DOCSLIB.ORG

The London School of Economics and Political Science China As

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The London School of Economics and Political Science China As View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science China as a Post-Socialist Developmental State: Explaining Chinese Development Trajectory Andrzej Bolesta A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This thesis is intended to contribute to the discussion on China’s socio-economic development during the post-socialist period of reform and opening up. It is aimed at providing an explanation of the Chinese contemporary development trajectory, by establishing an institutional and policy model, which China is believed to have been following. This model is also believed to offer some general solutions to the underdeveloped countries in systemic transformation. The thesis argues that China’s post-socialist development trajectory has been determined by the provisions of the Developmental State (DS) model, as far as state development policies, state ideology, and state institutional arrangements are concerned, and to the extent, that China has become a genus of the Post-Socialist Developmental State (PSDS) model – this model being an alternative to the post-socialist neo- liberalism. In the course of scholarly enquiry, China’s development trajectory is analysed against the paths of historical developmental states, and against the general and developmental aspects of the process of post-socialist transformation. I start by analysing the features of the historical developmental states and by investigating whether the provisions of the DS model are viable contemporarily and how the model extends to the discussion on China’s development. I then examine China’s post-socialist transformation, partly in its DS context. Next, I analyse the features of China’s development trajectory in comparison with the features of historical developmental states, as far as ideology and political and economic arrangements as well as state development policies are concerned. Finally, based on the previous analyses, I explain the DS-determined post- socialist development trajectory of China, address the causal relation between the DS institutionalisation and post-socialist transformation, and construct the PSDS model, as a general guideline for states in transition. 3 List of Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. 7 1. China and the Relevant Models of Socio-Economic Development ... 7 2. Post-Socialist China and the Developmental State Model: Explaining Chinese Development Trajectory ……………………… 11 3. The Methodology and Chapter Composition ………………………. 15 Chapter 1: The Developmental State: Its Conditionality and Its Future …... 20 1.1. The Definitions ……………………………………………………... 20 1.1.1. The Geographical and Temporal Limitations ……………. 22 1.1.2. The State-Society Relations: From “Embedded Autonomy” to “Subordinate Society” ……………………. 26 1.1.3. The State Development Policies: From Import Substitution Industrialisation to Export Oriented Industrialisation …………………………………………... 31 1.1.4. The State Ideology: Economic Nationalism ……………… 33 1.1.5. The Quantitative Definition ……………………………… 35 1.2. The Political Conditionality ………………………………………… 38 1.3. The Economic Conditionality ………………………………………. 47 1.4. The Future of the Developmental State ……………………………. 58 1.5. China and the Developmental State ………………………………… 67 Chapter 2: Post-Socialist Transformation in China …………………………. 71 2.1. Post-Socialist Transformation – The Overview ……………………. 71 2.2. Post-Socialist Transformation – The Debate ……………………….. 78 2.3. Post-Socialist Transformation in China ……………………………. 83 2.3.1. China during the State Command Period ………………... 84 2.3.2. China in the Process of Post-Socialist Transformation ….. 87 2.3.3. Political Reforms and the Gradual Path ………………….. 93 2.3.4. Economic Reforms ………………………………………. 99 2.3.5. The Chronology ………………………………………….. 107 2.3.6. The Chinese Perspective …………………………………. 111 4 Chapter 3: China’s Development Trajectory and the Developmental State Model: Ideology, Political and Economic Arrangements ………. 117 3.1. Economic Nationalism in China ……………………………………. 118 3.2. The Political Arrangements of the State ……………………………. 129 3.3. The Interaction of the Four Actors of the Developmental State – “The Relational Aspects” …………………………………………... 136 3.4. The Economic Arrangements of the State ………………………….. 147 Chapter 4: China’s Development Trajectory and the Developmental State Model: Comparative Policy Analysis …………………………….. 157 4.1. The Perceptions on Industrial Policies and the Developmental State Model ………………………………... 157 4.2. Agrarian Reforms and Rural Industrialisation ……………………… 166 4.3. The DS Policy of Industrial Development …………………………. 169 4.3.1. Industrialising by Learning and by Innovating …………... 170 4.3.2. The Targeting …………………………………………….. 179 4.3.3. The Business Actors ……………………………………... 191 4.4. The DS Policy of Import Discrimination and Export Support ……... 193 4.5. The DS Financial Policy of Support for Industrial Development and Export …………………………….. 202 4.5.1. The Monetary Policy and the Banking Sector …………… 203 4.5.2. Indirect and Direct Subsidies …………………………….. 207 4.5.3. Price Control, Investment Policy and Foreign Direct Investments ………………………………………………. 213 Chapter 5: China – The Post-Socialist Developmental State ………………... 217 5.1. The Unordinary Character of China’s Post-Socialist Development Trajectory ………………… 217 5.2. China’s Post-Socialist Development and the Developmental State Model ………………………………... 223 5.3. Post-Socialist Developmental State Model: The Natural Choice of Systemic Transformation? …………………. 236 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………… 247 5 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………….. 281 1. National Development and Reform Commission’s (NDRC) Main Duties ………………………………………………………… 281 2. Ministry of Commerce’s (MOFCOM) Main Duties ……………….. 284 3. Socio-Economic Indicators ………………………………………… 288 List of Tables Table 1: Development-related Indexes of Post-Socialist States (1990-2005) .. 288 Table 2: HDI Change in Historical Developmental States …………………... 289 List of Figures Figure 1: Four Actors of the Developmental State …………………………… 136 Figure 2: HDI Change in Post-Socialist and Developmental States ………….. 289 6 Introduction 1. China and the Relevant Models of Socio-Economic Development In the course of economic history, various civilisations have risen and fallen and the gravity of mankind’s socio-economic development has shifted from one region to another. There is an abundance of often interconnected factors which constitute a successful developmental model, among which are institutional arrangements, systemic environment, state policies, societal capacity, as well as geo-political and geo-economic locality. This thesis concerns the contemporary developmental model China has been following during the post-Mao period of reforms and opening up (gaige kaifang). Up until the nineteenth century, China was the largest economy in the world and Adam Smith (2003) would see it more appropriate to compare the Chinese economy with that of the entire Europe, rather than separate European states. Maddison (2007) claims that China owed its position to the intensive economic growth between the seventh and the thirteenth centuries and this was attributable to the development of an intensive and sophisticated agrarian production sector, to the creation of an internal market to trade goods, and to the well-organised and effective state1 supported by a highly qualified state bureaucracy. At least until the end of the fifteenth century, China’s civilisation was considered to be more advanced than European civilisation. Smith pointed out in 1776 that ‘no other country has yet arrived at this degree of opulence [and that] China had probably long ago acquired that full complement of riches’ (Smith 2003, p.132). Nevertheless, the overall progress of mankind in terms of socio-economic development in the first eighteen centuries A.D. was relatively slow as compared with the subsequent time periods. Kolodko (2008, pp.68,70) points out that it is estimated that the aggregated output of the world’s economy between year 1 and 1000 did not increase and between 1000 and 1800 increased by a meagre 50%, with an average annual economic growth of 0.05%. 1 The state, defined by Max Weber as a compulsory association claiming control over a territory and the people therein (cited in Evans 1995, p.5), is considered here to be the structure of governance institutions (Wade 1990, p.8). In keeping with Wade (1990), the term state is often used interchangeably with the term government. 7 The consequences of the Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries2 allowed for a significant acceleration of socio-economic development and subsequently firmly established the representatives of the so-called Western world as the leaders of developmental advancements, first – the United Kingdom, then the United
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Index of Modern Social Market Economies
    Index of Modern Social Market Economies Explorative Study Index of Modern Social Market Economies Explorative Study 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction 4 Defining a Modern Version of the Social Market Economy 6 Introduction 6 The Ordoliberal Concept of a (Social) Market Economy 9 Modernizing the Concept of a Social Market Economy 13 Operationalization 15 CATEGORY I: COMPETITIVE AND EFFICIENT MARKETS 16 CATEGORY II: EFFICIENT PROPERTY RIGHTS 18 CATEGORY III: ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY 21 CATEGORY IV: SOCIAL INCLUSION 23 Country Selection 26 Conclusion 26 Index Results – Initial Findings 28 Compound Index Results – Executive Summary 28 Category I: Competitive and Efficient Markets 28 Open Markets 28 Effective Price System 32 Competition 33 Category II: Efficient Property Rights 34 Property Rights 34 Freedom of Contract 34 Liability 36 Private Insolvency Rules 36 Ratio Medium-sized Companies to Total Companies 37 Manager Liability 39 4 Table of Contents Category III: Economic and Ecological Sustainability 40 Financial Stability 40 Consistency of Policy 44 Efficient Environmental Protection 45 Category IV: Social Inclusion 47 Effective Labor Markets 47 Social Mobility 52 Outlook 58 Methodology 59 Data Sources 59 Data Standardization 60 Index Aggregation 62 Calculation of Results 62 Robustness Checks 68 Appendix 85 Production Credits 122 5 Introduction INTRODUCTION Stefan Empter, Cortnie Shupe The current global financial and economic crisis has provoked widespread debate in market econo- mies around the world about how to regain a balance between profit and liability, efficiency and equity and between growth and social-ecological justice in national economic and social orders. Against this background, many, in particular in Europe, have become interested again in the social market economy model as a framework for responsible capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Stalinism and Trotskyism in Vietnam
    r Telegram: Defend the DRV-NLF! The following telegram was sent as the u.s. imperialists mined Haiphong harbor and the North Vietnamese coast. At the time Soviet bureaucrats were preparing to receive Nixon in Moscow just as their Chinese counterparts a few months earlier wined and dined him in Peking as he terror-bombed Vietnam. Embassy of the U.S.S.R. Washington, D.C. U.N. Mission of the People's Republic of China New York, N.Y. On behalf of the urgent revolutionary needs of the international working class and in accord with the inevitable aims of our future worker~ government in the United States, we demand that you immediately expand shipment of military supplies of the highest technical quality to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and that you offer the DRV the fullest all­ sided assistance including necessary Russian-Chinese joint military collaboration. No other course will serve at this moment of savage imperialist escalation against the DRV and the Indochinese working people whose military victories have totally shattered the myths of the Vietnamization and pacification programs of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. signed: Political Bureau, Spartacist League of the U.S. 8 May 1972 copies to: D RV and N LF delegations, Paris -from Workers Vanguard No.9, June 1972 6 n p Stalinism and Trotskyism In• Vietnam ~···· l,~ ~ r SPARTACIST PUBLISHING co. Box 1377, G.P.O. New York, N.Y. 10001, U.S.A . • December 1976 Ho Chi Minh Ta Thu Thau CONTENTS CHAPTER I In Defense of Vietnamese Trotskyism (I:·: • >'~ Stalinism and Trotskyism in Vietnam ...................
    [Show full text]
  • THE NATIONALIZATION of INDUSTRY* JOHN Jewkest
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW VOLUME 20 SUMMER 1953 NUMBER 4 THE NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRY* JOHN JEWKESt I. CLAIMS FOR NATIONALIZATION ATIONALIZATION IS A METHOD of organizing and administering in- dustry whereby the community owns the means of production and the government is, at least in the last resort, responsible for its control. The crux of the idea is that the whole of one industry falling within the boundary of one nation should be subject to a unifying influ- ence. Contemporary nationalization, therefore, is a piecemeal and em- pirical approach to much wider ideas-such as that the whole of industry within one country should be brought under state operation or that the whole of the industry in the world might be usefully organized.to work to- gether under some supernational authority. This piecemeal approach, one industry at a time or one country at a time, is reflected in the view that certain industries are "ripe" for nationalization whilst others are not yet in fit form for the transfer from private to public hands.' * This article was originally presented at a dinner held in honor of Professors Jewkes and Roy Forbes Harrod at the University of Chicago, April 10, 1951. t Professor of Economic Organization, Merton College, Oxford University. I The tests for "ripeness" as set forth by different writers are confusing and not always consistent. Kautsky, The Social Revolution 144 (1902), argued that the big industries should be nationalized first: "Without a developed great industry socialism is impossible. Where, however, a great industry exists to a considerable degree it is easy for a socialist society to concentrate production and to quickly rid itself of the little industries." J.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Communist Party of Canada, 1932-1941, with Specific Reference to the Activism of Dorothy Livesay and Jim Watts
    Mother Russia and the Socialist Fatherland: Women and the Communist Party of Canada, 1932-1941, with specific reference to the activism of Dorothy Livesay and Jim Watts by Nancy Butler A thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada November 2010 Copyright © Nancy Butler, 2010 ii Abstract This dissertation traces a shift in the Communist Party of Canada, from the 1929 to 1935 period of militant class struggle (generally known as the ‘Third Period’) to the 1935-1939 Popular Front Against Fascism, a period in which Communists argued for unity and cooperation with social democrats. The CPC’s appropriation and redeployment of bourgeois gender norms facilitated this shift by bolstering the CPC’s claims to political authority and legitimacy. ‘Woman’ and the gendered interests associated with women—such as peace and prices—became important in the CPC’s war against capitalism. What women represented symbolically, more than who and what women were themselves, became a key element of CPC politics in the Depression decade. Through a close examination of the cultural work of two prominent middle-class female members, Dorothy Livesay, poet, journalist and sometime organizer, and Eugenia (‘Jean’ or ‘Jim’) Watts, reporter, founder of the Theatre of Action, and patron of the Popular Front magazine New Frontier, this thesis utilizes the insights of queer theory, notably those of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and Judith Butler, not only to reconstruct both the background and consequences of the CPC’s construction of ‘woman’ in the 1930s, but also to explore the significance of the CPC’s strategic deployment of heteronormative ideas and ideals for these two prominent members of the Party.
    [Show full text]
  • Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese
    Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2020 Committee: Zev Handel William Boltz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2020 Grainger Lanneau University of Washington Abstract Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Zev Handel Asian Languages and Literature Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [ʔ-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic1 languages and Sino-Vietnamese. Scholars such as Edwin Pullyblank (1984) and Jiang Jialu (2011) have briefly mentioned this development but have not yet thoroughly investigated it. There are approximately 26 Sino-Vietnamese words2 with Ying- initials that nasalize. Scholars such as John Phan (2013: 2016) and Hilario deSousa (2016) argue that Sino-Vietnamese in part comes from a spoken interaction between Việt-Mường and Chinese speakers in Annam speaking a variety of Chinese called Annamese Middle Chinese AMC, part of a larger dialect continuum called Southwestern Middle Chinese SMC. Phan and deSousa also claim that SMC developed into dialects spoken 1 I will use the terms “Sinitic” and “Chinese” interchangeably to refer to languages and speakers of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. 2 For the sake of simplicity, I shall refer to free and bound morphemes alike as “words.” 1 in Southwestern China today (Phan, Desousa: 2016). Using data of dialects mentioned by Phan and deSousa in their hypothesis, this study investigates initial nasalization in Ying-initial words in Southwestern Chinese Languages and in the 26 Sino-Vietnamese words.
    [Show full text]
  • China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage
    MANEKSHAW PAPER No. 70, 2018 China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage Praggya Surana D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V KNOWLEDGE WORLD Centre for Land Warfare Studies KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi New Delhi Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief : Lt Gen Balraj Nagal ISSN 23939729 D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V Centre for Land Warfare Studies RPSO Complex, Parade Road, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010 Phone: +91.11.25691308 Fax: +91.11.25692347 email: [email protected] website: www.claws.in CLAWS Army No. 33098 The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, is an autonomous think-tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional and sub-conventional conflicts and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy-oriented in approach. © 2018, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi Disclaimer: The contents of this paper are based on the analysis of materials accessed from open sources and are the personal views of the author. The contents, therefore, may not be quoted or cited as representing the views or policy of the Government of India, or Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) (Army), or the Centre for Land Warfare Studies. KNOWLEDGE WORLD www.kwpub.com Published in India by Kalpana Shukla KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Phone: +91 11 23263498 / 43528107 email: [email protected] l www.kwpub.com Contents Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 14707176.Pdf
    I c/66-14 AN ESSAY ON REVISIONISM IN THE ITALIAN COMMUNIST PARTY Giorgio Galli Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International Studies International Communism Project The following essay explores the evolution of Italian Communist re- visionism. In general when we speak of "revisionism" in the Italian Communist Party (PCI) we usually refer to the question of whether the conquest of power is possible and of what strategy the Party puts forward in order to achieve it: the classical questions, in short, which were at the center of the first great revisionist debate in the Second International. Extensive comparisons have therefore been made between Italian "revisionism" and its classical antecedents. But first a brief review of the PCI's attitude toward the Italian Con- stitution may be illuminating. At a particularly signi icant moment in its recent history, the Eighth Congress of December 1956, the PCI approved the "Elements for a Policy Declaration" which regards the Italian Constitution that went into effect in January 1948, as an "important victory on the Italian road to Socialism," and illustrates one fundamental aspect of it in the follow- ing manner: As far as private property is concerned, it is guaranteed by law, 'with the aim of safeguarding its social function and making it accessible to all,' and it is precisely for this reason that the Constitution lays down limits for it and even provides for expro- priation, with compensation, for 'reasons of general interest.' It is not, therefore, unreasonable to state that the Republican Constitution . sets up some of the conditions which may, when they are put into effect .
    [Show full text]
  • PICMG 1.3 Brings a Quantum Leap the Next Standard in the Industrial Computing Contents
    MyAdvantech The Magazine for Global Advantechers and Partners Autumn 2007 No.1 Advantech’s TDCS Enables the Passage Across “The Roof of the World" Mobile Technology Lends a Human Touch to Healthcare Digital Signage Jazzes up Your Life PICMG 1.3 Brings a Quantum Leap The Next Standard in the Industrial Computing Contents Published by Viewpoint Advantech Co., Ltd. 05 Advantech’s Globally Integrated Publisher Enterprise Transformation K.C. Liu Address No.1, Alley 20, Lane 26, Rueiguang Road, Joyful eLifestyle Neihu District, Taipei, Taiwan 114 06 Mobile Technology Lends a Tel +886-2-2792-7818 Human Touch to Healthcare Website www.advantech.com 10 Information - Its Omnipresence Editorial Supervisor Corporate Marketing 12 Mobility First, Security Foremost Editorial Committee Sharon Chuu Charlene Tang Technology Forum Meg Chen Lynette Andersen 15 Programmable Automation Controllers Chuck Harrell Find Their Niche…Everywhere! Edna Garcia Rosanne Lee 18 Exploring Video Surveillance Trends Wolfgang Heinz-Fischer Monika Paitl 20 PICMG 1.3 Brings a Quantum Leap Martin Marshall 3 James Kiley MyAdvantech Andy Taylor Special Report David Antoniuk Jean Chu 24 Extraordinary Wonders on the Tibetan Plateau Jessie Lin Mandy Chen 26 Qingzang Railway Soars Skyward Monica Sun Art Director Inside Advantech Charlene Tang 30 Building a Hothouse for the Next Great Invention Editorial CONDÉ NAST INTERCULTURE GROUP – 32 Advantechers around the Globe Interculture Custom Media Director Sophia Liao Address 15F, No.51, Sec.2, Jilung Road, Taipei, Taiwan 110 Tel +886-2-2732-8899 Editor-in-Chief Nora Huang Managing Editor Peggy Lai Art Editor Jane Yang Initial Issue 2007.09.30 MyAdvantech is published for ADVANTECH Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Dismal Science: the Shortcomings of U.S. School Choice Research And
    350651_Pa616_1stClass.qxp 4/1/2008 3:29 PM Page 1 No. 616 April 16, 2008 ������� Dismal Science The Shortcomings of U.S. School Choice Research and How to Address Them by John Merrifield Executive Summary Pressing questions about the merits of market ments of market systems, including profit, price accountability in K-12 education have spawned a change, market entry, and product differentia- large scholarly literature. Unfortunately, much of tion—factors that are normally central to any dis- that literature is of limited relevance, and some of cussion of market effects. In essence, researchers it is misleading. The studies most widely cited in have drawn conclusions about apples by studying the United States used intense scrutiny of a few lemons. small-scale, restriction-laden U.S. programs—and To address the need for credible evidence on a handful of larger but still restriction-laden for- the effects of genuine education markets, econo- eign school choice expansions—to assert general mists should look to simulation models, indirect conclusions about the effects of “choice,” “com- evidence such as outcomes in similar industries, petition,” and “markets.” The most intensely and school systems abroad that enjoy varying studied programs lack most or all of the key ele- degrees of market accountability. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ John Merrifield is a professor of economics at the University of Texas–San Antonio, editor of the Journal of School Choice, and author of Parental Choices as an Education Reform Catalyst: Global Lessons (2005) and The School Choice Wars (2001). PA Masthead.indd 1 2/9/06 2:08:34 PM 350651_Pa616_1stClass.qxp 4/1/2008 3:29 PM Page 2 Prices determined The difficulty of charging tuition when by supply and Introduction the government offers “free” schooling is the main barrier to market entry faced by private demand are a key The free market is the primary form of schools in most of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Sichuan/Gansu/Qinghai/Tibet (14 Days) We Love Road Journeys
    Tibetan Highlands: Sichuan/Gansu/Qinghai/Tibet (14 Days) We love road journeys. They are by far our favourite way of traveling. We think the world of western China and the countries that border on this region – think Vietnam, Lao, Thailand, Myanmar, for example. On the Road Experiences is all about sharing with like-minded travelers just how beautiful a road journey in these varied lands can be. Now turn the page to find out what we’ve come to love so much… p2 p3 Itinerary Map …where you will travel… p. 006 Yes, it is possible… p. 008 Journey of Discovery… p. 010 Day-by-day… p. 056 In closing... Any car you like, so long as it is an SUV… p. 077 Adventures and discoveries in local cuisines p. 078 What’s included/Best Months to Go... p. 080 Photo credits p. 083 p5 Itinerary Map Day1 Day8 Arrival in Chengdu – Dulan to Golmud – Apply for your temporary driving Across the Qaidam Basin to Golmud license and visit Chengdu’s beautiful Panda Reserve Day9 Golmud to Tuotuohe – Day2 Up, up, up - Onto the Plateau and Chengdu to Maerkang – into the highlands of Qinghai Through the valleys to the Gyarong Tibetan region Day10 Tuotuohe to Naqu – Day3 Cross the famous Tanggula Pass on Maerkang to Ruoergai – your way to Tibet itself Towards the very north of Sichuan on the way to Gansu Day11 Naqu to Damxung – Day4 Visit one of Tibet’s holiest lakes, Ruoergai to Xiahe – Lake Nam-tso Your first and only stop in Gansu province Day12 Damxung to Lhasa – Day5 Complete your journey with Xiahe to Qinghai’s capital, Xining – a beautiful drive to your final On your way to Qinghai destination Day6 Day13 Xining – In and around Lhasa – Spend a day in and around Xining for Visit Potala Palace and explore the a bit of rest and visit the spectacular old city of Lhasa Ta’er Monastery Day14 Day7 Depart from Lhasa – Xining to Dulan – Lift must go on...Farewell Lhasa On the way to Golmud..
    [Show full text]
  • Marginalia Spring 08.Indd
    THE MAGAZINE OF THE PIPER CENTER FOR CREATIVE WRITING | COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES ON PLACE WRITERS IN THE WORLD AIMEE NEZHUKUMATATHIL ON THIS WRITER’S LIFE PREVIEW: 2008 WRITERS CONFERENCE PROFILES OF LOUISE GLÜCK C.D. WRIGHT SPECIAL REPORT: MFA STUDENTS VISIT CHINA ALSOINSIDE DENISEDUHAMEL | DINTYWMOORE | LAURATOHE IN THIS ISSUE VOL 3, ISS 1 SPRING 2008 FEATURES EDITOR CONVERGING VOICES ..............................................................................................................4 Beth Staples Brian Diamond previews the 2008 Desert Nights, Rising Stars converence. COPYEDITOR DISCOVERING “MANY INDIAS” ..............................................................................................6 Veronica Lucero Liz Wimberly reflects on her trip to India. CONTRIBUTORS THE REAL WORLD ....................................................................................................................9 Aimée Baker Dinty W. Moore Charles Jensen explains why the work of Louise Glück matters. Matthew Brennan Aimee Nezhukumatathil Katie Cortese Arijit Sen Denise Duhamel AREA CODE ............................................................................................................................ 11 Leah Soderburg Robby Taylor considers what it means to write from the Southwest. Brian Diamond Rose Swartz Charles Jensen Robby Taylor Brian Lee Dinh Vong CREATIVE WRITING GOES TO CHINA .................................................................................. 17 Beth Staples travels from Tempe to Tibet. Nadine
    [Show full text]
  • The Theory of Allocation and Its Implications for Marketing and Industrial Structure
    NBER WORKING PAPERS SERIES THE THEORY OF ALLOCATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR MARKETING AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE Dennis W. Canton Working Paper No. 3786 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 1991 I thank NSF and the program in Law and Economics at the University of Chicago for financial assistance. I also thank K. Crocker, E. Lazear, S. Peltzman, A. Shleifer, G. Stigler, and participants at seminars at the Department of Justice, MIT, NBER, Northwestern, Pennsylvania State, Princeton, University of Chicago and University of Florida. This paper is part of NBER's research programs in Economic Fluctuations and Industrial Organization. Any opinions expressed are those of the author and not those of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper #3786 July 1991 THE THEORY OF ALLOCATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR MARKETING AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE ABSTRACT This paper identifies a cost of using the price system and from that develops a general theory of allocation. The theory explains why a buyer's stochastic purchasing behavior matters to a seller. This leads to a theory of optimal customer mix much akin to the theory of optimal portfolio composition. It is the ob of a firm's marketing department to put together this optimal customer mix. A dynamic pattern of pricing related to Ramsey pricing emerges as the efficient pricing structure. Price no longer equals marginal cost and is no longer the sole mechanism used to allocate goods. It is optimal for long term relationships to emerge between buyers and sellers and for sellers to use their knowledge about buyers to ration goods during periods when demand is high.
    [Show full text]