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INTERCULTURALISM at the CROSSROADS Comparative Perspectives on Concepts, Policies and Practices UNESCO Publishing INTERCULTURALISM AT THE CROSSROADS Comparative perspectives on concepts, policies and practices Edited by Fethi Mansouri UNESCO Publishing INTERCULTURALISM AT THE CROSSROADS Comparative perspectives on concepts, policies and practices Edited by Fethi Mansouri Coordinator of the UNITWIN Network on Interreligious Dialogue for Intercultural Understanding Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Published in 2017 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2017 ISBN: 978-92-3-100218-2 EAN: 9789231002182 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (www.unesco.org/open- access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. This publication is produced under the direction of Nada Al-Nashif, Assistant Director-General, Social and Human Sciences Sector, UNESCO and coordinated by the Intercultural Dialogue section (contact: [email protected]). Recommended citation: Mansouri, F. (ed.) 2017. Interculturalism at the Crossroads, Comparative Perspectives on Concepts, Policies and Practices. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Cover design : A. Mazoyer/Atelier intégral Ruedi Baur/UNESCO CLD 1060.17 Foreword With the globalization process, the world has been offering a myriad of opportunities, in particular to young people. Opportunities to meet with each other, to travel, exchange ideas, discover other cultures and backgrounds enrich from the differences. People today live closer together than ever before in the history of humankind, but at the same time, this fact does not mean there is more understanding. Societies and cities are increasingly more diverse, but many challenges, such as intolerance, prejudice and misunderstanding, social fragmentation, violent extremism, remain rife. All of this undoubtedly raises new questions. Questions about the meaning of ‘progress’, about the foundations for peace and sustainability, for interculturalism and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Most fundamentally, how can we accompany all countries in building a true and lasting rapprochement of cultures? In this context, sustainability, the promotion of cultural diversity, of intercultural dialogue, are not a matter for governments alone, but for all segments of society, including universities, civil society and the private sector. Sustainability has deeper roots than financial and economic assets. It is about respecting cultural diversity, fostering equal opportunities and learning to live together. It is about building on the experience of the past for a better future. It is about adapting to local needs and contexts. This is UNESCO’s message today, and it has been at the heart of our mandate since 1945. More than ever, we must indeed strengthen the values we share and recognise the destiny we hold in common. This is not a ‘clash of civilizations’. This is a clash between those who do not believe that we can live together, and those who believe that we can. We need stronger media literacy and freedom of expression, to ensure every woman and man can reject messages of hatred. We need a new focus on young people, on education for peace, for global citizenship, because young women and men are architects for the future we want for all. This is why safeguarding culture is far more than a cultural issue today – this is about peace-building. Cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue are not a threat. They are an asset. Advocating for a soft power, based on the resources of culture, education, the sciences, communication and information, UNESCO, as a laboratory 3 of ideas, has a unique mandate in the United Nations. The Organization has been assigned with the role of lead agency within the UN system for the International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022). UNESCO has been relentlessly advocating for the respect of cultural diversity and the clarification of concepts. UNESCO, thanks to its research networks, has spared no effort to demonstrate the reality of mutual enrichment and cultural overlapping throughout the history of humanity. Preventing conflicts means investing in capacity and institution building, and helping governments to address the needs of their citizens and to respect their rights. The mobilization of worldwide research networks, and notably the UNESCO Chairs/UNITWIN networks, reaffirms their role in the democratic organization of society and the promotion and recognition of diversity. This academic compendium, the fruit of collaboration between UNESCO and the ‘UNITWIN Network on Interreligious Dialogue for Intercultural Understanding’, presents the current state of affairs with regard to the interpretation and application of intercultural dialogue in different contexts and parts of the world. The articles in it also seek to highlight today’s challenges in the field of intercultural dialogue, while proposing a set of innovative recommendations, including to UNESCO. Through this critical perspective of the appropriation and interpretation of intercultural dialogue within policies and practices, it is argued that, as the Charter of the United Nations told us more than 70 years ago, human dignity and dialogue are central to peace and development. Today, this vision must be at the core of all efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 16 within the frame of a new UN Peace Architecture. I would add that culture, and the protection of cultural heritage as a shared memory, must be integrated in all peace-building efforts. In this spirit, it is my sincere hope that this opus will be a worthy contribution to one of the most topical questions: how to generate a genuine dialogue based on equity in today’s increasingly diverse and complex societies? Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO Contents Foreword 3 — Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO List of contributors 7 Introduction: the conceptual conundrum around intercultural dialogue 13 — Fethi Mansouri I. Theoretical explorations into intercultural dialogue 23 1. Conceptualizing intercultural understanding within international contexts: challenges and possibilities for education 25 — Fethi Mansouri and Ruth Arber 2. Conceptualizing intercultural understanding within international contexts 47 — Steven Shankman 3. Dialogue, conflict and transformation: concepts and context 65 — Mike Hardy and Serena Hussain 4. Intercultural public intellectual engagement 83 — Tariq Modood II. Policy articulations of intercultural dialogue 103 1. Intercultural dialogue under a multiculturalism regime: pitfalls and possibilities in Australia 105 — Geoffrey Brahm Levey 2. Religions – lived and packaged – viewed through an intercultural dialogue prism 127 — Gary D. Bouma 5 3. ‘Le vivre ensemble’: intercultural dialogue and religion in the European Union 143 — Paul Morris 4. The intercultural turn in Europe: process of policy paradigm change and formation 169 — Ricard Zapata-Barrero III. Putting intercultural dialogue into practice 193 1. Intercultural dialogue: lineage and practice in the Indian subcontinent 195 — Priyankar Upadhyaya 2. Identity and literary canon in a multicultural society 213 — Hassan Nadhem 3. The challenges and practical outcomes of interfaith dialogue in Pakistan and the UK: anthropological notes from the field of a Muslim woman leading dialogue 227 — Amineh A. Hoti 4. Racism, anti-racism and intercultural dialogue 257 — Amanuel Elias 5. Interreligious reflections – the process and method of collaborative interfaith research 277 — Alon Goshen-Gottstein 6. Intercultural dialogue during the European civilizing mission in Africa: the Acholi encounter with British colonialists in Northern Uganda, 1898–1962 299 — Charles Amone IV. Postscript: what future for intercultural dialogue? 317 — Fethi Mansouri and Ricard Zapata-Barrero 6 List of contributors Charles Amone is a Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department of His- tory at Gulu University. He is a former Fulbright Scholar of the University of Millersville in Pennsylvania, US, a former Fellow of the Institute of Lan- guages and Communication of the University of Southern Denmark and former Fellow of the Institute of Development Policy (IOB) of the University of Antwerp in Belgium. He specializes in ethnicity studies and has thirty publications. Ruth Arber is Senior Lecturer (TESOL) and Co-Director of the Centre for Teaching and Learning language (CtaLL) and Director of the Masters of TESOL (Education) at the Faculty of Arts and Education, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Australia. Her research interest in intercultural and identity studies and her knowledge of social cultural and critical theory supports her research and teaching directions. She has published widely in the area of globalization, multiculturalism and identity, and her education research includes edited volumes and a book Race, Ethnicity and Education. Her most recent
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