Secondhand Smoke Is Toxic and Poisonous

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Secondhand Smoke Is Toxic and Poisonous • The National Toxicology Program estimates that at least 250 chemicals in secondhand smoke are known to be toxic or carcinogenic (cancer causing). • Secondhand smoke contains a number of poisonous gases and chemicals, including hydrogen cyanide (used in chemical weapons), carbon monoxide (found in car exhaust), butane (used in lighter fluid), ammonia (used in household cleaners), and toluene (found in paint thinners). • Some of the toxic metals contained in secondhand smoke include arsenic (used in pesticides), lead (formerly found in paint), chromium (used to make steel), and cadmium (used to make batteries). • There are more than 50 cancer-causing chemicals in secondhand smoke that fall into different chemical classes, including: o Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as Benzo[a]pyrene) o N-Nitrosamines (such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines) o Aromatic amines (such as 4-aminobiphenyl) o Aldehydes (such as formaldehyde) o Miscellaneous organic chemicals (such as benzene and vinyl chloride) and o Inorganic compounds (such as those containing metals like arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, lead, nickel and radioactive polonium-210). • Eleven compounds in tobacco smoke (2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzene, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, arsenic, beryllium, nickel compounds, chromium, cadmium and polonium-210) have been identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as Group 1 (known human carcinogen) carcinogens. • Secondhand smoke has been designated as a known human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has concluded that secondhand smoke is an occupational carcinogen. • Secondhand smoke is composed of sidestream smoke (the smoke released from the burning end of a cigarette) and exhaled mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by the smoker). Because sidestream smoke is generated at lower temperatures and under different conditions than mainstream smoke, it contains higher concentrations of many of the toxins found in inhaled cigarette smoke. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes)
Electronic Cigarettes (e-cigarettes) Electronic cigarettes (also called -e cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems) are battery-operated devices designed to deliver nicotine with flavorings and other chemicals to users in vapor instead of smoke. They can be manufactured to resemble traditional tobacco cigarettes, cigars or pipes, or even everyday items like pens or USB memory sticks; newer devices, such as those with fillable tanks, may look different. More than 250 different e-cigarette brands are currently on the market. While e-cigarettes are often promoted as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes, which deliver nicotine by burning tobacco, little is actually known yet about the health risks of using these devices. How do e-cigarettes work? Electronic cigarettes are Most e-cigarettes consist of three different components, including: battery-operated devices a cartridge, which holds a liquid solution containing varying amounts of designed to deliver nicotine nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals with flavorings and other a heating device (vaporizer) chemicals to users in vapor a power source (usually a battery) instead of smoke. In many e-cigarettes, puffing activates the battery-powered heating device, Although they do not which vaporizes the liquid in the cartridge. The resulting aerosol or vapor is produce tobacco smoke, then inhaled (called "vaping"). e-cigarettes still contain nicotine and other Are e-cigarettes safer than conventional cigarettes? potentially harmful Unfortunately, this question is difficult to answer because insufficient information chemicals. is available on these new products. Early evidence suggest that Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of sickness and e-cigarette use may serve as mortality, responsible for over 400,000 deaths in the United States each year.
[Show full text]
Roc Background Document: Tobacco Smoking
FINAL Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke December 2 - 3, 1998 Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee Prepared for the: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Services National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Prepared by: Technology Planning and Management Corporation Canterbury Hall, Suite 310 4815 Emperor Boulevard Durham, NC 27703 Contract Number NOI-ES-85421 RoC Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Table of Contents Summary Statement..................................................................................................................v 1 Physical and Chemical Properties ......................................................................................1 1.1 Chemical Identification...........................................................................................1 2 Human Exposure.................................................................................................................9 2.1 Biomarkers of Exposure..........................................................................................9 2.1.1 Nicotine and Cotinine...............................................................................9 2.1.2 Carbon Monoxide and Carboxyhemoglobin ...........................................10 2.1.3 Thioethers ..............................................................................................10 2.1.4 Thiocyanate............................................................................................10
[Show full text]
Indianapolis Air Monitoring Study
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA INDOOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING STUDY Mark J. Travers, PhD, MS Lisa Vogl, MPH Department of Health Behavior and Aerosol Pollution Exposure Research Laboratory (APERL) December 2012 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In May, August and November 2012, indoor air quality was assessed in 10 restaurants and bars in Indianapolis, Indiana. Effective June 1st, 2012, the new Indianapolis law prohibits smoking in most public places and places of employment with exemptions for nonprofit clubs, retail tobacco shops and a horse race betting parlor. Prior to the smoke-free air law, all 10 bar and restaurant locations permitted indoor smoking. After the smoke-free air law took effect all bars and restaurants were reassessed to observe the effect of the new smoke-free air law; no smoking was observed in 7 locations, while 3 locations met requirements to be exempt from the smoke-free air law. The concentration of fine particle air pollution, PM2.5, was measured with a TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor. PM2.5 is particulate matter in the air smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter. Particles of this size are released in significant amounts from burning cigarettes, are easily inhaled deep into the lungs, and cause a variety of adverse health effects including cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and death. Key findings of the study include: In all 10 locations with observed indoor smoking before the law, the level of fine particle air pollution 3 was “very unhealthy” (PM2.5 = 229 µg/m ). In the 7 locations that went smoke-free after the law, the 3 level of fine particle air pollutions was “hazardous” prior to the law (PM2.5 = 273 µg/m ).
[Show full text]
University of California San Francisco
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO BERKELEY • DAVIS • IRVINE • LOS ANGELES • MERCED • RIVERSIDE • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO SANTA BARBARA • SANTA CRUZ STANTON A. GLANTZ, PhD 530 Parnassus Suite 366 Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) San Francisco, CA 94143-1390 Truth Initiative Distinguished Professor of Tobacco Control Phone: (415) 476-3893 Director, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education Fax: (415) 514-9345 [email protected] December 20, 2017 Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee c/o Caryn Cohen Office of Science Center for Tobacco Products Food and Drug Administration Document Control Center Bldg. 71, Rm. G335 10903 New Hampshire Ave. Silver Spring, MD 20993–0002 [email protected] Re: 82 FR 27487, Docket no. FDA-2017-D-3001-3002 for Modified Risk Tobacco Product Applications: Applications for IQOS System With Marlboro Heatsticks, IQOS System With Marlboro Smooth Menthol Heatsticks, and IQOS System With Marlboro Fresh Menthol Heatsticks Submitted by Philip Morris Products S.A.; Availability Dear Committee Members: We are submitting the 10 public comments that we have submitted to the above-referenced docket on Philip Morris’s modified risk tobacco product applications (MRTPA) for IQOS. It is barely a month before the meeting and the docket on IQOS has not even closed. As someone who has served and does serve on committees similar to TPSAC, I do not see how the schedule that the FDA has established for TPSAC’s consideration of this application can permit a responsible assessment of the applications and associated public comments. I sincerely hope that you will not be pressed to make any recommendations on the IQOS applications until the applications have been finalized, the public has had a reasonable time to assess the applications, and TPSAC has had a reasonable time to digest both the completed applications and the public comments before making any recommendation to the FDA.
[Show full text]
World Bank Document
HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 21 Research on Tobacco in China: About this series... An annotated bibliography of research on tobacco This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for use, health effects, policies, farming and industry publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Joy de Beyer, Nina Kollars, Nancy Edwards, and Harold Cheung Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Managing Editor Joy de Beyer ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/hnppublications. The Economics of Tobacco Control sub-series is produced jointly with the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized manner to the World Health Organization or to the World Bank, their affiliated organizations or members of their Executive Boards or the countries they represent.
[Show full text]
How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease
AA ReportReport ofof thethe SurgeonSurgeon General:General HowHow TobaccoTobacco SmokeSmoke CausesCauses DiseaseDisease Fact Sheet This is the 30th tobacco-related Surgeon General’s report issued since 1964. It describes in detail the specific pathways by which tobacco smoke damages the human body. The scientific evidence supports the following conclusions: There is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke. Any exposure to tobacco smoke—even an occasional cigarette or exposure to secondhand smoke—is harmful. n You don’t have to be a heavy smoker or a long-time smoker to get a smoking-related disease or have a heart attack or asthma attack that is triggered by tobacco smoke. n Low levels of smoke exposure, including exposures to secondhand tobacco smoke, lead to a rapid and sharp increase in dysfunction and inflammation of the lining of the blood vessels, which are implicated in heart attacks and stroke. n Cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals and compounds. Hundreds are toxic and more than 70 cause cancer. Tobacco smoke itself is a known human carcinogen. n Chemicals in tobacco smoke interfere with the functioning of fallopian tubes, increasing risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and low birth weight. They also damage the DNA in sperm which might reduce fertility and harm fetal development. Damage from tobacco smoke is immediate. n The chemicals in tobacco smoke reach your lungs quickly every time you inhale. Your blood then carries the toxicants to every organ in your body. n The chemicals and toxicants in tobacco smoke damage DNA, which can lead to cancer.
[Show full text]
38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—A Listing (173 Pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. Plan from 1959 to Enlist Professor
38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—a Listing (173 pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. plan from 1959 to enlist Professors Hirsch and Shapiro of NYU’s Institute of Mathematical Science to evaluate “statistical material purporting to show association between smoking and lung cancer.” Hirsch and Shapiro concluded that “such analysis is not feasible because the studies did not employ the methods of mathematical science but represent merely a collection of random data, or counting noses as it were.” Statistical studies of the lung cancer- smoking relation were “utterly meaningless from the mathematical point of view” and that it was “impossible to proceed with a mathematical analysis of the proposition that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer.” AT management concluded that this result was “not surprising” given the “utter paucity of any direct evidence linking smoking with lung canner.”112 Project A: Tobacco Institute plan from 1967 to air three television spots on smoking & health. Continued goal of the Institute to test its ability “to alter public opinion and knowledge of the asserted health hazards of cigarette smoking by using paid print media space.” CEOs in the fall of 1967 had approved the plan, which was supposed to involve “before-and-after opinion surveys on elements of the smoking and health controversy” to measure the impact of TI propaganda on this issue.”113 Spots were apparently refused by the networks in 1970, so plan shifted to Project B. Project A-040: Brown and Williamson effort from 1972 to 114 Project AA: Secret RJR effort from 1982-84 to find out how to improve “the RJR share of market among young adult women.” Appeal would 112 Janet C.
[Show full text]
Campus Life and Student Affairs Effective Date: January 1, 2021 Next Review Date: June 1, 2021
Approving University Official(s): University Cabinet Responsible Office: Campus Life and Student Affairs Effective Date: January 1, 2021 Next review date: June 1, 2021 Drew University Smoke, Tobacco and Nicotine Free Campus Policy I. Policy Statement The Drew University Smoke, Tobacco and Nicotine Free Campus Policy is effective January 1, 2021 (“the policy”). Drew University (“Drew”) prohibits smoking, use of any tobacco and/or nicotine products, and the use of any electronic delivery system (e.g., vaping). This policy applies to all indoor and outdoor Drew spaces including, but not limited to, all University academic and administrative buildings, residence halls, and other buildings, sidewalks, parking lots, r ecreational areas, and athletic venues, as well as in other outdoor areas owned, operated, leased, or controlled by the University, in all owned and leased University vehicles, and at Drew-sponsored off-campus activities and events (collectively “Drew property”). II. Purpose The purpose of the Drew University Smoke, Tobacco and Nicotine Free Campus Policy is to promote a culture of wellness, and to protect the public health and welfare of the Drew community by prohibiting smoking, the use of tobacco and/or nicotine products and electronic smoking devices on campus and at Drew-sponsored off-campus events and activities. Drew recognizes and supports the findings of the Surgeon General of the United States that tobacco use in any form, active and/or passive, is a significant health hazard. Drew further acknowledges that environmental tobacco smoke has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, and that any exposure to tobacco and/or nicotine smoke is hazardous.
[Show full text]
Tobacco Smoke
Tobacco Smoke Every day we eat, drink, breathe, and touch chemicals that exist around us. The chemicals can affect our health. Planned Parenthood GREEN CHOICES will give you the information you need to make choices for better health and a greener environment — for yourself, your family, and your community. What are firsthand and secondhand smoke? What can I do to avoid these health problems? Firsthand smoke is the smoke inhaled by You can prevent many health problems if you avoid a smoker. Secondhand smoke. smoke is the smoke • If you smoke tobacco, quit or reduce how much you we inhale when others are smoking. smoke. It is also called environmental tobacco • Ask other people not to smoke in your home or car. smoke . • Choose smoke-free restaurants, schools, day-care, and businesses. • Support the passage of smoke-free laws where you live. There are two kinds of secondhand smoke: • Help people who are trying to quit smoking. • One is the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. This is called side-stream • For more information, go to http://no-smoke.org smoke . • The other is smoke exhaled by the smoker. This is called mainstream smoke . How can smoke affect my health? • When we breathe it in, we breathe in harmful How can I quit smoking? chemicals. They are like the ones in diesel exhaust. It’s not easy to quit smoking. Most people need help. • Smoke can cause You can ask your health care provider, friends, or family • heart disease what you need to do to quit smoking.
[Show full text]
Do You Know... Tobacco
Do You Know... What is it? Tobacco is a plant (Nicotiana tabacum and Tobacco Nicotiana rustica) that contains nicotine, an addictive drug with both stimulant and depressant effects. Tobacco is most commonly smoked in cigarettes. It is also smoked in cigars or pipes, chewed as chewing tobacco, sniffed as dry snuff or held inside the lip or cheek as wet snuff. Tobacco may also be mixed with cannabis and smoked in “joints.” All methods of using tobacco deliver nicotine to the body. Although tobacco is legal, federal, provincial and municipal laws tightly control tobacco manufacture, marketing, distribution and use. Second-hand tobacco smoke is now recognized as a health danger, which has led to increasing restrictions on where people can smoke. Violations of tobacco-related laws can result in fines and/or prison terms. 1/5 © 2003, 2010 CAMH | www.camh.ca Where does tobacco come from? How does tobacco make you feel? The tobacco plant’s large leaves are cured, fermented The nicotine in tobacco smoke travels quickly to the and aged before they are manufactured into tobacco brain, where it acts as a stimulant and increases heart products. Tobacco was cultivated and widely used by rate and breathing. Tobacco smoke also reduces the the peoples of the Americas long before the arrival of level of oxygen in the bloodstream, causing a drop in Europeans. Today, most of the tobacco legally produced skin temperature. People new to smoking are likely to in Canada is grown in Ontario, commercially packaged experience dizziness, nausea and coughing or gagging. and sold to retailers by one of three tobacco companies.
[Show full text]
What Is Secondhand Smoke?
What Is Secondhand Smoke? • Secondhand smoke is composed of sidestream smoke (the smoke released from the burning end of a cigarette) and exhaled mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by the smoker). • While secondhand smoke has been referred to as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the past, the term “secondhand” smoke better captures the involuntary nature of the exposure. • The 2006 Surgeon General’s report uses the term “involuntary” in the title because most nonsmokers do not want to breathe tobacco smoke. The term “involuntary” was also used in the title of the 1986 Surgeon General’s report on secondhand smoke. • Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical compounds. o Secondhand smoke contains many of the same chemicals that are present in the smoke inhaled by smokers. o Because sidestream smoke is generated at lower temperatures and under different conditions than mainstream smoke, it contains higher concentrations of many of the toxins found in cigarette smoke. • The National Toxicology Program estimates that at least 250 chemicals in secondhand smoke are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. • Secondhand smoke has been designated as a known human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Toxicology Program, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and an occupational carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. o Secondhand smoke contains more than 50 cancer-causing chemicals. o When nonsmokers are exposed to secondhand smoke, they inhale many of the same cancer-causing chemicals that smokers inhale. The Surgeon General has concluded that: • There is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke: even small amounts of secondhand smoke exposure can be harmful to people’s health.
[Show full text]
E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: a Report of the Surgeon General
E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General 2016 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General Rockville, MD National Library of Medicine Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, issuing body. | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.). Office on Smoking and Health, issuing body. Title: E-cigarette use among youth and young adults : a report of the Surgeon General. Description: Atlanta, GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: MESH: Electronic Cigarettes – utilization. | Smoking – adverse effects. | Electronic Cigarettes – adverse effects. | Tobacco Industry. | Young Adult. | Adolescent. | United States. Classification: NLM QV 137 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office on Smoking and Health For more information For more information about the Surgeon General’s report, visit www.surgeongeneral.gov. To download copies of this document, go to www.cdc.gov/tobacco. To order copies of this document, go to www.cdc.gov/tobacco and click on Publications Catalog or call 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636); TTY: 1-888-232-6348. Suggested Citation U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S.
[Show full text]