of the developed by the KM3NeT collaboration up matter are formed and then driven out relative effi ciency up to 130% was used for Cherenkov light that signal the interaction power and fi bre-optic connections to the is a major milestone for the project. It by gigantic explosions and scattered as this particular experiment, together with a of neutrinos with the seawater surrounding shore station, the go-ahead was given to represents the culmination of more than cosmic dust. windowless gas target fi lled with enriched the telescope. trigger the unfurling of the string to its 10 years of research and development by the For the fi rst time, LUNA has observed gas. The rock surrounding the underground Members of the LUNA collaboration On board the Ambrosius Tide deployment full 700 m height. During this process, the many research institutes that make up the three low-energy resonances in the facility at the Gran Sasso National pictured next to the facility. boat, the fi rst string – wound, like a ball of deployment frame is released from its anchor international collaboration. neon-sodium cycle, the 22Ne(p,γ)23Na Laboratory and additional passive shielding wool, around a spherical frame – arrived at and fl oats towards the surface while slowly reaction, responsible for sodium production protected the experiment from cosmic rays ● Further reading the location of the KM3NeT-Italy site, south rotating. In doing so, the string unwinds ● Further reading in red giants and energy generation. LUNA and ambient radiation, making the direct F Cavanna et al. (The LUNA Collaboration) 2015 of Sicily. It was anchored to the seabed at a from the spherical frame, eventually leaving arxiv.org/abs/1601.07459. recreates the energy ranges of nuclear observation of such a rare process possible. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 252501

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CCMar16Ad_DTACQ.indd 1 03/02/2016 15:03 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 European Chamber Manufacturer Sciencewatch

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Low-cost diamonds? Steve Jurvetson

A novel, new form of carbon, dubbed cooling rate, can be formed with tiny “Q-carbon”, is harder than diamond. The diamonds. The process takes place under new phase, discovered by Jagdish Narayan normal temperatures and pressures and and Anagh Bhaumik of North Carolina is inexpensive, making bulk, low-cost State University in Raleigh, US, results diamond production look very feasible, from the rapid quenching of liquid carbon in addition to there now being a very produced by high-power nanosecond interesting new form of carbon. laser pulses on amorphous carbon. The material can be a semiconductor or ● Further reading metallic, depending on temperature. It J Narayan and A Bhaumik 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 A synthetic diamond obtained by industry is ferromagnetic and, depending on the 215303. using a patented production process.

Seventh-row complete ● Further reading Chameleon tongues M Agostini et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 231802. Four new elements have been discovered, completing the seventh row of the periodic Chameleons are able to lash out with their Separating hydrogen and table. The RIKEN collaboration in Japan sticky tongues that extend more than twice deuterium takes the credit for element 113 (ununtrium, their body lengths, and achieve incredible Uut), and they will be invited to propose a accelerations of 25490 m/s2 or 264 g, Hydrogen and deuterium are, chemically, more interesting name. For elements 115, 117 corresponding to peak power outputs of more quite similar, but without their electrons, and 118 (ununpentium, Uup; ununseptium, than 14,000 W/kg, outperforming any other a proton is less than half the radius of a Uus; and ununoctium, Uuo), credit goes to amniotes. Christopher V Anderson of Brown deuteron. M Lozada Hidalgo and colleagues JINT in Dubna, LLNL in California and University in Rhode Island, US, has tracked of the University of Manchester in the UK ORNL in Tennessee. New names and two the mechanism back to stretching elastic used this fact to provide a new and novel letter symbols will also be proposed for tissues, similar to the stretching of a bow. way to separate them. Both can diffuse these. Now it’s time to try for the eighth row. This energy can then be released rapidly – through monolayers of graphene and much more so than muscles could provide boron nitride, but deuterons go through ● Further reading directly. much more slowly, allowing a separation High Precision UHV IUPAC, 30 December 2015, announcement at www. factor of about 10 to be achieved at iupac.org/news/news-detail/article/discovery-and- ● Further reading room temperature. The isotope effect is assignment-of-elements-with-atomic-numbers- C V Anderson 2016 Scientifi c Reports 6 18625 explained by a roughly 60 meV difference 113-115-117-and-118.html. and video at news.brown.edu/articles/2016/01/ in zero-point energies, which affect the Chambers delivered on time chameleon. activation barriers to pass through the Multicellular life from a single monolayers – a surprising application of the accident uncertainty principle. Customise & Build your own vacuum chamber - lucky resemblance between two seemingly Early life was unicellular, and we now unrelated molecules – so we’re lucky to be ● Further reading ™ use our Free online Chamber Builder Service know that it took just one random but here at all. M Lozada-Hidalgo et al. 2016 Science 351 68. crucial mutation, 600 million years ago, • Highly skilled in-house technicians which changed the function of one key ● Further reading Bell loophole closed protein, to make multicellular life possible. D P Anderson et al. 2016 eLife 5 e10147. • 100% Quality Faroarm® Inspection In multicellular organisms, adjoining Tests of local realism based on Bell’s inequality cells have to co-ordinate, and key to this Best test of charge have, up to now, always had a small loophole, • Optional Bake out with RGA at division is the orientation of the mitotic conservation but that has now been closed. Lynden K Shalm • 316LN Flanges & Materials in Stock spindle, which segregates chromosomes of NIST in Boulder, Colorado, US, and into daughter cells. Using a technique called We all think that electric charge is colleagues looked at entangled photon pairs, • Unique Hydra~Cool™ water cooling technology - ancestral protein reconstruction, which is conserved, but physics is an experimental ensuring that the events used were space-like unrivalled performance, low cost based on gene sequencing and computer subject, so it’s always good to check. The separated and using fast random-number modelling, Kenneth Prehoda of the Borexino collaboration has now used a liquid generators and high-speed polarisation • Contact us for a Chamber Enquiry Today! University of Oregon, US, and colleagues scintillation detector to search for the decay measurements. The results: local realism is tracked things back to a mutation in the GK of an electron into a neutrino and a photon. rejected with a p value of 5.9 × 10 –9. protein-interaction domain (GKPID). Even The new bound is a lifetime greater than more remarkable, the reason that a single 6.6 × 1028 years at 90% CL, two orders of ● Further reading mutation could have such a huge effect is a magnitude better than the previous limit. L K Shalm et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 250402. www.lesker.com | Enabling Technology for a Better World 17 16-014

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C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Is there a ‘ninth planet’ after all?

Pluto was considered to be the ninth planet Diagram of the orbit of the solar system, until it was relegated around the Sun of the to a “dwarf planet” by the International predicted ninth planet Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006. It was (orange), maintaining judged to be too small among many other the orbits of the six most trans-Neptunian objects to be considered Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC) distant Kuiper-belt a real planet. Almost 10 years later, two objects on the opposite astronomers have now found indications side (pink), and also of the presence of a very distant heavy forcing fi ve known planet orbiting the Sun. While it is still to be objects into elongated detected, it is already causing a great deal perpendicular orbits of excitement in the scientifi c community (blue). The diagram was and beyond. created using Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a young WorldWide Telescope. American astronomer, Clyde Tombaugh, who tediously looked at innumerable Mike Brown and one of his colleagues, the orbits. This possible ninth planet would photographic plates to detect an elusive theorist Konstantin Batygin, now propose. rotate around the Sun about 20 times further planet moving relative to background stars. The two astronomers deduced the out than Neptune, therefore completing one With the progressive discovery – since the existence of a ninth planet through full orbit only approximately once every 1990s – of hundreds of objects orbiting mathematical modelling and computer 10,000 years. Batygin’s simulations of the beyond Neptune, Pluto is no longer alone in simulations, but have not yet observed the effect of this new planet further predict the outer solar system. It even lost its status object directly. The evidence comes from an the existence of a population of small of the heaviest trans-Neptunian object with unexpected clustering of perihelion positions planetoids in orbits perpendicular to the the discovery of Eris in 2003. This forced the and orbital planes of a group of objects plane of the main planets. When Brown IAU to rethink the defi nition of a planet and just outside of the orbit of Neptune, in the realised that such peculiar objects exist led to the exclusion of Pluto from the strict so-called Kuiper belt. All six objects with and have indeed already been identifi ed, he circle of eight planets. the most elongated orbits – with semi-major became convinced about the existence of Eris is not the only massive axes greater than 250 AU – share similar Planet Nine. trans-Neptunian object found by Mike perihelion positions and pole orientations. Observers now know along which orbit Brown, an astronomer of the California The combined statistical signifi cance of they should look for Planet Nine. If it Institute of Technology (Caltech), US, this clustering is 3.8σ, assuming that Sedna happens to be found, this would be a major and colleagues. There are also Quaoar and the fi ve other peculiar planetoids have discovery: the third planet to be discovered (2002), Sedna (2003), Haumea (2004) the same observational bias as other known since ancient times after Uranus and and Makemake (2005), all only slightly Kuiper-belt objects. Neptune and, as with the latter, it would have smaller than Pluto and Eris. Despite these Batygin and Brown then show that a been fi rst predicted to exist via calculations. discoveries, almost nobody during recent planet with more than about 10 times the years would have thought that there could mass of the Earth in a distant eccentric orbit ● Further reading still be a much bigger real planet in the anti-aligned with the six objects would K Batygin and M Brown 2016 The Astronomical outskirts of our solar system. But this is what maintain the peculiar confi guration of their Journal 151 22.

Picture of the month

This impressive crater is located on Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. With a diameter of 950 km, Ceres has been considered, since 2006, a “dwarf planet”, as Pluto. And, as this former ninth planet, it has also been visited for the fi rst time by a spacecraft, in 2015. While the New Horizons mission sent back amazing views of Pluto (Picture of the Month, CERN Courier September 2015 p17 and November 2015 p17), NASA’s Dawn spacecraft was already in orbit around Ceres. Dawn’s camera has revealed more than 100 bright spots on the surface of Ceres. The brightest is in the 90 km-wide Occator Crater shown in this false-colour

image combining near-infrared and visible observations. The mysterious spots are thought to be NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA a type of salt – a magnesium sulphate called hexahydrate – rather than ice or snow, according to a new study published in Nature. An accompanying paper reports ammonia-rich clays, which are usually to be found in the outer solar system. Did Ceres migrate to the asteroid belt from a region near Neptune? Maybe. The solar system is still full of surprises and mysteries.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 New horizons CERN’s new management begins a fi ve-year term

Fabiola Gianotti took the reins on 1 January, In the words of the Director-General, these years will be crucial alongside several incoming directors who “to start building the long-term future of particle physics”. complete the new structure of the laboratory. Résumé La nouvelle Direction du CERN entame un mandat de cinq ans

Several challenges lie ahead for CERN during the years Plusieurs défis attendent le CERN entre 2016 et 2020. L’arrêt 2016–2020. With the winter technical stop of the accelerators technique hivernal des accélérateurs se terminant fin mars, l’étude coming to an end in March, the voyage of true post-Higgs physics de la physique de l’après-Higgs va pouvoir commencer au LHC. exploration can start at the LHC. In the meantime, all of the other Parallèlement, les autres accélérateurs et expériences vont permettre accelerators and experiments will continue to ensure that the scien- au Laboratoire de conserver un programme scientifique diversifié tifi c programme of the laboratory remains as diverse and compel- et passionnant. Pour le CERN, cela voudra dire maintenir le cap ling as it has always been. sur les plans technique et financier pour le projet HL-LHC et les For CERN, this means ensuring that the High-Luminosity LHC améliorations des injecteurs, aussi bien pour les accélérateurs que project and injector upgrades remain technically on track and pour les expériences. Le vaste programme de collaboration avec fi nancially secure, for both the accelerators and the experiments. la communauté scientifique mondiale sera enrichi grâce à des The rich programme of collaboration with the worldwide sci- études et des projets comme l’étude FCC, le CLIC et AWAKE. Le entifi c community will be enhanced through studies and projects CERN contribuera aussi à la recherche sur les neutrinos en dehors like the FCC study, CLIC and AWAKE. Beyond the lab, CERN de l’Europe grâce à la «plateforme neutrino». Selon la Directrice will contribute to neutrino research outside of Europe through the générale du CERN, ces années seront décisives pour « commencer à CERN neutrino platform. bâtir l’avenir à long terme de la physique des particules ». All image credits: CERN credits: image All Fabiola Gianotti – Director-General A member of the CERN community since 1994, Fabiola Gianotti is the fi rst female Director-General of CERN.

peer-reviewed scientifi c journals. Gianotti has been a research physicist in the Physics Department of CERN since 1994 – when she joined as a fellow – and since then has been involved in several CERN experiments, detector R&D and construction, as well as software development and data analysis. From 2009 to 2013, she held the elected position of spokesperson for the ATLAS experiment, and was honoured to announce the discovery of the Higgs boson in a seminar at CERN on 4 July 2012. During her career she has also been a member of several international committees, such as the Scientifi c Council of the CNRS (France), the Physics Advisory Committee of the Fermilab Laboratory (USA), the Council of the European Physical Society, the Scientifi c Council of the DESY Laboratory (Germany), and the Scientifi c Advisory Committee of NIKHEF In 1989, Fabiola Gianotti was awarded a PhD in experimental particle (Netherlands). She is also a member of the Scientifi c Advisory Board of the physics from the University of Milan, and went on to become an eminent UN secretary-general, Mr Ban Ki-moon, and of both the US National and the physicist with more than 500 authored or co-authored publications in Italian Academy of Sciences (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei). ▲

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Since 2012, Gianotti has been bestowed with several awards, including Gianotti’s infl uence and success have also led to her being ranked 5th in Martin Steinacher – Director for Finance and Human Resources the Special Fundamental Physics Prize of the Milner Foundation (2012), Time magazine’s “Personality of the Year 2012”, included in the Guardian’s the Enrico Fermi Prize of the Italian Physical Society (2013) and the Medal 2011 “Top 100 most inspirational women” and Forbes magazine’s 2013 Martin Steinacher has held high-level roles in the ESO and of Honour of the Niels Bohr Institute of Copenhagen (2013). She was also “Top 100 most inspirational women” lists, and is considered one of the ESRF Councils and in the CERN Finance Committee. awarded the honour of “Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell’ordine al merito della “Leading Global Thinkers of 2013” by Foreign Policy magazine (USA, 2013). Repubblica” by the Italian President. On 1 January, she became the fi rst female Director-General of CERN. Then he continued as a civil servant at the Foreign Ministry, where he acted as a delegate for Switzerland and was responsible for planning the Swiss fi nancial contribution to the European Space Agency (ESA), European Southern Observatory (ESO) and other international organisations. Frédérick Bordry – Director for Accelerators and Technology These skills led to Steinacher being appointed the scientifi c adviser for the Frédérick Bordry was head of the Technology Department Federal Offi ce for Education and Science, before being appointed the deputy before being appointed as CERN’s Director for Accelerators head of international co-operation at the State Secretariat for Education and Technology. and Research. In his role as chairman of the CERN Finance Committee, Steinacher Bordry came to CERN in 1986, joining the group working on power worked closely with CERN member states, which led to the unanimous converters for the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), before moving in approval of a new method to calculate the annual scale of contribution. 1988 to the Operations Group as an engineer in charge of the Super Proton Martin Steinacher studied physics, mathematics and astronomy before In 2013, Steinacher was promoted to head of the International Research Synchrotron and LEP. going on to gain his doctorate in experimental physics at the University Organisations Unit, giving him high-level roles as senior scientifi c In 1994, the year that the LHC was approved, he joined the Power of Basel. administrator in the ESO and ESRF Councils. His achievements while Converter Group as the head of power converters design and construction for After completing his studies, Steinacher moved to the University of in this position include helping to negotiate Poland’s accession to ESO the LHC. He was appointed leader of the Power Converter Group in 2002, a Berne, where he worked for seven years as a scientifi c collaborator on and also securing a funding agreement for the Swiss participation in the position he held until December 2008. space-research projects. European Spallation Source project, until 2026. In 2009, Bordry was promoted to head of the CERN Technology Department – responsible for technologies specifi c to existing particle In 1978, Frédérick Bordry graduated with a PhD in electrical engineering from accelerators, facilities and future projects – where he has remained the Institut National Polytechnique in Toulouse, and went on to gain his higher until 2013. Charlotte Lindberg Warakaulle – Director for International Relations doctorate in science from the same institute in 1985. From 2014, he acted as the director for accelerators and technology, Charlotte Warakaulle has held a variety of posts at the United Bordry’s early career was spent teaching and conducting energy conversion where he is responsible for the operation and exploitation of the whole Nations, and was a key focal point for relations between CERN research. Then he moved to Brazil, where he spent two years as a professor CERN accelerator complex, with particular emphasis on the LHC and for the and the UN Offi ce at Geneva. at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Florianópolis). In 1981, he was development of new projects and technologies. He was re-appointed CERN’s appointed senior lecturer at the Institut National Polytechnique in Toulouse. Director for Accelerators and Technology. She was also a linchpin in the preparations for CERN obtaining observer status with the General Assembly at the United Nations in 2012. Most recently, she took on the position of chief of the United Nations Library in Geneva, where she was responsible for library services, Eckhard Elsen – Director for Research and Computing knowledge management, cultural diplomacy and intellectual outreach. Particle physicist Eckhard Elsen has held many committee Prior to her work with the United Nations, Warakaulle held a Carlsberg positions, including chairing the LHC experiments committee visiting research fellowship at Lucy Cavendish College at the University of from 2011 to 2014. Cambridge from 1998 to 2001. During her time at the University of Cambridge, she also served made contact with CERN as a member of the OPAL collaboration. as editor-in-chief of the Cambridge Review of International Affairs, a In 1990, Elsen was promoted to senior scientist for the Deutsches Since 2001, Charlotte Warakaulle has held a variety of posts at the United peer-reviewed international affairs journal then published by the Centre of Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), in Germany. During this time, he became Nations, from associate speechwriter to chief of the Political Affairs and International Studies at the University of Cambridge. the spokesperson for the H1 experiment (an international collaboration Partnerships Section of the United Nations Offi ce at Geneva. She gained her MPhil in international relations at the University of Cambridge that developed and built the H1 detector at the ep-collider HERA at DESY), During her time in this post, she was a key focal point for relations between (Pembroke College), and also holds an MA in history (cand.mag.) from the and later – after a sabbatical at the BaBar experiment at Stanford – project CERN and the United Nations Offi ce at Geneva, and was closely involved in the University of Copenhagen, as well as an MA in history (coursework) from the manager for the International Linear Collider (ILC) project team at DESY, fi rst-ever UNOG-CERN Co-operation Agreement, signed in 2011. University of Sydney and a BA in history from the University of Copenhagen. when Elsen continued his relationship with CERN. In 2006, Elsen was made a professor at Hamburg University, where he taught both general physics courses and accelerator physics, and Eckhard Elsen obtained his PhD in particle physics from Hamburg University supervised students. in 1981. Elsen has co-authored two books (the most recent on the physics harvest NEW VALVES Elsen’s research focused initially on e+e– collider particle physics and of the LHC Run 1), worked on more than 450 publications in various fi elds of led him to prominent postdoctoral positions at Hamburg University, SLAC particle physics, and participated in many scientifi c committees – including MODULES National Accelerator Laboratory, and Heidelberg University, where he fi rst chairing the LHC experiments committee from 2011 to 2014. WORLDWIDE SERVICES www.vatvalve.com

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2014 intensity-frontier exploration

3500 Periodic Table of the Elements SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles) is a newly have now observed all the particles of the Standard Model, however Periodic Table of the Elements it is clear that it is not the ultimate theory. Some yet unknown par- proposed experiment for CERN’s Super Proton ticles or interactions are required to explain a number of observed Synchrotron accelerator. Its challenging phenomena in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, the Data provided by kind permission of www.webelements.com so-called beyond-the-Standard Model (BSM) problems, such as dark matter, neutrino masses and oscillations, baryon asymmetry, 95.96 goals include the direct search for hidden and the expansion of the universe. non-Standard Model particles. While these phenomena are well-established observationally, they give no indication about the energy scale of the new physics. Flerovium Livermorium The analysis of new LHC data collected at √ = 13 TeV will soon Fl Lv [289] [294] A Golutvin, Imperial College London/CERN, and R Jacobsson, CERN, on have directly probed the TeV scale for new particles with cou- behalf of SHiP. plings at O(%) level. The experimental effort in fl avour physics, and searches for charged lepton fl avour violation and electric dipole SHiP is an experiment aimed at exploring the domain of very weakly moments, will continue the quest for specifi c fl avour symmetries 1529 interacting particles and studying the properties of tau neutrinos. It to complement direct exploration of the TeV scale. is designed to be installed downstream of a new beam-dump facil- However, it is possible that we have not observed some of the

13.78 13.50 1050 1750 ity at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The CERN SPS and PS particles responsible for the BSM problems due to their extremely experiments Committee (SPSC) has recently completed a review of feeble interactions, rather than due to their heavy masses. Even in the SHiP Technical and Physics Proposal, and it recommended that the scenarios in which BSM physics is related to high-mass scales, the SHiP collaboration proceed towards preparing a Comprehensive many models contain degrees of freedom with suppressed cou- Design Report, which will provide input into the next update of the plings that stay relevant at much lower energies. European Strategy for Particle Physics, in 2018/2019. Given the small couplings and mixings, and hence typically ▲ Why is the SHiP physics programme so timely and attractive? We long lifetimes, these hidden particles have not been signifi cantly

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particle ID the hidden particles is designed to fully reconstruct the exclusive The intensity frontier greatly complements the search for new hidden-sector decays of hidden particles and to reject the background down physics at the LHC. In accordance with the recommendations of decay volume to below 0.1 events in the sample of 2 × 1020 protons on target. the last update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, a SHiP Collaboration SHIP Collaboration The detector consists of a large magnetic spectrometer located multi-range experimental programme is being actively developed downstream of a 50 m-long and 5 × 10 m-wide decay volume. To all over the world. Major improvements and new results are suppress the background from neutrinos interacting in the fi du- expected during the next decade in neutrino and fl avour physics, spectrometer cial volume, the decay volume is maintained under a vacuum. proton-decay experiments and measurements of the electric dipole target/hadron The spectrometer is designed to accurately reconstruct the decay moments. CERN will be well-positioned to make a unique contri- absorber vertex, mass and impact parameter of the decaying particle at bution to exploration of the hidden-particle sector with the SHiP the target. A set of calorimeters followed by muon chambers experiment at the SPS. ντ detector provide identifi cation of electrons, photons, muons and charged ● For further reading, see cds.cern.ch/record/2007512. muon-sweeping hadrons. A dedicated high-resolution timing detector measures magnets the coincidence of the decay products, which allows the rejection Résumé of combinatorial backgrounds. The decay volume is surrounded SHiP ouvre une nouvelle voie pour explorer les frontières de Overview of the SHiP experimental set-up. The typical signature by background taggers to detect neutrino and muon inelastic scat- The SHiP collaboration has just received the green light to l’intensité of a hidden particle decay is also shown, in this case a heavy tering in the surrounding structures, which may produce long- prepare a Comprehensive Design Report for the proposed 0 neutral lepton decaying to a muon and a pion. lived SM V particles, such as KL, etc. The experimental facility is experiment and facility. Conçue pour être installée en aval d’un nouveau dispositif also ideally suited for studying interactions of tau neutrinos. The d’arrêt de faisceau auprès du Supersynchrotron à protons (SPS), constrained by previous experiments, and the reach of current facility will therefore host a tau-neutrino detector largely based the TP. The CERN task force, consisting of key experts from l’expérience SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles), récemment experiments is limited by both luminosity and acceptance. Hence on the Opera concept, upstream of the hidden-particle decay vol- CERN’s different departments, which was launched by the proposée, vise à explorer le territoire des particules interagissant the search for low-mass BSM physics should also be pursued at the ume (CERN Courier November 2015 p24). CERN management in 2014 to investigate the implementation très faiblement, ainsi qu’à étudier les propriétés des neutrinos tau. intensity frontier, along with expanding the energy frontier. of the experimental facility, brought a fundamental contribution Le Comité SPSC du CERN a recommandé à la collaboration SHiP SHiP is designed to give access to a large class of interesting Global milestones and next steps to the TP. The SHiP physics case was demonstrated to be very de préparer un rapport de conception complet, lequel fournira models. It has discovery potential for the major observational puz- The SHiP experiment aims to start data-taking in 2026, as soon strong by a collaboration of more than 80 theorists in the SHiP des éléments d’informations pour la prochaine mise à jour de la zles of modern particle physics and cosmology, and can explore as the SPS resumes operation after Long Shutdown 3 (LS3). The Physics Proposal. stratégie européenne pour la physique des particules en 2018–2019. some of the models down to their natural “bottom line”. SHiP also 10 years consist, globally, of three years for the comprehensive has the unique potential to test lepton fl avour universality by com- design phase and then, following approval, a bit less than fi ve paring interactions of muon and tau neutrinos. years of civil engineering, starting in 2021, in parallel with four years for detector production and staged installation of the exper- SPS: the ideal machine imental facility, and two years to fi nish the detector installation SHiP is a new type of intensity-frontier experiment motivated by and commissioning. the possibility to search for any type of neutral hidden particle with The key milestones during the upcoming comprehensive mass from sub-GeV up to O(10) GeV with super-weak couplings design phase are aimed at further optimising the layout of the Advancing Cryogenics down to 10–10. The proposal locates the SHiP experiment on a new experimental facility and the geometry of the detectors. This Lake Shore offers precision input modules for beam extraction line that branches off from the CERN SPS transfer involves a detailed study of the muon-shield magnets and the cryogenic monitoring in PLC-based applications line to the North Area. The high intensity of the 400 GeV beam and geometry of the decay volume. It also comprises revisiting the the unique operational mode of the SPS provide ideal conditions. neutrino background in the fi ducial volume, together with the The current design of the experimental facility and estimates of the background detectors, to decide on the required type of technol- 240 Series Input Modules physics sensitivities assume the SPS accelerator in its present state. ogy for evacuating the decay volume. Many of the milestones Remote temperature monitoring for large facilities Sharing the SPS beam time with other SPS fi xed-target experiments related to the experimental facility are of general interest beyond and the LHC should allow 2 × 1020 protons on target to be produced SHiP, such as possible improvements to the SPS extraction, and Key features: cryogenic temperature sensor inputs • in fi ve years of nominal operation. the design of the target and the target complex. SHiP has already on-board conversion to calibrated temperature units • The key experimental parameters in the phenomenology of the benefi tted from seven weeks of beam time in test beams at the temperature monitoring down to 1 K and up to 800 K • various hidden-sector models are relatively similar. This allows PS and SPS in 2015, for studies related to the Technical Proposal current reversal to minimize thermoelectric offsets • common optimisation of the design of the experimental facil- (TP). A similar amount of beam time has been requested for 2016, con gurable directly via USB or remotely via RS-485 ity and of the SHiP detector. Because the hidden particles are to complement the comprehen- Optimized for use with Cernox™ sensors expected to be predominantly accessible through the decays of sive design studies. heavy hadrons and in photon interactions, the facility is designed The SHiP collaboration to maximise their production and detector acceptance, while The experimental currently consists of almost providing the cleanest possible environment. As a result, with facility is also ideally 250 members from 47 insti- 2 × 1020 protons on target, the expected yields of different hidden suited for studying tutes in 15 countries. In only particles greatly exceed those of any other existing and planned two years, the collaboration facility in decays of both charm and beauty hadrons. interactions of tau has formed and taken the To see demo units, visit Booth 701 As shown in the fi gure (left), the next critical component of neutrinos. experiment from a rough idea 614.891.2243 | www.lakeshore.com at the APS March Meeting in Baltimore SHiP after the target is the muon shield, which defl ects the high in the Expression of Interest fl ux of muon background away from the detector. The detector for to an already mature design in

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 CERN Courier March 2016 Astronomy Astronomy The eye that looks at galaxies far, far away

The Very Large Telescope, ESO’s breathtaking done in service mode (60–70% of the total time), with ESO staff doing observations for other astronomers within international pro- installation, is the world’s largest optical jects that have gone through an evaluation process and have been approved. The service mode guarantees full fl exibility to resched- instrument, and among the most productive in ule observations and match them with the most suitable atmos- terms of scientifi c papers generated. pheric conditions. The rest of the time is “visitor mode”, with the astronomer in charge of the project leading the observations, which is particularly useful whenever any real-time decision is needed. The shift leader tonight is an Italian from Padova. He swaps from Paola Catapano, with photos and video by Mike Struik, CERN. one screen to the next, trying to ignore the television crew’s micro- phones and cameras, while giving verbal instructions to a young Night is falling over Cerro Paranal, a 2600 m peak within the Australian student. He is activating one of the VLT’s adaptive- mountain range running along Chile’s Pacifi c coastline. As our optics systems, hundreds of small pistons positioned under the mir- eyes gradually become accustomed to total obscurity and we start rors to change their curvature up to thousands of times per second, to catch a glimpse of the profi le of the domes on top of the Cerro, to counteract any distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence. we are overwhelmed by the breathtaking view of the best starry sky “Thanks to adaptive optics, the images obtained with the VLT are we have ever seen. The centre of the Milky Way is hanging over our as sharp as if we were in space,” he explains briefl y, before leaning heads, together with the two Magellanic Clouds and the four stars back on one of the terminals. of the Southern Cross. The galactic centre is so star-dense that it looks rather like a 3D object suspended in the sky. Complex machinery Not a single artifi cial light source is polluting the site, which Adaptive optics is not the only astronomers’ dream come true at the is literally in the middle of nowhere, because the closest inhab- VLT. The VLT’s four 8.2 m-diameter mirrors are the largest single- ited area is about 130 km away. The air in the austral winter in the piece light-collecting surface in the world, and the best applica- Atacama desert is cold, but there is almost no wind, and no noise tion of active optics – the trick ESO scientists use to correct for can be heard as I walk in the shadow of four gigantic (30 m tall) gravitationally induced deformations as the telescope changes its metal domes housing the four 8.2 m-diameter fi xed unit telescopes orientation and so maintain the optics of the vast surface. The tel- (UTs) and four 1.8 m-diameter movable auxiliary telescopes (ATs), escope mirrors are controlled by an active support system powered that make up the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Yet dozens of by more than 250 computers, working in parallel and positioned astronomers are working not far away, in a building right below locally in each structure, to apply the necessary force to the mir- the platform on top of the Cerro, overlooking the almost permanent rors to maintain their alignment with one another. The correcting cloud blanket over the Pacifi c Ocean. forces have a precision of 5 g and keep the mirror in the ideal posi- As we enter the control room, I immediately feel a sense of tion, changing it every 3 minutes with 10 nm precision. The forces déjà vu: a dozen busy and mostly young astronomers are drink- are applied on the basis of the analysis of the image of a real star, ing coffee, eating crisps and talking in at least three different lan- taken during the observations, so that the telescope is self-adjust- guages, grouped around fi ve islands of computer terminals. ing. The weight of the whole structure is incredibly low for its size. Welcome to the nerve centre of the most complex and advanced The 8.2 m-diameter refl ecting surface is only 17 cm thick, and the optical telescope in the world. From here, all of the instrumentation whole mirror weighs 22 tonnes; its supporting cell weighs only is remotely controlled through some 100 computers connected to the 10 tonnes. Another technological marvel is the secondary mirror, telescopes by bunches of optical fi bres. Four islands are devoted to a single-piece lightweight hyperbolic mirror that can move in all the operation of all of the components of the VLT telescopes, from directions along fi ve degrees of freedom. With its 1.2 m diameter, their domes to the mirrors and the imaging detectors, and the fi fth is it is the second largest object entirely made in beryllium, after the Aerial (drone) view of the Very Large entirely devoted to the controls of interferometry. Space Shuttle doors. Telescope observatory in Cerro Highly specialised ESO astronomers take their night shifts in But the secret of the VLT’s uniqueness lies in a tunnel under the ▲ Paranal, Northern Chile. this room 300 nights per year, on average. Most observations are platform. Optical interferometry is the winning idea that enables

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Drone-shot over Cerro Armazones, 3060 m altitude and 20 km Taking research to new heights. from Paranal, the site where the construction of the European Extremely Large Telescope has started. The Argentinian Cordillera with the Llullaillaco volcano are visible in the Linde Kryotechnik. background. Striking night skies are not unusual at the VLT’s experimental site.

the VLT to achieve yet unsurpassed ultra-high image resolution, by to obtain an even better fi nal resolution. The combined images of combining the light collected by the main 8.2 m UTs and the 1.8 m the 4+4 telescopes allow the same light collection capacity as a ATs. The physics principle behind the idea stems from Young’s much larger individual mirror, therefore making the VLT the larg- For over eight decades, we have been enabling ground-breaking 19th century two-slit experiment, and was fi rst applied to radio est optical instrument in the world. discoveries that challenge the boundaries of physics. As the world’s astronomy, where wavelengths are long. But in the wavelength Another revolution introduced by the VLT has to do with leading cryogenic engineering company, we have the technologies, domains of visible and infrared light, interferometry becomes a e-science. The amount of data generated by the new high-capacity experience and skills to keep cool – while you unravel the secrets much greater challenge. It is interesting to note that the idea of VLT science instruments drove the development of end-to-end of science. using optical interferometry became a real option for the VLT at models in astronomy, introducing electronic proposal submission the ESO conference held at CERN in 1977 (cf Claus Madsen The and service observing with processed and raw science and engi- Jewel on the Mountain Top Wiley-VCH). neering data fed back to everyone involved. The expansion of the Linde Kryotechnik – your trusted partner. With special permission from the director and taking advantage data links in Latin America enabled the use of high-speed internet No matter where the journey takes you. of a technical stop to install a new instrument, we are able to visit connections spanning continents, and ESO has been able to link the interferometry instrumentation room and tunnel under the plat- its observatories to the data grid. “ESO practises an open-access form – a privilege granted to few. The fi nal instrument that collects policy (with regulated, but limited propriety rights for science pro- and analyses all of the light coming from the VLT telescopes, after posers) and holds public-survey data as well. Indeed, it functions more than 25 different refl ections, is kept like a jewel in a glass box as a virtual observatory on its own,” says Claus Madsen, senior in the instrumentation room. Nobody can normally get this close to counsellor for international relationships at ESO. Currently, up to it, because even the turbulence generated by a human presence can 15% of refereed science papers based on ESO data are authored disturb its high-precision work. Following the path of the light, we by researchers not involved in the original data generation (e.g. as enter the interferometry tunnel. The dominant blue paint of the metal proposers), and an additional 10% of the papers are partly based rails and the size of the tunnel trigger once again an inevitable sense on archival data. Thanks also to this open-access policy, the VLT of déjà vu. Three horizontal telescopes travel seamlessly on two sets has become the most productive ground-based facility for astron- of four 60 m-long rails – the “delay lines” where the different arrival omy operating at visible wavelengths, with only the Hubble Space times of photons on each of the telescopes is compensated for with Telescope generating more scientifi c papers. ultra precision. These jewels of technology move continuously along the rails without electric contact, thanks to linear engines with coils Watch the video at https://cds.cern.ch/record/2128425. interacting directly with the magnets in the engine; no cable is con- nected to the telescopes on the rails because the signals are transmit- Résumé ted by laser, and electricity is conveyed by the rails themselves to Un œil ouvert sur des galaxies très, très lointaines enable precision and smooth movement. The system is so precise that it can detect and automatically adapt to earthquakes, and measure Le Très Grand Télescope (VLT, Very Large Telescope) est le the vibrations provoked in the mountain by the waves of the Pacifi c plus grand instrument optique du monde. Ce qui le rend unique Ocean 12 km away. Nowhere else has interferometry reached such se cache dans le tunnel situé sous la plate-forme. Le recours à complexity and been pushed so far. l’interférométrie optique est en effet l’idée lumineuse qui permet au VLT d’atteindre une résolution d’image inégalée ; cette technique Linde Kryotechnik AG Delivering science at a high rate combine en effet la lumière recueillie par les télescopes de l’unité Daettlikonerstrasse 5, 8422 Pfungen, Switzerland The resolution obtained by the Very Large Telescope Interferom- principale et celle reçue par les télescopes auxiliaires. Le VLT Phone +41.52.304-0555, Fax +41.52.304-0550 eter (VLTI – the name given to the telescopes when they function est aujourd’hui l’un des centres d’astronomie les plus productifs www.linde-kryotechnik.ch in this mode) is equivalent to the resolution of a 100 m-diameter en termes d’articles scientifi ques publiés. Lancez-vous dans une mirror. Moreover, the Auxiliary Telescopes are mounted on tracks, visite virtuelle pour découvrir tous les secrets de cette installation Linde Cryogenics and can move over the entire telescope platform, enabling the VLTI extraordinaire. A Division of Linde Engineering North America Inc. 6100 South Yale Avenue, Suite 1200, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136, USA 30 Phone +1.918.477-1200, Fax +1.918.477-1100, www.leamericas.com

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 Life sciences Data sonifi cation enters Unprecedented speed, resolution the biomedical fi eld and channel density. Music and life sciences share an incredibly

strong link: both are dependent on the idea Piotr Traczyk

Keysight M9709A 8-bit High-Speed Digitizer of cycles, periodicity, fl uctuations, transitions 32 channels, 16 ch. (interleaved) and, in a fascinating sense, harmony. 1 - 2 GS/s DC to 300 MHz or DC to 500 MHz Domenico Vicinanza, Department of Computing and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University and GÉANT, Cambridge, UK, and Genevieve Williams, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.

Resonances, periodicity, patterns and spectra are well-known notions that play crucial roles in particle physics, and that have always been at the junction between sound/music analysis and sci- entifi c exploration. Detecting the shape of a particular energy spec- trum, studying the stability of a particle beam in a synchrotron, and separating signals from a noisy background are just a few examples Researchers Genevieve Williams (centre) and Domenico Keysight AXIe high-speed digitizers provide the ideal solution for advanced where the connection with sound can be very strong, all sharing the Vicinanza (left), with physicist and fl ute-player Chiara Mariotti experiments in hydrodynamics, plasma fusion, and particle physics. Build a large same concepts of oscillations, cycles and frequency. (CMS, INFN Torino), working on a real-time sonifi cation Keysight M9703A 12-bit High-Speed Digitizer number of synchronous acquisition channels in the smallest footprint – simply In 1619, Johannes Kepler published his Harmonices Mundi (the prototype at CERN. 8 channels, 4 ch. (interleaved) by populating a chassis with your choice of digitizers. With unprecedented “harmonies of the world”), a monumental treatise linking music, 1 - 2 GS/s or 1.6 - 3.2 GS/s measurement fidelity, advanced IP design and on-board real-time data processing geometry and astronomy. It was one of the fi rst times that music, an recognise the shape of these oscillations, their stability or variabil- artistic form, was presented as a global language able to describe ity, the way they combine and their interactions. Concepts such as DC to 650 MHz or DC up to 2 GHz these digitizers bring new research insight within reach. relations between time, speed, repetitions and cycles. pitch, timbre, harmony, consonance and dissonance, so familiar to The research we are conducting is based on the same ideas musicians, all have a formal description and characterisation that and principles: music is a structured language that enables us can be expressed in terms of oscillations and vibrations. to examine and communicate periodicity, fl uctuations, patterns Many human movements are cyclic in nature. An important and relations. Almost every notion in life sciences is linked with example is gait – the manner of walking or running. If we track the the idea of cycles, periodicity, fl uctuations and transitions. These position of any point on the body in time, for example the shoulder properties are naturally related to musical concepts such as or the knee, we would see it describing a regular, cyclic move- pitch, timbre and modulation. In particular, vibrations and oscil- ment. If the gait is stable, as in walking at a constant speed, the lations play a crucial role, both in life sciences and in music. frequency associated would be regular, with small variations due to Take, for example, the regulation of glucose in the body. Insulin the inherent variability of the system. By measuring, for example, is produced from the pancreas, creating a periodic oscillation the vertical displacement of the centre of each joint while walking in blood insulin that is thought to stop the down-regulation of or running, we would have a series of one-dimensional oscillating Discover how to simplify your high-speed, insulin receptors in target cells. Indeed, these oscillations in the waveforms. The collection of these waveforms provides a repre- multichannel acquisition system metabolic process are so key that constant inputs of insulin can sentation of co-ordinated movement of the body. Studying their www.keysight.com/find/physicsaxie jeopardise the system. properties, such as phase relations, frequencies and amplitudes, Oscillations are also the most crucial concept in music. What then provides a way to investigate the order parameters that defi ne we call “sound” is the perceived result of regular mechanical modes of co-ordination. vibrations happening at characteristic frequencies (between 20 Previous methods of examining the relation between compo-

© Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2015 ▲ and 20,000 times per second). Our ears are naturally trained to nents of the body have included statistical techniques such as

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Life sciences Life sciences & shaping photodiode amplifiers

principal-component analysis, or analysis of coupled oscillators 1.2k pathological and perturbed gait, for example highlighting key through vector coding or continuous relative phase. However, a left knee left leg changes in gait with ageing or leg surgeries. preamplifiers problem is that data are lost using statistical techniques, and small 800 In addition, we can also use sonifi cation of movements as a novel detect variations due to the inherent variability of the system are ignored. form of audio feedback. Movement is key to healthy ageing and Conversely, a coupled oscillator can cope only with two compo- 400 recovery from injuries or even pathologies. Physiotherapists and femtoJoule nents contributing to the co-ordination. practitioners prescribe exercises that take the human body through pulses! 0 certain movements, creating certain forces. The precise execution Sonograms to study body movements 1.2k of these exercises is fundamental to the expected benefi ts, and frequency (Hz) left leg + right arm whole body Our approach is based on the idea of analysing the waveforms and while this is possible under the watchful eye of the physiotherapist, Domenico Vicinanza and Genevieve Williams Williams Genevieve VicinanzaDomenico and their relations by translating them into audible signals and using the 800 it can be diffi cult to achieve when alone at home. natural capability of the ear to distinguish, characterise and analyse In precisely executing exercises, there are three main challenges. waveform shapes, amplitudes and relations. This process is called 400 First, there is the patient’s memory of what the correct movement or data sonifi cation, and one of the main tools to investigate the struc- exercise should look like. Second, there is the ability of the patient 0 all product specifications can be found online at: ture of the sound is the sonogram (sometimes also called a spectro- time (s) to execute correctly the movement that they are required to do, gram). A sonogram is a visual representation of how the spectrum of working the right muscles to move the joints and limbs through the http://cremat.com a certain sound signal changes with time, and we can use sonograms Sonograms of vertical components of (top left) a left-knee marker; correct space, over the right amount of time or through an appropri- Cremat's low noise charge sensitive preamplifiers (CSPs) can be to examine the phase relations between a large collection of variables (top right) the left leg = left-knee, ankle and hip markers; (bottom ate amount of force. Last, fi nding the motivation to perform some- used to read out pulse signals from p-i-n photodiodes, without having to reduce the data. Spectral analysis is a particularly left) the left leg combined with the right arm = right-wrist, elbow times painful, strenuous or boring exercises, sometimes many avalanche photodiodes (APDs), SiPM photodiodes, semicon- ductor radiation detectors (e.g. Si, CdTe, CZT), ionization relevant tool in many scientifi c disciplines, for example in high- and shoulder markers; and (bottom right) the whole body = times a day, is a challenge. chambers, proportional counters, surface barrier/PIPS detectors energy physics, where the interest lies in energy spectra, pattern and combined left-leg, right-leg, left-arm, right-arm and head markers. Sonifi cation can provide not only real-time audio feedback but and PMTs. anomaly detections, and phase transitions. also elements of feed-forward, which provides a quantitative refer- Our CSPs and shaping amplifiers are small c r e m a t epoxy-sealed plug-in modules less than 1 Using a sonogram to examine the movement of multiple markers regularly during the gait can then be analysed through the sound ence for the correct execution of movements. This means that the 2 950 Watertown St in in area. We provide evaluation boards West Newton, MA on the body in the frequency domain, we can obtain an individual generated by the superposition of the relative waveforms. patient has access to a map of the correct movements through real- and instrument designs as Open Source 02465 USA and situation-specifi c representation of co-ordination between the A par ticularly interesting case appears when we combine audifi - time feedback, enabling them to perform correctly. And let’s not Hardware allowing the user to integrate our +1(617)527-6590 modules into their commercial instruments. major limbs. Because anti-phase frequencies cancel, in-phase fre- cations of marker signals coming from opposing limbs, for exam- forget about motivation. Through sonifi cation, in response to the [email protected] quencies enhance each other, and a certain degree of variability in ple left leg/right arm or right leg/left arm. The sonogram bottom movements, the patient can generate not only waveforms but also the phase of the oscillation results in a band of frequencies, we are left in the fi gure is the representation of the frequency content of melodies and sounds that are pleasing. able to represent the co-ordination within the system through the the oscillations related to the combined sensors on the left leg and Another possible application of generating melodies associated resulting spectrogram. the right arm (called additive synthesis, in audio engineering). If with movement is in the artistic domain. Accelerometers, vibration Powered by In our study, we can see exactly this. A participant ran on a tread- we compare the sonogram of the left leg alone (top right) and the sensors and gyroscopes can turn gestures into melodic lines and mill that was accelerating between speeds of 0 and 18 km/h for combination with the opposing arm, we can see that some spectral harmonies. The demo organised during the public talk of the Inter- two minutes. A motion-analysis system was used to collect 3D lines disappear from the spectrum, because of the phase opposition national Conference on Translational Research in Radio-Oncology kinematic data from 24 markers placed bilaterally on the head, between some of the markers, for example the left knee and the – Physics for Health in Europe (ICTR-PHE), on 16 February in neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hand, pelvis, hips, knees, heels, right elbow, the left ankle and the right hand. Geneva, was based on that principle. Using accelerometers con- ankles and toes of the participant (sampling frequency 100 Hz, trial The final result of this cancellation is a globally simpler nected to the arm of a fl ute player, we could generate melodies length 120 s). Individual and combined sensor measurements were dynamical system, described by a smaller number of frequen- related to the movements naturally occurring when playing, in a resampled to generate audible waveforms. Sonograms were then cies. The frequencies themselves, their sharpness (variability) sort of duet between the fl ute and the fl utist. Art and science and computed using moving-frequency Hanning analysis windows for and the point of transition provide key information about the sys- music and movement seem to be linked in a natural but profound The World’s Most Advanced all of the sound signals computed for each marker and combination tem. In addition, we are able to observe and hear the phase transi- way by a multitude of different threads, and technology keeps pro- Digital Pulse Processor of markers. tion between the walking and running state, indicating that our viding the right tools to continue the investigation just as Kepler Sonifi cation of individual and combined markers is shown technique is suitable for examining these order-parameter states. did four centuries ago. above right. Sonifi cation of an individual marker placed on the By examining movement in the frequency domain, we obtain an left knee (top left in the fi gure) shows the frequencies underpin- individual and situation-specifi c representation of co-ordination Résumé • Up to 8 channels ning the marker movement on that particular joint-centre. By between the major limbs. La sonifi cation des données fait son entrée dans le domaine of simultaneous combining the markers, say of a whole limb such as the leg, we biomédical processing can examine the relations of single markers, through the cancel- Sonifi cation of movement as audio feedback • Over 3 Mcps lation and enhancement of fre- Sonifi cation, as in the example above, does not require data reduc- La musique et les sciences de la vie ont beaucoup d’affi nités : les processed by quencies involved. The result tion. It can provide us with unique ways of quantifying and per- deux disciplines font intervenir les concepts de cycles, de périodicité, each channel will show some spectral lines ceiving co-ordination in human movement, contributing to our de fl uctuations, de transition et même, curieusement, d’harmonie. The fi nal result of strengthening, others disap- knowledge and understanding of motor control as a self-organised En utilisant la technique de la sonifi cation, les scientifi ques [email protected] this cancellation is pearing and others stretching dynamical system that moves through stable and unstable states sont capables de percevoir et de quantifi er la coordination des Tel: +1-510-401-5760 a globally simpler to become bands (top right). in response to changes in organismic, task and environmental mouvements du corps humain, ce qui permet d’améliorer notre www.xia.com The nature of the collective constraints. For example, the specifi c measurement described connaissance et notre compréhension du contrôle moteur en tant que dynamical system. movements and oscillations above is a tool to increase our understanding of the adaptability système dynamique auto-organisé passant par des états stables et that underpin the mechan- of human motor control to something like a prosthetic limb. The instables en fonction de changements dans les contraintes s’exerçant ics of an arm or a leg moving application of this technique will aid diagnosis and tracking of au niveau de l’organisme, des tâches et de l’environnement.

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F u t u r E F a C i L i t i E s Any hints for new physics ?

The International Workshop on Future Potential of High Intensity Proton Accelerator for Particle and Nuclear Physics, HINT2015 HINT2015, was held from 13 to 15 October at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). The purpose of the workshop was to discuss future prospects for high-intensity proton accelerators and beams with megawatt (MW) beam power, and new frontiers in particle and nuclear physics enabled by the high-intensity beams. Participants at the International Workshop on Future Potential of High Intensity Proton 129 scientists from 12 countries participated Accelerator for Particle and Nuclear Physics, held in Japan in October 2015. in the workshop. The workshop covered a broad range of topics, from technical (RCS), and the J-PARC Main Ring (MR) for new physics. The COMET experiment challenges to the science potential of MW synchrotron achieved 350 kW stable for μ-e conversion completed construction high-intensity proton accelerators to be operation for the T2K neutrino experiment. of the experimental hall and will continue used for neutrino, kaon, muon, hypernuclei, After a shutdown lasting two years, beam the construction of the beamline and hadron and neutron physics. for the Hadron Experimental Facility detector. The muon g-2/EDM experiment In his welcome address, Naohito Saito, was resumed in April, and 33 kW beam has completed the technical design director of J-PARC since April, emphasised power had been provided at the time of report. Results from the hadron–nuclear the importance of fl avour physics as HINT2015. He also presented that the next experiments with high-intensity kaon a guiding light in particle and nuclear goal of the MR beam power at J-PARC beams are superseding the achievements at Adv_A8300sc EN.indd 1 14/09/15 15:06 physics. Following that, Ryuichiro Kitano, for neutrino experiments is 1.3 MW. The BNL-AGS and INFN-DAΦNE in the past, a theorist from KEK, presented a grand technical issues on ion sources, RF cavities, and new experiments with the beams of picture of the precision/intensity frontier beam instrumentation, beamlines, beam primary protons and high-energy mesons in particle physics, and Taku Yamanaka, windows, production targets, focusing will open up a new era of hadron physics. an experimentalist from Osaka University, devices and remote maintenance were The concluding remark were provided by comsol multiphysics ® addressed the issues in designing new overviewed and discussed by the experts. Tsuyoshi Nakaya, an experimentalist from experiments for the intensity frontier. A variety of physics research topics were Kyoto University, who shared his memory In addition, the status and future of the covered by theorists and experimentalists. with the late Yoji Totsuka, who contributed application builder accelerator facilities at J-PARC, Fermilab, The T2K experiment presented the signifi cantly on the construction of CERN, GSI/FAIR and PSI were reported. possibility to extend the measurement to Super-Kamiokande and J-PARC. Tadashi Koseki reported that 500 kW accumulate up to 2 × 1022 protons on target A poster session was held in the afternoon stable operation had been realised, and to fi nd evidence of CP violation at > 3σ. The of the fi rst day, and young scientists enjoyed 0 a design power of 1 MW equivalent shot KOTO experiment for KL → π νν decay will discussions. MULTIPHYSICS ● application was successfully demonstrated at the soon reach the sensitivity of the so-called More details are available at j-parc.jp/pn/ FOR EVERYONE J-PARC 3 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron Grossman-Nir bound, and start the search HINT2015/. Annual meeting takes the pulse of EuroCirCol The evolution of computational tools for numerical simulation of physics-based June 2015 saw The project is co-ordinated by CERN and dipole fi elds up to 16 T. systems has reached a major milestone. the start of the brings together an international consortium On 19–20 November, a meeting was held Custom applications are now being developed EU-funded of 16 benefi ciary organisations. Five work at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Orsay by simulation specialists using the Application EuroCirCol project, packages have been established within (France), gathering more than 50 EuroCirCol Builder in COMSOL Multiphysics®. a design study for a post-LHC hadron EuroCirCol to deal with the huge challenge of scientists and engineers to review the collider that is part of the wider Future designing a cost-effective 100 km-long energy progress made in the fi rst six months of the With a local installation of COMSOL Server™, applications can be Circular Collider (FCC) study. The study frontier accelerator with high-luminosity study in each of the work packages. deployed within an entire organization and accessed worldwide. has received €3 million within the Horizon experimental insertion regions. Moreover, One of the priorities established in the 2020 Research and Innovation Framework EuroCirCol will study the development of a kick-off meeting in June was to recruit the Make your organization truly benefit from the power of analysis. programme to produce a conceptual design cryogenic beam vacuum system to cope with necessary highly qualifi ed research staff. comsol.com/application-builder of a 100 TeV hadron collider by 2019, in unprecedented synchrotron light power, and Most positions have been fi lled, but some are

time for the next update of the European an innovative design for superconducting still available (https://fcc.web.cern.ch/Pages/▲

© Copyright 2016 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, LiveLink, and Simulation for Everyone are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its Strategy for Particle Physics. accelerator magnets, to achieve high-quality Oportunities-For-Individuals.aspx). subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks

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All of the work packages are advancing will take place in spring, to identify project defi ne the enormous challenge that M a t E r i a L s s C i E n C E at a good pace. For the lattice design, many the preferred options. In parallel to lies ahead in the FCC study. industry exists, and large quantities of Nb 3Sn of efforts at a global scale. Fundamental versions have been considered and tested in the EuroCirCol design activity, a An international FCC conference will be Magnet-technology were indeed produced for the ITER project. research can provide the necessary feedback simulations, working in close collaboration complementary FCC Magnets Technology held in Rome from 11 to 15 April (fccw2016. conference features ITER today represents the fi rst large-scale to industry, which can in turn profi t from with the team in charge of the experimental programme has been set up at CERN, to web.cern.ch/fccw2016/), to follow up on production (~ 500 tonnes) of Nb3Sn wire. The industrial production of advanced materials. insertion-regions design. launch the development of the required the design progress and set the goals for the techniques for the FCC FCC will require thousands of tonnes, with It is an interactive process, and the FCC Several options for the cryogenic high-performance Nb3Sn superconducting coming year. Dedicated technology R&D far higher performance. study requirements extend the boundaries of beam vacuum system have also been wire with industry and to carry out programmes will be presented, and an open It is important to forge synergies between our present knowledge. studied, considering both 1.9 K and 4.5 K magnet-prototyping work. poster session will provide a platform to The International Conference on Magnet laboratories and industrial partners to ● For more information, see www.mt24.org/ operation temperature of the magnets, The discussions held during the meeting showcase new concepts and technologies Technology took place in Seoul, Korea, from promote collaboration and co-ordination index.php?userAgent=PC&. and a beam-screen prototype will be evidenced how much the EuroCirCol related to the FCC study. A satellite meeting 18 to 23 October. CERN’s Amalia Ballarino tested at a later stage at the ANKA project is pushing the limits of technology concerning the EuroCirCol project in gave a plenary talk on “Superconductors synchrotron in Karlsruhe. Regarding and entering uncharted territory. They also particular will also take place during the for future circular colliders”. After the 16 T superconducting magnets, demonstrated the strong interdependence of FCC week. The participation of industry presenting the current status of the HiLumi design optimisation based on different the characteristics of the different elements and potential future partners is highly LHC project, she explained the technical PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter coil geometries is ongoing and a review of the accelerator. Both aspects of the encouraged. challenges generated by the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study, and the B i G d a t a need for future R&D in superconducting Reach new heights materials that would allow reaching DS@LHC2015: higher magnetic fi elds. She discussed both in magnetic eld low-temperature superconducting (Nb3Sn) bringing together Bruno Mazoyer and high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials. She outlined the ongoing studies on measurement the HEP and Nb3Sn that aim to increase the performance of the material to meet the need for 16 T fi elds, as well as to start production. The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new machine-learning One of the techniques that can be standard for precision magnetometers. used to tackle these challenges is the Leveraging 30 years of expertise building communities implementation of artifi cial pinning in materials, although this has today only been the world’s gold standard magnetometers, tried on a laboratory scale for short lengths it takes magnetic  eld measurement to High-energy physicists have been doing of conductor. Ballarino explained that the new heights: measuring higher elds with data science without realising it. Over the HiLumi LHC exploits the performance of last decade, the fi eld of machine learning state-of-the-art high-fi eld Nb3Sn, but a future better resolution. has developed outside of high-energy FCC collider requires further improvements physics (HEP), thanks to key algorithmic in the performance of the conductor and The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility developments and increased computing production of large quantities of affordable power, driven by the needs of industry. wire. More effort is needed from the in the choice of parameters, interfacing A workshop took place at CERN on perspective of both material science and and probe placement, as well as greatly 9–13 November, which brought together top manufacturing techniques, to understand improved tolerance of inhomogeneous data scientists and high-energy physicists how artifi cial pinning can be implemented to discuss possible synergies for data A mosaic of the distinguished data scientists invited to CERN for the workshop. to improve the in-fi eld properties of this elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces processing and analysis. The workshop material. and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into was a great success in terms of the quality that make use of promising data-science analysis software: Caffe (a popular image In the framework of the FCC study, modern laboratory environments. of talks, discussions and attendance (more techniques. Applications in artifi cial recognition toolbox), pylearn (one of many several collaborations involving industry

than 200 participants), both in person and intelligence (are we moving towards an deep-neural-network training software) and laboratories are being launched. The le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com remotely. The programme was designed artifi cial scientist?), urban science (what to and an analysis pipeline constructed in the main focus is to establish a worldwide effort so that both communities could learn each do with a two-year-long time lapse of the scikit-learn python framework (widely used to develop and produce high-fi eld Nb 3Sn other’s language. New York skyline), astronomy (discovering in the machine-learning community). conductors and involve industrial partners Morning sessions were dedicated hundreds of exoplanets) and genomics The workshop ended with a panel on from Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia and the to plenary talks and were organised to (deciphering the genome code with sparse open data and reproducibility. It was noted US. These are the countries where Nb3Sn introduce the fi elds of HEP and data data) were discussed. Late-afternoon tutorial that the CERN experiments are fairly science. Several optimisation methods sessions offered talks and hands-on session advanced on this matter compared with CERN’s Amalia and applications for the high-energy fi eld on tools and techniques from both fi elds. other domains of science. The parting vow CERN Ballarino were presented, including experience with Notably, participants could gain practical was to hold a dedicated workshop on science presented an the matrix element method. Renowned experience in the latest improvements reproducibility in HEP. The workshop was overview of the speakers lectured on the state-of-the-art in of multivariate analysis in the CERN the fi rst of a series of conferences that will current studies on TMVA ROOT package. A dense agenda alternate generic and topical events. The next deep learning. Online data processing at the superconducting Pantone 286 Pantone 032 LHC was presented and potential hardware on the matrix-element method guided the topical event will take place in summer 2016, materials for solutions were discussed. Promising results audience through the state-of-the-art of and then again in spring 2017. future circular from recent HEP machine-learning projects using theoretical calculations in HEP data ● Talks and videos from the 2015 colliders. were shown. Early-afternoon symposiums analysis. Three well-attended tutorials workshop are available at cern.ch/ Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com hosted speakers in other scientifi c domains were dedicated to machine-learning DataScienceLHC2015.

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E V E n t s C a L E n d a r

23–25 April a W a r d s IoTBD 2016 Rome, Italy Carlo Rubbia awarded China’s highest scientifi c prize The conference will discuss the best strategies to deal with large amounts of data in different formats, and content that needs to be processed Carlo Rubbia, Nobel laureate for physics CERN efficiently, quickly and intelligently through in 1984 and CERN’s Director-General advanced algorithms, techniques, models from 1989 to 1994, has been awarded the and tools. International Scientifi c and Technological Co-operation Award by the People’s www.iotbd.org/ Republic of China. The award honours the signifi cant 2–6 May contributions that Rubbia has made to BEAUTY 2016 China’s scientifi c development in the fi eld of Marseille, France 8–13 May 13–18 June high-energy physics. The aim of this conference is to review the IPAC 2016 LHCP 2016 During the last 30 years, Rubbia has latest theoretical and experimental results Busan, Korea Lund, Sweden been devoted to promoting co-operation in heavy-flavour physics. The scientific IPAC brings together accelerator scientists, The programme will be devoted to a detailed in science and technology between China programme covers a wide range of engineers, students and industrial vendors from review of the latest experimental and theoretical and Europe. Particularly since 1989, when research, including the study of CP violation across the globe to share ideas and exchange results on collider physics, particularly the serving as Director-General of CERN, and rare-decay properties of beauty and information on cutting-edge accelerator science results of the Large Hadron Collider Run II. he promoted collaboration between Carlo Rubbia, Nobel laureate for physics and former CERN Director-General, has been charm hadrons. and technology. https://indico.cern.ch/event/442390/ CERN and the Institute of High Energy awarded the International Scientifi c and Technological Co-operation Award by the People’s Republic of China. https://indico.cern.ch/event/352928/ www.ipac16.org/ Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHEPCAS), helped to construct the experimental high-energy physics base in 2013, is currently a president of the Gran Sasso Science Institue (INFN) and in China, and supported IHEPCAS in Chinese University of Mining and spokesman of the ICARUS experiment (one accessing the internet. Technology’s Institute of Sustainable of the three SBN experiments at Fermilab). Under his leadership, in 1993 CERN Energy. The institute’s main research The prize – considered to be the top proposed free internet protocols and focus is on zero-emission energy systems, honour for foreign individuals – is awarded procedures, which had important energy-storage systems, and transmitting to several scientists each year for their signifi cance for the development of the electric power over long distances using contributions to China’s social, technological internet as well as its application in China. superconductors. and economic development. Moreover, he enhanced co-operation in This work follows his recent research on CERN is extremely proud of this new the fi elds of energy and the environment fi nding solutions to the world’s energy crisis recognition for Rubbia, whose contribution between Italy and China, and supported through renewable sources. As a result of to the history of both particle physics and China’s research in accelerator-driven this, Rubbia has held several positions on CERN itself has been critical. PRESS RELEASE systems, with signifi cant achievements. energy advisory boards, including the United Rubbia was presented with the award by Rubbia, who was appointed a Nations Economic Commission for Latin president Xi Jinping and premier Li Keqiang senator-for-life of the Italian Republic America. He is currently a professor at the in Beijing on 8 January. MDC Vacuum Ltd announced today that they had expanded their manufacturing operations in Europe through the acquisition of CVT Ltd operations based in Milton Keynes. CVT adds significantly to MDC’s European capabilities. “Now a ppOintMEnts we have a fully integrated platform for growth across Europe”, said Roger Cockroft , MDC’s CEO. New director for Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MDC, head quartered in Hayward California, recently launched a multi-million dollar group-wide initiative to restructure the business and position the company for long term stable growth. “It’s exciting times here at MDC; we’re investing in the latest Michael Witherell, vice chancellor for Michael Witherell. technology and tools, expanding our capabilities and skill sets, and kicking off a global focus on continual innovation”. research at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), has been appointed the new 2013 p8) and he was also a member of the

“I want MDC to be the low cost, high quality, innovator in the vacuum business. We aim to delight our customers with director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Photo by Majed CMS collaboration. Before that, he studied exceptional service combined with outstanding products” Laboratory (Lawrence Berkeley National e+e– collisions with the BaBar, CLEO and Lab), in the US. SLD detectors, and charm production in Witherell is a leading particle physicist fi xed-target experiments at Fermilab E-691, Contacts: with a highly distinguished career in with a particular interest in heavy-quark , CEO MDC Vacuum Products LLC, 23842 teaching, research and managing complex physics. Roger Cockroft organisations. He has received numerous Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, the Cabot Boulevard, Hayward, CA 94545. [email protected] +1 410 570 5521 honours and recognitions for his scientifi c internationally renowned institution whose contributions and achievements. Witherell scientifi c expertise has been recognised Richard Davies, Technical Director’ 4 Carters Lane, Kiln Farm, is the former director of the Fermi National with 13 Nobel prizes, is managed by the Milton Keynes, MK11 3ER. [email protected] +44 7798 824117 Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) and University of California on behalf of the US currently holds the presidential chair in Witherell is a member of the LUX Department of Energy (DOE) since it was physics at UCSB. collaboration (CERN Courier December founded in 1931.

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Mineral Insulated Cable New leadership structure TRIUMF Reliable, Highly accurate cabling capable of operating accelerates TRIUMF in extreme environments.

With a fresh leadership structure at TRIUMF, sciences, life sciences, and engineering – the laboratory’s new deputy director (DD), to realise the FYP in a safe and effective • MgO and SiO2 Cables. Reiner Krücken, will guide the realisation of manner, as well as to develop the • RF Coaxial Cables. TRIUMF’s scientifi c vision. laboratory’s long-term science strategy. TRIUMF recently instituted changes Krücken is ready for the job. He developed • Multiconductor Transmission Cables. to the laboratory’s management structure, a profound knowledge of TRIUMF’s • Welded and hermetically sealed connections. as the organisation enters into its latest research programme while leading the fi ve-year plan (FYP), 2015–2020. Changes laboratory’s (now) Physical Sciences • Capable of operating in and measuring temperatures of up to 1,260oC. included renaming the Science Division the Division since 2011, co-editing TRIUMF’s Physical Sciences Division, and creating 2010–2015 FYP, and creating the ARIEL • Capable of operating in the following atmospheres the Life Science Division, into which the science workshop series. Moreover, he Reiner Krücken. - oxidising, reducing, neutral and vacuum. current Nuclear Medicine Division will be founded the Isotopes for Science and integrated as a department. All divisions Medicine (IsoSiM) programme, a joint well suited for his role, interacting with all of will be under the leadership of associate venture between TRIUMF and the the associate lab directors. laboratory directors (ALDs, replacing University of British Columbia under the As the new DD, Krücken declares his division heads). Most signifi cantly, a DD Natural Sciences and Engineering Research primary goal to be achieving TRIUMF’s position was created, with Dr Reiner Council of Canada (NSERC) Collaborative FYP vision. He emphasises that ARIEL is Krücken being appointed to the new role by Research and Training Experience a key priority upon which the laboratory’s Temperature is our business director Jonathan Bagger. All changes were (CREATE) programme umbrella. IsoSiM future is based, because it will solidify Cables | Temp Measurement | Electric Heaters effective as of 1 October 2015. will expose students and postdocs to the TRIUMF’s position as a world-leading The DD’s responsibilities include interdisciplinary nature and applications isotope-production facility for studies in www.okazaki-mfg.com supporting the director in driving of isotope science, providing them with a particle physics, nuclear physics, materials TRIUMF’s projects in the current FYP, unique training opportunity within UBC and science and nuclear medicine. such as the Advanced Rare IsotopE TRIUMF’s diverse research programmes. With both Bagger and Krücken at the okazaki-cernad-193x125-Feb16.indd 1 28/01/2016 15:22 Laboratory (ARIEL) and the upcoming His broad scientifi c interests, which have helm, and a new management structure in Institute for Advanced Medical Isotopes evolved from experimental nuclear physics to place, TRIUMF is well poised to navigate (IAMI). The DD will work across applications of nuclear physics in medicine the challenges facing the laboratory in the TRIUMF’s divisions – accelerator, physical and other scientifi c fi elds, are particularly exciting times ahead.

C ELEBratiOns axis. Together with colleagues, he proposed Magnets Aleksandr Skrinsky a method for the precise measurement of elementary particle mass by resonant celebrates his Baev Valentin depolarisation of electron–positron beams. In 1974, Skrinsky and colleagues developed and coils the theory of “electron cooling” (proposed 80th birthday by G I Budker in 1967), and confi rmed it www.scanditronix-magnet.se experimentally. The method has been widely Aleksandr (Sasha) Skrinsky, currently used at many laboratories around the world, the scientifi c leader of Budker Institute including CERN, GSI (Germany), and IMP of Nuclear Physics (Russia), turned 80 on (China). 15 January. During the past few years, Skrinsky has Skrinsky is well-known for his worked on the ionisation cooling of muons contribution to the development of colliding for muon colliders. Skrinsky is an expert beams in storage rings. At the VEP-1 on free-electron lasers (FELs), for which and VEPP-2 colliders in Novosibirsk, he proposed the optical klystron. Largely Skrinsky and colleagues conducted a Aleksandr Skrinsky. through his efforts, a number of Russian series of pioneering tests of quantum laboratories have been involved in the LHC electrodynamics and studies of vector accelerators. In particular, he showed the programme. mesons. Studies on the beams in storage role of nonlinear resonances and stochastic Today, while he continues to ski and rings led to the discovery of the longitudinal instability in reducing the luminosity of run regularly, Skrinsky participates and transverse coherent instabilities colliders. in experiments at the VEPP-4M and and, subsequently, to the development of In the 1970s, Skrinsky played a leading VEPP-2000 colliders, and is involved in the methods for their suppression. Skrinsky role in the development of the theory of spin design of the Super-tau-charm factory, one of was also the fi rst to show the nonlinear motion in circular accelerators, based on the most ambitious scientifi c projects in the nature of the beam–beam effects in circular the invention of the periodic spin precession fi eld of high-energy physics.

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JINR celebrates 90th birthday JINR of academician Alexander Baldin

On 26 February, the scientifi c community In 1968, in his capacity as a scientifi c of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research leader of JINR, Baldin set nuclear (JINR) celebrated Alexander Mikhailovich interactions at relativistic energies as a Baldin, who was born on the same day major research activity. Under his guidance, in 1926 in the Krasnaja Presnja district the Synchrophasotron was modifi ed of Moscow. to become a specialised accelerator of Baldin’s youth and student years were relativistic and polarised nuclei, which led lived during the Second World War and to the discovery of the nuclear cumulative post-war reconstruction. In 1946, he was effect predicted by Baldin. The results of invited to continue his studies at the newly the fi rst period of studies with relativistic HV and RF Technology Innovations from L-3 established Moscow Mechanics Institute nuclei enabled Baldin to suggest the idea of Ammunition – later named the Moscow of a new, superconducting accelerator L-3 Electron Devices is leading the technology revolution with powerful solutions like the 13 kW klystron for the 12 GeV Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) – – the Nuclotron. Alexander Mikhailovich Baldin. Upgrade at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and the 90 kW IOT amplifier for Brookhaven National Lab’s from which he graduated in 1949. Baldin’s scientifi c and organisational NSLS-II Booster RF Transmitter System. For high-voltage switching or stable and reliable RF power, L-3’s thyratrons, Baldin’s fi rst research work was on activities were extremely versatile. He was giving lectures and organising international klystrons, IOTs and TWTs are meeting the demanding requirements of many of the world’s major accelerator systems, and the theory of particle motion in a cyclic president of the Council on Electromagnetic schools of physics. we are working to produce the next generation of devices for tomorrow’s new accelerators. accelerator. These investigations allowed him Interactions and a member of the Bureau The achievements of this outstanding to develop a method that was used to improve of the Nuclear Physics Department scientist have been awarded with the Lenin To learn more about L-3’s innovative technology, visit L-3com.com/edd or email us at [email protected]. the performance of JINR’s Synchrophasotron, of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prize, the State Prize, and the V I Veksler and it is still being widely used in calculations editor-in-chief of the journals Physics of Prize, as well as with several governmental Electron Devices L-3com.com for the design of new accelerators. In the early Elementary Particles and Atomic Nuclei awards. He has also been awarded orders 1950s, Baldin developed the theory of meson and Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters, and medals of the JINR member states. photoproduction off nucleons and nuclei, as well as a member of the editorial boards Baldin was also given the title of honorary and in 1973 he was awarded the USSR State of many scientifi c publications. Baldin was citizen of the town of Dubna. The street that Prize for pioneering research in pi-meson also very much appreciated for the effort leads to the main gates of the laboratory is Diversified Technologies, Inc. photoproduction. he put into training younger scientists, named after him. Delivers First ESS Klystron Modulator O u t r E a C h

CERN exhibition CERN reopens to the public

After a major revamp last year, “Microcosm”, one of CERN’s two on-site exhibitions, is once again open to visitors. The new exhibition takes visitors on a journey through CERN’s key installations, following the path of particles from the bottle of hydrogen, through the network of accelerators and on to collisions inside vast experiments. Objects, life-sized audiovisuals and high-defi nition Pulse into Klystron at IPN Orsay • Modulator Meets Full ESS Specification photographs are used to recreate real 115 kV, 50 A, 14 Hz, 3.5 ms, <0.1% Flattop CERN spaces, while live data feeds bring • Expandable to 4 Klystrons news of the LHC direct to the exhibitions. Throughout, the focus is on the people • <0.1% Flattop with No Flicker who design and use this extraordinary • Installed at IPN Orsay in December 2015 technology to further our understanding of DTI PowerMod™ the universe. Screen content continues to • 2nd Unit Installation at CEA Saclay in February 2016 evolve, and more games will be introduced Solid-State Pulsed Power Systems into the exhibition during 2016. The Role models for students – 1:1 scale audiovisual in “Microcosm” allows visitors to meet the • Built in Collaboration with Sigma Phi Electronics +1 (781) 275-9444 • www.divtecs.com exhibition is free and open to all. people who make CERN tick.

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individuals working on CERN programmes with the European Southern Observatory 7 May last year, marking both a renewal of a and Palestinian participation in CERN (ESO) and with the International long-standing friendship and a commitment summer student programmes. However, Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The to take the partnership further. this new agreement confi rms the increasing agreements address many areas, including The new protocols signed in December interest in the LHC and opens the way for scientifi c research, technology development confi rm the US’s commitment to the LHC All image credits: CERN Palestinian researchers to join the ATLAS and sharing, and big-data solutions, as well project and its upgrade programme, the collaboration. as education and public-outreach activities. High-Luminosity LHC. For the fi rst time, CERN has a high level of engagement in Collaboration between CERN and the US they set down in black and white European the Middle East and North Africa region, is nothing new: the US is a valued partner in participation through CERN in pioneering with ICAs already signed with Iran, the LHC, contributing to investment in the neutrino research in the US. They are a Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab facility, to the running of LHC experiments signifi cant step towards a fully connected n E t W O r k i n G Emirates, and well-established contacts and to the globally distributed computing trans-Atlantic research programme. with Oman and Qatar. Moreover, CERN infrastructure necessary to process the vast In this framework, CERN, which is no CERN signs plays an important role in SESAME, the data volumes produced by the experiments. longer running its own neutrino beamlines, region’s fi rst intergovernmental research The most recent co-operation agreement will serve as a platform for worldwide agreements with organisation (CERN Courier July/August was signed between CERN, the US scientists engaged in neutrino-detector 2015 p19). Department of Energy and the US National R&D, who will go on to work at neutrino Lebanon, Palestine, Also in December, CERN signed ICAs Science Foundation at the White House on experiments in the US and elsewhere. New photomultiplier 9320KFLB from ET Enterprises the US, ESO and IRENA V i s i t s catches even more light. December was a good month for global ET Enterprises Ltd have introduced a collaboration in particle physics because compact 78mm active diameter it saw the signature of several agreements curved window photomultiplier that will contribute to cementing CERN’s credits:Image CERN for use in multi-pmt optical partnerships and create frameworks for modules for underwater and fruitful co-operation. similar neutrino telescopes. On 3 December last year, CERN signed an International Co-operation Agreement The length of less than 100mm (ICA) with the Lebanese National Council enables up to 31 pmts to be for Scientifi c Research, CNRSL, paving the fitted into a standard 17 inch way for future collaboration with Lebanese glass pressure sphere resulting academia. Soon after, on 18 December, in a significantly increased light a second ICA was signed with Palestine, collection area and directional allowing CERN to forge stronger links with sensitivity compared to single Palestinian universities. Lebanese researchers have long had larger diameter pmts. links with CERN’s theory group, and have recently expressed an interest in joining the Main characteristics are: LHC experiments. Three Lebanese doctoral • High sensitivity blue-green bialkali photocathode students active on LHC experiments gave talks at the signing ceremony, held at the • Fast pulse response time and low transit time jitter Lebanese University in Beirut, where • Low dark noise Lebanon also expressed immediate interest in the heavy-ion programme at the LHC • Good single electron resolution and linearity and in hardware upgrades on CMS. Links • Full 78 mm active diameter between CERN and Palestine have so On 20 January, Her Excellency Dr Dalia Grybauskait, President of the Republic of Lithuania, visited CERN. Three days later, on 23 January, CMS welcomed His Excellency Mr Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Lithuanian delegation had a busy • Low background, pressure-resistant glass as standard far been more limited, with a number of morning, visiting several CERN facilities. The tour of the laboratory started at Point 5 (the CMS experiment), where the President and her delegation were • Ultra-low background, water-resistant glass option From left to right: Ambassador Pamela welcomed by Director-General Fabiola Gianotti. In the afternoon, the delegation stopped off at the Computing Centre, where they heard a presentation Hamamoto of the US (left) and CERN on the worldwide LHC Computing Grid. At the end of the visit, the President took a moment to shake hands with members of the Lithuanian community ET Enterprises Limited, Riverside Way, Director-General (2009–2015) Rolf Heuer; at CERN, and also participated in a virtual visit by a high-school class connected remotely from Lithuania as part of the S’Cool LAB project. CMS also Uxbridge, UB8 2YF, UK Ibrahim Khraishi (right) Palestinian received a visit by His Excellency Mr Muhammad Nawaz Sharif from Pakistan. The delegation was welcomed by the representative of France, Stéphane Phone: +44 (0)1895 200880 Donnot, sous-Préfet de Gex, CERN’s Director-General, and other members of the CERN directorate. It was the fi rst visit by a head of government of Fax: +44 (0)1895 270873 ambassador to the international [email protected] organisations in Geneva with Rolf Heuer, Pakistan since the country became CERN’s latest associate member state in July 2015. The Prime Minister then had the opportunity to visit the CMS www.et-enterprises.com after signing the Co-operation Agreement underground experimental area accompanied by the CMS Spokesperson, Tiziano Camporesi, and the CMS collaboration’s national contact physicist for Pakistan, Hafeez Hoorani. At the end of his visit, the Prime Minister took the time to sign CERN’s guestbook and to meet with a number of Pakistanis ADIT Electron Tubes, 300 Crane Street, between Palestine and CERN; and Mouïn Sweetwater, Texas 79556, USA Hamzé (left), secretary general of the collaborating with CERN. Picture on the left: The President of Lithuania, Dalia Grybauskait, observing a cloud-chamber experiment at the S'Cool Phone: (325) 235 1418 Lebanese National Council for Scientifi c LAB. Picture on the right: From left to right: Minister of Finance Mr Mohammad Ishaq Dar, Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Fax: (325) 235 2872 research, CNRSL, and CERN's Rüdiger Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, CERN Director-General Fabiola Gianotti and CMS national contact physicist Hafeez Hoorani. [email protected] Voss, after signing the International www.electrontubes.com catch the light Collaboration Agreement.

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Your guide to products, services and expertise O B i t u a r Y RELIABLE CONNECTIVITY Michael K Craddock 1936–2015 Cryogen SOLUTIONS Connect your Free Probe business today Michael K Craddock, UBC emeritus Stations

professor and retired TRIUMF research TRIUMF scientist, passed away in Vancouver, Canada, on 11 November, following a brief battle with cancer. One of TRIUMF’s founding fathers, Applications include he worked tirelessly on the cyclotron and nano science, materials other key projects for 50 years, including and spintronics 33 years as TRIUMF’s head accelerator < FREE physicist, until his retirement in 2001. 5 K - 675 K cryocooler- Mike Craddock was born on 15 April based systems 1936 in the UK. He received his Bachelor’s Vibration isolated for and Master’s degrees in mathematics and sub-micron sample stability physics at Oxford University in 1957 and Up to 8 probes, DC to 67 GHz, plus fiber optics 1961, respectively. He was a scientifi c Zoom optics with camera and monitor offi cer at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory while pursuing a D.Phil in nuclear physics Michael Craddock. Horizontal, vertical or vector magnetic field at Oxford, which he was awarded in 1964. options are available Upon graduation, Mike joined the Physics related to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Other configurations: LHe, LN2, room temperature Department at the University of British accelerator injector chain at CERN, the and UHV systems Columbia (UBC), where he remained success of which raised the lab’s profi le Contact us today: throughout his career. worldwide. Remarkably, during all this [email protected] Originally hoping simply to conduct time he supervised more than 14 graduate www.janis.com /CryogenFreeProbeStation.aspx experiments at UBC’s Van de Graaf students, regularly taught undergraduate www.facebook.com /JanisResearch accelerator, he was thrust almost and graduate physics courses, and acted as immediately into the department’s TRIUMF’s correspondent for the CERN campaign to build a new accelerator on Courier for 29 years, until August 2004. campus. Tasked with investigating options Retirement did little to tamper with for a new machine, he recommended a Mike’s relentless energy. He joined the modifi ed version of the H– cyclotron design Accelerator Development Group and Hermetically sealed of Reg Richardson at UCLA. Mike managed worked on several projects before settling on You know what the overall specifi cation, which settled on a fi xed-fi eld alternating-gradient accelerators for vacuum applications scaled-down 500 MeV, 20 μA machine. In (FFAGs) from 2004 to 2012, where he you want to detect: 1968, the TRIUMF proposal was approved participated in an international project to Used in extreme temperatures by the Canadian government, and for the build a 20 MeV electron model (EMMA) at next 10 years, Mike was the beam-dynamics Daresbury, UK. He was a constant presence - X-rays group leader. His most memorable at the lab, organising conferences, and Standard and custom solutions challenge in that time was responsibility presenting introductory accelerator-physics - Gamma-rays for determining the position and number lectures to students at TRIUMF, UBC, and of the magnetic shims installed during the the University of Victoria, all the while - Neutrons massive cyclotron fi eld-shaping campaign. acting as TRIUMF’s unoffi cial historian. Mike’s reward came when he was present at During a career that spanned fi ve - Particles Reg Richardson’s shoulder as the fi rst beam indefatigable decades, Mike demonstrated emerged on 15 December 1974. exceptional leadership in the fi eld of Mike was TRIUMF’s leading beam high-energy subatomic-particle physics, physicist throughout his career, from joint notably in particle-accelerator design and head of the Beam Development Group from construction, and he was instrumental in 1978 to 1981, then as Accelerator Research fostering new generations of accelerator Division head from 1982 to 1988 and head physicists in Canada and abroad. A of the Accelerator Division from 1989 to testament to his outstanding character, 1994, to group leader for accelerator physics before he passed away, Mike made a very Find out how to get your from 1995 until his retirement in 2001. He generous gift to TRIUMF, establishing the THE RELIABLE EXPERT was a chief architect of the KAON Factory Michael Craddock Fund for Accelerator business or institution Project, where as deputy to project-leader students. Alan Astbury, he led a multidisciplinary His passing has been felt worldwide and SCIONIX Holland B.V. connected. team in the engineering design of a suite has left a gaping hole in the TRIUMF family. Tel. +31 30 6570312 of synchrotron-type proton accelerators. He will be sorely missed by all who knew Fax. +31 30 6567563 We know how to KAON was unable to attract federal him. Email. [email protected] physicsworld.com/connect ● build your detectors funding, and so Mike set to work on projects His friends and colleagues. www.scionix.nl www.fischerconnectors.com

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Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics Recruitment | | Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association

F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s . College of Science and Engineering PARTICLE School of Physics & Astronomy Lecturer/Senior Lecturer/Reader Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral research assistants, PHYSICS Grade 8/9, Salary Range - PhD students, Engineers, Physicists and Technicians at • £41,255 - £47,801 / £49,230 - £55,389 per annum DESY has openings for: Vacancy Ref: 012393 Extreme Light Infrastructure – DESY-Fellowships - To undertake and lead a world-class research programme experimental particle physics in theoretical elementary particle physics, with emphasis Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) on lattice QCD or collider phenomenology. You will publish in leading international journals, vigorously DESY pursue funding opportunities and teach physics Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, engagingly at all levels. particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. will be a new Center for Scientific Research to be built by the IFIN-HH - ELI-NP is organizing competitions for For appointment as Senor Lecturer/Reader you will be National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering filling the folowing positions: DESY develops, runs and uses accelerators and detectors for the an outstanding researcher, with significant international (IFIN-HH) in Bucharest-Magurele, Romania. investigation of the structure of matter. leadership roles and esteem, including an extensive Senior and Junior Researchers, Postdoctoral record of high quality publications. ELI-NP is a complex facility which will host two state-of-the- research assistants, PhD students, Engineers/ The position Fellows in experimental particle physics are invited to participate in a project Apply online at: http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/jobs/ art machines of high performances: Physicists (particle accelerators, mechanics, optics), of DESYs particle physics research programme. Analysis and detector-upgrade in the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS Closing date: 20 March; Engineers (physics, laser, electronic, electrical, • l A very high intensity laser beams from two 10 PW lasers; Preparation of the International Linear Collider ILC • interviews 18th/19th April 2016 electrotechnical, instrumentation and control), (accelerator and experiments) l Technicians, Engineers for RA 1 (laser, control Participation in the Analysis Forum of the Helmholtz Alliance The University is committed to equality of opportunity A very intense, brilliant γ beam, very low bandwidth, with • E > 19 MeV, which is obtained by incoherent Compton systems, contamination control, project engineer) ”Physics at the Terascale” in employment. γ Participation in the experiments ALPS and BELLE II • back scattering of a laser light off an intense electron beam and Vacuum Systems Technicians for RA 1. Generic development of detectors and accelerators for applications in The University of Glasgow, charity number SC004401 • (Ee > 700 MeV) produced by a warm linac. particle physics Requirements Ph.D. completed within the last 4 years • The jobs description, the Candidate’s profiles and the Rules of Procedures of Selection can be found at Experience in experimental particle physics • http://www.eli-np.ro/jobs.php. DESY-Fellowships are awarded for a duration of 2 years with the possibility of prolongation by one additional year. The applications shall be accompanied by the documents required in the Rules and Procedures of Selection for these positions Please submit your application including a resume, a curriculum vitae The applications shall be sent to the Human Resources Department at [email protected]. including a short summary of past research activities and of future rese- WWW.OEAW.AC.AT/SMI The Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics of the Austrian arch interests, a list of publications and copies of University degrees to Academy of Sciences in Vienna is devoted to the study of fun- the DESY human resources department (preferably via damental symmetries and interactions. In its division “Precision http://www.desy.de/about desy/career/online application/index eng.html, experiments at low energies” a new position of but we also accept e-mail to [email protected] or normal mail). Make sure that you indicate the position identifier on all communicati- ons (FHFE001/2016). Junior group leader for antihydrogen research

It is your responsibility to arrange for three letters of reference to be has been opened. The successful candidate is expected to contribu- sent before the application deadline to the DESY human te to the existing activities on antihydrogen hyperfine spectroscopy resource department, clearly stating your name and the position identi- and gravity measurements at the Antiproton Decelerator of CERN fier (FHFE001/2016). which are currently performed within the ASACUSA and AEgIS Full time academic position in experimental astroparticle physics collaborations. Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- The physics department of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) seeks outstanding candidates in sations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned In addition to the junior group leader position (tenure track, initial duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will appointment 5 years), funding for the equivalent of two Ph.D. the field of astroparticle physics. be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal positions as well as funds for travel and investment are available. The The experimental particle and astroparticle physics group is located research interests include phenomenology, cosmology, astroparticle opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from candidate is expected to obtain additional external funding for his within the Inter-university Institute for High Energies (IIHE – ULB/VUB). and astrophysics. women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. research activities. This research group of 100 people has a long history at the forefront of Candidates are required to have a Ph.D. in experimental physics and More details may be found on the institute’s web page:www.iihe.ac.be . We are looking forward to your application quoting the reference code pre- experimental research with major contributions to detector construction low-energy atomic physics type experiments at particle accelerator A successful candidate shall demonstrate a history of outstanding ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application or by email and data analysis in accelerator experiments (Delphi at LEP, H1 at DESY laboratories. Previous involvement in antihydrogen experiments, experimental or observational research and leadership in the field. Strong [email protected] and CMS at LHC), in astroparticles (the large-scale South Pole neutrino Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY ion or atom trapping, or particle detection will be of advantage. skills in the development of detector instrumentation are an asset. observatories AMANDA, IceCube, and ARA), in neutrino oscillation Human Resources Department Code: FHFE001/2016 Candidates need to provide a research plan together with the usual The candidate is invited to participate in the framework of the existing | physics (OPERA at Gran Sasso, SoLiD at SCK-CEN), and in R&D on data Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 documents and submit them to research projects but is also encouraged to begin new research topics. | | | acquisition systems for deployment at future accelerator and non- Deadline for applications: 31 March 2016 accelerator facilities, supported by laboratory workshop facilities and The official vacancy can be found on: www.desy.de [email protected] until March 15, 2016. technical personnel. The experimental particle physics group maintains a http://wwwdev.ulb.ac.be/greffe/files/5034.pdf The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s More information can be obtained from close collaboration with colleagues in the ULB/VUB theory groups whose Application deadline: 15 Mar 2016 largest scientific organisation. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/smi/jobs www.helmholtz.de or by email from [email protected]

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016

Patent Examiner Recruitment Patent Examiner Recruitment

Patents helphelp companies benefibenefit t from from their their R&D R&D and and innovation innovation by by protecting protecting new technologytechnology forfor bothboth productsproducts andand methodsmethods of of manufacture. manufacture. The Intellectual Property OfficeOffi ce (IPO) is is seeking toto recruitrecruit 50 PatentPatent Examiners to startstart inin SeptemberSeptember 2016.2015.

Patent ExaminersExaminers helphelp companies to innovateinnovate andand growgrow byby grantinggranting highhigh quality, valid patents. They scrutinise both the technical and legal aspectsaspects of a patentof a patent application, application, comparing comparing the new the newinvention invention against against those those found found in patent in databases,patent databases, before consideringbefore considering whether whether or not to or grant not to a grantpatent. a patent.

Patent examiningexamining offers an unusual opportunity to combinecombine youryour scientifiscientific c 8th Joint European Magnetic Symposia and technical knowledge with legal skills. We are seeking people withwith highly developedhighly developed analytical analytical and critical and critical skills andskills the and communication the communication skills necessaryskills necessary to express complex technical and legal arguments along with to express complex technical and legal arguments along with strong oral 22–26 August 2016 strong oral communication skills to communicate effectively with colleagues communication skills to communicate effectively with colleagues and and customers. We require candidates who are self-motivated and willing to customers. We require candidates who are self-motivated and willing to take SECC: Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, Glasgow, UK take responsibility for their own decisions. responsibility for their own decisions. The office deals with a wide range of subject matter, from chemical The offi ce deals with a wide range of subject matter, from chemical The Joint European Magnetic Symposia Call for abstracts compounds to smart phones; we endeavour for each examiner to work in The Intellectual Property Office - Career Opportunities for Engineers, compounds to smart phones; we endeavour for each examiner to work in areas appropriate to their qualifications and interests. (JEMS) combine to form the most important Contributions for oral and poster presentations are invited in the Scientists, Computer Scientists and Mathematicians areas appropriate to their qualifi cations and interests. following topics. Abstracts of a maximum of one side of A4 including Associate Patent Examiners currently start from £26779 with benefits such and comprehensive conference on magnetism We play a key role in helping innovative companies to grow. The UK’s Associate Patent Examiners currently start from £27255 with benefi ts such figures and references should be submitted online by 18 March 2016. as flexible working, non-competitive promotion, generous holidays and an economy thrives on innovative products and services, the use of intellectual as fl exible working, non-competitive promotion, generous holidays and an in Europe. excellent pension scheme. Biomagnetism and medical applications property rights protect, define and reward creativity. We are an Executive excellent pension scheme. • Agency of the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). As part of Electronic correlations, superconductivity, superconducting We welcome applications from people who have obtained or are expected JEMS has evolved over the last 15 years into a premier scientific • BIS we are the United Kingdom’s principal authority on intellectual property We welcome applications from people who have obtained or are expected to achieve at least a 2:2 degree in engineering, science, computer science or spintronics (IP) with responsibility for granting patents, registering trademarks and to achieve at least a 2:2 degree in engineering, science, computer science or forum for presenting the latest cutting-edge developments in mathematics, or from people who have equivalent experience in industry. designs, and developing IP policy. mathematics, or from people who have equivalent experience in industry. magnetism and magnetic materials research. The conference has • Frustrated and disordered magnetism, including spin ice Magnetic memories and magnetic recording sensors Online recruitment will open in shortly. Apply online at http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ a breadth of topics ranging from the fundamental to the applied, • Online recruitment will open shortly. Apply online at http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ Magnetic shape memory, magnetoelastic and multifunctional careers-patentexaminer or contactcontact usus onon [email protected]@ipo.gov.uk and exemplifies the diversity of approach inherent to the European • context. Topics range across all areas of current interest and include materials strongly correlated systems, materials for energy and biomedical • Magnetic thin films, surfaces, interfaces and patterned thin films applications, spintronics, ultrafast optical switching, chiral spin Intellectual Property Office is an operating name of the Patent Office • Magnetism and spin transport in graphene/h-BN, carbon-based materials and magnonics. and organic materials • Magnetism in alloys and intermetallics The structure of the conference ensures that all participants can Magneto-transport, spin electronics, topological insulators enjoy plenary and semi-plenary speakers from around the world, • Materials for energy (permanent magnets, magnetocalorics, soft representing leading efforts at the frontiers of topical areas. • magnetic materials, Heusler alloys) Attendees are encouraged to contribute to specialised symposia GraduateCareers through talks and poster sessions devoted to their specific research • Micromagnetics, magnetization processes topics. An exhibition will also be held alongside the conference, • Nanoparticles and interfaces, nanomaterials and molecular enabling delegates to connect with industry representatives. magnetism • Optically driven spin excitations, magneto-optics and magneto- March 2016 Plenary speakers plasmonics • Vincent Cros (CNRS/Thales) • Perovskites, multiferroics, artificial/composite multiferroics • Burkard Hillebrands (TU Kaiserslautern) • Spin orbitronics, spintronics in antiferromagnets and skyrmions Spin waves, magnonics and dynamics Target the best candidates for your • Jordan Katine (HGST) • graduate vacancy • Hideo Ohno (Tohoku University) Organising committee • Nicola Spaldin (ETH Zurich) • Robert Stamps (Chair) • Stephen Lee (Chair) Contact Natasha Clarke today to find out Key dates how to get your vacancy noticed. Abstract submission deadline: 18 March 2016 Enquiries Conferences Team, Institute of Physics, 76 Portland Place, Early registration deadline: 10 July 2016 London W1B 1NT, UK E-mail [email protected] Registration deadline: 12 August 2016 Tel: +44 (0)20 7470 4800; Email: [email protected] Tel +44 (0) 117 930 1864 http://jems2016.iopconfs.org/

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 CERN Courier March 2016 Bookshelf Bookshelf over eight chapters and spans a broad range The study of the structure of complex C OMPILED BY V IRGINIA G RECO, CERN of topics of this specialist subject. nuclei has experienced a revival in recent Strong-fi eld tunnelling is a possible key years, thanks to the availability of energetic Routledge Handbook of Public to the ionisation of neutrals. It offers a radioactive beams. New facilities such as Communication of Science and Technology sophisticated method to image and probe HIE-ISOLDE at CERN are coming online. (2nd edition) atomic and molecular quantum processes. Nuclear reactions are exciting objects By M Bucchi and B Trench (eds) In fact, the study of direct and rescattered of study in their own right and are also Routledge (by the nucleus) electrons in the ionisation indispensable tools to study the structure With scientists increasingly asked to process is able to resolve orbitals; in this of nuclei. Therefore, one should expect a engage the public and society-at-large context, it becomes important to go beyond reactivation of nuclear-reaction courses in with their research, and include outreach strong-fi eld approximation, and to evaluate graduate nuclear-physics curricula, and the plans as part of grant applications, it helps the contribution of the long-range Coulomb aim of the present book is to provide the to have a guide to various involvement fi eld generated by the ion in the electron material for such courses. possibilities and the research behind dynamical evolution (chapter 1). The author is an experimentalist, and them. The second edition of the Routledge Direct and rescattered electrons can be as a consequence, the text contains a Handbook of Public Communication recorded together as a reference wave and a refreshing mix of experimental facts and of Science and Technology (henceforth signal wave, respectively: the interferential methods with basic theoretical knowledge. referred to as “the Handbook”) patterns constitute the analogue of optical The book will convince the reader that provides a thorough introduction to holography, reconstructing the illuminated nuclear physics is a lively and modern fi eld. public engagement – or outreach, as it objects. It is possible to integrate the As examples of recent progress describe, is sometimes called – through a varied infl uence of the Coulomb fi eld, either in a one can cite the discovery of halo nuclei collection of articles on the subject. numerical solution of the time-dependent using high-energy reactions induced by In particular, it brings to attention the Schrödinger equation (TDSE) or in a more radioactive beams (chapter 2), as well as the underlying issues associated with the old intuitive quantum-trajectories Monte treatment of superheavy nuclei (chapter 15). “defi cit model of science communication”, Carlo method describing the formation It is, however, also satisfying to see some which presupposes a knowledge defi cit mechanisms of the photoelectron angular elegant traditional-physics manifestations, about science among the general public distribution of above-threshold ionisation both in a single attosecond pulse and in a such as Ericson fl uctuations (chapter 11), that must be fi lled by scientists providing (chapter 2). train of attosecond pulses, by a conversion which have disappeared from many recent facts, and facts alone. Although primarily Dissociation is a basic process of of the light frequency from IR to the courses. targeting science-communication at the end, pointing readers in the direction science-communication research, and physical chemistry and, before the advent X-ray regime. This technique provides The fi rst four chapters contain material practitioners and academics researching of further reading. merits a place on the library shelves of of new ultrafast tools, seemed completely a tomographic image of molecular commonly taught in undergraduate classes, the fi eld, theHandbook can also help The chapters themselves are stand-alone every university and research institution. out of scientists’ control, because the orbitals as an alternative to scanning such as cross-section defi nition, Rutherford scientists to refl ect on their outreach articles by experts in their respective topics, ● Achintya Rao, CERN. typical timescale is below the femtosecond tunnelling microscopy or angle-resolved scattering and partial wave expansion, efforts and to appreciate the interplay many written in engaging, conversational range. For an easier comparison of photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as a which are a prerequisite for following the between science and society. styles. They cover everything from Advances of Atoms and Molecules in theoretical predictions and experimental way to study ultrafast electronic structures, more intricate parts of the book that start Before plunging into the depths of the policy and participants, to the handling Strong Laser Fields results for a molecule interacting with a electron dynamics and multichannel in chapter 5. I was surprised, however, book, it is important to remember that the of “hot-button” issues, to research and By Y Liu strong ultrashort laser pulse, it is necessary dynamics (chapters 6 and 7). that the author uses the particle-physics study of science communication is the assessment methodology. Readers of the World Scientifi c to start with the simplest systems – the Finally, chapter 8 presents an interesting defi nition of isospin (t3 = +½ for the proton), + study of evolving terminology. Historically, Courier may fi nd the chapters on science The challenge of developing more hydrogen molecular ion H2. In chapter 3, review of the properties of free electron which could create some confusion in an effort was made to determine the journalism, on public relations in science, intense, shorter-pulse lasers has already on the basis of a numerical analysis of the laser radiation, showing how nuclear a nuclear-physics book. An attractive “scientifi c literacy” of society, under the on the role of scientists as public experts seen outstanding results and opened up related TDSE, the author suggests a pump– motion in photo-induced reactions can originality of the book is the detailed assumption that a society knowledgeable and on risk management particularly completely new perspectives. In fact, the probe strategy to understand dissociation. be monitored in real time, the electronic description of reactions with nuclei with in the facts and methods of science would illuminating. next generation of very-high-power laser The theoretical discussion of double dynamics in molecular co-ordinates can be spin and polarised targets or beams – support research endeavours without What the same readers might fi nd facilities will provide the opportunity to ionisation in a strong laser fi eld is treated extracted, and the site-specifi c information topics that are too often glossed over. much opposition. This approach was made missing from the book is a specifi c explore even ultrarelativistic and vacuum in chapters 4 and 5 for different kinds in the structural dynamics of chemical Models for direct and compound nucleus obsolete by the introduction of the “public treatment of fundamental research: the nonlinearity at unprecedented levels, of atoms. In the case of high Z, the reactions can be provided. The experiments reactions are competently covered. The communication of science and technology” Handbook focuses on domains of science moving towards a QCD regime. At the experiments show a different degree of are based on EUV pump–probe and optical chapter on heavy-ion reactions is minimal. paradigm, which itself was superseded by – such as climate change – that tend to have same time, during the last few years, correlation of the two expelled electrons, pump-X-ray probe excitation techniques, The last part of the book, which starts at what is today called “public engagement a direct or immediate impact on society. attosecond physics has provided a new, with respect to the low-Z case: this is due and are located at FLASH (Hamburg) and chapter 16, describes the techniques for with science and technology”, or “public Scientists from other areas of research intriguing way to visualise both atoms to the major importance of rescattering, LCLS (SLAC), respectively. studying nuclear reactions, accelerators engagement” for short. The fi rst chapter, might therefore consider shoehorning and molecules, and the electromagnetic- as described by a semiclassical model. For As a summary, the book is a useful and detectors, and gives some applications written by the editors, is the best place (perhaps non-existing) societal impact fi eld structure of the excitation wave the simpler systems H2 and He, TDSE is update for people who are interested in in the fi elds of medicine, energy production to familiarise oneself with the various into their science-communication efforts, packet itself, because this time domain a powerful tool for calculating all of the the specialised fi eld of the interaction of and fusion. This part makes for lighter science-communication models, as well rather than learning how to adapt the is comparable with the classical periods main features of double ionisation (total atoms and molecules with femtosecond or reading, and could bring back on board as the terms and phrases used throughout lessons learnt from fi elds such as climate of electrons orbiting around the nucleus. and differential cross-sections, recoil-ion sub-femtosecond high-intensity fi elds. The readers who might have found the heart the Handbook. That said, those with science to their own work. It is therefore This growing research fi eld is so recent momentum spectra, two electron angular comprehensive bibliography allows the of the material somewhat arduous. These backgrounds in natural sciences might feel this reviewer’s desire that future editions that the literature on the subject is not yet distributions, and two electron-interference reader to gain a more exhaustive view of the last chapters should be considered as an somewhat out of their depth, due to a lack of of the Handbook address the science- adequate: in this sense, this book partially phenomena). subject. enticement for the reader to go on to more defi nitions in the rest of theHandbook for communication challenges of more diverse fi lls the gap. It contains contributions from A promising application of strong-fi eld ● Emilio Mariotti, University of Siena, Italy. detailed descriptions of the subjects that words and phrases used on a daily basis by areas of research, proposing ways in which several Chinese groups, both experimental excitation on atoms and molecules is arouse their curiosity. At the end of each their social-science counterparts. However, scientists and practitioners can tackle them. and theoretical, and reports on recent high-order harmonics generation (HHG), Nuclear Reactions: An Introduction chapter, some exercises are proposed so By Hans Paetz gen. Schieck

this is largely mitigated by each chapter Overall, the Handbook gives studies of bound electron and molecular usually providing a XUV comb with that the reader can test their understanding▲ containing a wealth of notes and references readers valuable insight into nonlinearities. The content is organised different harmonics at the same intensities, Springer of the concepts presented.

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The book proposes a solid graduate and researchers involved in the fi eld. the techniques of numerical relativity and PET project takes flight curriculum on nuclear reactions and . to report the knowledge obtained from the contains a clear presentation of the basic Quantum Confi ned Laser Devices: numerical simulations performed so far. concepts necessary for undertaking a PhD Optical Gain and Recombination in The fi rst chapter offers an overview of the in nuclear physics, illustrated by examples Semiconductors basics of general relativity, gravitational of modern discoveries and experiments By P Blood waves and relativistic astrophysics, which that should motivate the reader. Its aim Oxford University Press are the background of numerical relativity. is not, however, to replace books that are This book provides a Then, in the fi rst part of the book (chapters indispensable to the practitioner, such as comprehensive discussion 2 to 7), the author discusses the most used Direct Nuclear Reactions by G R Satchler. of quantum confi ned formulations and numerical methods, Let’s hope that this relatively modern and semiconductor lasers, based on while in the second part (chapters 8 to 11), accessible course in nuclear reactions will the author’s long and extensive he reports on representative numerical- encourage the teaching of the subject to experience in the fi eld. In a relativity simulations and the knowledge reappear in many universities where it has pedagogical fashion, it takes the reader derived from them. been somewhat neglected in recent years. from the physics principles and processes Particular importance is given to Mini-PET beamline assembled on its vacuum tube (stand for display purposes only) Progress in nuclear structure is, after all, exploited by lasers (giving a consistent the results obtained by applying these dependent on the understanding of nuclear treatment of both quantum-dot and simulation techniques to the study of reactions. quantum-well structures) to operation of black-hole formation, binary compact Mini-PET is a compact beamline for positron the Integration and Test area the coils, poles and ● Yorick Blumenfeld, IPNO, Orsay, France. the most advanced devices. objects, and the merger of binary neutron emission tomography (PET) radioisotope yokes were assembled and aligned before making The text begins with a short historical stars and black holes. New frontiers in production collaboratively designed and built by power, coolant and sensor connections. The Books received account of the birth and development numerical relativity are also touched on in Buckley Systems and Dehnel Particle Accelerator electromagnet was then electrically, magnetically of lasers in general (called “maser” at the last two chapters. Components and Engineering (D-Pace). The Mini- and mechanically tested in Buckley Systems’ The Thermophysical Properties of Metallic the very beginning because restricted PET system allows the radioisotope target to be calibrated, temperature controlled test laboratory. Liquids: Fundamentals (volume 1) and to microwaves), and the diode laser Combinatorial Identities for Stirling moved away from the proton cyclotron, facilitating Magnetostatic and charged particle beam Magnetic 3D hall probe scans and rotating coil results Predictive Models (volume 2) in particular. Thereafter, the book is Numbers: The Unpublished Notes of the use of local shielding to reduce prompt analysis of the Mini-PET system were cross referenced with FEA models to ensure that By T Iida and R I L Guthrie organised into fi ve sections. The fi rst, H W Gould gammas and neutrons. More importantly this the system met specification. Oxford University Press By J Quaintance and H W Gould attenuates residual target radiation, minimising dedicated to the diode laser, provides the Once engineering drawings were finalised Buckley The finished electromagnet was then coupled to its ionizing radiation exposure to research and Authored by two leading framework for the whole volume. The World Scientifi c Systems set to work on the manufacture of the cleaned and sealed vacuum chamber before being maintenance staff. In addition, dynamic focusing experts in the fi eld, these books second section describes the fundamental Written by Henry Gould’s beamline. With over 300 staff, quality materials and carefully packed to ensure the system was delivered and steering provide increased control of the provide a complete review processes involved in the physics of lasers, assistant Jocelyn Quaintance, fully equipped machine, coil and integration shops, in perfect condition. A document package which proton beam, greatly improving radioisotope of the static and dynamic a subject that is then treated in depth in the this book is the result of manufacturing particle accelerator systems is where draws together travellers, check sheets, test data and production rates. A brief description of the Mini- thermophysical properties of third part. The fourth section discusses the deep work and personal Buckley Systems excels. instruction manuals accompanies every shipment. PET design and manufacture process is presented metallic liquids. Divided into the operation of laser devices and their relationship between the great in this article. Magnet yoke halves and poles were individually Another plus is that due to the light weight of the two volumes, the fi rst one Fundamentals( ) characteristics (light-current curves, mathematician and the author. machined from solid 1006 low carbon steel to packaged system the Mini-PET beamline can be air threshold current, effi ciency, etc). Finally, Over 30 years Buckley Systems has garnered a is intended as an introductory text in which They met when Quaintance had recently tolerances as low as 30µm using one of thirty CNC freighted anywhere in the world within a week, wealth of experience crafting particle accelerator the basic topics are covered: the structure the author tackles the important topics of graduated with a PhD, and was looking machines at the machine shop’s disposal. Where ensuring the system is up and running in the shortest systems to the highest standards for the semi of metallic liquids, their thermodynamic recombination and optical gain, describing for a career in research and an advisor tighter tolerances are required the entire assembly is possible time. conductor, medical and research sectors. D-Pace properties, density, velocity of sound, ways in which they can be measured on who could guide him. He had the luck EDM wire cut. This effectively keeps parts tolerance specialises in beamline design, ion sources and beam surface tension, viscosity, diffusion, and device structures and compared with to collaborate with Gould, who showed stacking to an absolute minimum. Buckley Systems and D-Pace stand by their products electrical and thermal conductivities. theoretical predictions. him his manuscripts: several handwritten diagnostic systems for the medical cyclotron, ion and are happy to help with the commissioning Essential concepts about the methods used Full of detailed explanations, volumes on combinatorial identities. implantation and linear accelerator industries. The The coil assembly consists of a water cooled process as well as guaranteeing the quality of to measure these experimental data are illustrations from model calculations and Quaintance offered to edit a text collecting two companies have a long and successful history of aluminium plate sandwiched between the workmanship and materials that go into each and also presented. experimental observations, as well as a together all of that material, which led to working together to provide innovative, effective quadrupole and steering coils. Quadrupole coils were every system. solutions so when D-Pace started the design process of the copper strip/ mylar insulated variety for high In the second volume (Predictive comprehensive set of exercises, the book is the publication of this book. for a highly integrated, light weight, high acceptance, current densities while the low power steering coils Further information on the Mini-PET beamline can Models recommended to fi nal-year undergraduate ), the authors explain how to develop The fi rst eight chapters introduce readers low-activation beamline for PET cyclotrons they again were wound from enamelled solid wire. All coil be found at reliable models of liquid metals, starting and PhD students, as well as researchers to the special techniques that Gould used teamed up with Buckley Systems. components including electrical links, terminals and http://www.d-pace.com/products_MiniPet.html from the essential conditions for a model who are new to the fi eld and need a in proving his binomial identities. This thermal sensor mounts were epoxy vacuum to be truly predictive. They use a statistical complete overview of the subject. fi rst part is easily accessible to people who The short, one meter long Mini-PET beamline consists Buckley Systems impregnated in a full mould. The result; a compact, 6 Bowden Rd, Mt Wellington, Auckland 1060, approach to rate the validity of different have taken basic courses in calculus and of an electromagnetic quadrupole doublet with robust, well cooled, integrated coil. New Zealand models. On the basis of this assessment, the Numerical Relativity: 100 Years of General discrete mathematics. The second half of integrated horizontal and vertical steering, mounted Relativity – Vol. 1 on a rigid aluminium vacuum tube that both fully Using 6061 aluminium alloy for its low residual Ph: +64 9 573 2200 authors have compiled tables of predicted the book applies the techniques from the Email: [email protected] values for the thermophysical properties of By M Shibata fi rst part, and is particularly relevant for supports and aligns the magnetic elements. radioactivity, low gas permeability, low magnetic susceptibility and easy machining properties, Web: www.buckleysystems.com metallic liquids, which are included in the World Scientifi c mathematics researchers. It focuses on Initial design of the beam optics was carried out by Buckley Systems shaped the individual vacuum tube book. A large amount of experimental data Numerical relativity is a the connection between various classes of D-Pace using Beamline Simulator and input D-Pace components and seamlessly fused them together. are also given. fi eld of theoretical physics Stirling numbers, and between them and parameters from both PMB-Alcen ISOTRACE™ and Suite 305, 625 Front Street, Nelson, The end product was a high acceptance cross shaped The two books are particularly oriented in which Einstein’s equation Bernoulli numbers. IBA Cyclone 18 cyclotrons. The mechanical design British Columbia, Canada V1L4B6 vacuum tube that served not only to hold high and magnetic optimization of the quadrupole doublet Ph: 1 250 352 5162 to students of materials science and and associated matter fi eld Some of the demonstrations presented in vacuum but also to align all eight poles, support the were performed in an iterative fashion. Design Email: [email protected], Web: www.d-pace.com engineering, but also to research scientists equations are solved using the volume represent the only systematic system via its flange ends and to facilitate changes made at D-Pace could be quickly assessed and engineers engaged in liquid metallic computer calculations, because record of Gould’s results. As such, this longitudinal movement of the magnetic elements magnetically and ion-optically by Buckley Systems processing. They collect a large amount of they are nonlinear partial-differential book is a unique work that could appeal to relative to the target for tuning purposes. information and are written in a clear and equations and therefore they cannot be a wide audience: from graduate students to using OPERA 3D. In this way the mass of the beamline readable way, therefore they are bound to solved analytically for general problems. specialists in enumerative combinatorics, was minimized while avoiding magnetic saturation. All parts were thoroughly dimensionally checked become an essential reference for students The purpose of this volume is to describe to enthusiasts of Gould’s work. Weighing in at just 54kg, the assembly can simply be using co-ordinate measuring machines before plating mounted to upstream and downstream flange the pole surfaces with a durable layer of nickel for elements with no need for extra supports or stands. corrosion protection and painting the yoke. Once in 56

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier March 2016 CERN Courier Archive: 1973

A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 13, M ARCH 1973, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

L a B O r a t O r Y i i Telling the mole in the hole where to go February 19 was the second anniversary of the authorisation of construction of the Super CERN CERN Proton Synchrotron (SPS). It was celebrated by the start of tunnel boring by the “mole”. THE NEW This conventional Robbins boring machine, built in Seattle, came by sea from the US Pacifi c Coast, through the Panama Canal to TWISTORR 84 FS Rotterdam, up the Rhine to Basel, and then by lorry to Geneva. It arrived at the end of last year. The SPS tunnel will be 4.8 m in diameter AGILENT QUALITY with a circumference of 6.9 km. A tunnelling scheme was selected (rather than the “cut-and-fi ll” method) to avoid changing the character of the countryside in a major way so that agricultural and forestry activities can continue much as previously. A second The mole being installed underground at the reason is the variation in altitude over the site. point where boring is beginning. Its 7 km ASSURED To retain a minimum Earth shield of 20 m for journey around the ring is expected to be radiation protection, the tunnel will be 65 m completed by autumn 1974. The machine, Geodetic measurements are often taken Agilent TwisTorr FS Turbo Pumps below the highest point on the surface at an 80 m in length, comprises the 4.8 m diameter under an umbrella to shelter the surveyors The new generation turbo pumps with average depth of 40 m. A fi nal point is that the head, shown here, pressure and supporting from the Sun, but here a gyro-theodolite and molasse bedrock is solid enough to allow the pads, an operator’s cabin, electrical its operator are being protected from water TwisTorr 304 FS Agilent Floating Suspension tunnel to be bored reasonably easily. equipment, conveyor belts, tunnel-lining seeping in at the bottom of the PP1 shaft, TwisTorr 84 FS Survey problems at the SPS are different to system, skip changer and spoil-removal train. some 40 m below the surface. • Agilent Quality and Reliability those encountered in building the PS or the Batavia accelerator in trenches in open fl at giving results to better than 0.5 mm for depths wire and directions with a gyro-theodolite. • Quiet operation & low-vibration land. The problems at Laboratory II are: of 60 m. It is amusing to note that the curvature This underground alignment was accurate to • Stability over time ● installation of the magnet ring in an of the Earth requires a correction of about a very satisfactory 2.4 mm compared with the underground tunnel; 8 mm for the deepest shafts, to ensure that the surface alignment. • Superior performance ● links with existing installations at SPS has the same diameter underground as The fi rst survey monument in the tunnel, Laboratory I, mainly using the PS as injector; that calculated at the surface. with its reference socket and support for the • Easy system integration ● about 45 m difference in surface altitude The fi rst underground survey consisted in laser used to guide the boring machine, is around the circumference of the ring; laying out the line of the tunnel between two already in place. Monuments will be built ● wooded land which interferes with the shafts (PGC and PP1), some 200 m apart. every 32 m as the mole progresses. The line-of-sight in survey measurements. After the tunnel had been pierced, metal survey team has considerable confi dence To solve these problems, the surveyors brackets with reference sockets containing an that the mole will arrive back where it is had to resort to triangulation (angular automatic centring system were fi tted to the starting from. measurement) and trilateration (distance walls. Distances were measured with invar ● Compiled from texts on pp70–72. measurement). Datum points are located on high buildings (ISR Laboratory, Laboratory 5, SB Building, etc). It was impossible to use the Compiler’s Note top of the ISR water tower, the highest point at CERN’s next impressive civil-engineering programme was even more CERN, because it is subject to movements of challenging. Started in 1985, the 27 km underground ring for the up to 2 cm. Other points [monuments], some Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was Europe’s largest tunnelling beyond the site, have been set in the ground at project, prior to the Channel Tunnel. It was excavated by three moles a height of about 1.5 m, one at a height of 8 m. burrowing for three years. The ring had to link with the SPS as an Agilent Vacuum: The UHV Company. Discover our Special Offers. The baseline is provided by two PS survey injector and was given a 1.4% tilt to minimise the depth and cost of the Scan the QR code www.vacuum-choice.com with your smartphone points. The results give an accuracy of 2 mm access shafts under the Jura. The depth of the ring varies from 175 m for more information between all points. on the Jura side to 50 m on the lake side, with an average of 100 m. In subterranean surveying, one of the Since 2007, it has housed the LHC. most diffi cult problems is the dropping of a © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2016 perpendicular line within a shaft to transfer surface co-ordinates to the tunnel level. Various methods were used for this operation,

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Marzo.indd 1 01/02/16 12:56 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 2 M a r c h 2 0 1 6 Contents

5 V i ew p o i n t 17 S c i e n cew a t c h 33 Data sonification enters the biomedical field Sonograms can be used to better understand human motor control. 7 N ew s 19 A s t r ow a t c h 37 I n t e r a c t i o n s & C r o s s r o a d s • CERN sets accelerator objectives for 2016 • Exploring the nature of the proposed magic number N = 32 New ALPHA measurement F e a t u r e s • 21 CERN’s new management begins a five-year term 41 F a ce s & P l a ce s of the charge of antihydrogen ATLAS searches for strong SUSY • The laboratory takes on the challenges of the coming years. production at Run 2 • CMS bridges the gap in jet measurements • 50 R ec r u i t me n t Jet ν2 measurements with ALICE • LHCb brings charm physics to 25 SHiP sets a new course in intensity-frontier exploration 54 B oo k s h elf the frontier of experimental knowledge • Construction of KM3NeT, Go-ahead to prepare a Comprehensive Design Report is received. a next-generation neutrino telescope, has begun • Manufacturing and delivery of components for the new heavy-ion synchrotron 28 The eye that looks at galaxies far, far away 58 A r c h i ve SIS100 at FAIR has begun • LUNA observes a rare nuclear reaction Take a virtual tour of ESO’s breathtaking installation. that occurs in giant red stars • DAMPE joins the search for dark matter in space

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