Nanostructures De Titanate De Baryum: Modélisation,Simulations

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Nanostructures De Titanate De Baryum: Modélisation,Simulations Nanostructures de titanate de Baryum : modélisation,simulations numériques et étude expérimentale. Gentien Thorner To cite this version: Gentien Thorner. Nanostructures de titanate de Baryum : modélisation,simulations numériques et étude expérimentale.. Autre. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. Français. NNT : 2016SACLC093. tel-01427275 HAL Id: tel-01427275 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01427275 Submitted on 5 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLC093 THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SACLAY PRÉPARÉE À “CENTRALESUPÉLEC” ECOLE DOCTORALE N° (573) Interfaces : approches interdisciplinaires, fondements, applications et innovation Physique Par Monsieur Gentien Thorner BARIUM TITANATE NANOSTRUCTURES: modeling, numerical simulations and experiments Thèse présentée et soutenue à Châtenay-Malabry, le 28 novembre 2016: Composition du Jury : Philippe Papet Professeur, Université de Montpellier Président Laurent Bellaiche Professeur, Université d'Arkansas Rapporteur Gregory Geneste Ingénieur de Recherche, CEA Rapporteur Christine Bogicevic Ingénieur de Recherche, CentraleSupélec Examinatrice Jean-Michel Kiat Directeur de Recherche, CentraleSupélec Directeur de thèse 3 Remerciements À un moment relativement crucial d’une thèse, quelques pensées iraient tout d’abord vers son directeur Jean-Michel Kiat pour un soutien indéfectible pendant une période s’étalant d’un premier contact lors d’un stage de recherche en deux mille dix jusqu’à la soutenance en deux mille seize. Les rapporteurs qu’ont été le professeur Laurent Bellaiche et le docteur Grégory Geneste méritent une profonde gratitude pour avoir accepté de rÃl’aliser ce travail au même titre que le professeur Philippe Papet qui a bien voulu présider le jury. Au sein du laboratoire, la talentueuse encadrante de la partie chimie Christine Bogicevic et sa collaboratrice Fabienne Karolak ont toutes deux été d’une aide significative. Sans vouloir pré- tendre atteindre une quelconque exhaustivité, le directeur de l’unité Guilhem Dezanneau mérite un remerciement pour sa gestion du laboratoire, de même que le professeur Igor Kornev pour la fourniture des codes de simulations de Monte-Carlo accompagnée de précieuses recommanda- tions quant à leur utilisation. Une mission d’enseignement relativement ambitieuse fut proposée par l’inventif professeur Jean-Michel Gillet. Côtoyer les chercheurs de l’axe de recherche ferroélectriques dont Brahim Dkhil, Pierre-Eymeric Janolin et Ingrid Canero permit de recevoir leurs conseils avisés et de partager leur bonne humeur communicative. Retrouver en salle de détente les professeurs Michel Jouan et Pierre Becker, Nico- las Guiblin, Camille Exare et Sandrine Geiger, ainsi que Thierry Martin, Gilles Boemare et Xavier Bril était toujours un moment agréable. Des clichés de Microscopie Électronique respectivement à Balayage et à Transmission n’auraient pu être pris sans la patience de Françoise Garnier et Paul Haghi-Ashtiani. Les tâches administratives furent conduites aux côtés des très efficaces Christine Vinée-Jacquin et Pascale Salvini tandis que plusieurs articles furent fournis par Claire Roussel. Mention doit être faite de l’aide significative apportée par Suzanne Thuron et Catherine Lhopital au niveau de l’école doctorale. Impossible d’oublier tous les doctorants croisés pendant ces années passées au sein du labora- toire mais difficile d’en dresser une liste complète: que Mickaël, Sergei, Yousra, Romain, Charlotte, Anastasia, Bertrand, Charles, Fabien, Cintia, Désirée, Halyna, Xiaofei et Yang soient, entre autres, remerciés pour de bons moments passés en commun. Être associé à l’encadrement du parcours Centrale Recherche de Jordan fut un plaisir et permit d’avancer plus rapidement sur une modéli- sation de cubes creux. Hors du laboratoire, je tiens Ã˘aremercier Julien pour un conseil de template facilitant la ré- daction. Quelques mots ne sauraient décrire toute la gratitude dûe à chaque membre d’une famille ayant su porter assistance chaque fois que cela semblait nécessaire. Que mère, père, grand-mère, grand-père, sœur, oncle et tante, cousin, cousine et oubliés de cette trop courte liste en soient tous remerciés. 5 Contents Remerciements 3 1 About numerical simulations of ferroelectrics 15 1.1 Mathematical reminders................................... 15 1.1.1 Taylor expansion................................... 16 1.1.2 About tensors..................................... 16 1.2 Ferroelectric crystals..................................... 18 1.2.1 A history of ferroelectricity............................. 18 1.2.2 Introduction to bulk crystals and perovskites................... 19 1.3 Second principles simulations of ferroelectrics...................... 29 1.3.1 Ab initio methods.................................. 29 1.3.2 Effective Hamiltonian construction......................... 31 1.3.3 Boundary conditions................................. 35 1.3.4 About order parameters evidenced in ferroics numerical simulations..... 41 1.4 Conclusion........................................... 48 2 Syntheses of Barium Titanate nanospheres, nanocubes and nanotori 51 2.1 Syntheses and characterization............................... 52 2.1.1 Solvothermal methods................................ 52 2.1.2 Electron Microscopy................................. 53 2.1.3 X-Ray diffraction................................... 53 2.2 Synthesis steps......................................... 54 2.2.1 Precursor syntheses................................. 54 2.2.2 Ion-exchange..................................... 56 2.3 Conclusion........................................... 63 3 Morphogenesis mechanisms 65 3.1 Nanospheres.......................................... 65 3.2 Nanotori............................................ 66 3.3 Nanospheres and nanotori.................................. 71 3.4 Nanocubes........................................... 73 3.5 Conclusion........................................... 76 4 Towards more complex order parameters in inhomogeneous materials 79 4.1 Description of charge distributions............................. 79 4.1.1 Multipolar expansion................................ 80 4.1.2 Rearranging into sets of terms stable versus rotations.............. 81 4.2 Electrostatic interaction in inhomogeneous background permittivity......... 83 4.2.1 Inhomogeneous permittivity without periodic boundary conditions..... 84 4.2.2 Inhomogeneous permittivity with periodic boundary conditions....... 85 4.3 Conclusion........................................... 86 6 5 Hollow nanocubes 87 5.1 General Barium Titanate simulations............................ 88 5.1.1 First-principles derived original parameters................... 88 5.1.2 Monte-Carlo evolution................................ 89 5.1.3 Hollow dot...................................... 90 5.2 Simulations under extreme boundary conditions..................... 91 5.2.1 First-principles derived parameters........................ 91 5.2.2 Case of a solid cube under short-circuit boundary condition.......... 92 5.2.3 Case of a solid cube under open-circuit boundary condition.......... 95 5.2.4 Case of a hollow cube under short-circuit boundary condition......... 98 5.2.5 Case of a hollow cube under open-circuit boundary condition......... 101 5.3 Simulations around a critical depolarizing field...................... 103 5.3.1 Case of a solid cube.................................. 103 5.3.2 Case of hollow cubes................................. 105 5.4 Conclusion........................................... 106 6 Nanotori 109 6.1 Considered shapes...................................... 109 6.1.1 Torus construction.................................. 110 6.1.2 Electrical boundary conditions........................... 111 6.1.3 Local polarization representation.......................... 111 6.2 Geometry-dependent transitions.............................. 111 6.2.1 Torus having small minor to major radius ratio.................. 112 6.2.2 Torus having close minor and major radius.................... 114 6.2.3 Intermediate major to minor torus radius ratio.................. 116 6.3 Beyond toroidal moment................................... 118 6.3.1 Another charge moment............................... 118 6.3.2 Geometry-dependent temperature behavior................... 120 6.3.3 Electric field cycling................................. 122 6.4 Conclusion........................................... 124 Conclusion and prospects 125 7 Summary in french 131 Bibliography 137 7 “It is nice to know that the computer understands the problem. But I would like to understand it too.” Eugene Wigner 9 À ma mère . 11 General introduction NERGY separates animals from mankind since the latter was able to release heat by igniting E fires and effectively rearranging chemical bonds of reagants into stabler products. Electricity triggered an industrial revolution due to the possibility of separating power plants from energy consumption sites. In materials, conductivity is the physical quantity that varies the most, ranging
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