DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Influencing Gastrointestinal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Influencing Gastrointestinal FACTORS INFLUENCING GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF DRUGS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By ANGEL LUIS IGLESIAS, B. S., M. S. The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by .ege of Pharmacy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to make grateful acknowledgement to Dr. John W. Nelson, Professor, College of Pharmacy, and to Dr. Arthur Tye, Professor, College of Pharmacy, for constant counsel and advice in the fulfillment of this work. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------- 1 Methods Used in the Study of Absorption _______ 1 Factors Involved in Absorption ___________ 9 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ------------------------------ 22 Objectives ____________________ 22 Extraction and Analysis _______________ 23 Experiment I. Absorption Rates of Phenobarbital (5 Mg. Dose) __________________ 30 Experiment II. Absorption Rates (25 Mg. Dose) _ _ - L3 Experiment III. Drug Retained by Intestinal Wall _ _ 53 Experiment IV. Drug Retained by Stomach Wall _ - - 65 Experiment V. Effect of Total Volume of Fluid - - - 77 Experiment VI. Use of Alcohol as Solvent ____-•-81 Experiment VII. Effect of Olive Oil ________ 83 Experiment VIII. Effect of Glucose ________ 85 Experiment IX. Effect of Sucrose 89 Experiment X. Effect of Feeding __________ 91 Experiment XI. Effect of Atropine _________ 94 Experiment XII. Effect of Stress __________ 97 Experiment XIII. Effect of Bentonite Magma _____ 99 Experiment XIV. Effect of Glucosamine Hydrochloride - 101 Experiment XV. Effect of Poloxalkol ________ 103 Experiment XVI. Absorption from the Stomach _ _ _ _ 106 Experiment XVTI. Absorption from the Large Intestine 115 DISCUSSION 118 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ----------------------------- 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 5 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose _________________ 33 2 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 10 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose 34 3 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 15 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose - - --- _____________ 35 4 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 20 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose ----------------- 36 5 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 25 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose _________________ 37 6 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 30 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose 38 7 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 45 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose 39 8 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 60 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose ----------------- 40 9 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 75 Minutes From a 5 Mg. Dose 41 10 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed from a 5 Mg. Dose After Different Intervals -------------- 42 11 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 5 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose _________________ 46 12 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 10 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose ----------------- 47 13 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 20 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose ---------- -- _____ 48 14 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 30 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose 49 15 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 45 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose ----------------- 50 iv LIST OF TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE 16 Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed in 60 Minutes From a 25 Mg. Dose 51 1? Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed From a 25 Mg. Dose at Different Intervals ------------ 52 18 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 5 Minutes _______ 55 19 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 10 Minutes _______ 56 20 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 15 Minutes _______ 57 21 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 20 Minutes _______ 58 22 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 25 Minutes _______ 59 23 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 30 Minutes _______ 60 24 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 45 Minutes _______ 6l 25 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 60 Minutes _______ 62 26 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Intestinal Wall After 75 Minutes _______ 63 27 Per Cent Phenobarbital Retained by Intestinal Wall From a 5 Mg. Dose _________________ 64 28 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 5 Minutes __________ 67 29 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 10 Minutes _ 68 30 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 15 Minutes 69 v LIST OF TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE 31 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 20 Minutes 70 32 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 25 Minutes ---------- 71 33 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 30 Minutes 72 3h Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After h5 Minutes ---------- 73 35 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained by Stomach Wall After 60 Minutes __________ 7b 36 Per Cent of a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital Retained By Stomach Wall After 75 Minutes 75 37 Per Cent Phenobarbital Retained by Stomach Wall From a 5 Mg. Dose - - _ ____________ 76 38 Effect of Total Volume of Fluid cn Absorption (5 c.c.) 79 39 Effect of Total Volume of Fluid on Absorption (15 c.c.) 80 h0 Effect of Alcohol on Absorption of Phenobarbital - - - 82 hi Effect of Olive Oil on Absorption of Phenobarbital _ _ 8h h2 Effect of Glucose on Absorption of Phenobarbital - _ 88 h3 Effect of Sucrose on Absorption of Phenobarbital - - 90 hh Absorption by Starved Rats 92 h5 Absorption by Fed Rats _______________ 93 h6 Effect of Atropine on Absorption of Phenobarbital - - $6 h7 Effect of Stress on Absorption of Phenobarbital - - - 98 h8 Effect of Bentonite Magma on Absorption of Phenobarbital _________________ 100 h9 Effect of Glucosamine on Absorption of Phenobarbital 102 50 Effect of Poloxalkol on Absorption of Phenobarbital lOh vi LIST OF TABLES (Continued) TABLE PAGE 51 Changes in Per Cent Phenobarbital Absorbed From a 10 Mg. Dose in Twenty Minutes Produced by Varying the Solvent or Administering a Second Substance ______ --- ___________ 105 52 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (10 Min.) 108 53 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (20 Min.) 109 54 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (30 Min.) 110 55 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (45 Min.) 111 56 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (60 Min.) 112 57 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (90 Min.) 113 58 Absorption of Phenobarbital From Stomach (120 Min.) 114 59 Absorption From the Large Intestine (Blank Determinations) ________________ n 6 60 Absorption From the Large Intestine ______ 117 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 Standard Curve for Phenobarbital Concentration Versus Optical Density ___________ 29 2 Absorption From the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat Using a 5 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital - 32 3 Absorption From the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat Using a 25 Mg. Dose of Phenobarbital _ 45 4 Drug Retained by Intestinal Mucosa _______ 54 5 Drug Retained by Stomach Mucosa ________ 66 viii INTRODUCTION Methods Used in the Study of Absorption For the last eighty years physiologists, and more recent­ ly pharmacologists and biochemists, have sought to explain the mechanisms by which substances, including foods and therapeutic agents, are transferred from the lumen of the alimentary canal to the circulating blood stream. Interest in the subject has increased since evidence has accumulated for the hypothesis that this trans­ fer in many cases is not simply mediated by physical phenomena alone, but also by biological activity within the mucosa lining the gastro­ intestinal tract. It is not unusual to find names like Cori, Van Slyke, Kalckar and others, along with those of physiologists and pharmacologists like Starling, von Mering, and Sollmann in the literature dealing with studies on absorption. The most serious difficulty that is met when making studies on absorption in the problem of obtaining an animal prepara­ tion which will approach, as close as possible those conditions under which a normal, intact animal will absorb foodstuffs or drugs in a truly physiological manner. The use of loops of excised intestines is an old, but still very much used method. Such loops can be used for the passage of substances out of the lumen into a Ringers or Tyrodo solution bathing them on the outside, where the substance being absorbed can be determined (1, 2, 3> 4). This method is far from approach­ ing truly physiological conditions. The.intestinal mucosa, like the serosa, is very sensitive to handling, changes in temperature, moisture, alterations in circulation etc. Circulation is of the greatest importance in a normal process of absorption and it cannot be expected to be normal even when the utmost care is exerted in the excision of the loops. Recently, excised loops have been used in the study of actively transported substances. These are everted before using, turning the mucosal side to the outside. This is done so that the extremely active epithelium of the mucosa will be exposed directly to the oxygen bubbled into the bathing fluid. Here, the transfer is from the outside fluid to the serosal side inside the loop. Even with the more efficient oxygenation claimed, this method is at least as far apart from physiological conditions as the preceding one. The manual handling to which the loop of intestine is subjected during aversion must necessarily damage the villi lining the mucosa (1, 5 , 6).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Principles of GIT Physiology Objectives
    General Principles of GIT Physiology Objectives: ❖ Physiologic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Wall. ❖ The General & Specific Characteristics of Smooth Muscle. ❖ Neural & Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Function. ❖ Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons. ❖ Functional Types of Movements in the GIT. ❖ Gastrointestinal Blood Flow "Splanchnic Circulation". ❖ Effect of Gut Activity and Metabolic Factors on GI Blood Flow. Done by : ➔ Team leader: Rahaf AlShammari ➔ Team members: ◆ Renad AlMigren, Rinad Alghoraiby ◆ Yazeed AlKhayyal, Hesham AlShaya Colour index: ◆ Turki AlShammari, Abdullah AlZaid ● Important ◆ Dana AlKadi, Alanoud AlEssa ● Numbers ◆ Saif AlMeshari, Ahad AlGrain ● Extra َ Abduljabbar AlYamani ◆ َوأن َّل ْي َ َس ِلْ ِْلن َسا ِنَ ِإََّلَ َما َس َع ىَ Gastrointestinal System: GIT Gastrointestinal System Associated Organs (Liver,gallbladder,pancreas,salivary gland) Gastrointestinal Function: ● The alimentary tract provides the body with a continual supply of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. To achieve this function, it requires: 1 Movement of food through the alimentary tract (motility). 2 Secretion of digestive juices and digestion of the food. 3 Absorption of water, various electrolytes, and digestive products. 4 Circulation of blood through the gastrointestinal organs to carry away the absorbed substances. ● Control of all these functions is by local, nervous, and hormonal systems. The Four Processes Carried Out by the GIT: 2 Physiologic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Wall ● The following layers structure the GI wall from inner surface outward: ○ The mucosa ○ The submucosa ○ Circular muscle layer ○ longitudinal muscle layer Same layers in Same layers Histology lecture Histology ○ The serosa. ● In addition, sparse bundles of smooth muscle fibers, the mucosal muscle, lie in the deeper layers of the mucosa. The General Characteristics of Smooth Muscle 1- Two Smooth Muscle Classification: Unitary type ● Contracts spontaneously in response to stretch, in the Rich in gap junctions absence of neural or hormonal influence.
    [Show full text]
  • General Principles of GIT Physiology
    LECTURE I: General Principles of GIT Physiology EDITING FILE IMPORTANT MALE SLIDES EXTRA FEMALE SLIDES LECTURER’S NOTES 1 GENERAL PRINCIPlES OF GIT PHYSIOLOGY Lecture One OBJECTIVES • Physiologic Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Wall • The General/specific Characteristics of Smooth Muscle • Smooth muscle cell classifications and types of contraction • Muscle layers in GI wall • Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle • Slow Waves and spike potentials • Calcium Ions and Muscle Contraction • Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function-Enteric Nervous System (ENS) • Differences Between the Myenteric and Submucosal Plexuses • Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons • Autonomic Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract • Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility • Functional Types of Movements in the GI Tract • Gastrointestinal Blood Flow (Splanchnic Circulation) • Effects of Gut Activity and Metabolic Factors on Gastrointestinal Blood Flow Case Study Term baby boy born to a 29 year old G2P1+ 0 by NSVD found to have features of Down’s syndrome. At 30 hours of age Baby was feeding well but didn’t pass meconium. On examination abdomen distended. Anus patent in normal position. During PR examination passed gush of meconium. Diagnosis: Hirschsprung disease. Figure 1-1 It is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, resulting in a functional obstruction. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) ★ A hollow tube from mouth to anus ★ Hollow organs are separated from each other at key locations by sphincters. System Gastrointestinal Accessory (Glands & Organs) ★ Produce secretions. Figure 1-2 2 GENERAL PRINCIPlES OF GIT PHYSIOLOGY Lecture One Functions of the GI System (Alimentary Tract) provides the body with a continual supply of Water Electrolytes Nutrients ★ To achieve this function it requires: 1 Movement of food through the alimentary tract (motility).
    [Show full text]
  • EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound EFSUMB-Empfehlungen Und Leitlinien Des Gastrointestinalen
    Guidelines & Recommendations EFSUMB Recommendations and Guidelines for Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Part 1: Examination Techniques and Normal Findings (Long version) EFSUMB-Empfehlungen und Leitlinien des Gastrointestinalen Ultraschalls Teil 1: Untersuchungstechniken und Normalbefund (Langversion) Authors Kim Nylund1, Giovanni Maconi2, Alois Hollerweger3,TomasRipolles4, Nadia Pallotta5, Antony Higginson6, Carla Serra7, Christoph F. Dietrich8,IoanSporea9,AdrianSaftoiu10, Klaus Dirks11, Trygve Hausken12, Emma Calabrese13, Laura Romanini14, Christian Maaser15, Dieter Nuernberg16, Odd Helge Gilja17 Affiliations and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 1 National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Norway Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway Key words 2 Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical and guideline, ultrasound, gastrointestinal, examination Clinical Sciences, “L.Sacco” University Hospital, Milan, Italy technique, normal variants 3 Department of Radiology, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Salzburg, Austria received 24.06.2016 4 Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario Doctor accepted 09.08.2016 Peset, Valencia, Spain 5 Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Bibliography Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy DOI https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-115853 6 Department of Radiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Published online: September 07, 2016 | Ultraschall in Med Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United 2017; 38: e1–15 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Stuttgart · New Kingdom
    [Show full text]
  • Duodenal Leiomyoma: a Rare Cause of Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage S Sahu, S Raghuvanshi, P Sachan, D Bahl
    The Internet Journal of Surgery ISPUB.COM Volume 11 Number 2 Duodenal Leiomyoma: A Rare Cause Of Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage S Sahu, S Raghuvanshi, P Sachan, D Bahl Citation S Sahu, S Raghuvanshi, P Sachan, D Bahl. Duodenal Leiomyoma: A Rare Cause Of Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. The Internet Journal of Surgery. 2006 Volume 11 Number 2. Abstract Benign neoplasms of smooth muscles of the duodenum are a rare condition. A 60-year-old male presented with recurrent history of melaena. Upper GI endoscopy showed a smooth bulging in the second part of the duodenum. Contrast enhanced CT scan of the abdomen showed a lobulated duodenal wall thickening in the second part of the duodenum causing luminal distortion without any exoenteric component and local infiltration, suggestive of leiomyoma. Awareness and proper evaluation of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding may help in diagnosing this rare condition. INTRODUCTION Figure 1 Leiomyomas are benign neoplasms of smooth muscles that Figure 1: Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showing duodenal wall thickening in the second commonly arise in tissues with a high content of smooth part. muscles such as uterus. CASE A 60-year-old male presented with recurrent history of malaena and pain in the upper abdomen since one year. Examination revealed a moderate degree of pallor and tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Investigations showed a haemoglobin of 7.5gm/dl, a total leukocyte count of 9500/cu.mm and a differential count with neutrophils 63%, lymphocytes 31%, eosinophils 4% and basophils 2%. Liver and renal function tests were within normal limits. Upper GI endoscopy was planned which showed a smooth bulging in the second part of the duodenum.
    [Show full text]
  • Intestinal Organoids Generated from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
    DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2019-0027 https://www.jmaj.jp/ Review Article Intestinal Organoids Generated from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Satoru Tsuruta1),2), Hajime Uchida3), and Hidenori Akutsu2) Abstract: The gastrointestinal system is one of the most complex organ systems in the human body, and consists of numerous cell types originating from three germ layers. To understand intestinal development and homeostasis and elucidate the patho- genesis of intestinal disorders, including unidentified diseases, several in vitro models have been developed. Human pluripo- tent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have remarkable developmental plasticity and possess the potential for a wide variety of applications. Three-dimensional organs, termed organoids and produced in vitro by PSCs, contain not only epithelium but also mesenchymal tissue and partially recapitu- late intestinal functions. Such intestinal organoids have begun to be applied in disease models and drug development and have contributed to a detailed analysis of molecular interactions and findings in the synergistic development of biomedicine for human digestive organs. In this review, we describe gastrointestinal organoid technology derived from PSCs and consid- er its potential applications. Key Words: intestinal organoids, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, gastrointestinal disease, drug discovery Introduction the anterior to posterior axis. Accompanied by the develop- ment of the fetus, repeated gut
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation of Ultrasonographic Small Intestinal Wall Layering with Histology in Normal Dogs
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2015 Correlation of Ultrasonographic Small Intestinal Wall Layering with Histology in Normal Dogs Alexandre Benjamin Le Roux Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Le Roux, Alexandre Benjamin, "Correlation of Ultrasonographic Small Intestinal Wall Layering with Histology in Normal Dogs" (2015). LSU Master's Theses. 1148. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1148 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CORRELATION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC SMALL INTESTINAL WALL LAYERING WITH HISTOLOGY IN NORMAL DOGS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in The School of Veterinary Medicine through The Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences by Alexandre Benjamin Le Roux DrMedVet, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, 2006 May 2015 To my parents, my family and all my friends, for their continuous support… ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the members of my committee, Drs. Lorrie Gaschen, Frederic Gaschen, Abbigail Granger and Nathalie Rademacher for the continuous support and guidance that they gave me through my residency and Master program research, as well as during the preparation of this manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Sympathetic Input Into the Enteric Nervous System Gut: First Published As 10.1136/Gut.47.Suppl 4.Iv33 on 1 December 2000
    Gut 2000;(Suppl IV)47:iv33–iv35 iv33 Sympathetic input into the enteric nervous system Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.47.suppl_4.iv33 on 1 December 2000. Downloaded from O Lundgren Introduction nerves to the gut elicits a blood flow response The basic concepts of the autonomic nervous which is very characteristic. Immediately on system of organs and tissues were formulated electrically stimulating the splanchnic nerves, around the turn of the century and summa- pronounced vasoconstriction is observed rised in a classical monograph by Langley which, however, subsides within a few minutes (1921).1 The detailed distribution of the to reach a steady state level of blood flow. It sympathetic nerves was, however, not eluci- seems probable that flow during steady state dated until it became possible to stain sympa- represents the “physiological” response to thetic neurones specifically using the Falck- nerve activation. Intestinal flow resistance is Hillarp technique. When this technique was thus only moderately increased (2–3 times) applied to the gastrointestinal tract the picture even when stimulating the sympathetic vaso- seen was in some respects surprising. At the constrictor nerves at high rates (8–16 Hz). time it was generally believed that most organs When investigating blood flow distribution and tissues had a dual innervation (sympa- within the intestinal wall it has been demon- thetic and parasympathetic) with opposite strated that villus blood flow is not under neu- eVects on function. It seemed, therefore, ral influence during the steady state part of puzzling when the Falck-Hillarp technique vasoconstriction. The decrease in blood flow revealed that innervation of a major part of the occurs in the crypts and muscle layers.3 gastrointestinal wall, the smooth muscle layers, The sympathetic nerves not only control was very scarce.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive, Reproductive, and Urinary Systems
    The Digestive, Reproductive, and Urinary Systems THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Your body is constantly using energy, even when you’re at rest. Your cells use energy to carry out the normal functions of protein synthesis, cell maintenance and repair, and their own particular functions. On a larger scale, processes such as breathing, pumping of the heart, maintenance of normal levels of substances within the body, and digestion and absorption of foods are vital to life. All these processes continue while you’re sleeping. Because your body can’t man- ufacture energy, it must obtain that energy from elsewhere. In all animals, energy comes from food. Food also provides the body with fresh raw materials for growth, maintenance, and repair of body structures. The digestive system deals with the intake, physical breakdown, chemical digestion, and absorption of food, along with the elimination of waste products created by this process. The digestive system also eliminates certain toxic substances and secretes hormones it uses to regulate itself. The Oral Cavity The mouth, or oral cavity, consists of the lips, teeth and gums, tongue, oropharynx, and the associated salivary glands. The lips are a zone of transition from the skin of the face to the mucous membrane (a general term denoting the surface of an organ lubricated by moisture) lining the gums and the inside of your cheeks. Several layers of muscle help the lips grab and retain food and water within the mouth. 1 Different animals have different degrees of lip muscle devel- opment. Grazing animals like cattle, sheep, and horses have muscular lips that are prehensile (i.e., adapted to grasp plant material).
    [Show full text]
  • IBD in Canine & Human Bowel, a Comparison
    IBD in Canine & Human Bowel, a comparison Introduction: Ultrasound of small intestine has become routine investigation in small animals, becoming more common with human due to improved imaging. It is limited by bowel gas. Ultrasound can provide information on bowel wall thickness, layering of the wall, peristalsis and luminal contents. Canine intestinal ultrasound plays an important role in the recognition, diagnosis, and monitoring of many gastroenterological diseases and is becoming increasingly important in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Normal Canine Bowel IBD is an irritant disease that results in inflamed cells within the gastrointestinal wall. Suggestions for the cause are hypersensitivity to certain foods, bacteria, parasites or other foreign elements. There is thickening of the bowel. Also two patterns of increased mucosal echogenicity have been reported, hyperechoic speckles and hyperechoic striations. Canine bowel showing mucosal hyperechoic striations, lymphagiectasia. Thickened jejunal segments with hyperechoic striations within the mucosal layer represent dilated lacteals. Hyperechoic speckles within the mucosa are a sensitive parameter for determining the presence of inflammatory disease, may represent chronic changes that may require a longer period of time to resolve Normal jejunum/ileum wall thickness is 3-3.8mm and 1.5mm for Striated Canine Bowel large intestine A normal, hypoechoic intestinal mucosa in dogs with chronic diarrhoea is a sensitive and specificity finding for the diagnosis Speckled Canine Bowel of food-responsive disease. Human Bowel: Using ultrasound, bowel wall thickness is the most common indicator for the detection of inflammatory activity within the intestine. Wall thickness of the alimentary tract differs by region and depends on the degree of distension and contraction and probe compression Common cut off values are 2 mm of wall thickness for the small intestine and 3-4 mm for the large intestine, although there is no standardisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rectosigmoidal Manifestations of Venous Malformations: MR Imaging Findings and Interdisciplinary Therapeutic Modalities
    www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Author Correction OPEN Rectosigmoidal manifestations of venous malformations: MR imaging fndings and interdisciplinary therapeutic modalities Richard Brill1*, Eva Brill2, Wibke Uller 3, Veronika Teusch3, Hubert Gufer1, Simone Hammer3, Claudia Fellner3, Katja Evert4, Constantin Goldann1, Maximilian Helm1, Jonas Rosendahl5 & Walter A. Wohlgemuth1 The aim of this study was to identify the frequency of rectosigmoidal involvement in patients with venous malformations (VM) of the lower extremities and to demonstrate multidisciplinary therapeutic options. The medical records and magnetic resonance images (MRI) of patients with VM of the lower extremities, over a six-year period, were reviewed retrospectively in order to determine the occurrence of rectosigmoidal involvement. Vascular interventions, surgical treatments, percutaneous and hybrid (endoscopy-guided angiography) sclerotherapy and procedural complications (according to Clavien- Dindo classifcation) were also noted. Of the 378 patients with vascular malformation of the lower limbs, 19 patients (5%) had documented venous rectosigmoidal malformation. All of these 19 patients reported episodes of rectal bleeding, while seven patients (36.8%) also had anemia. All patients underwent endoscopy. By endoscopy, seven patients (36.8%) showed discreet changes, and 12 patients (63.2%) showed pronounced signs of submucosal VM with active (47.3%) or previous (15.7%) bleeding. Treatment was performed in all patients with pronounced fndings. Six patients underwent endoscopy- guided hybrid sclerotherapy, one patient underwent endoscopic tissue removal, one patient received percutaneous sclerotherapy and one patient received a combination of transvenous embolization and hybrid sclerotherapy. Three patients required open surgery. No complications occurred after conservative treatments; however, one complication was reported after open surgery. None of the treated patients reported further bleeding and anemia at the end of the follow-up period.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gastrointestinal System
    U.S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTER AND SCHOOL FORT SAM HOUSTON, TEXAS 78234-6100 THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM SUBCOURSE MD0581 EDITION 100 DEVELOPMENT This subcourse is approved for resident and correspondence course instruction. It reflects the current thought of the Academy of Health Sciences and conforms to printed Department of the Army doctrine as closely as currently possible. Development and progress render such doctrine continuously subject to change. The subject matter expert responsible for content accuracy of this edition was the NCOIC, Nursing Science Division, DSN 471-3086 or area code (210) 221-3086, M6 Branch, Academy of Health Sciences, ATTN: MCCS-HNP, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234-6100. ADMINISTRATION Students who desire credit hours for this correspondence subcourse must meet eligibility requirements and must enroll in the subcourse. Application for enrollment should be made at the Internet website: http://www.atrrs.army.mil. You can access the course catalog in the upper right corner. Enter School Code 555 for medical correspondence courses. Copy down the course number and title. To apply for enrollment, return to the main ATRRS screen and scroll down the right side for ATRRS Channels. Click on SELF DEVELOPMENT to open the application and then follow the on screen instructions. For comments or questions regarding enrollment, student records, or examination shipments, contact the Nonresident Instruction Branch at DSN 471-5877, commercial (210) 221-5877, toll-free 1-800-344-2380; fax: 210-221-4012 or DSN 471-4012, e-mail [email protected], or write to: NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION BRANCH AMEDDC&S ATTN: MCCS-HSN 2105 11TH STREET SUITE 4191 FORT SAM HOUSTON TX 78234-5064 CLARIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGY When used in this publication, words such as "he," "him," "his," and "men" 'are intended to include both the masculine and feminine genders, unless specifically stated otherwise or when obvious in context.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestion and Absorption
    © shotty/Shutterstock. CHAPTER 2 Digestion and Absorption ← HERE’S WHERE YOU HAVE BEEN 1. The basic unit of human life is the cell, which operates independently and in concert with other cells to sustain human life. 2. There are approximately 200 different types of cells in the human body, each one with different roles and nutrient requirements. 3. Cell structural and operational components have specialized functions that affect nutrient processing, storage, and requirements. 4. Many nutrients play a role in protein synthesis by influencing gene expression or various steps in protein manufacturing. 5. Proteins have many specialized functions, including serving as enzymes, transporters, receptors, and hormones. HERE’S WHERE YOU ARE GOING → 1. Digestion is a complex synergy of the physical actions of chewing, mixing, and movement and the chemical actions of acids, enzymes, and detergent-like emulsifiers. 2. Absorption refers to the movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic circulation, whereas the concept of bioavailability also includes the uptake and use of a nutrient by cells or tissue. 3. Perceptions of hunger and satiety involve multiple hormonal and neurologic signals, including cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, ghrelin, obestatin, insulin, and leptin. 4. Different types of bacteria are found throughout the entire digestive tract; the specific conditions of the different segments (e.g., mouth, stomach, colon) determine which species will thrive. 35 36 Chapter 2 Digestion and Absorption ▸ (FIGURE 2.1). The gastrointestinal tract, or simply “the Introduction gut,” and several organs (the salivary glands, pancreas, With the exception of intravenous infusion, nutrient liver, and gallbladder) that empty supportive substances entry into the body takes place by way of the gastro- into the gut make up the gastrointestinal system.
    [Show full text]