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Harold Brown and the Imperatives of Foreign Policy 1977–1981

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Harold Brown and the Imperatives of Foreign Policy 1977–1981 SEPTEMBERSEPTEMBER 2017 2017 SEPTEMBER 2017 HaroldHaroldHarold Brown Brown Brown and and andthe the the ImperativesImperativesImperatives of of Foreign ofForeign Foreign Policy Policy Policy 1977–19811977–19811977–1981 HistoricalHistorical OfficeHistorical Office Office OfficeOffice of theofOffice the Secretary Secretary of the of Secretary Defenseof Defense of Defense Washington, DC Washington,Washington, DC DC ColdCold ColdWar War Foreign War Foreign Foreign Policy Policy Policy Series Series Series Special Study 8 SpecialSpecial Study Study 8 8 Edward C. Keefer Edward C. Keefer Series EditorsEdward Erin C. R. Keefer Mahan • Jeffrey A. Larsen Series Series Editors Editors Erin Erin R. MahanR. Mahan • Jeffrey • Jeffrey A. Larsen A. Larsen Historical Office HistoricalOfficeHistorical of the Office SecretaryOffice of Defense OfficeOffice of theof the Secretary Secretary of Defenseof Defense AboutAbout the theAuthor Author EdwardEdward C. KeeferC. Keefer received received a B.A. a B.A. from from McGill McGill University University in 1967 in 1967 and anda a Ph.D.Ph.D. in history in history from from Michigan Michigan State State University University in 1974. in 1974. For For34 years34 years he washe wasan editoran editor of the of theU.S. U.S. Department Department of State’s of State’s offi cialoffi cialdocumentary documentary series,series, Foreign Foreign Relations Relations of the of Unitedthe United States States. During. During that that time time he editedhe edited 25 Foreign25 Foreign Relations Relations volumes, volumes, many many of whichof which documented documented U.S. U.S. policy policy duringduring the Vietnamthe Vietnam War. War. After After 2002 2002 he was he wasthe generalthe general editor editor of the of seriesthe series untiluntil his retirementhis retirement in 2009, in 2009, when when he joined he joined the theHistorical Historical Offi Office of ce the of the SecretarySecretary of Defense. of Defense. He isHe the is authorthe author of Harold of Harold Brown: Brown: Off setting Off setting the Soviet the Soviet MilitaryMilitary Challenge, Challenge, 1977–1981 1977–1981, volume, volume 9 in 9 thein theSecretaries Secretaries of Defenseof Defense HistoricalHistorical Series Series published published by theby theOSD OSD Historical Historical Offi Office in ce 2017.in 2017. He He has hasalso alsowritten written articles articles and andcontributed contributed to books to books on U.S.on U.S. policy policy in East in East and andSoutheast Southeast Asia Asia and andtaught taught courses courses on 19th-on 19th- and and20th-century 20th-century British British militarymilitary and andpolitical political fi gures fi gures for thefor theSmithsonian Smithsonian Associates Associates program. program. AboutAbout the theEditors Editors ErinErin R. Mahan R. Mahan has beenhas been Chief Chief Historian Historian for thefor Secretarythe Secretary of Defense of Defense since since 2010.2010. Previously, Previously, she sheworked worked in the in theCenter Center for thefor theStudy Study of Weapons of Weapons of of MassMass Destruction Destruction at National at National Defense Defense University University and andin the in theHistorian’s Historian’s Offi Office at ce the at theU.S. U.S. Department Department of State, of State, where where she shewas wasan editoran editor of the of the ForeignForeign Relations Relations of the of Unitedthe United States States series. series. Dr. Dr.Mahan Mahan holds holds a Ph.D. a Ph.D. in in historyhistory from from the theUniversity University of Virginia. of Virginia. Jeff reyJeff A.rey Larsen A. Larsen is Director is Director of the of Researchthe Research Division Division at the at NATOthe NATO Defense Defense CollegeCollege in Rome. in Rome. He Hepreviously previously served served as president as president of Larsen of Larsen Consulting Consulting GroupGroup and andas aas senior a senior scientist scientist with with Science Science Applications Applications International International Corporation.Corporation. He hasHe hasbeen been an adjunct an adjunct graduate graduate professor professor at the at universitiesthe universities of Denver,of Denver, Northwestern, Northwestern, and andTexas Texas A&M A&M and andserved served on the on facultythe faculty of the of the CoverCover Photo Photo U.S.U.S. Air AirForce Force Academy. Academy. Widely Widely published, published, Dr. Dr.Larsen Larsen holds holds an M.A.an M.A. in in nationalnational security security aff airs aff airsfrom from the theNaval Naval Postgraduate Postgraduate School School and andan M.A.an M.A. SecretarySecretary of Defense of Defense Harold Harold Brown Brown confers confers with with President President Jimmy Jimmy Carter Carter in the in the and andPh.D. Ph.D. in politics in politics from from Princeton Princeton University. University. OvalOval Offi ce,Offi 20 ce, July 20 July1979. 1979. Source:Source: NARA NARA II. II. CoverCover Design: Design: OSD OSD Graphics, Graphics, Pentagon. Pentagon. Harold Brown and the Imperatives of Foreign Policy 1977–1981 Special Study 8 Edward C. Keefer, Ph.D. Series Editors Erin R. Mahan, Ph.D. Chief Historian, Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense Jeff rey A. Larsen, Ph.D. President, Larsen Consulting Group Historical Offi ce Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense September 2017 Cold War Foreign Policy Series • Special Study 8 Harold Brown and the Imperatives of Foreign Policy 103 Memos, Sick for Brzezinski, 6 Mar 1980, and 6 Jun 1980: both in 114 Ibid., 301–302; Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: Th e Last Year of the folder Mtgs MBB, 3/80–4/80, box 34, Subject File, Brzezinski Donated Carter Presidency (New York: ContentsG. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 249 (quotes). Material, Carter Library; Edward Keefer, Harold Brown, 276. Th is study is cleared for public release. Th e views expressed or implied 115 Keefer, Harold Brown, 321–326; Gates, From the Shadows, 143–149. within104 areMemo, solely Brown those offor theVance author and andBrzezinski, do not 16necessarily Jun 1980, represent folder 116 theMtgs views MBB, of the5/80–6/80, Department box of 34,Defense, Subject the File,Offi ceBrzezinski of the Secretary Donated of Foreword. Francis . Fukuyama,. RAND. .Note . N-15797-RG,. .“Th . .e . Future. v of Defense,Material, orCarter any otherLibrary; agency memos, of the Brown Federal to Government. Carter, both dated 18 Jun the Soviet Role in Afghanistan,” Sep 1980, AF0001042, DNSA, accessed Harold Brown 1980: both in folder Saudi Arabia (May-Jun) 1980, box 17, SecDef Files, 15Introduction Dec 2011; .Keefer, . ,. 326–327.. 1 Acc 330-82-0217; Keefer, Harold Brown, 276–277 (quotes). Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, 117 S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An provided that a standard source credit line is included. Th e Historical 105 Keefer, Harold Brown, 281. HistoricalTh e Carter Analysis Foreign, 2nd Policy ed. (Oxford:Team and Oxford Policy UniversityStructure. Press,. .1990), . 6 432– Offi ce of the Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense would appreciate a 446; Th omas P. Th ornton, “Between Two Stools? U.S. Policy Towards courtesy106 Cartercopy of Public reprints Papers or reviews.1980–1981, 2:2431; Keefer, Harold Brown, PakistanBrown and During Consultations the Carter with Administration,” NATO Allies. Asian . Survey. .22, . no.. 10. 8 (Oct 279–281 (quotes). 1982): 959–977. Korea, Japan, China, and the Philippines. 14 107 DCI Stansfi eld Turner frankly admits this intelligence failure 118 Keefer, Harold Brown, 327–332; Carter, White House Diary, 470 in Burn Before Reading: President, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence (quotes).SALT II. 21 (New York: Hyperion, 2005), 180–181. Brown cites U.S. intelligence’s 119 agreement with the Iranian intelligence organization, Savak, to rely See Carter, Keeping Faith, 91–124, for an account of his energy on them for intelligence on domestic troubles in Iran, thus assuring a policy.Panama and Latin America . 24 pro-shah product. Brown also notes that U.S. intelligence leaders were 120 Keefer, Harold Brown, 332–333. unwilling to accept others’ (mostly academics’) warnings. Brown interview, Th e Middle East . 36 1 Mar 1993, pt. 4, 16. 121 Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 443–444; Keefer, Harold Brown, 333. Iran, Afghanistan, and Southwest Asia. 44 108 Charles Duncan, interview by Alfred Goldberg and Roger Trask, 122 Keefer, Harold Brown, 335–333; Brown, Star Spangled Security, 75–76. 17 May 1996, 6–7, Oral History Collection, OSD/HO; Brzezinski, Power Th e Framework for Security in the Persian Gulf. 51 and Principle, 369, 371–372, 374–375; Vance, Hard Choices, 330–332: 123 Keefer, Harold Brown, 336–338; Crist, Twilight War, 41. Keefer, Harold Brown, 291–293 (quotes). Conclusion124 Carter . .Public . .Papers . .1980–1981 . ., .1:197–198 . (quote);. Brzezinski,. 54 109 Vance, Hard Choices, 335; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 379; Power and Principle, 433–445; Statement Released by DoD, 27 Apr 1980, Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Encounter with Iran (New York: folderNotes. 560.1 . .1980, . .box . .46, . .SecDef . .Files, . Acc. 330-82-0216,. SecDef. 57 Files. Random House, 1985), 127, 131; David Crist, Th e Twilight War: Th e 125 Secret History of America’s Th irty-Year Confl ict with Iran (New York: Memo, Ermath and Welch for Brzezinski, 22 Jan 1980, folder Penguin Press, 2012), 7–8. Mtgs Vance, Brown, Brzezinski, 1/80–3/80, box 34, Subject File, Brzezinski Donated Material, Carter Library; Keefer, Harold Brown, 341. 110 Carter, White House Diary, 272, 277 (quotes); and
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