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The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1989 The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall Kathleen Kurtz Cook University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Cook, Kathleen Kurtz, "The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall" (1989). Theses (Historic Preservation). 353. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/353 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Cook, Kathleen Kurtz (1989). The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/353 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Cook, Kathleen Kurtz (1989). The Creation of Independence National Historical Park and Independence Mall. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/353 UNIVERSITYy PENNSYLVANIA. UBKARIE5 THE CREATION OF INDEPENDENCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK AND INDEPENDENCE MALL Kathleen Kurtz Cook. A THESIS m The Graduate Program in Historic Preservation Presented to the faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1989 '.^n^-^ryyu^ George^. Thomas, Lecturer, Historic Preservation, Advisor \M uJjU/^-^'^ P' 9v\y^v{c^ ("-y William D. Brookover , Reader , m Graduate Group CMai/rman RTS ^f^\')'A,\\{\ enn1 THE CREATION OF INDEPENDENCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK AND INDEPENDENCE MALL Kathleen Kurtz (-ook A THESIS in I'he Gradual e Prourani in HiL-toiic Preservation 1 \''ani ch Presented t ti the {a>_-ultiey of the Universjty nf Pern isv i.if i [1 Pflitial H'ul t i J lineut the Requirements I'dr the [;eqree of Ili^STER OF SCIENCE 1989 Advisor George E. Thom.iK , Profe:-;sor, Histornv Preservation. V-liiliani D. Brookover , Reader David G. LieLoiig, Gradurite ^^roup Chairman TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii List of Illustrations iii Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II Independence National Historical Park Today 5 Chapter III Summary of Area in 1950 13 Chapter IV Goals and Themes of Early Proposals 26 Chapter V Goals and Themes of 1940' s Proposals 45 Chapter VI The Recommendations of the Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission 62 Chapter VII State and Federal Acquisition and Devel- opment 79 Chapter VIII Voices of Protest 111 Chapter IX Impact on Adiacent Areas 141 Conclusion 165 Exhibits 178 Select Bibliography 249 : Acknowledgements The writer would like to thank Dr. George E. Thomas for his direction, support, and patience as advisor. His constructive criticism and high level of expectations were challenging and motivating forces in undertaking and completing this project. The writer would also like to thank Penelope Batcheler and William Brookover for their interest and enthusiastic suggestions. A summer 1987 internship project of indexing Constance Greiff's manuscript for the hook In dep endence The Creati on of a National Park provided the writer with an excellent background on the subject. Finally, Robert and Leidy helped by rocking peacefully while revisions were made. 11 EXHIBITS CHAPTER II II-l Independence Mall, October, 1987. Page 179 II-2 Independence Mall, Block. Two, June, 1988. 179 II-3 Independence Mall, Block Two, June, 1986. 180 II-4 Independence Mall, Block Three, June, 1988. 180 II-5 Independence Mall, Block Three, June, 1988. 181 II-6 Independence Mall, Block Two, June, 1988. 181 II-7 Independence Mall, Block Two, June, 1988. 182 I 1-8 Independence Mall, Block Two, June, 1988. 182 II-9 Independence Mall, Block Three, June, 1988. 183 CHAPTER III III-l North Mall, Block One, 1950. 184 III-2 Block One of Mall, Sanborn map. 184 III-3 Ludlow Street, 1951. 185 III-4 Tower Hall, as illustrated in Baxter's Panoramic Business Directory for 1860. 185 III-5 Wanamaker & Brown Building. 186 III-6 500 Block Chestnut Street, 1929. 186 III-7 Block bounded by Chestnut. Walnut, Fifth and Fourth Streets, Tax Parcel Map, 1951. 187 III-8 Drexel Building, 1950. 187 III-9 Irvin Building and 400 Block Walnut Street, 1950. 188 III-IO Fourth Street, west side between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, 1950. 188 III-ll Lehigh Building, 1950. 189 111 1 III-12 Walnut Street, 400 Block, North Side, 1950. 189 III-13 423 Walnut Street, 1950. 190 III-14 429 and 431 Walnut Street, 1950. 190 III-15 Fifth Street, north of Walnut, 1951. 191 III-16 Walnut and Fifth Streets, Northeast Corner, 1950. 191 III-17 127-29 S. Fifth Street, 1950. "l92 III-18 133-35 S. Fifth Street, 1950. 192 III-19 406 Sansom Street, 1950. 193 III-20 405 Sansom Street, 1950. 193 III-21 Dock Street Area, aerial view, 1951. 194 III-22 Dock Street Area, tax parcel map, 1950. 194 III-23 242-44 Chestnut Street, 1951. 195 III-24 Third Street, below Chestnut Street, 1951. 195 III-25 109 S. Third Street, 1951. 196 III-26 111-13 S. Third Street, 1951. 196 III-27 Dock Street, 1950. 197 III-28 John Wagner & Sons building, 1951. 197 III-29 Penn Mutual Building, 1951. 198 III-30 201-221 Walnut Street, 1951. 198 Chapter IV IV- Preliminary Study for the Dependencies, A New Setting for Independence Hall, Albert Kelsey and D. Knickerbaker Boyd. 199 IV-2 Memorial Court of Independence Seen From Market Street, Jacques Greber , 1924. 200 IV-3 Plan of National Memorial Court of Inde- pendence, Jacques Greber, 1924. 201 IV IV-4 Sketch of Memorial Court of Independence, Jacques Greber , 1930. 202 IV-5 Plan of Memorial Court of Independence, Jacques Greber, 1930. 203 IV-6 Design for Extension of Independence Square, Scheme A, Paul Cret, 1933. 204 IV-7 Design for Extension of Independence Square, Scheme B, Paul Cret, 1933. 204 IV-8 Colonnade, Charles Abell Murphy, 1938. 205 IV-9 Plan for Redevelopment of Historic Area, Roy F: Larson, 1937= 206 IV-10 Sketch Plan of Suggested Improvements, visualized by Wm . H. Stewart, undated. 207 IV-11 Proposed Congress Plaza and Improvements South Side of Chestnut St. 2nd to 5th Streets, sponsored by A. Raymond Raff, Collector of the Port, undated. 207 IV-12 "Constitution Gardens". 208 IV-13 The proposed "Constitution Gardens". 208 IV-14 Development of Mall between Curtis Pub- lishing Co. and New Custom House, Thalheimer & Weitz. 209 Chapter V V-1 Preliminary Studies by Independence Hall Association, Stage 1. 210 V-2 Preliminary Studies by Independence Hall Association, Stage 3. 210 V-3 Air View Showing Proposed Mall, 1944. 211 V-4 New Approaches to Independence Hall. 212 V-5 Independence Mall as it Would Appear from Market Street. 213 Chapter VI VI-1 Model, Better Philadelphia Exhibition of 1947. 214 VI-2 Boundaries as set forth by Public Law 711. 214 VI-3 Plan for East Mall and Greenway Extensions to Historic Area of Society Hill, 1947. 215 VI-4 Preliminary Plan for Old City Area, 1947. 215 VI-5 Location Plan for Reception Center, 1947. 216 VI-6 Philadelphia Federal Shrines Project - Main Area, 1947. 216 VI-7 A Plan of the Federal Areas, Grant M. Simon, 1947. 217 VI-8 Watercolors by Grant M. Simon for Philadel- phia National Shrines Commission Report, 1947. 218 Chapter VII VII-1 Independence Mali, aerial perspective. 219 VII-2 Independence Mall, Plan detail, Block One. 219 VII-3 Independence Mall, Blocks One and Two, 1954. 220 VII-4 Independence Mall, Blocks One and Two, 1956. 220 VII-5 Independence Mall, Model, Block One. 221 VII-6 Study for the Master Plan, Area A. 221 VII-7 Brown Building, 1950 Photograph. 222 VII-8 Guarantee Bank, 1950 Photograph. 222 VII-9 Development Plan, Area A, NHP-IND 2006. 223 VII-10 Development Plan, Area A, NHP-IND 2006A. 223 VII-11 Development Plan, Areas A & B, NHP-IND 3018A. 224 VII-12 Development Plan, Areas A & B, NHP-IND 3018B. 224 VI Chapter VIII VIII-1 Independence Mall, Block One Demolition, 1952. 225 VIII-2 Independence Mall, Block Two, 1953. 225 Chapter IX IX-1 Locust Street, east from 3rd Street, 1959. 226 IX-2 Locust Street, east from 3rd Street, 1988. 227 IX-3 Northeast Corner of 3rd & Spruce Sts., 1959 228 IX-4 Northeast Corner of 3rd & Spruce Sts., 1988 229 IX-5 Northeast Corner of 3rd & Spruce Sts., 1959 230 IX-6 Northeast Corner of 3rd & Spruce Sts., 1988 230 IX-7 American St., North from Spruce St., 1959. 231 IX-8 American St., North from Spruce St., 1988. 231 IX-9 Spruce St., northside, west of 2nd St., 1959. 232 IX-10 Spruce St., northside, west of 2nd St., 1988. IX- 11 Spruce & Dock Sts., 1959. IX- 12 Spruce 8c Dock Sts., 1988. IX-13 Dock St., north of Spruce St. IX- 14 Dock St., north of Spruce St. IX-15 Dock St., north of Spruce St. IX-16 Dock St., north of Spruce St. IX-17 St. James St., west of 2nd St IX-18 St . James St . , west of 2nd St IX-19 St. James St., looking east to 2nd St., 1959. 237 IX-20 2nd St., eastside, south of St. James St., 1959. 238 IX-21 2nd St., eastside, south of St. James St., 1988. 238 IX-22 2nd St., westside, south of St. James St., 1959.
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