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Tilburg University Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Tilburg University Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Jackson, P.C. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Jackson, P. C. (2014). Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence: Representation and Computation of Meaning in Natural Language. (32 ed.). Tilburg center for Cognition and Communication (TiCC). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. okt. 2021 Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Representation and Computation of Meaning in Natural Language Philip C. Jackson, Jr. Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Representation and Computation of Meaning in Natural Language PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Ruth First zaal van de Universiteit op dinsdag 22 april 2014 om 16.15 uur door Philip Chilton Jackson, Jr. geboren op 8 februari 1949 te Globe, Arizona, Verenigde Staten Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Representation and Computation of Meaning In Natural Language Promotores: Prof. Dr. Harry C. Bunt Prof. Dr. Walter M. P. Daelemans Promotiecommissie: Dr. Filip A. I. Buekens Prof. Dr. H. Jaap van den Herik Prof. Dr. Paul Mc Kevitt Dr. Carl Vogel Dr. Paul A. Vogt TiCC Ph.D. Series No. 32. SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2014-09. The research reported in this thesis has been carried out under the auspices of SIKS, the Dutch Research School for Information and Knowledge Systems. ISBN 978-94-6259-078-6 (Softcover) ISBN 978-0-9915176-0-2 (PDF) Copyright © 2014 Philip C. Jackson, Jr. All Rights Reserved. No part of this work, including the cover, may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of Philip C. Jackson, Jr. Cover: Mondrian Barcodes 23 by Philip C. Jackson, Jr., 2014. Dedication To the memory of my parents, Philip and Wanda Jackson. To my wife Christine. Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence Table of Contents Figures .................................................................................................... vii Abstract ................................................................................................... ix Preface .................................................................................................... xi 1. Introduction .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Can Machines Have Human-Level Intelligence? ............................. 1 1.2 Thesis Approach.............................................................................. 5 1.3 Terminology: Tala and TalaMind .................................................... 8 1.4 TalaMind Hypotheses ..................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Intelligence Kernel Hypothesis ............................................... 9 1.4.2 Natural Language Mentalese Hypothesis ............................. 10 1.4.3 Multiple Levels of Mentality Hypothesis .............................. 12 1.4.4 Relation to the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis ............ 12 1.5 TalaMind System Architecture ..................................................... 14 1.6 Arguments & Evidence: Strategy & Criteria for Success .............. 17 1.7 Overview of Chapters ................................................................... 19 2. Subject Review: Human-Level AI & Natural Language ................... 20 2.1 Human-Level Artificial Intelligence ............................................... 20 2.1.1 How to Define & Recognize Human-Level AI ........................ 20 2.1.2 Unexplained Features of Human-Level Intelligence ............. 23 2.1.2.1 Generality ........................................................................ 23 2.1.2.2 Creativity & Originality .................................................... 24 2.1.2.3 Natural Language Understanding.................................... 24 2.1.2.4 Effectiveness, Robustness, Efficiency .............................. 25 2.1.2.5 Self-Development & Higher-Level Learning .................... 25 2.1.2.6 Meta-Cognition & Multi-Level Reasoning ....................... 26 2.1.2.7 Imagination ..................................................................... 27 2.1.2.8 Consciousness ................................................................. 27 2.1.2.9 Sociality, Emotions, Values .............................................. 28 2.1.2.10 Other Unexplained Features ......................................... 28 2.2 Natural Language ......................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Does Thought Require Language? ........................................ 29 i Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence 2.2.2 What Does Meaning Mean? ................................................. 32 2.2.3 Does Human-Level AI Require Embodiment? ....................... 36 2.3 Relation of Thesis Approach to Previous Research ....................... 38 2.3.1 Formal, Logical Approaches .................................................. 38 2.3.2 Cognitive Approaches ........................................................... 40 2.3.3 Approaches to Human-Level Artificial Intelligence ............... 43 2.3.3.1 Sloman ............................................................................. 43 2.3.3.2 Minsky.............................................................................. 43 2.3.3.2.1 The Society of Mind Paradigm .................................. 43 2.3.3.2.2 Theoretical Issues for Baby Machines ...................... 47 2.3.3.3 McCarthy ......................................................................... 48 2.3.3.4 Reverse-Engineering the Brain ........................................ 50 2.3.3.5 Cognitive Architectures & AGI ......................................... 50 2.3.3.6 Other Influences for Thesis Approach ............................. 52 2.3.4 Approaches to Artificial Consciousness ................................ 52 2.3.5 Approaches to Reflection and Self-Programming ................. 54 2.4 Summary ....................................................................................... 58 3. Analysis of Thesis Approach to Human-Level AI ........................... 59 3.1 Overview ....................................................................................... 59 3.2 Theoretical Requirements for TalaMind Architecture ................... 60 3.2.1 Conceptual Language ............................................................ 60 3.2.2 Conceptual Framework ......................................................... 64 3.2.3 Conceptual Processes ........................................................... 66 3.3 Representing Meaning with Natural Language Syntax ................ 67 3.4 Representing English Syntax in Tala.............................................. 70 3.4.1 Non-Prescriptive, Open, Flexible........................................... 70 3.4.2 Semantic & Ontological Neutrality & Generality .................. 71 3.5 Choices & Methods for Representing English Syntax .................... 72 3.5.1 Theoretical Approach to Represent English Syntax .............. 72 3.5.2 Representing Syntactic Structure of NL Sentences ............... 72 3.6 Semantic Representation & Processing ........................................ 75 3.6.1 Lexemes, Senses, Referents and Variables ........................... 75 3.6.2 Multiple Representations for the Same Concept.................. 78 3.6.3 Representing Interpretations ................................................ 79 3.6.3.1 Underspecification ........................................................... 79 3.6.3.2 Syntactic Elimination of Interpretations .......................... 80 3.6.3.3 Generic and Non-Generic Interpretations ....................... 81 3.6.3.4 Specific and Non-Specific Interpretations ....................... 81 ii Toward Human-Level Artificial Intelligence 3.6.3.5 Individual and Collective Interpretations ........................ 82 3.6.3.6 Count and Mass Interpretations ..................................... 82 3.6.3.7 Quantificational Interpretations ..................................... 82 3.6.3.8 De Dicto and De Re Interpretations ................................. 85 3.6.3.9 Interpretations of Compound Noun Structures .............. 86 3.6.3.10 Interpretations of Metaphors ....................................... 87 3.6.3.11 Interpretations of Metonyms ........................................ 88 3.6.3.12 Interpretations of Anaphora ......................................... 88 3.6.3.13 Interpretation of Idioms ................................................ 88 3.6.4 Semantic
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