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Kitap Tarlitma ~l Kitap Tarlitma : GEORGIOS SALAKIDES, Sultanstirkunden des Athos-Klosters Vatopedi a~ ts der Zeit Bayezid II. und Selim L, Thessaloniki 1995, 152 sahife, Institute for Balkan Studies yay~ nlar~ ndan no.263. Ismini "Athos'taki Vatopedi Manasur~'nda bulunan II.Bayezid ve I.Selim devrinden kalma hilkümder belgeleri" ~eklinde Türkçe'ye çevirebilece~imiz bu eser, Ekim 1993'te Münih Üniversitesi'nde Prof.Dr.Hans Georg MAJER'in yönetiminde tamamlanan bir yüksek lisans ça- l~~mas~d~r. Küçük duzeltmelerden sonra iki sene sonra yarmlannu~ur. Athos, Selanik'in güneyinde Ege Denizi'ne uzanan Halkidikya yar~ madas~~~~~~~ üç ç~ kmas~ n- dan en do~usundaki üzerinde olan bir da~~n ad~ d~ r. Grekçe'de buna Ayos Oros (Kutsal Da~) ismi verilir. Osmanl~ lar~ n Balkanlara geçi~inden ve 1371'deki S~ rp Sand~~~~ muharebesinin kaybe- dilmesinden sonra Bizansl~ lar Athos'taki manast~ ra çevrelerindeki arazilerin yar~ s~ n~~ timar (pronoia)olarak vermi~ler, Osmanl~ lara kar~~ , onlar~ n savunmalar~ n~~ kuvvetlendirmeyi dü~ünmü~lerdir. 1383'te Makedonya Osmanl~~ hakimiyetine girer ve Athos da do~al olarak sulhen Osmanl~ lara geçerse de, 1402'den sonra durum de~i~ir. Emir Süleyman Çelebi Fetret desTinde Rumelienin hakimi olarak 1403'te Bizanshlar ile anla~arak Makedonya'ya, Athos'u ve adalar~~ Bizans'a geri verir. Art~ k Kutsal Da~'daki manasurlar Bizans denetimindedir. VII.Johannes Paleologos harac~ n 2/3'ünü manast~ r rahiplerine b~ rak~ r, 1/3'de devlet kasas~ na girecektir. 1430'da Osmanl~ lar nihai olarak Makedonya'ya ele-geçirirler, Athos'taki manast~ rlar da hemen hemen tam be~yüzy~ l Osmanl~~ yönetiminde kal~ r. Bu nedenle bu kutsal da~daki manast~ r rahipleri Serez, Drama, Selanik, Siderokavsia (Sedrekapsi) kad~ l~ klar~~ ile do~rudan do~ruya Bab-~~ Ali ve Istanbul'daki Patrikhane ile yaz~~ ma halindedirler. Bu bak~ mdan buradaki manasurlar Türkçe, Grekçe , Slavca belgelerle doludur (s.12). SALAKIDES Yunanistan Krall~~~ 'n~ n kurulu~undan sonra. Perikles ve Platon devirleri üze- rinde durulmaya ba~land~~~ n~, buna mukabil Bizans döneminin karanl~ kta kald~~~ n~, ara~unlma- da~~ na, Yunanistan'da Osmanl~~ hakimiyeti zaman~ n~ n (Turkokratia) barbarl~ k ve bask~~ ça~~~ olarak hiç haurlanmak istenmedi~ini, bu nedenle ara~ur~ lmad~~~ n~~ yazmaktad~ r. Ancak ikinci Dünya Harbi sonras~ nda bilimsel olarak Turkokratia ile u~ra~~ lmaya ba~land~~~ n~~ da söylemektedir. Bu arada iki önemli çal~~maya da de~inilmektedir. Hans Robert ROEMER bir makalesinde ~slam Dünyas~~ için H~ ristiyan manast~ r ar~ivlerinin ehemmiyetine i~aret etmi~', Pavlou CHIDIROGLU da K~bns'taki Kykkos Manasun'ndaki Osmanl~~ belgeleri üzerinde çal~~~ p bunlardan baz~ lar~ na yay~ nlad~~~~ gibi, Yunan Tarihi için Osmanl~~ Belgeleri'lli~~~ önemine de de~inmi~2 Evangelia BALTA'y~~ da mimar unutmam~~ur3 . Hans Robert ROEMER,"Christliche Klosterarchive in der islamischen Welt", Der Orient in der Forschung. Festschrift fili Otto SPIES z~~~~~~ 5.April 1966,yay. Wilhelm Hönerbach, Wiesbaden 1967, s. 543-556. 2 bk.Turkologischer Anzeiger,yay. Andreas Tietze, I, 949 ve 950 numaral~~ kay~ tlar, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kimde des Morgenlandes, 67, 1979'un içinde. Ayn~~ yazar, T~~ rkologischer Anzeiger, 6(1980), 157 no.lu kay~ t. Pavlos (Pavlou) Clud~ roglou'nun eserleri Grekçe'dir. 3 Evangelia BALTA, "Yunanistan'daki Osmanl~~ Ar~ivleri" hakk~ ndaki makalesi (Grekçe) Mnemon (Atina 1989)'da yay~ nlanm~~t~ r, 5.241-252. 232 KITAP TANITMA Bununla beraber Athos ve çevresindeki manasurlardaki osmanl~~ belgeleri üzerinde çal~~an- lar ve bu alanda öncülük yapanlar Paul LEMERLE ve Paul WITTEK-I , Elizabeth ZACHARIADOU5 , Vanço BOSKOV(' ve Heath, W.LOWRY7 olmu~lard~ r. Bau Dünyas~ na Athos'u ilk tan~ tanlar da XVI.yilzy~ l~ n ikinci yar~s~~ ba~lar~ nda iki Frans~z ol- mu~ tur. Fransisken ke~i~i Andr'e TH~VET 1549-1552 aras~ nda Istanbul'a ve Kutsal Topraklara yapt~~~~ bir gezi sonunda 1554'te Lyon'da yay~ nlanan Cosmographie de Levant adl~~ eserindes uzaktan gördü~ü Athos'ta pekçok güzel ve eski manasurlar bulundu~undan, rahiplere caloeres, rahibelere de calogreesdenildi~inden bahs eder') . ~övalye D'ARAMON'un sefaret heyetine kat~ larak 1546'da Fransa'dan yola ç ~ karak Istanbul'a, sonra da Ege adalar~ na, Athos'a, Selânik'e, Anadolu'ya, ~~ ihayet Kutsal Topraklara (Kudüs ve çevresi) giden Pierre BELON Les observations de plusieu~-s singularitez et choses memorables trourees en Grece, Asla, ludee, Egypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges (Paris 1553) I() adl~~ eserinde Athos'a 23 sahife ay~ r~ r. Orada 5-6.000 ke~i~in 23 veya 24 eski manast~ rda ya~ad~~~ n~ , bunlar~ n günlük me~guliyetlerini,manast~ rlar içerisinde en önemlilerinin, her birinde üç yüz ke~i~in ya~ad~~~~ Vatopedi ve Lavra manasurlar~~ oldu~unu belirtir i I . Osmanl~~ Tahrir Defterleri'nde Athos Da~~~ (Mount Athos) Aynaros olarak tammlanmakta- d ~ r. Kanuni Süleyman'~ n hemen hemen saltanat~ n~ n ba~lang~ ç y~ llar~ na tarihlenen bir Tahrir .1 "Recherches sur l'histoire et le statut des monaste. res athonites sous la domination tur- que". Archires d'histoire du d~-oit orienta1,111, 1947, S.411-472. 5 "Early Ottoman Documents of the Prodromos Monastery (Serres)", Südost- Forschungen,XXVIII, 1969, S.1-12, ayn~~ yazar, "Ottoman Documents from the Archives of Dionysiou (Mount Athos), 1495-1520", Südost-Forschungen, XXX, 1971, S.1-36. "Ei~~~ kyrillischer transkriptionstext des osmanisch-türkischen im Athoskloster Hilandar", Studi preottomani e otto~nani. Napoli 1976, s.69-74 ve 2 levha; ayn~~ yazar , "Jedan originalan ni- ~an Murata I iz 1386, godine u manastiru Svetog Payla na Svetoj Gori", (Athos'ta Sankt Paulus manasur~ nda 1386 y~ l~ ndan kalma I. Murad'~ n bir orjinal ni~an~ ),) Pritozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju,XXVII, 1979, S.225-246; ayn~~ yazar, "Ein Ni~an des Prinzen Orhan, Sohn Süleyman Çelebis, aus dem Jal~ re 1412 im Athoskloster Sankt Paulus", Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunde des Mo~genlandes,LXX1, 1979, 5.127-152; ayn~~ yazar, Jedno originalno pismo-naredba (biti) Murata Il za Svetu Goru", (II.Murad'~ n Athos ke~i~leri için 1440 y~ l~ ndan kalma bir ferman~~ (biti), Hilandarski Zbornik,1V, 1978, 5.131-36. 7 "A Note on the Population and Status of the Athonite Monasteries under Ottoman Rule (ca.1520)3, WZKM,LXXIII, 1981, S.114-135; ayn~~ yazar, "The Fate of Byzantine Monastic Properties under the Ottomans: Examples from Mount Athos, Limnos and Trabzon", Byzantinische Forschungen,XVI, 1990, S.275-311. Her iki makale ay~ n yazar~ n makalelerinin der- lendi~i Studies in Defterology. Ottoman Society in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries(Analecta Isisiana, IV, ~stanbul 1992)'te de yay~ nlanm~~ t~ r. 5.229-275. 8 Stephane YERASIMOS, Les voyageurs dans l'Empire Otto~nan (XlVe-XVIe siecles), Bibliographie, itineraires et inventaire des iieux habites. Ankara 1991, Türk Tarih Kurumu ya- y~ n~ , 5.219-220. 9 Michael E. MARTIN, "Some western images of Athos in early modern times, c.1554- 1678". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies,Birmingham, XXII, 1998, S.51. S.YERASIMOS, ayn~~ eser,S.205-207. M.E.MARTIN, ayn~~ makale,S.53. KITAP TANITMA 233 Deftedndeki manasurlar~ , bunlar~ n Bat~~ âlemindeld kar~~ l~ klar~ m ve içlerindeki ke~i~~ (ruhbân) miktarlar~ m Heath W.LOWRYnin tan~ mlamas~~ ile okuyal~ m12 Manast~ r-~~ Hilandar (Chilandari Monastery) 132 ke~i~, Mesimano (Esphigmenou Monastery) 30 ke~i~, Vatopedi (Vatopedi Monastery) 271 ke~i~, /I Ozgurafo (Zographou Monastery) 114 ke~i~, Ivaron (Iveron Monastery) 151 ke~i~, Pandokratiya (Pantokratoros Mon.) 91 ke~i~, Manast~ r (Lavra Monastery) 200 ke~i~, 8.Manasur-~~ Gregoriyan (Gregoriou Monastery) 39 ke~i~, " Kastamonit (Kastamonitou Monastery) 41 ke~i~, " Filofi (Philotheou Monastery) 18 ke~i~, " ~sveti Pavli (Ayiou Pavlou Monastery) 34 ke~i~, " Doionias (Dionysiou Monastery) 118 ke~i~, " Purotoniya (Protation Monastery) 33 ke~i~, " Rus (Russiko/ Panteleimon Mon.) 25 ke~i~, " Simeno Petrani (Simeno-Petra Mon.) 4 ke~i~, " Eksiropotam (Xeropotamou Mon.) 27 ke~i~, " Doiokhari (Docheiariou Mon.) 20 ke~i~, " Karakalu (Karakallou Mon.) 4 ke~i~, " Kutlumu~~(Koutloumousiou Man.)13 39 ke~i~, " Eksenofoniu (Xenophontos Mon.) 51 ke~i~. Athos'un korsanlar~ n tecavüzüne kar~~~ mahfuz bir konumda olu~u burada çe~idi milletler- den ke~i~lerin gelip yerle~melerini kolayla~urm~~, bu nedenle de yukar~ da da görüldü~ü gibi, S~ rp (8 ve 17) ve Rus (14 no.1u) manasurlar~~ da tesis edilmi~tir". 12 H.W.LOWRY, "A Note on the Population...", 5.116-117, (WZKM'deki makale), S. 231- 232 (Analecta Isisiana'daki makale). H.W.LOWRY ve M.E.MARTIN ad~~ geçen manast~ rlar hakk~ nda mukayeseli rakamlar da verirler. 13 Michel BALIVET, "Deux monasteres byzantins fondes par des turcs : Koutloumoussiou/Kutulmu~~ et Dourachani/Turahan", Osmanl~~ Ara~t~rmala~~,V, 1986, S.51-64. Dourachani manast~ r' Yanya'dad~r. "H.W.LOWRY, ayn~~ makale, S.237. 234 KITAP TANITMA SALAKIDES Osmanl~~ hf~kümdarlann~n yaln~z kilise düzenini muhafaza etmekle kalmay~p, aksine onlar~~ desteklediklerini, H~ristiyan uyruklulara böylelikle nilfuz ettiklerini, vergilerini de kolayl~ kla alma imkân~ na kavu~tuklar~ m belirtir. ~stanbul Patrikli~i önde gelmekle beraber, iskenderiye, Kudüs ve Antakya Patriklikleri de vard~ r. ~pek ve Ohri Patriklikleri ise muhtard~r. 1766/67'de ~stanbul Patrikli~ine ba~lanm~~lard~r (s. 18). Patriklik medeni hukuk alan~ nda hristiyanlann evlenmelerini, bo~anmalar~ m, papaslann cezaland~r~lmalar~n~ , kendi kiliselerine vermekle yükümlü olduklar~~ vergileri tahsil hakk~n~~ düzenleyen haklara sahipti. Bu son yönü ile SALAKIDES, halk~ n gözünde metropoliderin a~a'dan farks~z oldu~unu da belirtmektedir (S.21). SALAKIDES'in çal~~mas~nda Vatopedi manasun'nda bulunan II.Bayezid devrine ait 10, I.Selim zaman~ na ait 5 belgenin incelendi~i görülmektedir. Bunlar 4 gruba ayr~ lmaktad~r. Birinci gruptakiler (5, 7,8, 12, 15 numarahlar) Ortodoks Kilisesinin kendi içindeki mali düzen- lemesi ile ilgilidir.
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