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Desertification: Migration, Health, Remediation and Local Governance

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Desertification: Migration, Health, Remediation and Local Governance (�' KONINKLUKE ACADEMIE \UW} VOOR OVERZEESE WETENSCHAPPEN � ACADEMIE ROY ALE DES SCIENCES D'OUTRE-MER UNITED NATIONS KAOW-ARSOM DESERTIFICATION: MIGRATION, HEALTH, REMEDIATION AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE Guest Editors: André ÜZER & Danielle SWINNE Published with the financial support of . 1' • Belgian Science Policy • ·1 1r11 Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique 2008 '•l KONINKLUKE ACADEMIE 1 � VOOR OVERZEESE WETENSCHAPPEN \\ JI ACADEMIE ROYALE � DES SCIENCES D'OUTRE-MER UNITED NATIONS KAOW-ARSOM International Conference DESERTIFICATION: MIGRATION, HEALTH, REMEDIATION AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE Brussels, 22 September, 2006 Guest Editors: André ÜZER & Danielle SwINNE Published with the financial support of · · 11 : 1 nn Belgian Science Policy Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique 2008 KONINKLIJKE ACADEMIE ACADEMIE ROYALE VOOR DES ÜVERZEESE WETENSCHAPPEN SCIENCES D'ÜUTRE-MER Defacqzstraat 1 bus 3 rue Defacqz 1 boîte 3 B-1000 Brussel (België) B-1000 Bruxelles (Belgique) Tel . 02.538 .02.11 Tél. 02.538.02.11 Fax 02.539.23.53 Fax 02.539.23.53 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.kaowarsom.be Web: www.kaowarsom.be ISBN 978-90-756-5245-1 D/2008/0 149/1 CONTENTS Foreword . 7 Opening Session J. MARcHAL. - Welcome Address 11 H.R.H. Prince Laurent of Belgium. - Opening Speech 15 A. DE DECKER. - lntroduction . 17 E. LAMBIN et al. - Coupled Human-Environment System Approaches to Desertification . 25 H.A. DIALLO. - Convention des Nations Unies sur la Jutte contre la désertification . 33 Migration and Health F. GEMENNE. - Coping with Desertification: Migration as a Forced Choice and a Livelihood Strategy . 41 P. ÜZER. - Dust in the Wind and Public Health: Example from Mauritania . 55 M. EL BATIIUI. - L'eau: une arme contre la paix ou un instrument de coopération . 75 M. PHILIPS. - Health Problems in Areas of Human Vulnerability: Field Experience of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in the Sahel Region . 89 Remediation and Local Governance M. SoLH. - Building Livelihood, Saving Land: An Integrated Approach to Combat Desertification . 99 M. EYLETIERS et al. - The Quantification of Ve getation Decline by Using Physiological Tools . 109 D. GABRIELS & T. SCHAAF. - Research Priorities to Promote Sustainable Development in Drylands: Tunis Declaration 117 4 CONTENTS S. BA. - ltinéraire d'un agent de l'adrninistration du développement local: expériences et enseignements d'une carrière . 133 A. KrELLO. - Désertification et société civile . 143 J.-M. K. AMBOUTA. - Note d'introduction du film «Quand le désert avance» 153 J. MARcHAL. - Conclusions 155 Posters R. BEUDELS. - Reviving Deserts: Dryland Natural and Cultural Heritage Restoration and Conservation . 161 C. BODART et al. - Etude de l'ensablement dans la région de Gouré (sud-est du Niger): processus et apports de la télédétection . 163 M. DAouor et al. - Apport de la télédétection à l'étude du changement de couverture du sol à l'aide de l'indice PVI. Cas de la partie amont du bassin versant de l'Oued Isser, Algérie . 164 S. DE BAETS et al. - Root Characteristics of Representative Mediter­ ranean Plant Species and their Potential to lncrease Topsoil Resis- tance against Concentrated Flow Erosion . 165 E. DE PAUW et al. - Quantifying Water Savings by Supplemental Irrigation Using Remote Sensing and Spatial Modelling. A Case Study in Syria . 167 E. DION & A. ÜZER. - Lutte contre l'ensablement à Nouakchott gráce au projet «ceinture verte» . 168 M. ÜHANEM et al. - Kosteletzkya virginica (Malvaceae): A Halophyte Species of Interest for Agricultural Production on Salt-affected Soils . 169 A. HASHIM et al. - Determination of Copper, Lead, Zine and Nickel in Blood's Workers of Copper-Plates Manufacturing in Karbala City (lraq) and Finding Statistica! Models for Connecting Them 171 S. HASHIM AL-RUBAI & M. IBRAHIM AL-HASHIMI. - Upgrading and Expanding Existing Water . 172 Y.-C. HüUNTOUNDn et al. - Desertification Process in the Sahelian Belt of West Africa: What's the State of Play? . 173 A. LAOUINA. - Solutions locales pour limiter la désertification dans les espaces agricoles fragiles au Maroc . 174 A. MEERKERK & B. vAN WESEMAEL. - Adoption of Cover Crops and Farmer's Perception in Rainfed Orchards in Southeast Spain . 176 CONTENTS 5 J. MoEYERSONS et al. - Integrated SWC-Management to Stop Deser­ tification in Tigray, Ethiopia . 177 A. NIANG et al. - De 1954 à 2003, le sud-ouest de la Mauritanie: un territoire profondément affecté par la désertification . 179 M. OULD SIDI CHEIKH. - Le développement urbain de la ville de Nouakchott et le risque d'inondation, conséquence de la déserti­ fication . 181 M. SAQALLI. - Understanding Social Constraints in Sahelian Niger Communities as a Decision-support Tool forDevelopment Oper- ators . 183 D. TAHA et al. - A New One-line Semi-automated Environment Method for Determination of Chlorate Using (CI03- + r- + H30+) System through Merging Zone Technique . 184 FOREWORD In 1996 the United Nations Convention to Combat Deserti:fication (UNCCD) was set up. After ten years' efforts against this scourge of both climatic and anthropic origin, it was important for Belgium to express itself and to present some of its achievements in that field. Within this scope, the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences decided to organize a special conference dedicated to such a major issue. This excep­ tional meeting was supported by the Foreign Affairs, the Scientific Policy and United Nations and, above all, patronized by His Royal Highness, Prince Laurent, who is very much alive to this natural risk, particularly through his support to the "green belt" operation around Nouakchott in Mauritania. The presentations of Belgian researchers, of experts from international organ­ izations and especially of scientists and decision-makers from South countries affected by desertification have resulted in starting a very constructive dialogue. Moreover, the presence of many posters showing the work results of young researchers has allowed everyone to exchange views. Approximately a hundred and fiftypeople attended the meeting. Therefore, so as not to lose the content of the papers presented, the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences has decided to publish in its proceedings collection a spe­ cial volume including most of oral presentations and a few posters' abstracts . Here are the main topics dealt with: Migration and health: environmental changes as a rnigration factor; <lust particles from the Sahara as a source of air pollution and deterioration of human health; water scarcity as a major brake on development; the role of Médecins Sans Frontières in the Sahel region. Remediation and local govemance: quantification of vegetation decline by using physiological tools; promotion of sustainable development in arid lands; understanding of silting-up processes. Finally, the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences would like to convey its grateful thanks to all the organizations which financially supported this confer­ ence, i.e. the FNRS (Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique), FWO­ Vlaanderen (Fonds voor We tenschappelijk Onderzoek), the Belgian Develop­ ment Cooperation and of course the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office. Prof. Dr André ÜZER Director Section of Natural and Medical Sciences Royal Academy forOverseas Sciences Opening Session International Conference Desertification: Migration, Health, Remediation and Local Governance Royal Academy forOverseas Sciences United Nations Brussels, 22 September, 2006 pp. 11-13. Welcome Address by Jean MARcHAL* Votre Altesse Royale le Prince Laurent, Votre Excellence M. Armand De Decker, Ministre de la Coopération au Développement, Mme Brigitte Decadt, représentante du Président fédéral du Conseil de la Politique scientifique, M. Afsane Bassir-Pour, Directeur du Centre d'Information régional des Nations Unies, Mesdames et Messieurs les autorités en vos titres et qualités, Messieurs les Orateurs, Chers Collègues, Mesdames, Messieurs, Le terme «désertification» est sou vent associé dans les esprits à l' avancée du désert <lont les dunes de sable envahissent lentement et inexorablement les régions fertiles proches. Cette vision populaire de la désertification a perdu tout fondement dans la plupart des milieux scientifiques: les déserts africains ne poursuivent pas leur inlassable marche vers le Sud, détruisant tout sur leur passage. On définit aujourd'hui la désertification comme un phénomène surtout socioéconomique ou les ressources naturelles se dégradent par les pressions démographiques et des pratiques d'occupation du sol présentant un carac­ tère non durable. Le s processu s de formation de nouvelles régions déserti­ ques ou la diversité se trouve détruite sont fortement corrélés à la dégrada­ tion des sols, c'est-à-dire à l'appauvrissement progressif de leurs potentiels physiques, biologiques et économiques. Cette dégradation des sols menace sérieusement la productivité globale et, par conséquent, la subsistance de la population. Elle réduit la diversité de la vie végétale et animale, comme elle * President of the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences, rue Defacqz 1/3, B-1000 Brussels (Belgium). 12 J. MARCHAL force les populations à se déplacer et à changer leur mode de vie, ce qui a aussi des conséquences sur la diversité de culture, de langue et de savoir, des communautés habitant la zone dégradée. C'est vers 1968 que la crise écol ogique majeure, qui touchait le Sahel et commençait à susciter un émoi considérable à travers le monde, déclencha chez
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