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In Dammam Aquifer ...25

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In Dammam Aquifer ...25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty Allah, the cherisher and sustainer of the world, who gave me courage and patience to complete this work. I would like to express my hearty thanks to King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals for providing support for this research. My special thanks go to the Chairman of the Thesis Committee , Dr. Bassam Al-Tawabini for his unique, professional , exceptional and constant support and guidance. Acknowledgment is also due to the thesis committee members: Dr.Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani, and Dr. Mohammad Makkawi, for their contribution and guidance through the stages of this research. Acknowledgment is also due to Mr.Mahmoud Al-Manee, Manager of Metal Analytical Laboratory at SABIC Technology Center at Jubail for his help and encouragement. Thanks are also due to his staff, especially at the Environmental Section, who facilitated my work and analysis. Finally, I am indebted to my parents, especially my mother for her prayers, my wife and my children for their support, patience and understanding throughout this program. I would also like to extend my thanks to my friends for their unconditional support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix THESIS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................... 1 INTROUDUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Study Area: Tarout Island ........................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Geographic Location ................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Climate ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Precipitation .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.4 Land Use ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2.5 Urbanization and Water Issue ...................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................. 10 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................ 11 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 11 3.1 Geological Setting of Tarout Island ....................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Dammam Formation ................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Khobar Member.......................................................................................... 12 3.1.3 Alat Member ............................................................................................... 13 iv 3.2 Hydrology of Tarout Island ................................................................................... 13 3.2.1 Khobar Aquifer ........................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Alat Aquifer ................................................................................................ 15 3.2.3 History of Ground Water Extraction .......................................................... 17 3.2.4 Hydrochemistry .......................................................................................... 23 3.3 Impacts of Urbanization on Groundwater System ................................................. 28 3.4 Sources and Types of Groundwater Contamination ............................................... 29 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................. 33 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................. 33 4.1 Sampling and Analysis Plan: .................................................................................. 33 4.1.1 Selection of Sampling Location ................................................................. 33 4.1.2 Samples Collection ..................................................................................... 34 4.1.3 Samples Analysis........................................................................................ 34 4.2 Creating Contour Maps .......................................................................................... 37 4.3 Correlation Analysis ............................................................................................... 38 4.4 Risk Assessment ..................................................................................................... 41 4.5 Site Investigation for Contamination Sources ........................................................ 42 4.5.1 Contaminants from domestic activity ......................................................... 42 4.5.2 Contaminants from agricultural activity ..................................................... 43 4.5.3 Contaminants from Industrial activity ........................................................ 43 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................. 47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................... 47 5.1 Assessment of Surface Water ................................................................................. 47 5.1.1 Heavy Metal Levels .................................................................................... 48 v 5.1.2 Hydrocarbon Levels ................................................................................... 58 Assessment of Shallow Groundwater ..................................................................... 63ِِ 5.2 5.2.1 Nitrate and Nitrite ....................................................................................... 63 5.2.2 Phosphate .................................................................................................... 67 5.2.3 Bromide ...................................................................................................... 67 5.2.4 Iron ............................................................................................................. 69 5.2.5 Beryllium (Be) ............................................................................................ 71 5.2.6 Aluminum (Al) ........................................................................................... 74 5.2.7 Manganese (Mn) ......................................................................................... 74 5.2.8 Copper (Cu) ................................................................................................ 74 5.2.9 Hydrocarbons levels in shallow groundwater ............................................ 79 5.3 Assessment of Deep Groundwater ......................................................................... 86 5.3.1 Biological Analysis .................................................................................... 86 5.3.2 Chemical Analysis ...................................................................................... 93 5.3.3 Hydrocarbon Analysis .............................................................................. 119 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................... 120 RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................ 120 6.1 Scope of the Assessment ...................................................................................... 120 6.2 Accumulate Risk Index Analysis ........................................................................ 123 6.3 Individual Risk Index Analysis ............................................................................ 125 6.3.1 BOD .......................................................................................................... 125 6.3.2 COD .......................................................................................................... 126 6.3.3 Iron ........................................................................................................... 126 6.3.4 Lead .......................................................................................................... 129 vi 6.3.5 Nitrate ....................................................................................................... 129 6.3.6 Nitrite ........................................................................................................ 130 6.3.7 Sulfate ......................................................................................................
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