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B. Disraeli, Ed. W. Hutcheon, Whigs and Whiggism (1913), 359]; B Notes PI.tEFACE 1. D. H. Elletson, Maryannery (1959), 110, 123; 'Runnymede'letter to Lord Normanby, 11 Feb. 1837 [B. Disraeli, ed. W. Hutcheon, Whigs and Whiggism (1913), 359]; B. Disraeli, Coningsby (1844; 1948 ed.), 213, 105-6; K. Marx in New York Daily Tribune, 21 Aug.1852 [K. Marx, F. Engels, On Britain (Moscow, 1953), 355]. 2. J. W. Croker to J. C. Herries, 15 Aug. 1853 (Edward Herries, Memoir of the Public Life of the Right Hon. John Charles Berries (1880), ii. 279]. 3. G. Hardy's diary, 21 Feb. 1845 (A. E. Gathome-Hardy, Gathorne Hardy, FirstEarlofCranbrook, A Memoir (1910),i. 56-57]. 4. See W. R. Brock, Lord Liverpool and Liberal Toryism (Cambridge, 1941), and D. G. Southgate, The Most English Minister: The Policies and Politics ofPalmerston (1966), passim. 5. S. J. Reid, Life and Letters of the First Earl of Durham, 1792-1840 (1906), i. 235. 6. Graham to Lord Lyndhurst, 21 Aug., to Sir Henry Hardinge, 1 Sept., to Lord Wharncliffe, 2 Sept. 1842. 7. Graham to Kay-Shuttleworth, Aug. 1842 (Frank Smith, The Life and Work ofSir James Kay-Shuttleworth (1923), 139]. 8. R. H. Mottram, 'Town Life', in G. M. Young (ed.), Early Victorian England, 1830-1865 (Oxford, 1951 ), i. 196. 9. Graham to Croker, 11 Dec. 1844 (quoted in Norman Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, 1832-1852 (Oxford, 1965), 116n. 2]. 10. Gervas Huxley, Lady Elizabeth and the Grosvenors. Life in a Whig Family, 1822-1839 (Oxford, 1965), 98. 11. Mrs. Hardcastle, Life ofLord Campbell(1881), i. 467. 12. (Sir] Edward Baines, Letter to the Right Honourable Lord Wharn­ cliffe ..• on Sir James Graham's Bill .•. (1843), 9, and The Social, Educational and Religious State ofthe Manufacturing Districts . .. (1843), 11. 13. George W. Sandys, A Letter to the Right Honourable Sir James R. G. Graham . .. (1843), 3. 14. James C. Evans, Letter to Sir James Graham, Bart., on the Education Clauses ofthe Factory Bill (1843), 3. 15. Graham to Lord Granville Somerset, 17 Dec. 1886, and to Peel, 15 Nov. 1887. 314 Sir James Graham 16. Graham to Lord Macdonald, 3 Feb. 1832 (Bosville-Macdonald MSS. in the East Riding Record Office). CHAPTER 1 1. The following account is principally based on Graham's letters to his father, some of which are partially quoted in C. S. Parker, Life and Letters of Sir James Graham (1907), i. passim. 2. See C. D. Yonge, The Life of Arthur, Duke of Wellington (1891), 207-20; H. R. Clinton; The War in the Peninsula (1878), ch. 8; G. R. Gleig, The Life of Arthur, Duke of Wellington (1911 ed.), ch. 18; on Russell's visit, see G. W. E. Russell, Collections and Recollections (1903), 24-25. 3. SeeR. M. Johnston, 'Lord William Bentinck and Murat' (English Historical Review, xix. 74, April 1904); Mrs. F. Best, 'Lord William Bentinck in Sicily, 1811-12' (ibid., xlii. 167, July 1927); Elizabeth Wiskemann, 'Lord William Bentinck, Precursor of the Risorgimento' (Historg Todag, ii. 7, July 1952). 4. Henry Lonsdale, The Worthies of Cumberland, II: Sir J. R. G. Graham, Bart., of Netherbg (1868), 22 n.; T. M. Torrens, The Life and Times of the Rigid Honourable Sir James R. G. Graham (1863), i. 77-78. 5. Graham to Aberdeen, 26 Jan., Aberdeen to Graham, 18 Feb. 1814. 6. Graham to Bentinck, 7 March 1814. See John Rosselli, Lord William Bentinck and the British Occupation of Sicilg, 1811-1814 (Cambridge, 1956), 132-4, appendix B, ii. 7. Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 16; Parker, op. cit., i. 6. See Ford K. Brown, Fathers of the Victorians. The Age of Wilberforce (Cambridge, 1961), 282, 359,429, on Sir James's support of Evangelical societies. 8. H. Lonsdale, Worthies ... I: J. C. Curwen, William Blamire (1867), 209-11. 9. See Brian Bonsall, Sir James Lowther and Cumberland and West­ morland Elections, 1754-1775 (Manchester, 1960); A. S. Turberville, The House of Lords in the Age of Reform, 1784-1837 (1958), 247; R. S. Ferguson, The Cumberland and Westmorland M.P.s . 1660-1867 (1871), i. 126 et seq .. ; Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754-1790 (1964), i. 242-5. CHAPTER 2 I. The folloVIing account is mainly based on The Hull Advertiser and Exchange Gazette, 6, 13, 20,27 June, 4, 11, 18,25 July; The Rockingham and Hull Weeklg Advertiser, 27 June, 4 July 1818; A Copg ofthe Poll . .. in the Town of Ringston-upon-Hull (Hull, 1818). Benjamin Tate, a local printer, published most of the election literature in Kingston Wit, Humour and Satire. An Impartial Record of the Spirit ofPartg (Hull, 1818). A less accurate account is given in W. A. Gunnell, Sketches of Hull Celebrities (1876). On the 18th-century background, see Namier and Brooke, op. cit., i. 434-5. l'lotes 315 2. G. H. Jennings, An Anecdotal History of the British Parliament (1880 ed.), 252; Torrens, op. cit., i. 113-15. This period of Graham's political career is detailed in A. B. Erickson, The Political Career of Sir James Graham (Oxford, 1952), 34 et seq. 3. Arthur Aspinall (ed.), Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries (1952), 288-9. 4. Graham and Hobhouse were members of the Select Vestry of St. George's, Hanover Square, 'by far the best-governed parish in the Metropolitan area' [S. and B. Webb, The Parish and The County (1963 reprint), 241]. Hobhouse later thought Graham 'a reformer who will go all lengths with me' (Hobhouse to Place, 23 March 1830). 5. J. Hobson Matthews, The History ofthe Parishes ofSt. Ives, Lelant, Towednack and Zennor (1892), 358, 497, 503-4. See also Namier and Brooke, op. cit., i. 237-8, on the borough's previous history, and J. H. Philbin, Parliamentary Representation, 1832, England and Wales (New Haven, 1965), 34, on subsequent elections. 6. For an individual Whig's eye-witness account of the Queen's proceedings, see John Gore (ed.), Creevey (1949 reprint), 183-216. See also Frances Hawes, Henry Brougham (1957), 115-61. 7. Diary of John Lewis Mallet, quoted in Torrens, op. cit., i. 141; Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 28. 8. Matthews, op. cit., 359-60, 504. James Halse was elected Tory M.P .for the borough in 1826. g. Lonsdale, op. cit., i. 217-83; David Spring, The English Landed Estate in the Nineteenth Century: Its Administration (Baltimore, 1963), 165-7; D.N.B., ii (1908), 654-6. 10. Lonsdale, op. cit., iii. 201-92, 189-200; ii. 44-45. 11. Ferguson, op. cit., 190, 198-213; W. Parson, W. White, History, Directory and Gazetteer of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmorland •.. (Leeds, 1829), 126-7, 184; W. W. Bean, The Parliamentary Representation of the Six Northern Counties .•. (Hull, 1890), 34-35, 70-72; Namier and Brooke, op. cit., i. 245-8. 12. Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 75-88. See also S. and B. Webb, The Parish and The County (1963 reprint), 507, and Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes (1963 reprint), 385. CHAPTER g 1. John Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (1845 ed.), 448,697. 2. Torrens, op. cit., i. 1-25; Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 6 et seq.; Parker, op. cit., i. 2 et seq.; Burke, op. cit., 449-50; T. H. B. Graham, 'The Debatable Land' (Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, xiv. 143 et seq.). 3. The Gentlemarc's Magazine, LV. ii (Nov. 1785), 843-5; Torrens, op. cit., i. 25-33; Parson and White, op. cit., 45-56,432. 4. Ibid., 403-12, 431-2; William Dickinson, 'On the Farming of Cumberland' (Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, xiii, 316 Sir James Graham 1852); cf. J. Bailey, G. Culley, General View of the Agriculture qf the Ccunty of Cumberland (1794). 5. Torrens, op. cit., i. 148 et seq.; Dickinson, loc. cit.; Arvel B. Erickson, 'Sir James Graham, Agricultural Reformer' (Agricultural History, xxiv, 1950, 170-4); David Spring, 'A Great Agricultural Estate: Netherby under Sir James Graham, 1820-1845' (ibid., xxix, 1955,73-81); Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 29-30. 6. Parson and White, op. cit., 406; Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 16; Spring, 'Netherby', loc. cit.; William Vinard to Graham, 20 Dec. 1822. 7. Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 31, 34-35, 40; Torrens, op. cit., i. 154-8. See R. Trow-Smith, A History of British Livestock Husbandry, 1700-1900 (1959), 112-14; Lord Ernie, English Farming, Past and Present (1961 ed.), 180. 8. Erickson, Dickinson, loc. cit.; Lonsdale, op. cit., ii. 35-39; Parker, op. cit., i. 57-58; Sir J. R. G. Graham, 'On the Deanston Frequent Drain System' (Jour. R. Ag. Soc. ofEng., i, 1840). 9. Mrs. Elizabeth Sheldon, who had a life interest in the estate, was the widow of Graham's uncle Charles. Of Graham's sisters, Elizabeth Frances died in 1810, Elizabeth Anne married the Rev. William Waddi­ love in 1816, Caroline married Wilfrid Lawson in 1821, Harriet Anne married Frederick Madan in 1832 and Charlotte married Sir George Musgrave in 1828. 10. Sir J. R. G. Graham, Corn and Currency, in an Address to the Land Owners (1826), 10, 11,58-68,99 et seq., 113. 11. Quarterly Review, xxv (1826); Westminster Review, vi (1826); G. D. H. and M. Cole (eds.), Rural Rides ... By William Cobbett (1930), ii. 394-5,426-7,442-3,464,467. 12. Parliamentary Papers, 187 4, lxxii: 'Return of Owners of Land, 1873' [C. 1097: 1875], i: Cumberland section, 13; John Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (1879 ed.), 184; Parl. Papers, 1895, xvii: 'Royal Commission on Agriculture.
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