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Fibers Released from Cigarette Filters: an Additional Health Risk to the Smoker?'

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Fibers Released from Cigarette Filters: an Additional Health Risk to the Smoker?' [CANCER RE5EARCH 55, 253-258, January 15, 1995J Fibers Released from Cigarette Filters: An Additional Health Risk to the Smoker?' John L. Pauly,2 Heather A. Allaart, Manuel I. Rodriguez, and Richard J. Streck Departments of Molecular Immunology fJ. L P., H. A. A., R. J. S.J and Thoracic Surgery [M. I. R.J, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York State Department of Health, Buffalo, New York 14263 ABSTRACT adsorption (1, 4). When viewed with a white light microscope, the cellulose acetate fibers appear to have an internal channel-like struc Tests of 12 popular brands of cigarettes manufactured by 6 companies ture. This pattern is due to the image of one arm of the “Y―thatis from the United States have shown that fibers were released from the filters visible in the translucent fiber. Most other synthetic fibers are round, and that there exists probable cause to suggest that fibers are inhaled andlor ingested. Filter fibers, made of cellulose acetate, were Implanted in mice for ovoid, or serrated (13, 14), and we know of no other synthetic or 6months.Thefiberswithstooddegradationandretainedthetobacco-brownnatural fiber that has the same Y shape as that of the cigarette filter color and bright fluorescence ofthe tobacco tar that had been adsorbed from fiber. The Y shape, Ti02, and other features that are readily visible cigarette smoke, With a confocal laser scanning microscope, we have ob have enabled us to distinguish, microscopically, cigarette filter fibers served cigarette filter fibers In lung tissue from patients with lung cancer and from other synthetic as well as natural fibers. who were known to be habitual smokers. These findings raise the question as We report here that fibers are released from cigarette filters. This to whether fibers released from cigarettes further jeopardize the health of finding raises questions concerning the health risk of filter fibers that smokers and document the need to test components of cigarette filters for may be inhaled or ingested by the millions of people worldwide who toxicity and tumorigenicity. smoke filter cigarettes. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The filter cigarette was not a dominant factor in the marketplace Cigarettes Analyzed. Cigarettes used were purchased from local vendors. before the 1950s when it was thought to be “anoveltyitem directed The cigarettes included 20 different popular brands, and these brands were mainly at the women's market―(1) and commanded less than 1% of selected to represent the products of 6 different manufacturers in the United sales (1—4).At that time, the typical smoker preferred a 70-mm States. Smoked cigarettes were provided by adult volunteers or were obtained nonfilter cigarette (1). In response to emerging health concerns (5—7) with the use of a mechanical smoker. and the first report in 1964 by the Surgeon General on smoking and Cigarette Filter FIber IdentifIcation. Fibers from smoked and non health (8), acceptance of filter cigarettes increased rapidly (1, 4, 7, 9). smoked cigarettes were examined with a conventional fluorescence micro By 1983, approximately 95% of the cigarettes sold in the United scope that had been configured to provide mercury arc illumination, with filter States contained filters (1—4);thishigh percentage has been sustained configurationsoptimalfor FITC and TRITC,3and to producewhite light to the present (9). illumination (Reichert-Jung; Cambridge Instruments, Inc., Buffalo, NY). Human lung specimens were also examined with a Nikon Opitphot micro The purpose of the cigarette filter has been described in foreign and scope that had been interfaced with a MRC 600 argon laser microscope domestic patents (10—12).A patent awarded in 1956 in the United (Bio-Rad Microscience Division, Cambridge, MA). The details of this tech States to Knudson (10) stated that the cigarette filter was designed for: nology were reportedelsewhere(15). “theremovalof any desired proportion of the tars and nicotine present Fibers were defined as a particle with a length:width ratio (i.e., aspect ratio) in tobacco smoke which account for its irritating properties and 3:1. Particles with an aspect ratio of less than 3:1 are defmed as structures. potential toxicity . and the remarkable nature of my invention that To delineate cigarette filter fibers from other fibers, we established the I can in fact achieve almost complete removal of the stated substances following criteria: (a) a central channel-like motif that reflects one arm of the and even within the limits imposed by practical factors such as the Y-shaped fiber; (b) Ti02 particle pattern; (c) fiber diameter; (d) arm diameter; necessity for maintaining a free draw. .“However,the author notes (e) translucence;(J) smooth fiber surface; and (g) bright fluorescence in the that “Actually,ofcourse, complete removal of these substances is not TRITC and FITC filter configuration of filter fibers from smoked, but not from nonsmoked, cigarettes. desirable due to considerations of taste and flavor. Moreover, in the Evaluation of Filter Fiber Release. A study was conducted using ciga event all of the tars and nicotine are removed, no ‘smoke'isproduced, rettes of 12 different brands to ascertain whether fibers were released from i.e., the smoker draws into his mouth only colorless and highly cigarette filters. Different tests performed in this study included the following unpalatable combustion gases.― analyses in which filter fibers were identified and enumerated with the use of The technology of making cigarette filters and the characteristics of a stereo-zoom microscope: for wrapper examination, filter fibers trapped the filter fibers have also been described in patents (10—12),and this between the cellophane wrapper and the unopened pack of cigarettes were subject has been summarized in a monograph (1). Filters of almost all counted; for residue observation, after the cigarettes were carefully removed cigarettes consist of fibers that are made of cellulose acetate, are from a pack, the residue (i.e., tobacco flakes and debris) at the bottom of the coated with the plasticizer triacetin to bind individual fibnls, and pack was poured onto a black paper and the number of filter fibers was contain the amorphous microparticulate (granule size, 1.0 pin) counted; in the tap test, a cigarette was placed in a plastic tube (diameter, 13 mm) and dropped 3.5 cm onto a black paper. Thereafter, the number of filter pigment Ti02 to provide a milk-white appearance (1, 4, 10—12).The fibers released was assessed; the drop test was similar to the tap test, but the standard filter contains approximately 16,000 fibers (fiber diameter, cigarette was released from a height of 15 cm; in the tongue test, the filter end —20—50p@m)(1, 4, 11). Filter fibers have a unique Y shape that has of a cigarette was touched to the tongue of a volunteer, and then a clean been engineered to maximize the surface area for tobacco tar microscope slide was pressed onto the same site. Thereafter, the number of fibers transferred from the tongue to the slide were delineated. To facilitate Received 7/1/94; accepted 11/11/94. screening different brands of filter cigarettes, a tissue test was established to The costs of publicationof this articlewere defrayedin partby the paymentof page replace the tongue test. In the tissue test, the filter end of a cigarette was charges.This articlemust thereforebe herebymarkedadvertisementin accordancewith 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicatethis fact. 1 Supported in part by NIH Grant CA-16056. 3 The abbreviations used are: TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine 5-isothiocyanate; CLSM, 2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Molecular confocal laser scanning microscope; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Md, Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263. macrophage. 253 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 1995 American Association for Cancer Research. FIBERSRELEASEDFROMCIGARETrEFILTERS touched to the surface of a piece of bovine liver, and the number of filter fibers carefully from a pack that had been opened in the laboratory. Fibers that had been released was counted. were also released from cigarettes that had been smoked mechanically Fiber Degradation and Tar Retention Assessed in Mice. Filter fibers (Fig. 1B). from smoked, nonsmoked, or a mixture of both types of cigarettes were Filter Fibers of Smoked Cigarettes Fluoresce. Fibers of filters implanted i.p. or s.c. into mice. On different days thereafter, the fibers were from smoked and nonsmoked cigarettes could be distinguished easily. recovered and analyzed. Fibers in Human Lung Specimens. Patients were identified who were to Fibers of filters from nonsmoked cigarettes were translucent and clean undergo a lobectomy or pneumonectomy for removal of a lung cancer. Human (Fig. 1C). Fibers of filters from smoked cigarettes were also translu lung tissue from the surgical specimens was obtained with written informed cent; however, these fibers had a light brown residue caused by consent under approved investigative protocols. Freshly collected lung speci tobacco tar that had been adsorbed by the filter (Fig. 1C). Tobacco tar, mens that had not been fixed, sectioned, or stained were mounted in a viewing which is the particulate (i.e., nongas) phase of cigarette smoke (1, 8, chamber and examined with white light, polarizing, fluorescent, and confocal 9), adsorbed onto filter fibers is more easily recognized microscopi microscopes. Kodak Ektachrome film was used for photographic documenta cally when one examines a bundle of fibers. The tobacco brown of the tion and to record split-screen images of white and argon light views obtained adsorbed tar is readily apparent with the naked eye in a comparison of with a CLSM of cigarette filter fibers. A more complete description of these methods has been described elsewhere (15, 16). intact filters from a smoked and a nonsmoked cigarette.
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