African Crickets (Gryllidae). 3. on the African Species of Velarifictorus Randell (Gryllinae, Modicogryllini)

Academy of Natural Sciences

African Crickets (Gryllidae). 3. On the African Species of Velarifictorus Randell (Gryllinae, Modicogryllini) Author(s): Daniel Otte and William Cade Source: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 135 (1983), pp. 241-253 Published by: Academy of Natural Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4064807 . Accessed: 23/07/2013 17:20

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This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Tue, 23 Jul 2013 17:20:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 135: 241-253, 1983. African Crickets (Gryllidae).3. On the African Species of VelarifictorusRandell (Gryllinae, Modicogryllini)

DANIEL OTTE Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 AND

WILLIAM CADE

Biological Sciences, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario L25 3AL

ABSTRACT. - In Africa the genus Velarifictorus is represented by at least ten species - four of these are new, four are transferred from Scapsipedus, and one is transferred from Gryllopsis. The genus was previously known mainly from Asia. With inclusion of the African species its range now extends to Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, and South Africa. [Africa, crickets, Gryllidae, new species, Modicogryllini, Orthoptera, systematics, Velarifictorus]

We report here mainly on the Velarific- genus Scapsipedus, these two genera are not torus species known to us from eastern and closely related; Scapsipedus is a member of southern Africa. Most of the African species the tribe Gryllini. Although the genitalic re- belonging to the genus had already been de- semblance to Australian Aritella is great, scribed but had been put into the wrong Velarifictorus differs from Aritella in body genus. The only species of Velarifictorus color, head banding, and jaw length. which Chopard (1967) lists from Africa is None of the African Velarifictorus is ap- simillimus Chopard 1938. This species and parently capable of flight, leading us to pre- a presumed closely related species, Modi- dict that species ranges will be small relative cogryllus uncinatus Chopard 1938, are to many Modicogryllus and that numerous probably both Modicogryllus species and are species will be discovered in Africa. We have presently under study. Randell (1964) placed not supplied a key to species here because simillimus and another species, Gryllulus we expect many more species to be discov- similis Chopard 1938, under Velarifictorus, ered. The illustrations and distributions can but not uncinatus. be used to distinguish those members of the The genus is a member of the tribe Mo- genus which we have covered. As in other dicogryllini which ranges widely from Af- groups of crickets, it will be essential to re- rica eastwards to Australasia and the Pacific cord the songs if a proper understanding of islands. By the male genitalia it appears to the genus is to be made possible. be most closely related to the large endemic The following species of Velarifictorusare Australian genus Aritella. It is also similar included here: to Modicogryllus but is distinguished from that genus mainly on the basis of the male 1. mosambicus Chopard 1961 (moved from Scapsi- pedus) genitalia and in most possessing (in species) 2. obniger n. sp. an enlarged head or elongate jaws. Although 3. whellani Chopard 1954 (moved from Scapsipedus) Chopard placed three of the species in the 4. lesnei Chopard 1936 (moved from Scapsipedus)

241

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5. shimba n. sp. 66. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu), Tugela River at 6. amani n. sp. Middle Drift, 26 iii 1982 7. matuga n. sp. 70. South Africa, Transvaal, 7 km S Kaapmuiden on 8. burri Chopard 1961 (moved from Gryllopsis) R 38, 30 iii 1982 9. nigrithorax Chopard 1961 (moved from Scapsipe- 73. South Africa, Kruger National Park, Skukusa area, dus) l iv 1982 85. Kenya, Matuga, 18 ix 1982 (Velarifictorus simillimus Chopard 1938: 57. 86. Kenya, Shimba hills, west slope, 19 ix 1982 is presently under study and is closely re- 89. Kenya, 15 km NE Lungalunga, Mrima forest, 21 lated to Modicogryllus uncinatus Chopard ix 1982 1938.) 95. Tanzania, forest E side of South Pare Mountains, Gonja, 26 ix 1982 100. Tanzania, Pugu Hills near Dar-es-Salaam, 28 ix METHODS 1982 102. Tanzania, east Usambara Mountains, Amani, 30 All tape recordings were made with a Na- ix 1982 gra SN tape recorder (8.9 cm/s) and a Sony ECM-50PS electret condenser microphone attached to a parabolic reflector. Tapes were Genus Velarifictorus Randell copied onto 5 inch reels by a Uher 4000 TYPE SPECIES. Velarifictorus micado Saussure 1877, by Report L tape recorder. Sonagraphs of songs original designation. were made with a Kay Elemetrics 7029 A Sonograph. Temperatures were determined DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS (African species). by placing the thermometer as close as pos- Males. Epiphallus with two prominent lat- sible to the place where the cricket was sing- eral lobes (like Modicogryllus) and with low, ing, especially when crickets were singing in wide median lobe (this feature always lack- dense grass, in burrows, or on the ground. ing in Modicogryllus). Head dorso-ventrally Body parts of crickets are named according elongate in most species due to lengthened to the terminology of Otte and Alexander mouth parts; height of head varies from 1.7 1983. to 2.2 times height of pronotum (lateral as- Specimens examined are deposited at: pect). Forewings with two harp veins. Tym- ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- panum on outer face only. Pronotum usu- delphia; BM,British Museum (Natural His- ally wider at anterior end than at posterior tory), London; PM, Museum National end. d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Females: Forewings always very short, never much longer than pronotum, often considerably shorter, usually triangular in TAPE RECORDING LOCALITIES shape when viewed from above, and often 15. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu) Hluhluwe Game meeting at midline. Ovipositor variable in Reserve, 10 xi 1980 length. 17. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu), Tugela River Other Features. Size variable, from small (Middle Drift area), 15 xi 1980 to large crickets. Color: dorsum dark brown 20. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu), Mkuze Game Reserve, 19 xi 1980 to blackish, venter and legs very pale brown 26. South Africa, Transvaal, Retiefs Kloof, Maga- or ivory. Head: occiput and vertex with 6 liesburg Mountains, 3 iii 1982 longitudinal pale stripes (these may be lack- 27. South Africa, N Cape Province, 73 km E Van- ing or inconspicuous in especially dark in- zylsrus, 4 iii 1982 dividuals). Face with or without white band 28A. South Africa, N Cape Province, 40 km E Van- zylsrus, 4 iii 1982 between the lateral ocelli. Face usually 63. South Africa, Natal (KwaZulu), Hluhluwe Game blackish down to middle of clypeus. Cheeks Reserve, 23 iii 1982 dark brown, but often with a pale area be-

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FIG. 1. Velarifictorus mosambicus. hind eyes, and often pale on subgenal area. Pronotum: disk medium brown to blackish, usually with pale markings arranged symmetrically. Lateral lobes usually with a pale area along lower margin, sometimes entirely black. Abdomen: dorsum uniformly brown to black or spotted; venter usually ivory colored (blackin nigrithorax).Forewings: more than twice and less than three times as long as pronotum; shorter than hind femora. Mirror present or absent-when well-developed then once divided or undivided. Apical area short. Lateral field always darker than dorsal field. Veins of apical area usually pale. Hindwings: usually present, always hidden, narrow and usually shorter than pronotum. Front and middle legs: femora usually ivory (black in nigrithorax) and usually with dark spots and patches and with heavy bristles. Tibiae darker than femora, sometimes banded. Hind femora: usually ivory with distinct dark oblique stripes on outer face and with a dark mark on the inner face near the knee. Hind tibiae 0.62-0.70 times as long as hind femur and with 5-6 inner and 5-7 outer subapical spurs. BIOLOGY. We have knowledge of the hab- its of only five of the nine known species. Their habitats are variable. The two South FIG.2. Velarifictorusshimba paratypemale, local- African species (mosambicus, obniger) live ity 86.

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'F",~~~~~~~~~~

/ 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p,

FIG. 3. Velarifictorusheads: A, mosambicus(male from Tugela R.); B, nigrithorax,C, D, obniger, E, F, wheelani;G, H, lesnei; I, J, K, L, M, shimba; 0, matuga; P, burri.

in open, generally dry, thorn tree country tation, either at the edge of forests or in where males tend to sing from soil cracks, forest openings. For example in the Shimba burrows, and from under rocks. Singing Hills males were singing in and at the edges males of these two species were widely of small forest patches but not in the sur- spaced (usually more than 15 meters, and rounding grassy plains. often much more than that). The burrows Evidently none of the species flies, for no seemed not to have been constructedby the macropterousindividuals have been found. males themselves, but we cannot be certain The small rudimentarynature of the hind- of this. V. shimba and amani in Tanzania wings, or their absence, suggests that they and Kenya lived in ratherheavy moist vege- are no longer functional.

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1. Velarifictorus mosambicus (Chopard) KHZ

4.7 mosambicus Scapsipedus mosambicus Chopard 1961: 35. Holotype 111110 1 t 6, Lorenco Marques, Mozambique, May 1951 (A. J.

Barbosa) BM. Velarifictorus mosambicus, Randell 4.4 mosambicus 1964: 1587. #66 21C

RECOGNITION. Figs. 1, 3A, 5A, 6AB, 7A. 3.5 \\\ \\\* \8 obniger Males: A medium to medium large cricket #26 25C

(BL 17-21 mm) medium to dark brown on 3.7 lll\\* l|8^ obniger dorsum, ivory on venter. File with 74-102 #27 18C teeth (n = 9). Holotype has 93 teeth. File 4.1 shimba counts, varied as follows: 102 teeth (locality *86 27C #15); 94 (#17); 99 (#20); 96 (#63); 74 (#66); 91 (#70); 75 (#72); 96 (#74). Head: Dorsum 3.6 amani e*102 17C dark brown with 6 longitudinal stripes on

4.5 occiput. Lateral ocelli not connected with a matuga pale band. Face dark above middle of clyp- #85 23C eus, variegated brown and ivory ventral to 4.8 shimba? that. Cheeks dark brown but with a pale area 0.5s +100 27C next to lower posterior margin of eye and on subgenal area. Head height varies from FIG. 4. Velarifictorus songs. The male producing 1.9 to 2.3 times pronotal height. Head wider the last song was not collected. than pronotum. Pronotum: usually slightly wider anteriorly. Disk mostly dark brown, usually with somewhat paler markings ar- angular (top view) and slightly overlapping ranged symmetrically. Lateral lobes dark at midline. Ovipositor short-about as long brown to black above, ivory below (width as pronotum. Body length 17.0, 21.5 mm; of ivory band variable). Abdomen: tergum hind femur length 10, 11 mm; ovipositor dark brown. Sternum ivory. Subgenital plate length 3.5, 4.0 mm. usually brown near base. Forewings: dark DISTRIBUTION. Eastern South Africa. brown, some veins on apical area contrast- Lowveld thorn bush from the Tugela River ingly pale. Mirror once divided or undivid- to southern Kruger National Park. Probably ed. Harp with two veins. Apical area with the species extends widely through this contrastingly pale veins. Hindwings tiny, vegetation zone in eastern Africa, especially hidden. Front and middle legs: femora ivory into Mozambique. colored and with dark spots and patches; HABITAT. Always collected or heard in tibiae slightly darker than femora but not lowland thorn forest of Natal, Zululand, and brown as in obniger. Hind femora: ivory Transvaal. Usually on rocky or gravelly and with dark oblique stripes. Hind tibiae dark loamy soils sparsely covered with bushes brown on lower face; with 5-6 inner (usually and low grasses. Also heard and collected 6) and 5-7 (usually 6) subapical spurs. Cerci on poorly vegetated gravelly hillsides. brown, 1.24 times as long as hind femur. SONG. Fig. 4. Males sang their widely Body length 17.0-21.0 mm; hind femur 10- spaced songs from under rocks and shallow 12 mm. burrows late in the afternoon and at night. Females: Coloration similar to males. Males seemed always to be widely spaced, Jaws not elongate as in males (Fig. 6). Fore- never within less than 10 meters of one wings slightly shorter than pronotum, tri- another.

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A ~~~~BC

FIG. 5. Velarifictorus holotype forewings (except shimba and burrn):A, mosambicus; B, obniger; C, lesnei; D, matuga; E, shimba paratype 91; F, amani; G, burri, paratype from same locality as holotype; H, nigrithorax.

Approxi- 2. Velarifictorus obniger n. sp. mate ch Local- interval Holotype f, Retiefs Kloof, Magaliesberg Mountains, ity p/s in sec p/ch kHz ?C Transvaal, South Africa, 3 iii 1982 (D. Otte and W. 15 49.5 2.0-2.8 17 4.5-5.0 24 Cade 26) ANSP. 17 42.2 3.0 14 3.4 17 RECOGNITION. Figs. 3CD, 5B, 7B. Males. 20 52.8 4.0-7.0 17 3.7 20 63 50.5 1.0 14-16 4.5 24 A medium sized cricket (BL ca. 18 mm) 66 48.9 2.0 19 4.5 21 blackish on the dorsum and ivory on the 66 50.3 2.0 20 4.4 21 venter. File with 96-115 teeth (n = 5); ho- 70 51.1 2.0 13 4.4 ca. 22 lotype has 1 5 teeth. Head: dorsum entirely 73 6 1.6 1.2 16-17 5.3 26 black or with 6 stripes on occiput; without ch, chirp; p/s, pulses per second; p/ch, pulses per pale band connecting lateral ocelli; face black chirp; kHz, frequency in kilohertz; ?C, temperature. above middle of clypeus, then variegated SPECIMENS. Holotype d BM. Paratypes (all ANSP): reddish brown and ivory; cheeks blackish, SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Tugela River (south side) sometimes with pale streak along posterior near Kranskop (Middle Drift) 15 xi 1980 (Otte and edge of eye; height of head ca. 1.9 times Cade 17) 1 d; same locality north side of river, 26 iii 1982 (Otte and Cade) 1 d. Natal, Mkuze Game Reserve, height of pronotum; head slightly wider than 19 xi 1980 (Otte and Cade 20) 1 6. Natal (KwaZulu), pronotum. Pronotum: disk either entirely Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 23 iii 1982 (Otte and Cade blackish, or with symmetrically arranged 63) 1 d. Transvaal, 7 km S Kaapmuiden on Rt 38, 30 reddish brown markings; lateral lobes black iii 1982 (Otte and Cade 70) 1 6 1 . Transvaal, Clanor with an ivory band along lower margin; (nr. Skukusa Gate) 31 iii 1982 (Otte and Cade 72) 1 6. Transvaal, Kruger National Park, near Skukusa, 2 iv pronotum either with parallel sides or 1982 (Otte and Cade 74) 2 6 1 Y. slightly wider anteriorly. Abdomen: tergum

This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Tue, 23 Jul 2013 17:20:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AFRICAN CRICKETS: VELARIFICTOR US 247 dark brown to black; sternum pale brown to ivory; subgenital plate with brown markings along upper posterior margin. Fore- 2.7 times wings: dark brown to blackish; ca. % as long as pronotum and ca. 0.8 times as A long as hind femora; harp with two veins; a~~~~~ c mirror divided by one vein. Hind-wings: hidden, narrow, as long as pronotum. Front and middle legs: femora ivory, spotted with D black; front tibiae largely dark brown; middle tibiae, ivory and spotted on upper face, FIG. 6. A, V. mosambicusmale showing maximum development of jaws; B, mosambicusfemale; C, ma- dark brown on ventral face. Hind legs: fem- tuga showing upward bowed epistomal suture; D, bur- ora ivory and with oblique stripes on outer ri, showing elongate outer subapical spurs. face; ca. 3.4 times as long as pronotum; length about 2.7 times width; tibiae light brown and spotted on upper face, dark brown on lower face, with 5 inner and 5-6 3. Velarifictorus whellani (Chopard) (usually 5) outer subapical spurs. Cerci: medium brown. Body length 17-19 mm; hind Scapsipeduswhellani Chopard 1954: 916. Holotype 6, femur length 10-11 mm. Hatfield, Salisbury district, Southern Rhodesia, 26 x 1953 (J. A. Whellan) BM. Type examined. NEW Females: Not known. COMBINATION. DISTRIBUTION.Presently known only from the Transvaal west of Johannesberg and ex- NOTES ON TYPE. Figs. 3EF, 7C. A medium tending into the southern Kalahari. to large cricket (BL ca. 20 mm, hind femur HABITAT. In the Magaliesbergmountains length 12.5 mm). Face with a white stripe found on rock strewn hillsides above a connecting lateral ocelli. File with ca. 128 stream. Males were found mainly under teeth. Tympana on outer faces of foretibiae stones and rocks. In the sandy subdeserts only. A paratype male from the type locality near Vanzylsrus in western Transvaal males is indistinguishable from the holotype but were found in litter under low shrubs and has 130 file teeth. Forewing 2.58 times as bushes. long as pronotum and 0.73 times as long as SONG. Fig. 4. Short chirps with a rapid hind femur. Hind tibia 0.66 times as long pulse rate, produced only after dark. as hind femur. Cercus 0.87 times as long as hind femur. Locality p/s ch/s p/ch kHz ?C

26 (n= 4) 26.4-31.1 0.85-1.60 3-4 3.5 25 4. Velarifictorus lesnei (Chopard) 27 32.1 1.15 6 3.7 18* 27 30.0 1.10 4-5 3.6 18* Scapsipeduslesnei Chopard 1936: 16. Holotype 3, Chi- 6 3.7 18* 28 29.3 0.60 moio, Mozambique, 1928 (P. Lesne) PM. Type ex- 28 29.6 1.02 5 3.7 18* amined. NEW COMBINATION. * Air temperature after storm, ground probably warmer. NOTES ON TYPES. Figs. 3GH, SC, 7D. A medium sized cricket (BL ca. 20 mm) me- SPECIMENS. Holotype I ANSP. Paratypes (all ANSP): dium brown in color, rather pubescent on SOUTH AFRICA: same data as holotype, 2 6. Cape Province. 73 km E Vanzylsrus, 4 iii 1982 (Otte and back of head and on pronotum. File with Cade 27) 1 6. Cape Province, 40 km E Vanzylsrus, 4 ca. 129 teeth. Tympanum on outer face only. iii 1982 (Otte and Cade 28A) 1 d. Head: occiput densely pubescent, with 6 pale

This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Tue, 23 Jul 2013 17:20:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 248 DANIEL OTTE AND WILLIAM CADE stripes. From vertex to front of head shiny, necting lateral ocelli; this band narrowest at dark brown to black, and without a white midline; face very dark above middle of stripe connecting the lateral ocelli. Face red- clypeus, variably reddish brown below; head dish brown to black above dorsal section of height about 1.8 times pronotal height. clypeus; bottom lobe of clypeus and labrum Pronotum: disk largely dark brown to black- largely ivory, but labrum brown centrally. ish and with symmetrical pattern of light Head height/pronotal height = 2.15. Cheeks blotches (in some males lighter areas may with a yellow to ivory area behind lower be larger and interconnected); lateral lobes posterior margin of eye and on subgena. blackish with small to large ivory area along Head slightly wider than pronotum. Prono- lower margin. Abdomen: tergum variegated tum: disk brown with lighter brown mac- light and dark brown, sides brown; sternum ulations. Lateral lobes dark brown with ivo- pale brown to ivory. Forewings dark brown; ry crescent in lower anterior corner. Disk lateral field blackish; ca. 2.4 times as long widens slightly anteriorly. Abdomen brown as pronotum; 0.6-0.7 times as long as hind to dark brown on dorsum, light brown to femur. Hindwings absent. Front and middle ivory on venter. Forewings brown on dor- legs: femora ivory with large dark spots; tib- sum, dark brown on lateral fields; forewing iae largely darkened with three bands. Hind length/pronotal length = 2.33; forewing legs: femur with ivory background, with nu- length/hind femur length = 0.64; harp with merous dark spots on dorsum, dark oblique 2 veins; mirror divided into three cells. stripes on outer face and with large dark Hindwings: hidden, shorter than pronotum. mark near knees on inner face; 3.5-3.6 times Front and middle legs: pale brown with dark as long as pronotum; length ca. 2.5 times markings. Hind legs: femora pale brown to greatest width; tibiae brown with 5 inner ivory, with oblique bands on outer face. and 5-6 outer sa-spurs. Cerci pale brown, Tibial length/femur length = 0.67; with 5 about as long as hind femora. Body length inner and 6 outer subapical spurs. Cerci me- 17-19 mm; hind femur length 10-1 1 mm. dium brown, about as long as hind femora. Females. Coloration similar to males. Body length ca. 20 mm; hind femur length Forewings dark brown, 0. 5-0.8 times as long 12.4 mm. as pronotum, triangular in shape (top view) and meeting or nearly meeting at midline. 5. Velarifictorus shimba n. sp. Hindwings absent. Hind tibiae with 5 inner and 5-6 outer subapical spurs. Ovipositor Holotype 6, roadside in forested west slopes of Shimba 0.95-1.05 times as long as hind femora. Hills, near Mombasa, Kenya, 19 ix 1982 (D. Otte Body length 17-20 mm; hind femora 10.8- 86) ANSP. 11.5 mm; ovipositor 11.0-11.2 mm. RECOGNITION. Figs. 2, 31-N, 5E, 8AB. DISTRIBUTION. Lowlands of eastern Ken- Males: Very similar to amani but differing ya and Tanzania. Collected from Shimba slightly in shape of epiphallus and in song. Hills, Kenya, south to near Korogwe, Tan- A medium sized cricket (BL ca. 18 mm) zania. The male from the latter locality was speckled dark and light brown on dorsum, not recorded, but is morphologically insep- dark brown on sides and ivory on venter. arable from Shimba Hills specimens. Males Legs pale, but striped and spotted with dark tape recorded in the Pugu Hills near Dar- brown or black. File with 9 1-1 10 teeth (n = es-Salaam have shorter chirps. These were 4); holotype has 98 teeth. Head: with 6 pale not caught and may belong to another stripes on occiput, these may be partly or species. wholly connected by pale area across vertex HABITAT. Thick grassy litter. Shimba Hills (band across vertex); with ivory band con- specimens were forced out of dense grassy

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spermatophore tube

spermatophore

spermatophylax

FIG. 7. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of external genitalia of holotype males (except whellani):A, mosambicus;B, obniger;C, whellani;D, lesnei (ventral aspect not shown).

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A f \ mm_-

B < X Lr '

I~ ~ ~~*. - *. i

B J

,C A0

D~~~~~~~~~~~~....

D , ,0 - . .~~~~~~

/ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K

This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Tue, 23 Jul 2013 17:20:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions AFRICAN CRICKETS: VELARIFICTOR US 251 masses by the roadside. In the Gogoni For- 2.3 times as long as pronotum and 0.64 times est a male was found in dense litter at the as long as hind femora. Hind tibia with 6 forest edge. At Gonja, Tanzania, and at Mri- inner and 6 outer subapical spurs. ma Forest, Kenya, males were tape recorded Females: Not known. along jeep trails inside the forest. DISTRIBUTION.Known only from the type SONG. Fig. 4. Songs consist of short, widely locality. spaced chirps. The songs from the Pugu Hills HABITAT. Found singing in lawns around near Dar-es-Salaam may belong to this the Amani Research Institute. This area is species, but males were not found. surrounded by tall mountain cloud forest, but males were not heard inside the forest. ch interval SONG. Fig. 4. Males sang their widely Locality p/s (sec) p/ch kHz ?C spaced chirps from excavations under grass 86 52.8-56.2 2-4 7-10 3.8-4.2 27 beginning at dusk. (n = 4) 86 55.0-57.8 2-4 7-12 3.8-4.3 25-27 ch (n 3) interval 89 51.3, 51.6 4.1, 3.2 8, 10 4.2, 4.0 23 Locality p/s (sec) p/ch kHz ?C (n= 2) 102 44.0 5.5 14 3.8 17 95 52.8 2.8-3.4 9 4.0 27 102 44.0 8.5 15 3.6 17 The identity of Pugu Hills males below is uncertain 100 52.8-57.4 0.9-4.0 5-6 4.6-4.8 27 SPECIMENS. Holotype 8 ANSP. (n = 4) 7. Velarifictorus matuga n. sp. SPECIMENS. Holotype a ANSP. Paratypes (all ANSP): Holotype 6, lawns of Agricultural Experiment Station, KENYA: same data as holotype, 1 d 3 Y. Shimba Hills, Matuga, Kenya, 18 ix 1982 ANSP. forest patches in grassland, 22 ix 1982 (Otte 91) 1 a. (D. Otte 85) Gogoni Forest near Msambweni, ca. 50 km S Mom- RECOGNITION.Figs. 30, 5D, 6C, 8D. Male: 21 ix 1982 1 TANZANIA: ca. 30 km basa, (Otte 88) d. A small (BL = 11 S. Korogwe, rd to Dar-es-Salaam, 28 ix 1982 (Otte 98) mm) cricket dark brown 1 a. on dorsum, ivory on venter. Legs ivory but spotted with brown. File of holotype with 6. Velarifictorus amani n. sp. 65 teeth. Head: occiput and vertex with 6 pale stripes; front of head dark brown; lat- Holotype a, Amani, East Usambara Mountains, 30 ix eral ocelli connected by one extremely thin 1982 (D. Otte 102) ANSP. pale line; face dark brown above middle of RECOGNITION. Figs. 5F, 8C. Male: Very clypeus, ivory below that, mandibles red- similar to shimba -differing mainly in hav- dish brown; frons with pale streak descending deeper epiphallus (side view), in less ing from median ocellus; clypeus bowed up- poorly developed mirror, and in song. Even wards (Fig. 6C); cheeks mostly dark brown, song is rather similar, raising possibility that but with an ivory patch behind each eye; this is a subspecies of shimba. In absence maxillary palpi white except for a distal of further specimens and song data, we think brown ring on last segment. Pronotum: var- differences are sufficient to treat it as a dis- iegated with dark brown and ivory; lateral tinct species. File with 89 teeth. Forewings lobes dark brown in upper half, ivory in

FIG. 8. Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of external genitalia: A, shimba, locality 91; B, shimba, locality 98; C, amani; D, matuga; E, burri; F, nigrithorax (ventral aspect not shown); G, spermatophore of shimba.

This content downloaded from 142.66.3.42 on Tue, 23 Jul 2013 17:20:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 252 DANIEL OTTE AND WILLIAM CADE lower half. Abdomen: tergum speckled with connects the lateral ocelli; face dark above light and dark brown; sternum ivory, with clypeus but with pale band descending from two dark spots at base of subgenital plate. median ocellus nearly to epistomal suture. Forewings brown, much darker on lateral Cheeks dark brown, with large pale area next field; 2.47 times as long as pronotum, 0.67 to lower posterior edge of eye. Height of times as long as hind femora; harp with two head 1.84 times height of pronotum. Prono- veins; mirror nearly obsolete, divided. tum: disk dark brown with lighter brown Hindwings absent. Front and middle legs: blotches; lateral lobe dark brown to black ivory, femora with several brown spots at in upper third, ivory in lower two thirds; distal end; tibiae with dark band at proximal pronotum narrows posteriorly. Abdomen end. Hind legs: femur ivory, spotted brown dark brown on dorsum, pale brown to ivory on dorsum, oblique brown stripes on outer on venter. Forewings: brown to dark brown; face of distal half; 3.45 times as long as 3.04 times as long as pronotum and 0.68 pronotum; length 2.75 times greatest width; times as long as hind femora. Hindwings: tibiae with 5 inner and 5 outer subapical hidden, small, rudimentary. Front and mid- spurs; cerci pale (tips broken). Body length dle legs: light brown to ivory and with dark 11.0 mm; hind femur length 6.5 mm. spots. Hind leg: femur pale yellowish-brown, Females. Not known. with faint oblique stripes on outer face; 3.9 DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type times as long as pronotum; tibiae 0.67 times locality. as long femora; with long apical spurs; with HABITAT. The only male was found hid- 5 inner and 5 outer subapical spurs. Body den under grass on a mowed lawn. length 15.0 mm; hind femur length 10.5 SONG. Fig. 4. Widely spaced chirps pro- mM. duced only after dark. NOTES ON COTYPE FEMALE. This female in the Paris Museum is from Vila Luso, An- ch gola. Coloration similar to male but pale interval band between lateral ocelli narrows to thin Locality p/s (sec) p/ch kHz ?C line at midline, and pale area on upper frons 85 60.5 ca. 7 12 4.5 23 is like inverted Y with thick arms and nar- 85 62.9 ca. 5 11 4.6 23 row stem. Forewings: dark brown on dor- on with SPECIMENS. Holotype 6 ANSP. sum, lighter sides, pale stripe along wing angle; triangular in shape (top view), slightly overlapping at midline; 1.21 times as long as pronotum. Hindwings absent. 8. Velarifictorus burri (Chopard) Hind tibiae with long apical spurs (as in Eugryllodes burri Chopard 1961: 30. Holotype 6, Val- male); with 5 inner and 5 outer subapical ley of River Mu-Simoj, District of Moxico, Angola, spurs; ovipositor almost twice as long as 25 x 1927 (Dr. M. Burr). BM. Gryllopsis burri, Ran- hind femora. Body length 18.0 mm; hind dell 1964: 1572. Type examined. NEW COMBI- femur length 1 1.5 mm; ovipositor length ca. NATION. 20 mm. NOTES ON HOLOTYPE MALE. Figs. 3P, 5G, DISTRIBUTION. Known only from two lo- 6K, 8E. Body color brown to dark brown calities in Angola. on dorsum, yellow brown to ivory on ven- HABITAT. Not known. The long apical ter. Occiput with strong stripes. Holotype spurs of the hind tibiae and the long female with 79 file teeth; paratype with 80 teeth. ovipositor strongly suggest this species was Tympanum on outer face only. Head: dor- collected in sandy habitats. sum with 6 ivory stripes; an ivory stripe SONG. Not known.

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SPECIMENS. Holotype 6 BM. Paratype 6, same data as the Department of Zoology, University of holotype, PM. ANGOLA: Villa Luso, 1 xi 1927 (Dr. Witwatersrand; Dr. Richard Leakey and the M. Burr) 1 9 PM. National Museums of Kenya; Mark and Wendy Astrup and the Natal Parks Board; 9. Velarifictorus nigrithorax (Chopard) the Kruger National Park; Richard and Runi Scapsipedusnigrithorax Chopard 1961: 34. Holotype Estes and the Serengeti Research Institute, 6, Angola, West Africa (no date, no collector given) Tanzania. We are most thankful to Solveig, PM. Type examined. NEW COMBINATION. Ruth, and Carl Otte for their hospitality and NOTESON TYPE. Figs. 3B, 5H, 8F. A small for lending us their cars. (BL 13.5 mm) almost entirely blackish cricket. File with ca. 82 teeth. Tympanum LITERATURE CITED on outer face only. Head entirely blackish but with 6 faint brown stripes on occiput. CHOPARD,L. 1935 (1936). Contributions a 1'etude de Pronotum entirely blackish. Abdomen black la Faune du Mozambique. Voyage de M. P. Lesne on dorsum, dark brown on venter. Fore- (1928-1929). Orthopt&res Ensiferes. Mem. Mus. I, no. 85: 13-32. on apical area light zool. Univ. Coimbra, serie wings dark brown, veins 1938. On a collection of Gryllidae and Tri- brown; forewing length/pronotal length = dactylidae from Sierra Leone. Annals and Maga- 2.36; harp of upper wing has 3 veins, that zine of Natural History, London, ser. 11, 1: 49- on lower wing has 2 veins. Hindwings hid- 66. den, rudimentary. Legs blackish. Hind tib- 1954. Note on some southem African crickets. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Lon- iae with 5 inner and 5 outer subapical spurs. don, ser. 12, 7: 913-929. Cerci dark reddish brown. Body length 13.5 1961. Orthopteres. Gryllidae et Gryllacridi- mm; hind femur length 8.5 mm. dae l'Angola. Companhia de Diamantes de An- gola, Publicacoes Culturais 56: 15-69. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1967. Pars 10. Gryllides. In Orthopterorum Catalogus (M. Beier, ed.). W. Junk, s'Gravenhage. We are grateful to the following institu- OTTE, D. AND R. D. ALEXANDER. 1983. The Austra- tions and individuals for their assistance in lian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Academy of Natural Sciences Monograph 22: 1-477. this study possible: Nick Jago and making RANDELL, R. L. 1964. The male genitalia in Gryllinae Charles Dewhurst and the Desert Control (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. Ca- Organization of East Africa; Rob Toms and nadian Entomologist 96: 1565-1607.

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