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Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts the Stylistics of Exophonic Writing

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Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts the Stylistics of Exophonic Writing ARABIC IN MODERN HEBREW TEXTS THE STYLISTICS OF EXOPHONIC WRITING MOHAMED A.H. AHMED Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts The Stylistics of Exophonic Writing Mohamed A. H. Ahmed Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Mohamed Ahmed, 2019 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Times New Roman by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4443 9 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4445 3 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4446 0 (epub) The right of Mohamed Ahmed to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Figures and Tables vi Acknowledgements viii Typography, Translations and Transcription x Transcription xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 From Baghdad to a Transit Camp 3 Why Study the Use of Arabic in Modern Hebrew Texts? 5 The Structure of the Book 7 Limitations of the Study 9 1 Arabic and Hebrew in One Text: Early Potential, Current Perspective 11 1.1 Judaeo-Arabic: General Remarks 12 1.2 Judaeo-Arabic Texts: Early Potential of Arabic/Hebrew in One Text 13 1.3 Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic 15 1.3.1 Literature Written in Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic 16 1.3.2 The Linguistic Features of Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic: General Remarks 17 1.4 Iraqi Jewish Novelists: From Arabic to Hebrew 18 1.4.1 Shimon Ballas: Adīb Al-Qaṣṣ 21 1.4.2 Sami Michael: ‘Saleh-Menashe’ or ‘Samir-Marid’? 22 1.4.3 Eli Amir: Ibn-‘Arab 23 iv | CONTENTS 1.5 The Novels 24 1.5.1 Scapegoat – Eli Amir (1983) 24 1.5.2 All Men are Equal – But Some are More – Sami Michael (1974) 26 1.5.3 The Transit Camp – Shimon Ballas (1964) 28 1.5.4 Farewell Baghdad – Eli Amir (1992) 29 1.5.5 Victoria – Sami Michael (1993) 31 1.5.6 The Other One – Shimon Ballas (1991) 34 1.5.7 What’s Left – Eli Amir (2010a) 35 1.5.8 End of the Visit – Shimon Ballas (2008) 36 1.5.9 Diamond from the Wilderness – Sami Michael (2011) 37 2 Exophonic Writing, Stylistics and the Study of Iraqi Jewish Fiction 38 2.1 Stylistics: An Approach to Exophonic Texts 39 2.1.1 Exophonic Texts 39 2.1.2 Approaches to Exophonic Texts 43 2.1.3 Aspects of Non-Code-Switching in Exophonic Texts 47 2.1.4 Towards a New Approach to Exophonic Texts 51 2.2 The Analysis of Arabic Use in the Iraqi Hebrew Novels 57 2.2.1 Data 58 2.2.2 Code-Switching in the Hebrew Novels 60 2.2.3 Syntagmatic/Paradigmatic Deviations 73 2.3 Conclusion 79 3 The Use of Arabic Between Authors and Novels 80 3.1 A Diachronic Analysis of Arabic Use in the Selected Hebrew Novels 81 3.1.1 Early Hebrew Novels, Corpus 1 81 3.1.2 Hebrew Novels Written in the Middle Period, Corpus 2 83 3.1.3 The Late Hebrew Novels, Corpus 3 85 3.1.4 General Remarks on the Diachronic Analysis of Arabic Use 85 3.2 Arabic Use as Compared Between Novels and Authors 87 3.2.1 Shimon Ballas 88 3.2.2 Sami Michael 91 3.2.3 Eli Amir 96 CONTENTS | v 3.3 Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic and Arabic Dialects in the Novels 100 3.3.1 Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic 101 3.3.2 Arabic Dialects 104 3.4 Conclusion 105 4 Final Remarks 107 4.1 Why Arabic? 107 4.1.1 Ha-maʻabara: The Narratives of Baghdad and Israel 108 4.1.2 Baghdad 111 4.1.3 Israel 115 4.2 Summary and Concluding Remarks 117 4.2.1 The Model 117 4.2.2 Stylistic Analysis of the Arabic Use of the Iraqi Jewish Authors 120 4.2.3 The Style of Arabic Use According to Each Author 122 Appendices 126 Notes 161 References 166 Index 176 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Suggested approach to exophonic texts 56 2.2 The relationship between the three main elements of the suggested approach 57 3.1 Parts of speech, corpus 1 82 3.2 Parts of speech, corpus 2 84 3.3 Semantic field analysis of Ballas’s sample 92 3.4 Contextual settings of Ballas’s sample 92 3.5 Semantic field analysis of Michael’s sample 94 3.6 Contextual settings in Michael’s sample 96 3.7 Semantic field analysis of Amir’s sample 99 3.8 Contextual settings in Amir’s sample 100 Tables 2.1 Code-switching in the novels 60 3.1 Use of Arabic according to parts of speech, corpus 1 81 3.2 Arabic use strategies, corpus 1 83 3.3 Arabic uses according to parts of speech, corpus 2 84 3.4 Arabic use strategies, corpus 2 85 3.5 Arabic uses according to parts of speech, corpus 3 86 3.6 Arabic use strategies, corpus 3 86 3.7 Arabic parts of speech in Ballas’s sample 88 3.8 Arabic use strategies in Ballas’s sample 91 3.9 Arabic parts of speech in Michael’s sample 92 3.10 Arabic use strategies in Michael’s sample 94 vi FIGURES f N g T f g u re | vii 3.11 Arabic parts of speech in Amir’s sample 98 3.12 Arabic use strategies in Amir’s sample 98 A.1 List of Arabic lexical items with frequencies 127 A.2 List 1: hard-access code-switching instances 138 A.3 List 2: easy-access code-switching instances 155 Acknowledgements The idea behind this book was born in Mansoura, Egypt, the book itself was written in Leipzig, Germany and it was revisited for publication in Cambridge, UK. Therefore, thanks are due to these three countries to which the book, and its author, owe gratitude. I wish to thank the GERLS programme (German Egyptian Long- Term Scholarship – Grant No. A/11/90868) for the financial aid I have received to fund this project, which was also partially funded by The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). Thanks are due to the Simon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History and Culture at Leipzig University for hosting me and for providing me with a very good academic environment in which to pursue my project during my PhD. I would like to thank my ‘Doktorvater’ and supervisor Professor Dan Diner, Simon Dubnow Institut für jüdische Geschichte und Kultur/ Universität Leipzig, for his great support. His ideas and advice were bril- liant and essential for this study. I am equally thankful to Professor José Martinez Delgado, Department of Semitic Studies, Granada University, Spain, who helped me so much with the linguistic part of the book. Thanks are due also to Dr Nicolas Berg, Simon Dubnow Institute, for the support he gave to me as a PhD student during my stay in Leipzig. I would also like to thank Professor Dr Anat Feinberg and Dr Natasha Gordinsky for their guidance and support during the early phase of the project. I am grateful to the many scholars and colleagues who supported this project with ideas and suggestions; special thanks are due to Professor Reuven Snir, Professor Nancy E. Berg, Professor Sasson Somekh and Professor Omar Kamil. I would also like to give special thanks to both viii f CKNOW u E g GEMENTS | ix Professor Geoffrey Khan and Dr Esther-Miriam Wagner, University of Cambridge, for their great support and encouragement to publish the book. Thanks are also due to the publishing team at Edinburgh University Press for their support during the production of the book, including Laura Williamson and Richard Strachan. I give my thanks also to the anonymous reviewers of the proposal and the typescript of the book for their sup- portive suggestions and comments that helped to make this book happen. Finally, I would like to thank my wife and children for their patience and understanding. Typography, Translations and Transcription All extracted examples of the study are written in plain type, only Arabic instances are written in bold. The Arabic and Hebrew extracts from the Hebrew novels of the study, which are integrated within the main text, are in italics. When a free translation is needed for certain Arabic or Hebrew words and phrases, the word-for-word translation is given first inside brackets, followed by a free translation like in this example: [word-for- word translation – free translation]. The examples in the study are written as they appear in the original Hebrew texts. This is to highlight the distinct features of each text concern- ing employing Arabic and how each author has his unique typography. All the examples in the study are my translations. Quotations from Hebrew novels, which were already translated into English, are cited from those editions. However, I use my translation of some examples so as to elucidate some linguistic features that are not shown in the English edi- tions. The translation into English appears in brackets […]. x Transcription Arabic and Hebrew transliterations follow the Romanisation Tables, Library of Congress, as illustrated below.
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