The Relativistic Quantum World

A lecture series on Relativity Theory and Quantum Mechanics

Marcel Merk

University of Maastricht, Sept 14 – Oct 12, 2017 The Relativistic Quantum World Sept 14: Lecture 1: The Principle of Relativity and the Speed of Light Lecture 2: Time Dilation and Lorentz Contraction Sept 21: Relativity Lecture 3: The Lorentz Transformation and Paradoxes Lecture 4: General Relativity and Gravitational Waves Sept 28: Lecture 5: The Early Quantum Theory Lecture 6: Feynman’s Double Slit Experiment Oct 5:

Quantum Mechanics Lecture 7: The Delayed Choice and Schrodinger’s Cat Lecture 8: Quantum Reality and the EPR Paradox Oct 12: Lecture 9: The Standard Model and Antimatter Model

Standard Lecture 10: The Large Hadron Collider

Lecture notes, written for this course, are available: www.nikhef.nl/~i93/Teaching/ Prerequisite for the course: High school level mathematics. Lecture 4

General Relativity and Gravitational Waves

“Do not worry about your difficulties in mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater.” -Albert Einstein Ehrenfest Paradox

Rotating disk with ruler on the edge: 2p r Circumference: C = 2 p r

Paul Ehrenfest Ehrenfest Paradox

Rotating disk with ruler on the edge: 2p r Circumference: C = 2 p r

Alice stands next to the disk and sees rulers on disk Lorentz contracted: C = 2 p r / g è Circumference is smaller!

Bob moves on the disk and sees rulers next to disk contracted: C = 2 p r・g è Circumference is larger!

A rotating object is not an inertial frame: • Postulate of relativity only worked for inertial frames • Need to adapt the postulates: special relativity à general relativity The Equivalence Principle 6 P. Coles 6 P. Coles

6 P. Coles 6 P. Coles

(Inertial Frame)

Einstein “happiest thought”: There is no way to determine whether you are standing on the earth or accelerating upwards in a rocket in space. Figure 1. Thought-experiment illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. Figure 1. Thought-experiment illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceiling of a Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceillift.ing of In a (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown- lift. In (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown-wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is in deep wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is space,in deep away from any sources of gravity, and is not accelerated; the space, away from any sources of gravity, and is not acceleratspringed; the does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational field,butthe spring does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational field,butthelift is accelerated upwards by a rocket; the spring is extended. The ac- lift is accelerated upwards by a rocket; the spring is extended.celeration The ac- in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitational force in celeration in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitational(a). force In in (d) the lift is freely-falling in a gravitational field, accelerating (a). In (d) the lift is freely-falling in a gravitationalFigure 1. fiel Thought-experimentd, acceleratingdownwards so noillustrating gravity is the felt equivalenc inside; theeprinciple. spring does not extend be- downwards so no gravity is felt inside; theAweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceil spring does not extendcause be- in this case the weight is weightless anding the of situation a is equivalent Figure 1. Thought-experiment illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. to (b). Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceilcause in this case the weight is weightless andlift.ing the of In situation a (a) theis lift equivalent is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown- to (b). wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is in deep lift. In (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown-space, away from any sources of gravity, and is not accelerated; the wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift isspringin deep does not(Einstein extend. 1915a,b). In (c) there What is no he gravitational had to find was field a,butthe set of laws that could deal with space, away(Einstein from any 1915a,b). sources of What gravity, he and had is to not find accelerat was alift seted; is of the accelerated laws thatany co upwardsuld form deal of withby accelerated a rocket; motion the spring and is any extend formed. of gravitational The ac- effect. To do this spring does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational fieldceleration,butthe in (c)he produces had to learn the same about eff sophisticatedect as the gravitation mathematicalal force technique in s, such as tensor any form of accelerated motion and any form of gravitational analysiseffect. To and do this Riemannian geometry, and to invent a formalism that was truly lift is acceleratedhe had upwards to learn by a about rocket; sophisticated the spring is extend mathematicaled.(a). The In ac- technique (d) thes, lift such is freely-falling as tensor in a gravitational field, accelerating celeration in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitationaldownwards force in sogeneral no gravity enough is felt to inside; describe the all spring possible does states not ex oftend motion. be- He got there in 1915, analysis and Riemannian geometry, and to invent a formalismandthat his was theory truly is embodied in the expression (a). In (d) thegeneral lift is enough freely-falling to describe in a gravitational all possible fiel statesd, accelerating ofcause motion. in this He casegot the there weight in 1915, is weightless and the situation is equivalent to (b). downwards soand no his gravity theory is felt is embodied inside; the in spring the expression does not extend be- 8πG G = T ;(4) cause in this case the weight is weightless and the situation is equivalent µν c4 µν to (b). 8πG(Einstein 1915a,b). What he had to find was a set of laws that could deal with Gµν = Tµν ;(4) c4any form of acceleratedthe entities motionG andand anyT formare tensors of gravitational defined witheffect. respect To do to this four-dimensional co- he had to learn aboutordinates sophisticatedxµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichde mathematical techniques, such as tensor scribes (Einstein 1915a,b).the What entities he hadG and to findT are was tensors a set of defined laws thatanalysis with could respect deal and with toRiemannian four-dimensionalthe curvature geometry, co- of space and toand invent the tensor a formalismT is thethat energy-momentum was truly tensor which describes the motion and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities any form of acceleratedordinates motionxµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichde and any form of gravitationalgeneraleffect. To enough do this to describe allscribes possible states of motion. He got there in 1915, he had to learn aboutthe curvature sophisticated of space mathematical and the tensor techniqueT isands, the such his energy-momentum theory as tensor is embodiedof the tensor general in which the theory expression of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- analysis and Riemanniandescribes geometry, the motion and and to properties invent a formalism of matter.that Understandi was trulyngthing the technicalities useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. general enough toof describe the general all possible theory statesof relativity of motion. is a truly He got daunting there in task, 1915,andWhile calculating the application any- 8π ofG Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe Gµν = Tµν ;(4) and his theory isthing embodied useful in using the expression the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. c4 While the application of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe 8πG the entities G and T are tensors defined with respect to four-dimensional co- Gµν = 4 Tµν ;(4)ordinates xµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichdescribes c the curvature of space and the tensor T is the energy-momentum tensor which the entities G and T are tensors defined with respect to four-dimensionaldescribes the motion co- and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities ordinates x .Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichdeof the generalscribes theory of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- µ thing useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. the curvature of space and the tensor T is the energy-momentumWhile tensor the application which of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe describes the motion and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities of the general theory of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- thing useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. While the application of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe The Equivalence Principle 6 P. Coles 6 P. Coles

6 P. Coles 6 P. Coles

(Inertial Frame)

There is no difference between acceleration force and gravitation. Figure 1. Thought-experiment illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. Figure 1. Thought-experimentGravitational mass = inertial mass illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceiling of a Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceillift.ing of In a (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown- lift. In (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown-wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is in deep wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is space,in deep away from any sources of gravity, and is not accelerated; the space, away from any sources of gravity, and is not acceleratspringed; the does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational field,butthe spring does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational field,butthelift is accelerated upwards by a rocket; the spring is extended. The ac- lift is accelerated upwards by a rocket; the spring is extended.celeration The ac- in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitational force in celeration in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitational(a). force In in (d) the lift is freely-falling in a gravitational field, accelerating (a). In (d) the lift is freely-falling in a gravitationalFigure 1. fiel Thought-experimentd, acceleratingdownwards so noillustrating gravity is the felt equivalenc inside; theeprinciple. spring does not extend be- downwards so no gravity is felt inside; theAweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceil spring does not extendcause be- in this case the weight is weightless anding the of situation a is equivalent Figure 1. Thought-experiment illustrating the equivalenceprinciple. to (b). Aweightisattachedtoaspring,whichisattachedtotheceilcause in this case the weight is weightless andlift.ing the of In situation a (a) theis lift equivalent is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown- to (b). wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift is in deep lift. In (a) the lift is stationary, but a gravitational forceactsdown-space, away from any sources of gravity, and is not accelerated; the wards; the spring is extended by the weight. In (b) the lift isspringin deep does not(Einstein extend. 1915a,b). In (c) there What is no he gravitational had to find was field a,butthe set of laws that could deal with space, away(Einstein from any 1915a,b). sources of What gravity, he and had is to not find accelerat was alift seted; is of the accelerated laws thatany co upwardsuld form deal of withby accelerated a rocket; motion the spring and is any extend formed. of gravitational The ac- effect. To do this spring does not extend. In (c) there is no gravitational fieldceleration,butthe in (c)he produces had to learn the same about eff sophisticatedect as the gravitation mathematicalal force technique in s, such as tensor any form of accelerated motion and any form of gravitational analysiseffect. To and do this Riemannian geometry, and to invent a formalism that was truly lift is acceleratedhe had upwards to learn by a about rocket; sophisticated the spring is extend mathematicaled.(a). The In ac- technique (d) thes, lift such is freely-falling as tensor in a gravitational field, accelerating celeration in (c) produces the same effect as the gravitationaldownwards force in sogeneral no gravity enough is felt to inside; describe the all spring possible does states not ex oftend motion. be- He got there in 1915, analysis and Riemannian geometry, and to invent a formalismandthat his was theory truly is embodied in the expression (a). In (d) thegeneral lift is enough freely-falling to describe in a gravitational all possible fiel statesd, accelerating ofcause motion. in this He casegot the there weight in 1915, is weightless and the situation is equivalent to (b). downwards soand no his gravity theory is felt is embodied inside; the in spring the expression does not extend be- 8πG G = T ;(4) cause in this case the weight is weightless and the situation is equivalent µν c4 µν to (b). 8πG(Einstein 1915a,b). What he had to find was a set of laws that could deal with Gµν = Tµν ;(4) c4any form of acceleratedthe entities motionG andand anyT formare tensors of gravitational defined witheffect. respect To do to this four-dimensional co- he had to learn aboutordinates sophisticatedxµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichde mathematical techniques, such as tensor scribes (Einstein 1915a,b).the What entities he hadG and to findT are was tensors a set of defined laws thatanalysis with could respect deal and with toRiemannian four-dimensionalthe curvature geometry, co- of space and toand invent the tensor a formalismT is thethat energy-momentum was truly tensor which describes the motion and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities any form of acceleratedordinates motionxµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichde and any form of gravitationalgeneraleffect. To enough do this to describe allscribes possible states of motion. He got there in 1915, he had to learn aboutthe curvature sophisticated of space mathematical and the tensor techniqueT isands, the such his energy-momentum theory as tensor is embodiedof the tensor general in which the theory expression of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- analysis and Riemanniandescribes geometry, the motion and and to properties invent a formalism of matter.that Understandi was trulyngthing the technicalities useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. general enough toof describe the general all possible theory statesof relativity of motion. is a truly He got daunting there in task, 1915,andWhile calculating the application any- 8π ofG Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe Gµν = Tµν ;(4) and his theory isthing embodied useful in using the expression the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. c4 While the application of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe 8πG the entities G and T are tensors defined with respect to four-dimensional co- Gµν = 4 Tµν ;(4)ordinates xµ.Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichdescribes c the curvature of space and the tensor T is the energy-momentum tensor which the entities G and T are tensors defined with respect to four-dimensionaldescribes the motion co- and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities ordinates x .Theright-hand-sidecontainstheEinsteintensorwhichdeof the generalscribes theory of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- µ thing useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. the curvature of space and the tensor T is the energy-momentumWhile tensor the application which of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe describes the motion and properties of matter. Understanding the technicalities of the general theory of relativity is a truly daunting task, and calculating any- thing useful using the full theory is beyond all but the most dedicated specialists. While the application of Newton’s theory of gravity requiresoneequationtobe The Eötvös Experiment

Direction of gravity and Small (m1) and big (m2) mass on Centrifugal force on earth a rod suspended by a thin fiber

Loránd Eötvös

Gravity force G depends on Newton’s law of gravity: gravitational mass Centrifugal force F depends on Newton’s law of motion inertial mass: inertial mass

The system did not rotate. è F1/F2 = G1/G2 èExperimental proof that indeed gravitational mass is equivalent to inertial mass. 8 P. Coles

than simply as where the tangible things are not. Einstein always tried to avoid dealing with entities such as ’space’ whose category of existence was unclear. He preferred to reason instead about what an observer could actually measure with a given experiment.

8 8 P. ColesP. Coles than simplythan simply as where as where the tangible the tangible things things are not. are Einstein not. Einstein always al triedways to tried avoid to avoid dealingdealing with entities with entities such as such ’space’ as ’space’ whose whose category category of existence of exis wastence unclear. was unclear. He He preferredpreferred to reason to reason instead instead about about what an what observer an observer could act couldually act measureually measure with with a givena given experiment. experiment. Bending of light Consequence if acceleration and gravity are identical:

A B

Outside view Inside view Gravity view

A: Lightbeam in accelerating rocket B: Lightbeam in gravitational field Figure 2. The bending of light. In (a), our lift is accelerating up- wards,Prediction of Einstein: light beam bends under gravity! as in Figure 1(c). Viewed from outside, a laser beam follows a straight line. In (b), viewed inside the lift, the light beam appears to curve downwards. The effect in a stationary lift situated in a gravita- tional field is the same, as we see in (c).

Following this lead, we can ask what kind of path light rays follow accord- FigureFigure 2. The 2. bending Theing bending ofto light. the of general light. In (a), In theory our (a), lift our of is relativity. accelerati lift is accelerating In up- Euclideanng up- geometry, light travels on wards,wards, as in Figure as in Figure 1(c).straight Viewed 1(c). lines. Viewed from We outside, from can outside, atake laser the a beam laser straightness fo beamllows fo allows of light a paths tomeanessentially straightstraight line. In line. (b), In viewedthe (b), same viewed inside thing inside the as lift, the the the lift,flatness light the beam light of space.appears beam Inappears to special to relativity,lightalsotravelson curvecurve downwards. downwards. Thestraight eff Theect in eff lines,ect a stationary in so a stationary space lift is situated flat lift in situated this in a gravita- view in a ofgravita- the world too. But remember that tionaltional field is field the is same, thethe same, as general we see as we in theory (c). see in (c). applies to accelerated motion, or motion in the presence of gravitational effects. What happens to light in this case? Letusgobacktothe FollowingFollowing this lead, this we lead,thought can we ask can experiment what ask kind what of kind involving path of light path the rays light lift. follow rays Instead accord- follow of accord- a spring with a weight on the ing toing the to general the general theory theory ofend, relativity. the of relativity. lift In is Euclidean now In equipped Euclidean geomet with geometry, light ary, laser travels light beam travels on that on shines fromsidetoside. straightstraight lines. lines. We can We take can the take straightness the straightness of light of paths light t pathsomeanessentially tomeanessentially the same thing as the flatnessThe of lift space. is in In deep special space, relativity far from,lightalsotravelson any sources of gravity. If the lift is stationary, the same thing as the flatness of space. In special relativity,lightalsotravelson straight lines, so space is flator in moving this view with of the constant world too. velocity, But remember then the that light beam hits thesideofthelift straight lines, so space is flat in this view of the world too. But remember that the general theory appliesexactly to accelerated opposite motion, to the or laser motion devicein the that presence produces of it. This isthepredictionof the general theory applies to accelerated motion, or motion in the presence of gravitational effects. Whatthe happens special to light theory in this of relativity. case? Letusgobacktothe But now imagine the lift hasarocketwhich gravitational effects. What happens to light in this case? Letusgobacktothe thought experiment involvingswitches the lift. on Instead and accelerates of a spring it with upwards. a weight An on observerthe outside the lift who is at thought experiment involving the lift. Instead of a spring with a weight on the end, the lift is now equipped with a laser beam that shines fromsidetoside. end, the lift is now equipped with a laser beam that shines fromsidetoside. The lift is in deep space, far from any sources of gravity. If the lift is stationary, The lift is in deep space, far from any sources of gravity. If the lift is stationary, or moving with constant velocity, then the light beam hits thesideofthelift exactlyor opposite moving withto the constant laser device velocity, that then produces the light it. This beam isthepredictionof hits thesideofthelift the specialexactly theory opposite of relativity. to the laser But device now thatimagine produces the lift it. ha Thissarocketwhich isthepredictionof switchesthe on special and accelerates theory of relativity. it upwards. But An now observer imagine outside thethe lift lift hasarocketwhich who is at switches on and accelerates it upwards. An observer outside the lift who is at Klopt het?

‣ Expeditie in 1919 naar totale zonsverduistering (Principe eiland, ter hoogte West-Africa) Bending of light in gravitation field of the Sun

Confirmed during solar eclipse on Light wants to go straight but space is curved! November 10 1919!

Einstein’s thought experiment

Particle with mass m falling from tower:

E = mc2 E = hf m ) From quantum mechanics we know: Energy of light is related to frequency (and wavelength): E = hf = hc/

h hf 0 >hf ?? èNo! Photon loses energy as it travels up the gravitational field!

2 1 2 2 E0 = mc + mv = mc + mgh 2 2 2 = mc 1+gh/c E0 = hf 0 ) The Harvard Tower Experiment

Harvard Tower Experiment (Pound-Rebka) at Jefferson lab in Harvard: Measure red-shift of photons in earth gravitational field.

2 h = 22.5 m Df/f = DE/E = gh/c = 2.5 x 10-15 as expected! Gravitational Time Dilation The photon loses energy as it climbs the gravitational field.

èTime ticks faster at higher altitude. Accelerating Rocket

From special relativity we know that space contracts at high velocity

velocity : 0

2 2 2 v v v3 l 1 1 l 1 2 l 1 l s c2 · s c2 · s c2 ·

Space is seen to shrink further and further with increasing velocity!

v2 1/ = 1 s c2 Free falling object Falling apple: Compare an to mM Newton’s accelerating rocket: Epot = G R Constant G

Ekin = Epot l 1 mM mv2 = G 2 R

GM v2 =2 R

l0 v2 GM 1 = 1 2 2 2 s c r Rc Lorentz factor

Space shrinkage (“curvature”): GM l0 = 1 2 l 2 r Rc · Space-Time curvature

A falling apple accelerates and units of An apple falls into the gravitational space get more and more contracted: field and time runs slower and slower:

l t

Space Time

l0 t0

1 GM t0 = t = t l0 =1/ l = 1 2 l · GM · · Rc2 · 1 2 r Rc2 q Space contracts near mass and Time slows near mass and dilates away from it. Speeds up away from it.

Space-time is curved in the presence of mass Mass causes curvature in space-time Relativity and GPS

Two effects: ・Time speeds up at the satellite in comparison to earth surface due to gravity ・Time slows down at the satellite due to high velocity compared to person on earth

è Clocks in satellite and on earth de-synchronize with ~ 40 msec per day! Black Hole

Gravitational time slowdown near a star with mass M:

2GM t0 = t 1 2 r Rc Schwarzschild radius: 2GM R Rs = c2

Rs t0 = t 1 r R Black Hole

Gravitational time slowdown near a star with mass M:

2GM t0 = t 1 2 r Rc Schwarzschild radius: 2GM R Rs = s c2

Rs t0 = t 1 r R

Time stand-still:

if R = Rs then t0 =0 (Time stands still at the horizon of a black-hole)

Example our Sun: G = 6.67 x 10-11 m3/kg s2 (Newton’s gravitation constant) 30 Msun = 2 x 10 kg è Rs = 3 km for a black hole. Black hole requires ~ 3 x Msun What is a black hole?

Purely curved space-time! Space-time curvatureWhat is a black hole? itself has energy, and can curve space and time!

2/25/16 KNAW 4 What happens when black holes meet? Electric vs Gravitational Fields Electric field of positive and negative charged particle:

Gravitational field of the earth: 1 qQ F = qE = e 2 4⇡"0 r mM Fg = mg = G R2

Einstein spent most of his life looking for a unified theory of electromagnetism and general relativity. Waves and Radiation

Electromagnetic waves: Caused by accelerating electric particles – electrons, eg.: radio-emission

Maxwell equations:

µ⌫ 4⇡ ⌫ @µF = J c

E and B fields Electric charge and currents Gravitational Waves: Caused by moving masses. Requires very heavy masses àblack holes. (Einstein thought these couldn’t be observed)

Einstein equations: 8⇡G Gµ⌫ + ⇤gµ⌫ = T µ⌫ c4

Space-time fields Mass and mass-flow Electromagnetic and Gravitational Waves Electromagnetic wave

Electromagnetic wave: Changing electric and magnetic Gravitational wave field propagating through space. Caused by moving (accelerating!) electric charges.

Gravitational wave: Changing space-time field. Caused by moving (accelerating!) y masses.

x Remember the interferometer! Detection of Gravitational Waves Which precision is needed?

Seismic

proton

Laseratom Beamsplitter Mirror Laser noise Radiation (f,P) hair Pressure noise

Interference Photodetector Current Facilities Two merging black holes Two massive colliding/merging black holes: B.H.1 = 36 x mass of the sun B.H.2 = 29 x mass of the sun New BH: 62 solar masses Distance: 1.3 billion lightyears

Relative change of space (strain) 0.00000000000000000001%

Rotation speed increasing to half the light speed!

More energy emitted in grav waves than the visible light of all stars in the universe! Ligo Hanford and Livingston

Consistent signals seen in the Washington and Louisiana detectors! (GW150914)

observation observation

Expectation GR Expectation GR Numerical relativity simulation for GW150914 Parameters measured by matching millions of trial waveforms in 15-dimensional parameter space The Virgo Experiment in Pisa Ultrahigh Vacuüm

• Largest vacuüm vessel in Europe • Pressure ~ 10-10 mbar Seismic dampingsystem – made @Nikhef Seismic Damping Table Input mode cleaner end mirror Example #1: advanced optical systems

Beam splitter Example #2: Cavity control Einstein Telescope Een “observatorium” voor zwaartekrachtsgolvenPossible future facility van 2 Hz tot 10 kHz … Possible future facility… Einstein Telescope The next gravitational wave observatory Possible future facility… Einstein Telescope The next gravitational wave observatory Fundamental Black hole physics Wat happens at the edge of a black hole (quantum effects)? Is Einstein’s theory still valid under these extreme conditions? Einstein Telescope: het vroegeLooking into the Big Bang heelal Wat is de motor van de Big Bang? Zwaartekrachtsgolven kunnenWhat happened the first moments of the Big Bang? ontsnappen uit het allervroegste moment van de Big Bang Search for gravitational waves originating from the very first moment!

Inflatie Neutrino’s (Big Bang plus 1 seconde 10-34 seconden)

Licht Big Bang plus 380.000 jaar Nu zwaartekrachtsgolven

Big Bang plus 14 miljard jaar Next Lecture Quantum mechanics developed by Bohr and Heisenberg leads to ”absurd” thought experiments of Feynman and Wheeler. Einstein and Schrödinger did not like it. Even today people are debating its interpretation….

Richard Feynman • Some extra slides… Einstein Quotes

• “Imagination is more important than knowledge”

• “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned at school.”

• “I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiots.”

• “A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.” Gravitatie golven Detectie methode (dutch) The Gravitational Wave Spectrum