Mi 1983 FAUNA MOLUSKA DI SEPANJANG DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI WAI SEKAMPUNG, LAMPUNG MACHFUDZ DJAJASASMITA Museum

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Mi 1983 FAUNA MOLUSKA DI SEPANJANG DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI WAI SEKAMPUNG, LAMPUNG MACHFUDZ DJAJASASMITA Museum 140 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(1) Mi 1983 FAUNA MOLUSKA DI SEPANJANG DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI WAI SEKAMPUNG, LAMPUNG MACHFUDZ DJAJASASMITA Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, LBN - LIPI, Bogor PENDAHULUAN ' - Lampung adalah salah satu daerah di Sumatra ini telah mulai dibuka untuk dijadikan tambak yang banyak mengalami pembukaan hutan dan ikan. pengeringan rawa, yang mengakibatkan menjadi Pengumpulan moluska dilakukan dari daerah rusaknya habitat dan karenanya berkurangnya ling- hulu sampai ke di muara, yang mencakup daerah kungan hidup faunanya. Di antara golongan bina- kecamatan Pulau Panggung, Talang Padang, Page- tang yang banyak menderita oleh perubahan ini, laran, Pringsewu, Natar, Jabung dan Palas. ialah moluska darat dan air tawar yang akan mengalami penurunan populasi, yang tidak mus- tahil akan berakhir dengan kepunahan. Untuk FAUNA MOLUSKA mendapatkan data fauna moluska dari daerah Dari daerah Lampung telah diketahui terdapat Lampung yang telah dan akan dibuka hutannya sebanyak 72 jenis moluska darat dan air tawar serta dikeringkan rawanya, maka dalam tahun (Oostingh 1931, Benthem Jutting 1959). Pengum- 1974 - 1975 telah. dilakukan pengumpulan di pulan di sepanjang DAS Wai Sekampung ini meng- sepanjang Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Wai Se- hasilkan 82 jenis (Daftar I), 53 jenis di antaranya kampung. •„•• -,. _ . ,.v..; : : adalah catatan baru bagi Lampung, termasuk 4 jenis merupakan catatan baru untuk Sumatra, yaitu KEADAAN DAS WAI SEKAMPUNG Amphidromus porcellanus, Landouria rotatoria, Melanoides riqueti dan Philalanka tjibodasensis. DAS Wai Sekampung terbentang dari barat ke Selain itu terdapat sejumlah spesimen yang belum timur melalui daerah Lampung Tengah dan Lam- dapat ditentukan jenisnya, seperti Fairbankia sp., pung Selatan. Sungainya sendiri bermuara di laut Amphidromus sp., Stenothyra sp. dan Assiminea Jawa dan ke Wai Sekampung ini banyak bermuara sp. Dengan catatan baru ini fauna moluska Lam- anak sungai. Di daerah hulu sungainya berbatu- pung bertambah menjadi 125 jenis, atau lebih batu, berair bening dan berarus deras, sedang di kurang 30% dari seluruh fauna moluska di Sumatra daerah hilir umumnya berdasar pasir atau berlum- terdapat di situ. pur, dan airnya berwarna atau keruh. Hutan di sepanjang DAS ini sebagian besar telah dibuka, Daftar I. Perincian jumlah jenis moluska menurut* dikerjakan menjadi pemukiman, perladangan, per- habitat sawahan dan perkebunan. Hutan yang telah dibuka dan belum dikerjakan umumnya ditumbuhi alang- Darat Air tawar Air payau Jumlah alang dan sejenis rumput gelagah. Di daerah Pring- sewu, Sukadana, Jabung dan Palas banyak terdapat Gastropoda 30 19 24 73 rawa dan danau kecil yang umumnya sebagian (keong) tertutup oleh tumbuhan air, seperti Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes dan Salvinia sp. Di daerah Pelecypoda 8 1 9 hilir, tepi sungainya masih padat ditumbuhi rum- (kerang) * pun bambu. Mendekati daerah muara, tepi sungai- nya dipadati oleh pohon nipah dan di sekitar Jumlah 30 27 25 82 muaranya terdapat hutan bakau yang dirajai oleh Avicennia marina, tumbuhan lainnya ialah Excoe- Daftar I menunjukkan, bahwa jumlah jenis keong earia agalocha, Widellia biflora, Acrostichum au- darat kurang dari separuh jumlah jenis seluruh reum dan semak-semak. Sebagian dari hutan bakau moluska yang didapat. Menurut Benthem Jutting BERITA BIOLOGI 2(1) juli 1983 141 (1959) jenis keong darat di Sumatra meliputi lebih Pada semak dan pohon dapat ditemukan keong- daii separuh jumlah yang ada. Kurangnya jenis keong berukuran kecil, 1-5 mm, seperti Liardetia keong darat di DAS Sekampung ini, mungkin di angigyra, L. convexoconica dan Philalanka tjibo- sebabkan oleh rusaknya habitat akibat pembukaan dasensis, serta yang berukuran besar, 10 - 40 mm, hutan atau karena sukar untuk dikumpulkan (keong seperti Amphidromus inversus, A. porcellanus, Lan- darat umumnya hidup tersembunyi dan warna douria rotatoria dan Leptopoma perlucidum. cangkangnya sesuai dengan lingkungannya). Keong air tawar hampir dapat dijumpai pada Dilihat dari penyebarannya, ternyata 17 jenis setiap perairan. Bellamya javanica, Digoniostoma tersebar hampir di sepanjang DAS Sekampung, truncatum, Indoplanorbis exustus dan Lymnaea yaitu, keong dan kerang air tawar: Anentome rubiginosa, biasa ditemukan di sawah, rawa dan helena, Bettamya javanica, Brotia testudinaria, Di- kolam, sedang di sungai Brotia costula, B. testu- goniostoma truncation, Indoplanorbis exustus, dinaria, Melanoides granifera, M, tuberculata dan Lymnaea rubiginosa, Melanoides granifera, M. tu- Thiara scabra, adalah keong-keong yang umum berculata, Pila scutata, P. ampullacea, Contradens terdapat, menempel pada batu-batuan baik di tepi ascia dimotus, Corbicula javanica, C. pullata dan maupun di dasar air. Jenis-jenis keong tersebut Pseudodon vondenbuschianus; keong darat: Acha- umumnya terdapat dalam jumlah banyak. Di rawa tina fulica, Lamellaxis graciiis dan Prosopeas acha- dan danau kecil, kadang-kadang juja di sungai tinaceum. Dari jenis-jenis ini hanya M. tuberculata yang berarus lambat dapat ditemukan Pila ampulla- yang terdapat hingga di daerah muara, yaitu di cea dan P. scutata. Sedang di antara akar-akar perairan hutan bakau. Eichhomia crassipes, yang banyak tumbuh di rawa, danau kecil dan anak sungai, umumnya diman- Hutan bakau dihuni oleh 24 jenis dari suku faatkan oleh keong-keong Anentome helena, B. Amphibolidae, Assimineidae, Corbiculidae, Ellobii- javanica, Gyraulus convexiusculus, L. rubiginosa, dae, Neritidae, Potamididae dan Stenothyridae. M. tuberculata, Polypylis kennardi dan Rivomar- Lebih kurang separuhnya termasuk suku Ellobiidae, ginella electrum. Untuk jenis yang terakhir ini yang merajai fauna moluska hutan mangrove se- merupakan penemuan yang kedua kalinya sejak perti ditunjukkan oleh hasil penelitian kuantitatif dipertelakan oleh Reeve pada tahun 1864. Tempat (Budiman dkk. 1977). Di daerah hutan bakau asal ditemukannya (type locality) ialah danau ini moluska hidup pada tiga macam habitat, yaitu: Jepara di Lampung Tengah (Coomans & Clover tanah berpasir basah atau lembab (umumnya di- 1972). R. electrum ini adalah salah satu jenis suku diami oleh jenis-jenis daii Ellobiidae, seperti Ello- Marginellidae yang hidup di air tawar. Jenis yang pium aurisjudae, E. aurismalchi, E. aurismidae, satunya ialah R. morrisoni terdapat di Thailand Melampus sincaporensis dan Pythia plicataj, tanah (Brandt 1968). berlumpur yang digenangi air (banyak dihuni oleh Assiminea brevicula, Cerithidea quadrata, Steno- thyra glabrata, Telescopium telescopium, T. mau- PEMBAHASAN ritsi dan Polymesoda coaxans) dan tanah berlum- Dari hasil pengumpulan di DAS Wai Sekampung pur yang tidak digenangi air (habitat Cassidula ini, lebih dari separuhnya, yaitu 53 jenis, meru- mustelina, Cerithidea obtusa dan C. weyersi, yang pakan catatan baru bagi daerah Lampung. Melihat bila air pasang dapat naik dan menempel pada hal ini-dan masih luasnya daerah di Lampung yang pohon Avicennia marina). belum dilakukan pengumpulannya, maka besar Keong darat didapat pada dua macam habitat, kemungkinan masih terdapat jenis-jenis lainnya. yaitu di tanah dan semak atau pohon. Di tanah Tetapi bila mengingat pembukaan hutan dan pe- ditemukan di antara daun dan ranting mati, di ngeringan rawa yang terus berlangsung, kemung- bawah batang pohon yang roboh, batu dan benda kinan itu jadi menipis. Jenis-jenis keong yang lainnya. Keong yang berhasil ditemukan pada ha- makanannya terbatas pada jenis tumbuhan ter- bitat demikian di antaranya ialah, Achatina fulica, tentu, akan cepat menuju kepunahan bila tum- Huttonella bicolor, Lamellaxis clavulinus, L. gra- buhan makanannya habis ditebang. Di tambah lagi ciiis, Pseudonenia obesa, P. surnatrana, Filicaulis dengan perubahan mikrohabitat dari keadaan lem- bleekeri dan Microparmarion strubelli. bab dan teduh/sejuk, menjadi kering dan panas; 142 BERITA BIOLOGI 2(1) Juli 1983 suhu tanah hutan yang dibuka dapat mencapai Jumlah jenis moluska yang dapat menyesuaikan 40°C (Kartawinata 1977). Bagi binatang yang hidupnya pada perubahan habitat ini mungkin dapat bergerak cepat akan segera menghindar men- tiilak banyak. Yang pasti dengan terus berlangsung- cari daerah hidup baru. Tidak demikian dengan nya pembukaan hutan dan pengeringan rawa di keong darat, sebelum sempat menghindai, sudah daerah Lampung, kelestarian fauna moluskanya mati oleh kekeringan dan panas inatahari. Hal ini pun akan terancam. dapat dilihat pada serakan cangkang-cangkang ke- ong pada bekas hutan yang sedang dikerjakan. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Rawa-rawa yang dikeringkan menjadi sawah atau kebun akan mematikan sebagian besar jenis-jenis BENTHEM JUTTING, W.S.S. van. 1959. Catalogue moluskanya, demikian juga dengan hutan bakau of the non-marine mollusca of Sumatra and its yang dijadikan tambak ikan. Namun ada juga satellite islands. Beaufortia 7: 41 - 191. jenis-jenis moluska yang dapat menyesuaikan hi- BRANDT, R.M. 1968. Description of new non- dupnya dengan perubahan habitat ini. Hutan yang marine mollusks from Asia. Arch. Moll. 98: telah menjadi kebun karet dan kopi, tanahnya 213 -289. lambat laun akan kembali dilapisi serasah yang BUDIMAN, A., M. DJAJASASMITA & F. SABAR. akan membusuk menjadi humus. Ini merupakan 1977. Penyebaran keong dan kerang hutan habitat yang baik bagi keong tanah yang dapat bakau Wai Sekampung, Lampung. Ber. Biol. bertahan dari pembukaan hutan, seperti Pseudo- 2(1): 5 -8. nenia obesa, Prosopeas achatinaceum dan Filicaulis COOMANS, H.E. & P.W. CLOVER. 1972. The bleekeri. Habitat baru ini dapat pula mengundang genus Rivomarginella (Gastropoda, Marginelli- datangnya keong-keong yang biasa hidup dekat
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