Convention to Combat Desertification (Unccd) Secretariat
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V ~~22337 November 1999 Public Disclosure Authorized * 99 .. 9 ,e t- 4 9e e\ . "Al~ ,,r:we- 3 .. , 5 + \d > /' '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Public Disclosure Authorized v m ~~~~~~~~t Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ._ _ _ __. _ _ _ _. U - , +W'~~~~ =I_ K ke e 9 fI<N+*' ~~~~~~~~'e" '-' ~~~~~~ -4VW Dr4londs, Povert4, ond Development Proceedingsof theJune 15 and 16, 1999 WorldBank Round Table November1999 Printedin the UnitedStates of America FirstPrinting November 1999 TheInternational Bank for Reconstructionand Development/The World Bank 1818H-Street, NW WashingtonDC, 20433,U.S.A. This paperand the judgementsmade herein do not necessarilyreflect the viewsof the World Bank,its Boardof Directors,or the governmentsthey represent. Managing Editors: EnosE. Esikuri, Hassan M. Hassan,and GunterW. Riethmacher The meeting wasorganized by: HassanM. Hassan,Enos E. Esikuriand GunterW. Riethmacherwith the help of PatriciaShanks, Walter Lusigi, FranklinCardy, Julian Dumanski andChristian Pieri Authors: Participantsat the RoundTable in TheWorld Bank,June 15-16, 1999 Editor: EnosE. Esikuri Cover: Jim Cantrell The World BankDrylands Management website: www.worldbank. orgldrylands Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................... II FOREWORD ......................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... I PART 1: GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF LAND DEGRADATION ............................................................... 3 SECTION A: POLITICAL AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES............................................................. 3 DRYLANDS,POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT: WHY THEWORLD BANK IS INVOLVED.................................. 3 THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (CDF) AND COUNTRY ASSISTANCE STRATEGIES (CASS): INTEGRATEDAPPROACH TO LAND ANDWATER ISSUES................................................................ 6 GLOBAL DESERTIFCATION PHENOMENA: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................................... 12 CONTEXT, CONSTRAINTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE CONVENTIONTO COMBATDESERTIFICATION ............................................................................ 16 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .................................................................... I91 SECTION B: WHAT IS NEW ABOUT THE CCD?.......................................................................... 25 THE FUNCTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD) SECRETARIAT............................................................................ 25 UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL MECHANISM: A PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT TO IMPLEMENT THE CCD ... 28 THE AUSTRALIANEXPERIENCE IN COMBATINGDESERTIFICATION ........................................................... 31 CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION: How Do NGOS FIT IN THE PICTURE? ............................... 38 THE CCD: ONE VIEW ON How NGOS FIT IN THE PICTURE ...................................................................... 40 DISCUSSANT REMARKS ............................................................................ 44 SECTION C: PARTNERSHIPS IN DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................... 47 SOME LESSONS AND CHALLENGES OF THE NAP PROCESS ........................................................................ 47 FOOD SECURITY AND RURAL POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN DRYLANDS: IFAD'S EXPERIENCE ................... 53 THE DESERTIFICATION AGENDA OF THE UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) ........... 56 FOOD SECURITY, SoiL FERTILITY AND DRYLAND DEVELOPMENT IN FAO AcTIvITIEs ............................. 62 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACiLITY (GEF): A PARTNER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DRYLANDS ............................................................................ 64 PART 2. EXPERIENCES: TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ........................... 69 SECTION D: SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS: EXPERIENCES FROM THE FIELD............ 69 DRYLAND DEGRADATION AND POVERTY ............................................................................ 69 PRICES, INSTITUTIONS, AND PARTNERSHIPS: CHALLENGES FOR DRYLANDS DEVELOPMENT .................... 78 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND MIGRATION.........................................................................81 FINDING NEW WAYS OF FUNDING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................... 89 BILATERAL EXPERIENCES ........................................................................... 92 SECTION E: SCIENTIFIC, SECTORAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS .......... ...................99 SCIENCE, AND STRATEGIES TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION ...................................................................... 99 SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION ........................................................................... 108 EXPERIENCE FROM THE DAYS OF THE UN PLAN OF ACTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND THE DESCON GROUP........................................................................... 125 FARMING SYSTEM CARBON SEQUESTRATION, SUSTAINABLE INTENSIVE LAND MANAGEMENT, AND TRADE IN CERT EMISSIONSIFI ED REDUCTIONS ......................................................................... 135 POVERTY, LOCAL PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE SPECIAL ROLE OF THE CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION ................................. ........................................ 142 iv PART 3: PLENARY DISCUSSIONS AND STRATEGY OUTLINE ...................................................... 147 SECTION F: SUMMARY DISCUSSIONS .................................................................... 147 SECTION G: OUTLINE OF A STRATEGY FOR COMPREHENSIVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DRYLANDS .................................................................... 171 DRYLANDS, POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT: OUTLINE OF A STRATEGY FOR THE WORLD BANK ................................................................. 172 LIST OF PARTICPANTS................................................................. 187 v Foreword This high level round table and brainstorm meeting on dryland degradation and poverty brought together internationally recognized political, technical, and socioeconomic experts from various agencies working directly/indirectly in combating land degradation to brainstorm and provide advice to the Bank on ways and means of translating the CCD into development assistance agenda. At the recent Conference of Parties (COP II) meeting of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(CCD) in Dakar, Senegal (December, 1998), the World Bank reiterated its commitment to mainstream environmental issues in general, and land degradation in particular, into Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) and to maintain an active program of lending for development in dryland areas, with special emphasis on measures to assist local communities manage their resources and limit degradation. The Bank highlighted its plans to increase emphasis on sustainable agricultural systems development and dryland management, focusing on the development of analytical tools, policy and operational instruments to facilitate the integration of global objectives in environmental planning, management and assessment. Central in those plans is lifting the rural poor out of the trap of poverty and hunger. Following COP II both developed and developing countries agreed to build on the growing momentum that resulted in the "Dakar Declaration" in order to relieve the plight of the nearly 1 billion people affected by desertification worldwide. The World Bank recognizes that combating land degradation is closely linked to its main goal of alleviating poverty and supporting food security; and that addressing both desertification and poverty can only be undertaken through fostering broad economic and social change directed at the underlying causes. The CCD represents both a challenge and a window of opportunity. The challenge is to internalize the objectives set out in the CCD and make them permeate the development assistance policies of both developing and developed countries, including multilateral financial organizations. An important element of the internalization is to recognize and encourage active participation and ownership of the civil society and NGOs and to create active and transparent forums of partnerships. The opportunity provided by the CCD is the legally binding environmental and developmental agreement which is signed by both developed and developing countries and ratified by their respective parliaments forming a strong basis for partnership. The objectives of this meeting were to review the socioeconomic and environmental costs of land degradation in the Bank's member countries, and identify the challenges and opportunities provided by the CCD and to suggest practical integrated strategies to address them in order to bring about effective and timely support to the CCD implementation. The strategies would help the Bank revisit its policies, programs and activities in drylands in the light of these challenges and opportunities. vi The meeting focused on three main themes: 1. Policy issues and political dimensions, 2. The economic and social dimensions, and 3. Scientific and strategic aspects of land degradation. In line with the goal of working in partnership