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GAIA Composition, Formation and Evolution of Our Galaxy

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GAIA Composition, Formation and Evolution of Our Galaxy 2.5 Gerry Gilmore 1 The IoA Gaia team + Edinburgh, Leicester, MSSL, RAL, Italy, Spain Gaia Science case proposed vs today 3 GAIA Accuracies and our Galaxy 10 µas = 10% distances at 10 kpc 10 µas/yr = 1 km/sec at 20 kpc Sanna etal 2017 Science in press Gaia The goddess who came into being after Chaos and generated the starry sky (Hesiod, Theogony 116/117 and 126/127) a contrast to the unintelligible and generator of the explorable Gaia is transformational – the first 3-D galaxy precision distances and motions for 1 billion stars • Astrometry, photometry, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, Teff, log g, Av, [Fe/H], binarity, planets, periods for variables,… Launch 12/2013 The heart of Gaia is a large Work started ~1993 camera array, 1 giga-pixel, Project approved 2000 sending us a video of the Operations start 7/2014 sky for 5-9 years. 5-9.5 years data Project end 2026+ The imaging data is being Total cost 960M€ processed in Cambridge. Gaia data processing develops “Big Data” technologies and training Absolute astrometry One field gives only relative measures model dependency Two fields break the degeneracy allows absolute measurements. Combining data at the limits of accuracy is not trivial! Single field astrometry Two field astrometry8 Photometric processing at DPCI Cambridge Flux calibration Evans etal 1701.05873 05/06/2014 9 astrometric data reduction • 1013 individual position measurements • 1010 unknowns – based on physical models • all connected: must be determined simultaneously • a vast modelling and parameter adjustment problem • Iterative, self-calibrating, needs GR metric • 5000 million star unknowns (for simple stars) • 150 million attitude unknowns • 50+ million calibration unknowns • a few dozen “global” unknowns • DPAC involves 400 people • 6 processing centres Gaia records a pixel-flux at a measured time Need spacecraft position, attitude, velocity, structure … to convert time to sky coordinate Special, General Relativity are dominant terms 10 Gaia is a superb instrument with some real-world complexity • Scattered light – mitigated through optimising and mission extension, plus SIMBEL Heating cleans the mirrors • Ice on mirrors: heaters • Micro-clanks • Basic-angle variations • Amplitude (1mas) =1/10 He atom 11 The inverse of a parallax ... • Mean, median, mode, rms of a trigonometric distance – Consider a given true parallax p – Distance D=1/p [error distribution of 1/negative] • Recipe to avoid scientific trouble: – Always use forward modelling to measured parallaxes to fit higher-level unknown quantities – In other words: Do not use derived quantities like individual distances or absolute magnitudes to fit higher-level unknown quantities GAIA: Key Science Objectives • Structure and kinematics of our Galaxy: – shape and rotation of bulge, disk and halo – internal motions of star forming regions, clusters, etc – nature of spiral arms and the stellar warp – space motions of all Galactic satellite systems • Stellar populations: – physical characteristics of all Galactic components – initial mass function, binaries, chemical evolution – star formation histories • Tests of galaxy formation: – dynamical determination of dark matter distribution – reconstruction of merger and accretion history ⇒ Origin, Formation and Evolution of the Galaxy Stellar Astrophysics • Comprehensive luminosity calibration, for example: – distances to 1% for 18 million stars to 2.5 kpc – distances to 10% for 150 million stars to 25 kpc – rare stellar types and rapid evolutionary phases in large numbers – parallax calibration of all distance indicators e.g. Cepheids and RR Lyrae to LMC/SMC • Physical properties, for example: – clean Hertzsprung-Russell sequences throughout the Galaxy – solar neighbourhood mass function and luminosity function e.g. white dwarfs (~200,000) and brown dwarfs (~50,000) – initial mass and luminosity functions in star forming regions – luminosity function for pre main-sequence stars – detection and dating of the oldest (disk and halo) white dwarfs Pleiades NGC2547 Testing stellar evolution 17 Gaia plus Gaia-ESO: combining parallax and proper motion to clean CMDs Black: TGAS stars Blue: literature cluster members Randich etal Red: cleaned cluster members Gaia plus Gaia-ESO : combining parallax and proper motion to clean CMDs Comparing optimally-fit isochrones NGC2516: 5-sigma parallax shift, PARSEC (top) & MIST (lower) 80-120Myr age shift www.gaia-eso.eu Astrophysical complexity becomes evident in precise data Gamma velorum cluster is an anomaly: the central massive binary star is too massive for such a small cluster. NGC2547, 2deg away, shows Kinematic complexity gamma-vel 2nd population Sacco etal 2016 Jeffries etal 2016 Stellar evolution challenge: Li-age & CMD age disagree Astrophysical complexity becomes evident in precise data NGC2264 – a case study in complexity Variable extinction, age range Mass and age segregation www.gaia-eso.eu GAIA: Discoveries of Extra-Solar Planets • Large-scale detection and physical characterisation • 30,000- 70,000 giants to 150-200 pc e.g. 47 UMa: astrometric displacement 360 µas • complete census of all stellar types (P = 2-9 years) • masses, rather than lower limits (m sin i) • orbits for many (≈5000) systems • relative orbital inclinations for multiple systems • mass down to 10 MEarth to 10 pc Gaia is providing a survey of NEO-threat asteroids with orbits interior to Earth and improved orbits for many main-belt asteroids, with many masses, radii,… NEO/Atira Earth-crossing? Spectrophotometry classifies asteroids Track for Triton occultation 05/10/17 Occultation of a Gaia star by the ringed asteroid Chariklo, 22/6/17 Cepheids & RRLyrae Cepheids RR Lyrae 05/06/2014 24 Dark energy? Gaia image of stars in M33 Galaxies, Quasars, and the Reference Frame • Parallax distances, orbits, and internal dynamics of nearby galaxies • Galaxy survey, including large-scale structure • ~500,000 quasars: kinematic and photometric detection • ~100,000 supernovae • ΩM, ΩΛ from multiple quasar images (3500 to 21 mag) • Galactocentric acceleration: 0.2 nm/s2 ⇒ ∆(aberration) = 4 µas/yr • Globally accurate reference frame to ~0.4 µas/yr 1709.08975 1709.08976 Lensed quasar search Multiple Gaia detections: PG1115+080 QSO candidates from large-area surveys (SDSS + Pan-STARRS) Resolved by Gaia into multiple components = possible lenses Compare flux and positions HST SDSS between Gaia and SDSS Single Gaia detection: H1413+117 G = 17.22, Gsynth = 16.54 Gaia-SDSS offset = 0.53” Missing flux + shifting centroids of quasars = possible lenses HST SDSS Slide from Cameron Lemon 24 confirmed gravitationally lensed quasars 10 binary quasars Slide from Cameron Lemon z = 3.34 quasar with ~350 pc host galaxy Pan-STARRS gri Keck NIRC2 K-band PSFs+galaxies subtracted G2 D A G1 E B C 3 Gaia detections 5 quasar images quasar host galaxy 2 lensing galaxies stretched into an arc General Relativity/Metric • From positional displacements: – γ to 5×10-7 (cf. 10 -5 presently) ⇒ scalar-tensor theories – effect of Sun: 4 mas at 90o; Jovian limb: 17 mas; Earth: ~40 µas • From perihelion precession of minor planets: – β to 3×10-4 - 3×10-5 (×10-100 better than lunar laser ranging) -7 -8 – Solar J2 to 10 - 10 (cf. lunar libration and planetary motion) • From white dwarf cooling curves: – dG/dT to 10-12 - 10-13 per year (cf. PSR 1913+16 and solar structure) • Gravitational wave energy: 10-12 < f < 10-9 Hz • Microlensing: photometric (~1000) and astrometric (few) events • Cosmological shear and rotation (cf. VLBI) Gaia and Gravitational waves Polarization test of gravity GAIA Observatory: Early Science • Continuously throughout the mission: – broad-band photometry – medium-band photometry https://gaia.ac.uk – radial velocity spectroscopy => VARIABLES, INTERESTING OBJECTS, SOLAR SYSTEM SOURCES, SUPERNOVAE,… ⇒ A REAL-TIME VIDEO OF THE SKY at 0.1arcsec resolution... Gaia14aae, ASASSN-14cn Gaia EPSL Enrique de Miguel Campbell et al. 2015 Ma g Loiano Observatory min Gaia spectrophotometry 350 – 1020nm CU8: Delchambre 2017 arXiv:1709.09378 Gaia16aeg=ASASSN-15lv Very fast transits can be found – dM flares in this case “parasitic sources” from the 2nd FOV Wevers PhD thesis 2017 Stellar microlensing: about 20 events, incl Gaia16aye Standard events limit dark (BH) companions Get the GaiaAlerts smartphone App! Stellar microlensing: about 20 events, incl Gaia16aye DR1 Planetary Nebulae: increase in dynamic range, new physics? ionized mass–inverse size vs surface brightness surface brightness relation Blue points = literature, red = new Gaia DR1 data The Gaia Data Release 1 parallaxes and the distance scale of Galactic planetary nebulae LetiziaStanghelliniaBeatriceBucciarellibcMario G.LattanzibRobertoMorbidellib newast.2017.06.004 Local dark matter density: will Gaia make a difference? McKee etal 2015 Figure 2 from The local dark matter density J I Read 2014 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 41 063101 doi:10.1088/0954-3899/41/6/063101 Systematic large scale motions in the Galactic disks interior “breathing mode”, exterior “bending mode” Vr - Vphi Vr - Vz Vphi - Vz Typical parallax precision G=15 30 muas, G=18 150muas G=20 700muas Photometry limits <2mmag Radial velocity 400m/s 5<G<8 <2km/s to G=12 3-5 million stars Teff accuracy to 400K Luminosity to 15% www.gaia-eso.eu Radius to <5% 1.1 billion objects: calibrated brightness measurements accuracy better than predicted already Sgr 1 window (l,b)=(0,-2). 0.6deg, 2.8million stars Gaia DR2 colours The people behind Gaia Gaia Statistics @ 05-Oct-2017 13:15 UT during this talk Gaia measured ≈3,000,000 objects (…including 0.5M spectra, 6M photometry, 25M astrometry points) https://gaia.ac.uk get the app! http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia 46.
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