Nanostructures De Titanate De Baryum: Modélisation,Simulations
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Exploratory Modelling and the Case of Turing Patterns
to appear in: Christian, A., Hommen, D., Retzlaff, N., Schurz, G. (Eds.): Philosophy of Science. Between the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities, New York: Springer 2018. Models in Search of Targets: Exploratory Modelling and the Case of Turing Patterns Axel Gelfert Department of Philosophy, Literature, History of Science & Technology Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin email: [email protected] Abstract Traditional frameworks for evaluating scientific models have tended to downplay their exploratory function; instead they emphasize how models are inherently intended for specific phenomena and are to be judged by their ability to predict, reproduce, or explain empirical observations. By contrast, this paper argues that exploration should stand alongside explanation, prediction, and representation as a core function of scientific models. Thus, models often serve as starting points for future inquiry, as proofs of principle, as sources of potential explanations, and as a tool for reassessing the suitability of the target system (and sometimes of whole research agendas). This is illustrated by a case study of the varied career of reaction- diffusion models in the study of biological pattern formation, which was initiated by Alan Turing in a classic 1952 paper. Initially regarded as mathematically elegant, but biologically irrelevant, demonstrations of how, in principle, spontaneous pattern formation could occur in an organism, such Turing models have only recently rebounded, thanks to advances in experimental techniques and computational methods. The long-delayed vindication of Turing’s initial model, it is argued, is best explained by recognizing it as an exploratory tool (rather than as a purported representation of an actual target system). -
Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: a Historical Perspective
Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: A Historical Perspective Bonni J. Kealy* and David J. Wollkind Washington State University Department of Mathematics Pullman, WA 99164-3113 Joint Mathematics Meetings AMS-ALS Special Session on the Life and Legacy of Alan Turing January 2012 Bonni J. Kealy* and David J. Wollkind Washington State University Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: A Historical Perspective Alan Turing Born Alan Mathison Turing 23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41) Wilmslow, Chesire, England Figure: Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society Bonni J. Kealy* and David J. Wollkind Washington State University Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: A Historical Perspective Alan Turing: World Class Distance Runner Alan Turing achieved world-class Marathon standards. His best time of 2 hours, 46 minutes, 3 seconds, was only 11 minutes slower than the winner in the 1948 Olympic Games. In a 1948 cross-country race he finished ahead of Tom Richards who was to win the silver medal in the Olympics. Figure: From The Times, 25 August 1947 Figure: Running in 1946 Bonni J. Kealy* and David J. Wollkind Washington State University Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: A Historical Perspective Paper: The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis Figure: An example of a `dappled' Figure: Philosophical Transactions of pattern as resulting from a type (a) the Royal Society of London. Series B, morphogen system. A marker of unit Biological Sciences, Vol. 237, No. 641. length is shown. (Aug. 14, 1952), pp. 37-72. Bonni J. Kealy* and David J. Wollkind Washington State University Vegetative Turing Pattern Formation: A Historical Perspective Examples Bonni J. -
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing Alan Turing Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society. Born Alan Mathison Turing 23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England, United Kingdom Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom Residence United Kingdom Nationality British Fields Mathematics, Cryptanalysis, Computer science Institutions University of Cambridge Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory University of Manchester Alma mater King's College, Cambridge Princeton University Doctoral advisor Alonzo Church Doctoral students Robin Gandy Known for Halting problem Turing machine Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Automatic Computing Engine Turing Award Turing test Turing patterns Notable awards Officer of the Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.[1][2][3] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.[4] During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. -