66 Kansas History Josiah Miller, an Antislavery Southerner: Letters to Father and Mother

-RVLDK0LOOHUDURXQG .DQVDV+LVWRU\$-RXUQDORIWKH&HQWUDO3ODLQV 36 (Summer 2013): 66–89 66 Kansas History Josiah Miller, an Antislavery Southerner: Letters to Father and Mother E\'HQQLV0'DLOH\ osiah Miller arrived in Lawrence, Kansas Territory, in the fall of 1854, just a few months after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. For the next sixteen years, until his death in 1870 at age forty-two, he was active in journalism, local and territorial politics, and a wide variety of business activities. When Miller arrived in Lawrence, he and his Jfriend and business partner, Robert G. Elliott, set about the establishment of the .DQVDV)UHH6WDWH newspaper, which ZDVRQHRI0LOOHU·VLQLWLDOPRWLYDWLRQVIRUFRPLQJWR/DZUHQFH+HZDVDOVRFRQFHUQHGZLWKÀQGLQJDVXLWDEOHSODFHIRU his father, mother, and several siblings to settle. It took until April 1858 for Miller’s family to join him in Kansas Territory, and in the years between his arrival and theirs, they kept up a correspondence on matters personal and political that survives as a witness to the struggles of frontier life during the days of Bleeding Kansas. 1 Dennis M. Dailey LVSURIHVVRUHPHULWXVRIVRFLDOZHOIDUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI.DQVDV/DZUHQFH The author would like to thank Virgil W. Dean for his good advice and counsel throughout the preparation of this manuscript; Carol Manley, great-great-granddaughter of Robert Miller, for sharing so many photographs and documents from the Miller family; and his spouse, Judy Dailey, for her assistance in transcribing and editing the letters. 1. George Miller, 0LVVRXUL·V0HPRUDEOH'HFDGH²$Q+LVWRULFDO6NHWFK3HUVRQDO³3ROLWLFDO³5HOLJLRXV (Columbia, Mo.: Press of E. W. Stephans, 1898), 17; Carolyn Berneking, ed., “A Look at Early Lawrence: Letters from Robert Gaston Elliott,” .DQVDV+LVWRULFDO4XDUWHUO\ 43 (Autumn 1977): 282–96; and “Judge Josiah Miller,” (Lawrence) .DQVDV'DLO\7ULEXQH , July 8, 1870. Josiah Miller, an Antislavery Southerner 67 osiah Miller’s family dates back to the immigration of his great-great-grandfather, also named Josiah, who moved his family to Chester District, South JCarolina, in the mid-1700s. Josiah’s father, Robert Hyndman Miller, a third-generation South Carolinian, was born on December 6, 1796, in Chester, South Carolina. Robert married Susannah McAliley on January 14, 1823. Susannah’s parents and grandparents had migrated to Chester District at the same time as Robert’s parents and grandparents. 2 Robert, like most of his family before him, became a prosperous farmer and he and Susannah had ten children. 3 Their son Josiah was born in Chester District, South Carolina, on November 12, 1828. In a book titled 0LVVRXUL·V0HPRUDEOH'HFDGH² $Q+LVWRULFDO6NHWFK3HUVRQDO³3ROLWLFDO³5HOLJLRXV , Josiah’s brother George wrote that the “family were members of the Associated Scotch Presbyterian Church. This church at an early day took strong grounds against slavery. No one owning slaves was permitted to become a member of this church. But as the proslavery sentiment began to encroach upon these Associated Church communities, one family after another would sell out and move north.” 4 Fifteen years before Robert and Susannah Miller left South &DUROLQD IRU WKH 1RUWK D VLJQLÀFDQW DQG JDOYDQL]LQJ event took place. With the Associated Church losing $IWHU -RVLDK 0LOOHU DUULYHG LQ .DQVDV 7HUULWRU\ LQ KH VHW WR PHPEHUVKLS ÀQGLQJ IXOOWLPH PLQLVWHUV ZDV GLIÀFXOW ZRUNWU\LQJWRÀQGDVXLWDEOHSODFHIRUKLVIDWKHUPRWKHUDQGVHYHUDO 7KHQHZPLQLVWHUZKRÀQDOO\FDPHWRWKHORFDO6P\UQD VLEOLQJV WR VHWWOH )RU JHQHUDWLRQV WKH IDPLO\ KDG OLYHG LQ &KHVWHU Church was assaulted by proslavery partisans following 'LVWULFW6RXWK&DUROLQDEXWLQWKHUXQXSWRWKH&LYLO:DUOLIHLQ WKH6RXWKEHFDPHPRUHDQGPRUHGDQJHURXVIRUDQWLVODYHU\IDPLOLHV KLV ÀUVW VHUPRQ WKH\ WDUUHG DQG IHDWKHUHG KLP DQG OLNHWKH0LOOHUV-RVLDK·VIDWKHU5REHUW+\QGPDQ0LOOHUSLFWXUHGZDV drove him from the community. Robert Miller was “so ´EUXWDOO\WUHDWHGµE\SURVODYHU\QHLJKERUVEHIRUHKHDGLQJQRUWKLQWKH impressed by the outrage” that he pursued legal action. ODWHV3KRWRJUDSKFRXUWHV\RIWKHDXWKRU Shortly thereafter, he too was “brutally treated” and only recovered after several months had passed. Despite this 2. A number of families from Antrim County, Ireland (near Belfast), immigrated to the United States at the same time in the mid-1700s. This experience, Robert and Susannah decided, for the time was a close community of like-minded people with similar roots in being, to stay in South Carolina. 5 Ireland and the Associated Scotch-Irish Presbyterian Church. William L. Fisk, “The Associated Reform Church in the Old Northwest: A Chapter 7KHVH YLROHQW HQFRXQWHUV ZHUH VXUHO\ GLIÀFXOW IRU in the Acculturation of the Immigrant,” -RXUQDORI3UHVE\WHULDQ+LVWRU\ 46 the entire Miller family and the Associated Church (September 1968): 157–74. community, and they had a lasting impact on Josiah, who 3. Two children died in infancy and are buried in South Carolina. The other children were: Susannah Miller Reedy, Itawanba County, was at the time a mere twelve years old. Just six years after Mississippi; Jeannette Miller Walker, Pontotoc, Mississippi, then to this “outrage” against his father, Josiah Miller, “refusing Lawrence in 1865; Josiah Miller; George Miller, Pleasant Hill, Missouri; Margaret Miller Junkins; Robert Miller; William Miller; and Annie to live longer in social ostracism, went north.” He left to Miller Adams. Four children, Margaret (twenty-two), Robert (nineteen), attend Indiana University, from which he graduated in William (seventeen), and Annie (fourteen) migrated to Lawrence with their parents and their ages in 1858 are shown in parentheses. 1852. He then studied law in Poughkeepsie, New York, 4. Miller, 0LVVRXUL·V0HPRUDEOH'HFDGH , 14–15, 21. George was Josiah’s ÀQLVKLQJLQ 6 younger brother by six years. In 1853 George Miller was attending Indiana University; he transferred to Centre College in Danville, After leaving Poughkeepsie in the spring of 1853, Miller Kentucky, in 1854, and after graduation in 1857 he attended Theological returned to Bloomington, Indiana, and married Agnes B. 6HPLQDU\LQ'DQYLOOHJUDGXDWLQJLQ,Q-XQHKHWRRNKLVÀUVW pastorate in Pleasant Hill, Missouri, and served a number of churches in that state before his death in 1900. George and his wife Mary are buried 5. Miller, 0LVVRXUL·V0HPRUDEOH'HFDGH , 15–16. in the Elmwood cemetery in Kansas City, Missouri. 6. ,ELG ., 17. 68 Kansas History Carlisle on January 3, 1854. In partnership with his father, The Reverend Richard Cordley, a contemporary of Josiah was involved in land speculation, and traveled for Miller, observed that “Josiah Miller was different. He business to Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Again, EHORQJHGWRDFODVVZKLFKZDVRQHRIWKHXQUHFRJQL]HG his concern for his parents was always at hand and elements in the Kansas problem. He was an anti-slavery occupied his attention. Josiah also renewed his friendship man from the South. It was common to consider all with his former college friend, Robert Elliott, and together immigrants from the South as in favor of slavery. But many they began making plans to start a newspaper, even of the most determined opponents to slavery were from though neither had a journalism background. It was the the South. Josiah Miller grew up without any great passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act that turned Josiah love for the peculiar institution of his native state.” 9 As Miller’s attention towards Kansas and the possibility of an antislavery Southerner, Miller was well positioned to settling in Lawrence. seek a middle ground. He was not an ardent abolitionist, According to historian Bill Cecil-Fronsman, Miller’s yet had strong feelings about the immorality of slavery, short stay in Illinois before going to Lawrence was given his religious upbringing in South Carolina. He was VLJQLÀFDQWLQVKDSLQJKLVSKLORVRSK\´+HMRLQHG'DQLHO committed to Kansas entering the Union as a free state, B. Combs as the co-editor of the Bloomington &HQWUDO but was not beyond compromises that might be necessary ,OOLQRLV 7LPHV ,” explained Cecil-Fronsman, and many of to achieve that goal. In some respects he was the right the positions “staked out” by Combs in Illinois “closely man at the right time. resembled those taken by the )UHH6WDWH . Although Combs 7KHÀUVWLVVXHRIWKH .DQVDV)UHH6WDWH newspaper was denied being a ‘ranting abolitionist,’ he denounced dated January 3, 1855, but it appeared on the streets of slavery and looked forward to the day ‘when the tightly Lawrence on January 10. 10 Miller wasted little time making riveted bands of oppression shall be rented asunder.’” 7 his position on slavery and Kansas as a free state clear. In In the few months following his arrival in Lawrence, WKHÀIWKLVVXHSXEOLVKHGRQ)HEUXDU\KHZURWH Miller became involved in local and territorial politics. His strong feelings in the contest between antislavery Our neighbors in Missouri have rather a DQGSURVODYHU\HOHPHQWVLQWKHDUHDZHUHHDUO\UHÁHFWHG stormy time in their Legislature. The balloting in editorials in his newspaper. His free-soil position for the U.S. Senator, by the last accounts, show a contrasted somewhat from that of the eastern abolitionists drilling of forces, and an unwavering adherence who had come to Lawrence with the New England to their respective candidates by each of the three Emigrant Aid Company. “Positioning itself ideologically parties, which we have seldom seen equaled. It between abolitionist New Englanders and proslavery is the general opinion that none of these parties Missourians,” Cecil-Fronsman asserted, can effect a compromise, and without which there can be no election. But

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