EMT 3651 Evolution and Ecotheology Thursday 2:00 PM – 4:00 PM, Fall 2018 Emmanuel College, Toronto School of Theology

Home , Arthur Peacocke, Holmes Rolston III

Instructors: Brian Gibson, [email protected] Simon Watson, [email protected]

Course Description This course considers the Darwinian theory of evolution as both source and challenge for the development of a Christian ecotheology. That is, if the Christian God is creator of all things but is also revealed in Christ to be costly love, then how can divine agency in creation be understood in light of scientific discoveries revealing that biological warfare undergirds the creative process of natural selection? The implications are significant for understanding Christian discipleship and ethics, if indeed the human is made in God’s image with the capacity for creative or destructive “dominion” over earthly life (Gen. 1:26). Of particular concern, can biological evolutionary processes revealed by scientific methodologies offer Christians material for constructive human action in light of environmental concerns, and if so, how?

The course will therefore consider such issues as human origins and the place of humanity in creation; divine immanence, agency, and goodness in light of creaturely processes and ecosystems; the consequent demand for ecological literacy; the argument from design; theodicy; kenosis; and the relation of science to theology, or, more specifically, the means by which observed data and experience are interpreted as evidence to infer conclusions. The reading will draw upon the work of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Thomas Berry, Brian Swimme, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Sallie McFague, Philip Hefner, Mary Evelyn Tucker, Jay McDaniel, Arthur Peacocke, Holmes Rolston III, Monica A. Coleman, and Charles Darwin, amongst others.

Prerequisites: At least one introductory course in both Christian Theology and the History of Christianity.

The course sessions will include class discussion.

Course Evaluation

Class participation 15%

Reflection paper 10%

Book Review 20%

Final Paper Proposal 20%

Final Paper 35%

Learning Outcomes and Means of Assessment

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Student Learning Outcomes Means of Assessment

Describe the main features of Darwinian • class attendance and participation evolutionary theory and the challenges and • reflection paper opportunities it offers Christian theology • book review through . . . • final paper

Articulate their understanding of diverse • class attendance and participation ecotheologies and how the natural sciences • book review of evolution and ecology can inform • proposal for final paper theological articulations of divine • final paper providence and Christian discipleship through . . .

Explain the role, in both theology and the • class attendance and participation natural sciences, of theoretical frameworks • book review and subjective worldviews in the • proposal for final paper interpretation of observed data through . . . • final paper

Conceive and present, orally and in • class attendance and participation writing, their own critical and constructive • reflection paper positions on evolution and related • book review theological issues through . . . • final paper proposal and presentation • final paper

Apply the background knowledge and • class attendance and participation critical thinking skills necessary to • reflection paper appreciate more deeply the Christian • book review response to the ecological challenges • proposal for final paper besetting the earth through . . . • final paper

Assignments

1) Regular attendance, required reading (as listed below), and informed participation in class discussions, worth 15% of your course grade. Required reading is posted on the course web site at https://q.utoronto.ca/. Resources identified as “Recommended Reading” (also listed below) are available in the libraries of TST colleges, other University of Toronto libraries, and/or elsewhere. Class attendance and participation are important parts of the learning process; you may not receive credit for this course if you are absent from more than three classes.

2) Reflection paper. 3-4 pages, due September 27, and worth 10% of your course grade. Please respond to the following questions: a. How do you situate or relate your understanding of biological evolution to your worldview or religious belief? b. What theological doctrines or issues are you particularly concerned to address in light of the theory of evolution as introduced by Darwin? Why? c. Can the theory of evolution, as you presently understand it, challenge and/or enrich Christian theology? How? d. What are your ambitions for this course? Evaluation Criteria: thorough response to and reflection on the questions (80%); consistency and clarity in writing (20%).

3) Book Review. 10-12 pages, due November 1, and worth 20% of your course grade. A critical review of one book, chosen in consultation with the instructor, and written by an author assigned or discussed in the syllabus. The book must discuss the issue of Christianity, evolution, and ecotheology. In your critique please consider the following questions: a. How does your author engage evolutionary processes as both challenge and source for a constructive ecotheology? b. Is your author successful? Why or why not? For more information, please see “The Book Review or Article Critique” at http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-writing/book-review/. You may use the research for this review in your final paper. Evaluation Criteria: accurate and fair description of the author’s positions and the issues at stake in those positions; fair evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s positions and clear, well-warranted rationale for that evaluation; appropriate research, using required and recommended course readings and other relevant sources when necessary, with a fair and accurate description and evaluation of those sources; consistency and clarity in writing; and the correct citation and documentation of sources used.

4) Proposal for Final Paper. 10-12 pages, due in the last class, and worth 20% of your course grade. The proposal should include a thesis statement, outline, and an annotated draft bibliography. Be prepared to briefly present and discuss your ideas with the class. The thesis statement or question should be related to one of the course authors and should build upon the work completed for your book review. The annotated bibliography should consist of 10 to 12 essays, journal articles, or book chapters that will help you to demonstrate your thesis or to answer your question. For more information, see “Using Thesis Statements” at http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/planning/thesis-statements/ and “Writing an Annotated Bibliography” at http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-writing/annotated- bibliography/. You may use the thesis statement or question and the annotated bibliography in your final paper. Evaluation Criteria: clarity and strength of thesis statement or question; adequacy of selected essays to the thesis statement or question; accurate and fair description of the content of the essays in your annotated bibliography with clear indications of the relevance of each entry to your thesis statement; consistency and clarity in writing; and the correct citation and documentation of sources used.

5) Final paper on either option a. or b. below. 15-18 pages, due end of term, and worth 35% of your course grade. a. Compare and contrast the approach of two ecotheologians to the theory of evolution. How does each engage biological creation as a source and challenge for understanding the Creator God of Christian faith? Moreover, if the human is made in God’s image, how is biological creation engaged to understand Christian discipleship and constructive human action in light of environmental concerns? What are the key strengths and weaknesses of each author’s argument? Ultimately, how do you understand creation as a source of revelation about the Creator God of Christian faith and thus the role of the human as made in God’s image and responsible for an environment in crisis?

Evaluation Criteria: accurate and fair description of the issues at stake and the positions of the authors you consider; fair evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each author’s position and a clear, well-warranted rationale for that evaluation; clear, well-warranted statement of your own position; appropriate research, using required and recommended course readings and other relevant sources, both primary and secondary; fair and accurate description and evaluation of those sources; consistency and clarity in writing; and correct citation and documentation of sources used.

b. For one of the theologians included in the syllabus, please summarize his or her understanding of how the Christian God acts in nature in light of natural processes

and systems. How does your author engage biological creation as a source and challenge for understanding the Creator God of Christian faith? Moreover, if the human is made in God’s image, how is biological creation engaged to understand Christian discipleship and constructive human action in light of environmental concerns? Do you agree with your author? Why or why not? What are some key strengths and weaknesses of your author’s argument? Ultimately, how do you understand creation as a source of revelation about the Creator God of Christian faith and thus the role of the human as made in God’s image and responsible for an environment in crisis? For your paper, please use a representative selection of the author’s work (primary literature) and relevant scholarly discussions about his or her work (secondary literature).

Evaluation Criteria: accurate and fair description of the issues at stake and the position of the author you consider; fair evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s positions and clear, well-warranted rationale for that evaluation; clear, well-warranted statement of your own position; appropriate research, using required and recommended course readings and other relevant sources, both primary and secondary; fair and accurate description and evaluation of those sources; consistency and clarity in writing; and correct citation and documentation of sources used.

See “Some General Advice on Academic Essay-Writing” at http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/general/general-advice/ for more information.

Grading System

A+ (90-100) A (85-89) A- (80-84) B+ (77-79) B (73-76) B- (70-72) Failure

Course Website This course uses Quercus: https://q.utoronto.ca/. Once you have logged in using your UTORid and password, look for the My Courses module, where you’ll find the link to all of your Quercus-based courses. Your course registration with ACORN gives you access to the course website in Quercus.

Course Policies

Academic Policies and Procedures Observe all academic policies and regulations of your college of registration, the Toronto School of Theology, and the University of Toronto (e.g., academic honesty, use of inclusive language, requests for extensions). It is your responsibility to know, understand, and follow these policies and regulations. See especially:

TST Basic Degree Handbook

https://www.tst.edu/sites/default/files/BDHandbook%2016-17%20Nov%2024-16_0.pdf

TST Graduate Centre for Theological Studies Graduate Conjoint Degree Handbook

https://www.tst.edu/resources/Conjoint_Degree_Handbook_2017-18.pdf

University of Toronto Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters

http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Policies/P DF/ppjun011995.pdf

Plagiarism Students submitting written material in courses are expected to provide full documentation for sources of both words and ideas in footnotes or endnotes. Direct quotations should be placed within quotation marks. If small changes are made in the quotation, they should be indicated by appropriate punctuation such as brackets and ellipses, but the quotation still counts as a direct quotation. Failure to document borrowed material constitutes plagiarism, which is a serious breach of academic, professional, and Christian ethics. An instructor who discovers evidence of student plagiarism is not permitted to deal with the situation individually but is required to report it to his or her head of college or delegate according to the TST handbooks (http://www.tst.edu/academic/resources-forms/handbooks) and the University of Toronto Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters (http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/AssetFactory.aspx?did=4871). A student who plagiarizes in this course will be assumed to have read the document “Avoiding plagiarism in theological writing” published by the Graham Library of Trinity and Wycliffe Colleges (https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/library_archives/theological_resources/theological_guides/avoid ing_plagiarism.html).

Course grades Consistently with the policy of the University of Toronto, course grades submitted by an instructor are reviewed by a committee of the instructor’s college before being posted to ACORN. Grades are not official until they are posted to ACORN. Course grades may be adjusted where they do not comply with policies found in the TST handbooks, the college’s

6 grading policy, or the University Assessment and Grading Practices Policy: www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Policies/PDF/gra ding.pdf.

Emmanuel College Attendance Policy Academic credit for a course requires regular class attendance, unless otherwise indicated in the course syllabus (e.g. for intensive courses, attendance is mandatory). Attendance means being present in the class for the entire scheduled class meeting, not just part of it. In the event of absence for any reason, students are expected to inform the professor prior to class, and are responsible for course materials missed. If attendance is poor due to extenuating circumstances, students are recommended to drop the course before the last day to withdraw without academic penalty. For students who miss three regular classes, or 25% of an intensive course, this may result in a lower grade or even a failing grade for the course. If attendance is poor due to extenuating circumstances, students may petition the Basic Degree Committee to drop a course without academic or financial penalty.

Accessibility and Learning Accommodations Students with diverse learning styles and abilities are welcome in this course. If you are a TST basic degree student and require accessibility accommodations to facilitate your learning, please contact the University of Toronto’s Accessibility Services as soon as possible. It takes time to put accessibility accommodations in place. The sooner you meet with a counselor at Accessibility Services, the sooner the counselor can assist you in achieving your learning goals in this course. Please contact Accessibility Services by e-mail or by visiting its office on the University of Toronto St. George Campus: 455 Spadina Avenue, 4th Floor, Suite 400 Toronto, ON M5S 2G8 (just north of College St.) Voice: (416) 978-8060 Fax: (416) 978-5729 E-Mail: [email protected]

For more information, see the Accessibility Services web site at http://www.studentlife.utoronto.ca/as

Class Cancellations The University of Toronto rarely closes the St. George campus because of winter storms. You can check the campus status at https://www.utoronto.ca/campus-status or by calling 416.978.SNOW (7669). If an instructor for a class gets sick, you will be notified in advance of class by email as soon as possible. If a class is cancelled because of campus closure or instructor illness, we will make every effort to find a way to cover the material and presentations from a missed class.

Contacting the Instructor Simon Watson can be contacted at [email protected]. Brian Gibson can be contacted at [email protected]. Your messages are welcome but please keep them brief and use your @mail.utoronto.ca account. For more complicated issues, please email one of us to make an appointment. We will try to respond to your query within 24 hours of receipt.

Laptops, Tablets, and Cell Phones in Class You may use a laptop or tablet in class to access course readings or to conduct other course- related activities. As a courtesy to the others in the class, please keep cell phones and other electronic devices out of view with the sound turned off.

Important Notes for All Written Assignments • All papers are due on the dates indicated above in the assignment descriptions, and below in the course schedule. Students who have a compelling reason for submitting a paper after the due date may request an extension in advance of the due date. Students with medical or compassionate difficulties are kindly requested to consult with their faculty advisor or basic degree director, who should make a recommendation on the matter to the instructor. For papers submitted late without an approved extension, the instructor will deduct one point per day following the assigned due date. For the final paper, you must request extensions using the appropriate form available from your college’s Registrar no later than the last day of classes in which the course is taken. When approved, a mutually agreed upon deadline will be determined that does not extend beyond the conclusion of the following term. If a student has not completed work but has not been granted an extension, a final mark will be submitted calculating a zero for work not submitted. • You must submit your papers as a hard copy, preferably in class, or to the Emmanuel College main office before it closes, time stamped by office staff. Only with an instructor’s permission will an essay submission be accepted by email as an MS Word file and PDF file attached to your message. • In your written and oral work, please give reasons for your positions and arguments and back them up with material from required and recommended reading or other research. Consult the University of Toronto’s “Advice on Academic Writing” at http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/. For more detailed information on academic writing, see Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams, The Craft of Research, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), especially section III, “Making a Claim and Supporting It,” pp. 103-170. • Use the system of documentation described in Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018); you may use either footnotes or endnotes, but you must use one or the other. For a summary of note and bibliography formats, see the “Turabian Quick Guide” at http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html.

Back-up copies. Please make back-up copies of essays before handing them in.

Obligation to check email. At times, the course instructor may decide to send out important course information by email. To that end, all students in conjoint programs are required to have a valid utoronto email address. Students must have set up their utoronto email address, which is entered in the ACORN system. Information is available at www.utorid.utoronto.ca. The course instructor will not be able to help you with this. 416-978-HELP and the Help Desk at the Information Commons can answer questions you may have about your UTORid and password. Students should check utoronto email regularly for messages about the course. Forwarding your utoronto.ca email to a Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo, or other type of email account is not advisable since messages from utoronto.ca addresses sent to Hotmail, Gmail, or Yahoo accounts may be filtered as junk mail and end up in a spam or junk mail folder.

Course Schedule

September 13: Course overview and Introduction

Required Reading -- Daniel Migliore, Chapter 6, “The Providence of God and the Mystery of Evil,” in Faith Seeking Understanding, 3rd ed., 2014, pp. 121-142.

September 20: A Natural Theology or a Theology of Nature?: William Paley

Required Reading William Paley, Chapters I and II, with the introductory section of Chapter III, and Chapter XXVI, sections II-III, in Natural Theology, 1802, pp.7-18 and 266-276. Available as ebook and accessible via UofT Libraries requiring a valid Utorid: http://books1.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/viewdoc.html?id=/ebooks/ebooks0/o xford/2009-11-30/1/0192805843

Alister E. McGrath, Chapters 1 and 4, “Natural Theology: A Deeper Structure to the Natural World” and “A Popular Classic: William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802),” in Darwinism and the Divine: Evolutionary Thought and Natural Theology, 2011, pp. 11-26 and 85-107.

Ian G. Barbour, “Integration,” in When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers, or Partners? 2000, pp. 27-34.

Recommended Reading Francisco J. Ayala, Chapter 1, “William Paley,” in Darwin and Intelligent Design, 2006, pp. 1- 10.

September 27: Competition, Cooperation and a Call for Social Justice: Charles Darwin

Reflection paper is due.

Required Reading Charles Darwin, Chapter XIV, “Recapitulation and Conclusion,” in On the Origin of Species, 1859, pp. 459-490. Charles Darwin, Chapters 4 and 5, “Comparison of the Mental Powers of Man and the Lower Animals” and “On the Development of the Intellectual and Moral Faculties during Primeval and Civilised Times,” in The Descent of Man, excerpts (approx. 28 pages). 1879.

Recommended Reading Michael Ruse, Chapter 4, “Charles Darwin and Progress,” in Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology, 1996, pp. 136-177.

E. O. Wilson, Chapter 24, “The Origins of Morality and Honor,” in The Social Conquest of Earth, 2012, pp. 241-254.

Joseph Poulshock, Chapter 5, “The Leverage of Language on Altruism and Morality,” in Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological and Religious Perspective, ed. Philip Clayton and Jeffrey Schloss, 2004, pp. 114-131.

October 4: Evolution in the Thought of Teilhard de Chardin

Required Reading Mary Evelyn Tucker, “The Ecological Spirituality of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin,” Spiritus 7, (2007): 1-19.

David Grummett, “Teilhard de Chardin’s Evolutionary Natural Theology,” Zygon 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 519-534.

Recommended Reading Robert Faricy, “The Exploitation of Nature and Teilhard’s Ecotheology of Love,” Ecotheology 10, no. 2, (2005): 181-195.

October 11: Who Are We? The Human as Embodied Creature and Meaning Maker

Required Reading Philip Hefner, “Biocultural Evolution and the Created Co-Creator,” in Science and Theology: The New Consonance, ed. Ted Peters, 1998, pp.174-188. Sallie McFague, “Human Beings, Embodiment, and Our Home the Earth,” in Reconstructing Christian Theology, ed. Rebecca S. Chopp and Mark Lewis Taylor, 1994, pp.141-169.

Norman Wirzba, “On Learning to See a Fallen and Flourishing Creation,” in Evolution and the Fall, ed. William T. Cavanaugh & James K. A. Smith, 2017, pp. 156-167 (excerpt).

Recommended Reading Sallie McFague, Chapter 6, “Christology: The Body of God,” in The Body of God: An Ecological Theology, 1993, pp. 159-195.

Philip Hefner, Chapter 2, “A Theology of the Created Co-Creator,” and Chapter 7, “Freedom and Determinism in Evolutionary Perspective,” in The Human Factor: Evolution, Culture, and Religion, 1993, pp. 23-51 and pp. 107-122.

Ian Barbour, Chapter 5, “Models and Paradigms,” in Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues, 1997, pp. 106-136.

October 18: The Universe Story

Required Reading Brian Swimme and Thomas Berry, Chapter 6, “Eukaryotes,” and Chapter 7, “Plants and Animals,” in The Universe Story, 1992, pp. 97-111 and pp. 113-119.

Recommended Reading Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 1, “What Limits the Geographic Distribution of Organisms?” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 1-12.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 2, “Populations Cannot Increase without Limit,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 13-26.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 3, “Favorable and Unfavorable Habitats Exist for Every Species,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 27-40.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 8, “Natural Systems are Products of Evolution,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 98-112.

October 22-26: Reading Week

November 1: Evolution in the Thought of Thomas Berry

Book Review is due.

Required Reading Thomas Berry, Chapter 3, “The Earth Story,” in The Great Work, 1999, pp. 21-32.

Mary Evelyn Tucker, Chapter 1, “Thomas Berry and the New Story: An Introduction to the Work of Thomas Berry,” in The Intellectual Journey of Thomas Berry: Imagining the Earth Community, ed. Heather Eaton, 2014, pp. 1-16.

Recommended Reading Thomas Berry, Chapter 11, “The Spirituality of the Earth,” in Liberating Life: Contemporary Approaches in Ecotheology, ed. Charles Birch, William Eakin, and Jay B. McDaniel, 1990, pp. 151-158.

November 8: Evolution and Ecosystems: Revelation of a Relational God

Required Reading Kent Peacock, “Staying Out of the Lifeboat: Sustainability, Culture, and the Thermodynamics of Symbiosis,” Ecosystem Health 5, no. 2 (June 1999): 91-103.

Timothy F.H. Allen et al., Chapter 2, “The Ecosystem Approach,” and Chapter 3, “Ecosystem Integrity,” in The Ecosystem Approach: Theory and Ecosystem Integrity, Report to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Joint Commission, 1991, pp. 5-24 and pp.25-30.

Recommended Reading Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 6, “Communities Can Exist in Several Configurations,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 70-84.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 7, “Keystone Species May Be Essential to the Function of Biological Communities,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 85-97.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 9, “Natural Systems Recycle Essential Materials,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 114-129.

Charles J. Krebs, Chapter 10, “Solar Energy Powers Natural Ecosystems,” in Why Ecology Matters, 2016, pp. 130-144.

November 15: Creaturely Autonomy and Divine Participation: Elizabeth A. Johnson

Required Reading Elizabeth A. Johnson, Chapters 5 and 6, “The Dwelling Place of God” and “Free, Empowered Creation,” in Ask the Beasts: Darwin and the God of Love, 2014, pp. 122- 180. Recommended Reading Elizabeth A. Johnson, Part III, “Speaking about God from the World’s History,” in She Who Is: The Mystery of God in Feminist Theological Discourse, 2002, pp. 121-187.

Denis Edwards, Chapter 3, “Deep Incarnation: The Meaning of Incarnation for the Rest of the Natural World,” in Partaking of God: Trinity, Evolution, and Ecology, 2014, pp. 54-73.

Lisa H. Sideris, Chapter 1, “This View of Life: The Significance of Evolutionary Theory for Environment Ethics,” in Environmental Ethics, Ecological Theology, and Natural Selection, 2003, pp. 11-44.

November 22: Kenosis

Required Reading Arthur Peacocke, Chapter 2, “The Cost of New Life,” in The Work of Love, ed. John Polkinghorne, 2001, pp. 21-42.

Holmes Rolston, III, Chapter 3, “Kenosis and Nature.” in The Work of Love, ed. John Polkinghorne, 2001, pp. 43-65.

Recommended Reading Richard W. Kropf, “Our Environmental Responsibilities in Light of Contemporary Cosmology: A Teilhardian Retrospect,” Ecotheology 10, no 2. (August 2005): 232-249.

November 29: A Womanist Perspective on Process Theology: Monica A. Coleman

Required Reading Monica A. Coleman, Chapters 2 and 3, “A Postmodern Framework: Process Theology and Salvation” and “Creative Transformation: Teaching and Healing Communities of God,” in Making a way out of no way, 2008, pp. 45-100.

Recommended Reading M. Shawn Copeland, Chapter 14, “A Thinking Margin: The Womanist Movement as Critical Cognitive Praxis,” in Deeper Shades of Purple: Womanism in Religion and Society, ed. Stacey M. Floyd-Thomas, 2006, pp. 226-235.

Ian G. Barbour, “God’s Action in Process Theology,” in Nature, Human Nature, and God, 2002, pp. 31-38.

Stephen Bede Scharper, Chapter 3, “Process Theology: Intersubjectivity with Nature,” in Redeeming the Time, 1997, pp. 75-108.

James C. Livingston, Chapter 10, “Process Theology,” in Modern Christian Thought: The Twentieth Century, 2006, pp. 309-339.

December 6: God as the Suffering Creator

Required Reading Jay B. McDaniel, Chapter 1, “A Life-centered God,” in Of God and Pelicans: A Theology of Reverence for Life, 1989, pp.17-49.

Gregory R. Peterson, “The Evolution of Consciousness and the Theology of Nature,” Zygon 34, no. 2 (June 1999): 283-304.

Recommended Reading Jay B. McDaniel, “Christian Spirituality as Openness to Fellow Creatures,” Environmental Ethics 8, no. 1 (1986): 33-46.

December 13: Final Paper Proposal Presentations and Discussion

Bibliography

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Ayala, Francisco. Darwin and Intelligent Design. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2006.

Barbour, Ian G. Nature, Human Nature, and God. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2002.

———. Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues. A Revised and Expanded Edition of Religion in an Age of Science. New York, NY: HarperOne, HarperCollins, 1997.

———. When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers, or Partners. New York, NY: HarperSanFrancisco, HarperCollins, 2000.

Berry, Thomas. The Dream of the Earth. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books, 1988.

———. The Great Work. New York, NY: Bell Tower, 1999.

Birch, Charles, William Eakin, and Jay B. McDaniel, eds. Liberating Life: Contemporary Approaches in Ecotheology. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1990.

Boehm, Christopher. Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism and Shame. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2012.

Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: The History of an Idea. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2009.

Brooke, John Hedley. “Natural Theology and the Plurality of Worlds: Observations on the Brewster-Whewell Debate.” Annals of Science 34, no. 3 (May 1977): 221- 286.

———. New Interactions Between Theology and Natural Science. Block 4, Units 9-11, Science and Belief: From Copernicus to Darwin. London: Open University Press, 1974.

———and Geoffrey Cantor. Reconstructing Nature: The Engagement of Science and Religion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.

———. “Science and the Fortunes of Natural Theology: Some Historical Perspectives.” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 24, no. 1 (March 1989): 3-22.

Burhoe, Ralph. “Religion’s Role in the Context of Genetic and Cultural Evolution— Campbell’s Hypotheses and Some Evaluative Responses: Introduction.” Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 11, no. 3 (September 1976): 156-162.

———. “Religion’s Role in Human Evolution: The Missing Link between Ape-Man’s Selfish Genes and Civilized Altruism.” Zygon: Journal of Science and Religion 14, no. 1 (March 1979): 135-162.

Clayton, Philip, and Jeffrey Schloss, eds. Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological & Religious Perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004.

Coleman, Monica. Making A Way Out of No Way. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2008.Darwin, Charles. Autobiographies. Edited by Sharon Messenger and Michael Neve. Toronto, ON: Penguin Books, 2002.

———. The Descent of Man. 2nd ed. 1879. Reprint, with an introduction by James Moore and Adrian Desmond, New York, NY: Penguin, 2004.

———. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859.

Darwin, Francis, ed. The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. Vol.1. London: John Murray, 1887.

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Davis, Stephen T. Critique of “An Irenaean Theodicy,” by John H. Hick. In Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy, edited by Stephen T. Davis, 58-61. Atlanta, GA: John Knox Press, 1981.

Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design. New York, NY: Norton, 1987.

———. The Greatest Show On Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. New York, NY: Free Press, 2009.

———. A River Out of Eden. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1995.

———. The Selfish Gene, 30th Anniversary ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Deane-Drummond, Celia. Christ and Evolution: Wonder and Wisdom. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2009.

Dear, Peter. Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and its Ambitions, 1500-1700. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.

Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York, NY: Touchstone, 1996.

Derham, William. Physico-Theology: or, a Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God from His Works of Creation. 12th ed. London: W. Innys and J. Richardson, 1754.

Dobzhansky, Theodosius. The Biological Basis of Human Freedom. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1956.

Driver, Julie. “The History of Utilitarianism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta, last modified June 16, 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/utilitarianism-history/.

Eddy, Matthew D. “The Rhetoric and Science of William Paley’s Natural Theology.” Literature & Theology 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 1-22.

Eddy, Matthew D. and David Knight. Introduction and notes to Natural Theology, by William Paley. 1802. Reprint, New York, NY: Oxford, 2008.

Edwards, Denis, ed. Earth Revealing Earth Healing: Ecology and Christian Theology. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 2001.

———. Ecology at the Heart of Faith. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2006.

———. “Every Sparrow that Falls to the Ground: The Cost of Evolution and the Christ-Event.” Ecotheology 11, no. 1 (March 2006): 103-123.

———. The God of Evolution. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1999.

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