People's Biodiversity Register Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) Yerragollapahad (Village), Janagoan (Mandal), Warangal (District), Andhra Pradesh

Sri. Puttapaka Ramaiah Part I

1.0 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 & Rules, 2004

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (No. 18 of 2003) was notified by the Government of India on 5th February, 2003. The Act extends to the whole of India and reaffirms the sovereign rights of the country over its biological resources. Subsequently the Government of India published Biological Diversity Rules, 2004 (15th April, 2004). The Rules under section 22 states that ‘every local body shall constitute a Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC’s) within its area of jurisdiction’.

2.0 People’s Biodiversity Registers and the role of the Biodiversity Management Committee

The mandate of the Biodiversity Management Committee has been clearly highlighted in the Biological Diversity Rules 2002 as follows: • The main function of the BMC is to prepare People’s Biodiversity Register in consultation with the local people. The Register shall contain comprehensive information on availability and knowledge of local biological resources, their medicinal or any other use. • The other functions of the BMC are to advice on any matter referred to it by the State Biodiversity Board or Authority for granting approval, to maintain data about the local vaids and practitioners using the biological resources. • The Authority shall take steps to specify the form of the People’s Biodiversity Registers, and the particulars it shall contain and the format for electronic database. • The Authority and the State Biodiversity Boards shall provide guidance and technical support to the Biodiversity Management Committees for preparing People’s Biodiversity Registers. • The People’s Biodiversity Registers shall be maintained and validated by the Biodiversity Management Committees. 3.0 People’s Biodiversity Registers and the role of National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

The National Biodiversity Authority shall provide guidance and technical support to the Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) for preparing People’s Biodiversity Register.

People’s Biodiversity Registers and the role of State Biodiversity Board (SBB)

The State Biodiversity Board (SBB) would provide necessary training to the Technical Support Group (TSG) of the district and enable smooth functioning and aid in networking for creation and maintenance of People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs).

People’s Biodiversity Registers and Role of the Technical Support Group (TSG)

The Technical Support Group (TSG) will consist of experts from various disciplines and line departments, universities, research institutes, colleges and schools and non-governmental organizations. The Technical Support Group will provide technical inputs and advice to the BMCs on identification of plants and animals, monitor and evaluate the PBR exercise, examine confidential information and advice on legal protection, maintain a database of local and external experts on biodiversity 4.0 People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBR)

The evolution of human societies over several millennia is closely related to plants and animals. The domestication of crop plants and farm animals about 12000 years ago revolutionized the human civilization by creating more stabilized societies. The early historic and medieval period gradually reduced human interaction with the wild plants and animals. The development of modern science and technologies during the industrial and post-industrial period did not do away with our link to nature. Different groups of people continue to depend on natural resources at varying scales. Some draw resources from across continents while others within a country or a region. There are also people continue to depend on locally available biodiversity and bio-resources for their livelihoods. Such population who are directly dependent on local biological resources have, through their keen sense of observation, practices, and experimentation developed and established a body of knowledge that is passed on from generation to generation. Some are widespread traditional knowledge like cultivation practices; others are highly specialized such as bone setting or jaundice, which are generally passed only to close members of the family. India is land of biological and cultural diversity. It is one of the mega biodiverse countries of the world. It also the home of a large number of tribal groups, pursuing different kinds of nature based livelihoods. In addition, a large number of farming and fishing communities and nomadic groups posses traditional knowledge of varying degrees. The development of modern science and technologies notably biotechnology and information technologies have increased the value of biodiversity and associated knowledge including traditional knowledge (TK) .The growing importance of biodiversity, bio-resources and associated knowledge is fairly well understood. The first step towards conservation is sustainable utilization of biodiversity and its documentation. Biodiversity and associated knowledge is found in different ecosystems, under different legal management regimes and hence the results and manner of documentation will also differ.

The present manual guidelines have drafted taking into consideration different ecosystems and include the rural, urban and protected areas. The guidelines may be customized and further information may be added to enrich the effort. It is important to keep in mind some of the issues related to PBRs: • It is to be undertaken in a participatory mode involving varying sections of village society. • While documenting, the knowledge and views of both genders are to be recorded. • Information provided by people need to be collated, analysed and crosschecked by the members of the Technical Support Group (TSG) before documentation. • The PBR is important base document in the legal arena as evidence of prior knowledge and hence careful documentation is necessary. • The document should be endorsed by the BMC and later publicized in the Gram Sabha / Gram Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti. The document can be a very useful tool in the management and sustainable use of bioresources. The document can also be a very useful teaching tool for teaching environmental studies at schools, colleges and university level • The document should be periodically updated with additional and new information as and when generated.

4.1 The PBR Process

The preparation of People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) involves the active support and cooperation of a large number of people who need to share their common as well as specialized knowledge. One of the first steps for preparing a PBR is to organize a group meeting to explain the objectives and purpose of the exercise. Different social groups in the village need to be identified for purpose of data collection from those groups. In an urban situation, spots where biodiversity are important need to be identified for the purpose of the study and documentation. The documentation process includes information gathered from individuals through detailed questionnaire, focused group discussion with persons having knowledge and published secondary information.

4.2 Documentation of Traditional Knowledge (TK) related to biodiversity

Documentation of knowledge of individuals with regard to biodiversity and its uses is an important part of PBR. Every effort should be made to identify the persons with proven knowledge of local biodiversity; special attention should be given to the elderly persons who can also provide informations on the biodiversity which was available in the past but no longer seen at present. In some cases focus group discussion may be held for the purpose of documentation.

4.3 PBR Methodology

The PBR is a participatory process requiring intensive and extensive consultation with the people. The objectives and purpose is to be explained in a group meeting in the presence of all sections of people in the Panchayat, members of the BMC, students, knowledgeable individuals and all those interested in the effort. Documentation includes photographs (including digital images), drawings, audio and video recordings and other records like printed material.

4.4 Process in PBR Preparation

Step 1: Formation of Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC)

Step 2: Sensitization of the public about the study, survey and possible management

Step 3: Training of members in identification and collection of data on biological resources and traditional knowledge

Step 4: Collection of data. Data collections includes review of literature on the natural resources of the districts, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRAs) at village level, house hold interviews, individual interviews with village leaders and knowledgeable individuals, household heads, key actors of the panchayat raj institutions and NGOs and direct field observations

Step 5: Analysis and validation of data in consultation with technical support group and BMC Step 6: Preparation of People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) Step 7: Computerization of information and resources

Peoples’ Biodiversity Register (PBR): General Details

Name of the Panchayat Samity: Yerragollapahad Mandal: Janagoan District: Warangal State: Andhra Pradesh Geographical Area of the Panchayat Samity: 2571 Population under the Panchayat Samity: Total: 2296 Male: 1184, Female: 1112+=Total 2296 House holds :522 Habitat and Topography: Undulating with hillocks and pasture land Climate (Rainfall, Temperature and other weather patterns)- The normal annual rainfall of the District is 994.001 mm. Land Use (Nine fold classification available with village records) Date, Month and Year of PBR preparation: July-2013 Management Regime: Reserve Forests (RF) / Joint Forest Management (JFM) / Protected Areas (PA) / Community Owned and Managed Forests (COM)

The name of Yerragollapahad came is "Yerra" means Red, Golla means "Shepherds community' , pahad means village surrounded by hillocks called as Yerragollapahad.

Annexure 1

Details of Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) of the panchayat (One elected Chairperson and six persons nominated by the local body; not less than one third to be women and not less than 18% belonging to SC/ST)

S.No Name of the Member Catogery Contact Age Occupation number 1 Sri. Katalappa Chairman 897877402 45 Special Officer 2 Sri. Ch. Bhoopal Reddy Member 9912716095 58 Agriculture secretary 3 Miss. Swarnalatha Member 9553063497 20 Agriculture 4 Smt. B. Padma Member 9603715027 35 Agriculture 5 Sri. Uduta Ellaiah Member 9490791203 60 Agriculture 6 T. Krishna Kumar Member 8500170785 19 Agriculture 7. P. Yadagiri Member 9494035265 55 Agriculture

BMC members Group Photo at Yerragollapahad Photo Taken on-01-07-2013 by Project Staff

Annexure 2

List of Vaids, hakims and traditional health care (human and livestock) practitioners residing and or using biological resources occurring within the jurisdiction of the village Name: Sri. Shiva Raju S/o Rajaiah Age:50 Gender: Male Address: Yerragollapahad Area of Specialization: Hakims Location from which the person accesses biological material: Forest, agriculture fields Perception of the practitioner on the resource status: Medicinal use: Skin diseases, ulcers, BP, Fever.etc.

Name: Sri. Yadaiah Age: 45 Gender: Address: Area of Specialization: Location from which the person accesses biological material: Forest, agriculture fields Perception of the practitioner on the resource status: Medicinal use: Animals diseases

Name: Sri. Yellaiah Age: 50 Gender: Male Address: Area of Specialization: Location from which the person accesses biological material: Forest, agriculture fields Perception of the practitioner on the resource status: Medicinal use: Animals diseases

Annexure 3 List of individuals perceived by the villagers to possess Traditional Knowledge (TK) related to biodiversity in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry Name: Swami Naik Age:50 Gender: Male Address: Tanda (Tribal Village) Area of specialization: Tribal Medicines

Name: Age: Gender: Address: Area of specialization: Name: Age: Gender: Address: Area of specialization: Name: Age: Gender: Address: Area of specialization:

Annexure 4 Details of schools, colleges, departments, universities, government institutions, non governmental organization and individuals involved in the preparation of the PBR 1) Contact Person Name and Address: Primary and Secondary Education 2) Contact Person Name and Address: 3) Contact Person Name and Address: 4) Contact Person Name and Address: You may add names of more institutions / NGO / Individuals, etc. if necessary.

Annexure 5 Details of access to biological resources and traditional knowledge granted, details of the collection fee imposed and details of the benefits derived and the mode of their sharing

No Name and address of the Person /institution/ company/ others Local and Scientific Name of the biological material Accessed and quantity Date and resolution of the BMC and endorsement by the panchayat Details of collection fee imposed Anticipated mode of sharing benefits or quantum of benefits shared

End of Part I

Yerragollapahad

Village profile

(to be collected from Village secretary)

The name of Yerragollapahad is "Yerra" means Red, Golla means "Shepherds community' , pahad means village surrounded by hillocks called as Yerragollapahad.

Agriculture

The land scape of this village is undulating with hillocks and pasture land. Total geographical area of the village is 700 ha. In this irrigated area is only 75 ha and 250 ha are dry lands. Other type of lands include 60 ha of fallow land and 315 ha of uncultivable land of hillocks covered with bushes,small trees and pasture land.

Main irrigated crop is paddy.in the dry lands cotton is major commercial crop. Under food crops Maize, Jowar,Redgram and Sesamum are important crops grown. The yield of paddy is 20-22 q/acre in normal varieties and in fine varieties it is 18-20 q.In cotton the yield is 8-12 q in irrigated fields and 5-8 q in rainfed areas. Maize yields in Kharif 15-18 q and in Rabi season it is 22-26 q. Use of green manure and Farm yard manure which was practiced earlier has reduced now with the use of chemical fertilizers is increasing the cost of cultivation. Interactions with community members indicate deep interest of local people for reviving of traditional food and vegetable crop varieties keeping in view of the nutritive value and its adaptability. Villagers appreciated the need for promotion of the agro biodiversity with the land races and folk varieties of this region to enhance the biological diversity status of the village.

Farmers are depending on the market for purchase of seeds with high price. During the discussion with the community, Seed bank concept was considered as good practice in which farmers can store their own seeds of food grain and vegetable crops. Farmers requiring the seed can take from the village seed bank on exchange basis. This practice will encourage use of their own quality seed and also preserve old varieties which are good yielding and resistant to diseases and drought. This seed bank will enhance self reliance of community and lead towards food security for the small and marginal farming communities.

Soil analysis

Sent to CRIDA institute waiting for soil test nutrients results .

Livestock

This village has large small ruminant stock of sheep and goats as min source of livelihood for the shepherd community. Village has 683 cattle and 767 Buffaloes with a milk sale of 250 L/per day in peak season and 100 L in lean seasons. In cattle cross breed cows are 185 and the rest are nondescript local breed. In the Buffaloes 70% are graded Murra breed and 30% are Murra breed. There are 236 sheep and 90 goats as main income source for the shepherd community of the village. In sheep the varieties are Deccan and Nellore cross. In goats all are non descript local breed. Hillocks and pasture lands of the village provide grazing area for the sheep and goats. The native grasses relished by small ruminents are Tunga,Garika,Nallaram,Edagaddi and Pttala. With increasing land tenure on individual basis shepherds are finding difficult to graze their animals. This village has a population of 85 pigs,1000 backyard poultry and 38 stray dogs.In poultry vanaraja and Gramapriya are the breeds other than the local breed.

Category Details Climatic aspects -Drought, floods and Adverse seasonal conditions. Geographical and environment aspects- Poor soil, deforestation, destruction of fragile ecosystems. Social exploitation -Caste conflict and problems of Scheduled areas. Isolation -Lack of education, health, roads, sanitation

90% population of the village are rice eaters.

NATURAL RESOURCES

The Forests of the village come under the category of tropical dry deciduous and tropical forest types. There are varying types of crops of all ages, classes with intermixed patches of different types and qualities. The important and valuable species commonly found are teak, Bijasal, Nallamaddi, Boja, Channagi, Turuwaram, Shisham, Station Bandar, Bamboo and Abnus varieties Black Granite, Sand, Granite for stone and metal

Statement Showing the Rainfall Particulars during Kharif 2013 in JANGAON MANDAL.

Sl No Month Normal (MM) Received(MM)

1 Jan-13 9.8 18.2

2 Feb-13 7.6 16.8

3 Mar-13 0 10.8

4 Apr-13 10.8 21.6

5 May-13 40.1 11.2

6 Jun-13 115.5 52.6

7 Jul-13 200.8 146.46

8 Aug-13 145.4

9 Sep-13 132.6

10 Oct-13 96.9

11 Nov-13 36.8

12 Dec-13 10.5

Statement Showing the Normal Area & Area sown particulars of JANGAON MANDAL during Kharif 2013

Normal Sl Name of the Crop Coverage(Area Crop Area(Area in No Mandal in hect) hect) 1 Rice 3632 1133 2 Wheat 0 0 Jangaon 3 Jowar 18 10

Bajra 0 0 4 Maize 101 840 5 Horse Gram 37 43 6 Green Gram 20 26 7 Black Gram 24 50 8 Redgram 19 204 9 Bengal gram 45 0 10 Cow Gram 50 0 Total Food

Grains 3946 2306 13 Chillies 15 0 14 Onion 0 0 Other Food 15 67 10 Crops Total Food 16 4028 2316 Crops Cotton 3500 4400

17 Ground Nut 24 0

18 Sesamum 0 0 Gross Sown 25 7552 6716 Area

Reason for veriation in areafigures of principal crrops Name of the Mandal Jangoan Year -2011-12 Season-Kharif Reasons Reasons Sl. Name of the Crop Current Previous Crop Current Previous for for No village Name year year Name year year variation variation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 Yerragollapahad Paddy 578 187 Redgram 6 200 Gren Yerragollapahad Maize 5 13 28 gram 17 10 5 Yerragollapahad Jowar 0 0 Tamotas 0 0 Block Yerragollapahad 5 Castor 0 0 gram 0 3 Agrobiodiversity Crop Plants Crop Scientific Name Common name Vernacular Name Landscape/ Approx Local Status Special Croppin Uses Associat Other Source of Seeds/ Community/ Habitat area Sown features g Season ed TK details Plants knowledge Holder Past Present Cereals and millet Eleusine coracana Finger millet Ragi Lowland Valley 20 acres More Available Zaid rabi Edible Agriculture Ch. Bupal Reddy office/ Last year preserved seeds. Oryza sativa Rice Vari Lowland Valley 900 acres More Available Kharif Edible Agriculture office/ Last year preserved seeds. Gossypium arboreum Cotton Patthi Lowland Valley 200 acres More Available Kharif Cotton Agriculture clothes office/ Last year preserved seeds. Zea mays Maize Makkalu Lowland Valley 100 acres Rare Available Kharif Edible Agriculture office/ Last year preserved seeds. Leaf Vegetables Acalypha malabarica Pitta kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Achyrantghus aspera Uthareni Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Allium cepa Onion stalks Ulli poraka Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Alternanthera tenella* Adavi ponaganti Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible alam acre Alternanthera Adavi ponaganti Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible sessillis* kura acre Amaranthus Amaranth tender Thota kura, kada Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible gangeticus* acre Amaranthus Rajagira leaves Rajagiri kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible paniculatus* acre Amaranthus Siri kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible polygonoides acre Brassica campestris* Mustard leaves Ava akulu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Canthium spinosa* Balusuku Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Carthamus tincorius Safflower Kusuma akulu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cassia ariculata Tangedu puvvu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cassia fistula Rela puvvu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cassia tora* tagarancha, chinna Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible tentem kura acre Celosia argentia* Gunagu, gurum kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cicer arietinum* Chickpea leaves Sanaga akulu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Cocculus hirsutus* Doosari, chipuru Lowland Valley Lessacre than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible kura acre Colacasia antiquorum Colacasia leaves Chama akulu Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Commelina Yennadri Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible bengalensis* acre Coriandrum sativum Coriander leaves Kothimiri Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Dolichos lablab Field bean Anapa puvvu, Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible chikkudu aaku acre Digera arvensis* Jonnachemchali Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Enicostema Gurumadi Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Ficushyssopifolium* glomerata Medi pandlu Lowland Valley Lessacre than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Gymnema sylvestre* Pola patram Lowland Valley Less than Available Rare Zaid rabi Edible acre Lactuca runcinata* Atheli Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cassia sophera* Chennagi Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Leucas aspera* Tummi kura, Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Chinna tummikura acre Maerremial Elakachevula kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible emarginata* acre Mentha spicata Mint Pudina Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Moringa oleifera Drum stick Munaga kura, kaya, Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Puvvu acre Murraya koenigii Curry leaves Karivepaku Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Rumex vasicarius Chukka kura Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Spinacia oleracea Spinach Palakura Lowland Valley 3 acres Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Tamarindus indica Tamarind leaves Chinta chiguru Lowland Valley 2 acres Available Available Zaid rabi Edible Trigonella foenum Fenugreek leaves Menthikoora Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Zingiber officinalis Ginger Allam aaku Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Roots tubers and Edible Vegetables Abelmoschus Okra, Lady finger Benda kaya Lowland Valley 5 acres Available Available Rabi & KharifEdible Agriculture esculentus office/ Last year preserved seeds. Allium cepa Onion Neerulli/Ulligadda Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Benicasa hispida Ash gourd Boodidha gummadi Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Beta vulgaris Beet root Beetu gadda Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Capparis horrida Adavi adonda Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Coccinis cordifolia Ivy gourd Donda kaya Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Colacasia antiquorum Colacasia stem Chama gadda Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible acre Cyamopsis Cluster beans Goruchikkud Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Zaid rabi Edible terragonoloba acre Lycopersicum Green Tomato Tamata pandu, Lowland Valley 6 acres Available Available Rabi & KharifEdible Agriculture esculentum Papiringa pandlu office/ Last year preserved seeds. Momordica charantia Bitter gourd Kakarakaya Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Rabi & KharifEdible Agriculture acre office/ Last year preserved seeds. Momordica dioica Kakari gourd Adavi kakara Lowland Valley Less than Available Available Rabi & KharifEdible Agriculture acre office/ Last year preserved seeds.

Pulses Cicer arietinum Chick pea Shenagalu, tella Lowland Valley 2 acres Available Rare Rabi Edible Agriculture shenagalu, nalla office/ Last year shenagalu preserved seeds. Phaseolus aureus Green gram/ Bazra Sajjalu Lowland Valley 4 acres Available Available Rabi Edible Agriculture Roxb office/ Last year preserved seeds. Phaseolus mungo Black gram dhal Minumulu Lowland Valley 3 acres Available Available Rabi Edible Agriculture Roxb office/ Last year preserved seeds. Sesamum indicum Sesame Nuvulu Lowland Valley 4 acres Available Available Rabi Edible Agriculture office/ Last year preserved seeds. Vigna catjang Cow pea pods Bebbari Lowland Valley 1.5 acres Available Available Rabi Edible Agriculture office/ Last year preserved seeds. Arachis hypogaea Ground nut Varusanagalu Lowland Valley 5 acres Available Available Rabi Edible Agriculture office/ Last year preserved seeds. Fruit plants Plant Scientific Name Local Name Variety Landscape Local Status Source of Season of Associated TK Uses Other details Community / Habitat Seeds/Plants Fruiting market /own use Knowledge holder Past Present Tree Annona reticulata Bullock's heart Ramaphal Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved October Edible Market P. Yadagiri Anti-dandruff, Curing wounds for the cattle August - by using leaves Tree Annona squamosa Custard apple Sitaphal Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved October extract. Edible Market Tree Canthium dicoccum Nakkiri Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved Edible Own use Curing skin diseases, May - used as tonic for Tree Carissa carandas Kalmi Forest Available Rare Local Preserved September heart. Edible Own use Shrub Catunaaregam spinosa Balusuku Lowland valley Available Rare Local Preserved Edible Own use Tree Citrus aurantifolia Lime Nimma Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved May Edible Market & own use Tree Citrus aurantium Orange Santra Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved April Edible Own use Tree Embilica officinalis Indian gooseberry Usirikaya, Amla Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved January Edible Own use Tree Ficus glomerata Cluster fig Medipandlu Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved June Edible Market & own use Tree Mangifera indica Mango Mamidi Lowland valley Available Available Agriculture Office April Edible Market & own use Tree Psidium guava Guava Jama Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved July Edible Own use Tree Punica granatum Pomegranate Danimma Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved Edible Own use Shrub Solanum nigrum Kasitha pandlu Lowland valley Available Less Local Preserved Edible Own use Urinary tract infections, Blood Tree Syzygium cumini Jamun Allaneredu Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved July motions. Edible Market & own use Lowland valley Shrub Zizyphus enoplia Pariki & Forest Available Available Local Preserved November Edible Own use Tree Tamarindus indicus Tamarind Chinthapandu Lowland valley Available Available Local Preserved November Edible Market & own use Format 3: Fodder Crop Plant Scientific Name Local Name Landscape/ Local Status Source of Plants Associated Part Used Other details Community / Habitat /Seeds TK market /own Knowledge use holder

Past Present

Grass Cynodon dactylon Garika Gaddi Forest Available Available Natural Whole plant Own use Subaiah Shrub Cajanus cajana Kandulu, Togari Agriculture Available Limited Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Grass Sorgum sudan grass SSG Barren lands Available Available Natural Whole plant Own use Shrub Pennisiteum glausum Bazra Agriculture Available Limited Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Zea maize Maize Agriculture Available Available Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Oriza sativa Rice Agriculture Available Available Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Triticum aestivum Wheat Agriculture Available Limited Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Macrotylomloma uniflorum Horse gram Agriculture Available Available Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Arachis hypogaea Ground nut Agriculture Available Available Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Shrub Sorgum vulgare Sorgum Barren lands Available Available Natural Whole plant Own use Tree Azadiracta indica Neem Forest Available Available Natural Leaves Own use Shrub Leucaena leucocephala Subabul Agriculture Available Limited Agriculture office Whole plant Own use Tree Ficus religiosa Pipal Forest Available Available Natural Leaves Own use Weeds Plant Scientific Name Local Affected Crop Impact Landscape/ Local Status Uses if Any Management Associated Other Community / Name Habitat Options TK Details if Knowledge any holder

Past Present Small Shurubs Solanum Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out sisymbriifolium Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Bhupal Reddy Small Shurubs Echnochloa Barnyard Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out crussgalli millet Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Dentella repens Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Bacopa monnieri Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Fimbristylis miliacea Lesser Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out fimbristylis Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Grass Panicum repens Tarpedo Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out grass Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Polygonum Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out barbatum Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Marsilea quadrifolia Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Ludwigia octovalvis Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Portulaca Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quadrifolia Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Ottelia alismoides Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Basilicum Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out polystachyaon Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Lindernia ciliata Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Monochroria Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out vaginalis Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Ludwigia Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out adscendens Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Hydrolea zeylanica Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Lymnophylla indica Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Lindernia parviflora Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Pistia stratiotes Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Fimbristylis Rice, Ground nut, Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out bisumbellata Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Gisekia Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out pharnaceoides quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Evolvulus Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out nummularius quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Digera muricata Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Goniogyna hirta Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Indigofera Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out aspalathoides quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Cleome aspera Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Corchorus aestuans Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Martynia annua Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Ocimum gratissimum Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Alysicarpus Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out buplueurifolius quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Mollugo cerviana Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Blainvillea acmella Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Grangea Ground nut Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out maderaspatana quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Parthenium Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out hysterophorus Parthenium Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Grass Cyperus rotundus Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Nut Grass Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Grass Cynodon dactylon Burmuda Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out grass Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Tridax procumbens Mexican Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out daisy Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Euphorbia hirta Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Spurse Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Wolfia globosa Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Crop fields quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Cyperus rotundus Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Rice quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Bacopa monnieri Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Rice quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Phyla nodiflora Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Rice quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Eclipta prostrata Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Rice quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Malvastrum Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out coromandelium Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Atylosia volubilis Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Acanthospermum Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out hispidum Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Fimbristylis cymosa Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Parvonia odorata Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Crotalaria Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out ferruginea Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Justicia glauca Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Leucas stricta Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Drymaria cordata Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Indigofera trifoliata Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Small Shurubs Hedyotis pumila Lowers the crop Lowland Available Available Used as fodder for Plucking out Sesamum quality and yield valley cattle or no use Pests of Crops Host Insect /Animal Scientific Name Local Habitat Time/ Management Associtated Other Community Name Season of Mechanism TK details knowledge attach holder Ground nut Hairy caterpiller Amsacta albistriga Walk Lowland valley Rabi U. Ellaiah Ground nut Hairy caterpiller Amsacta moori Butter Lowland valley Rabi Ground nut Bihar hairy caterpiller Spilosoma (Diacrisia) obliqua Lowland valley Rabi Ground nut Ground nut leaf Miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) Lowland valley Rabi Ground nut folia Grey weevils Myllocerus spp Lowland valley Rabi Ground nut Aphids Aphis craccivora Lowland valley Rabi Ground nut Termites or White ants Microtermes spp Lowland valley Rabi Paddy Stem Borer Lowland valley Kharif 1.Phorate - 5 kg/ac 2.Cartap hydrochloride- 8 Paddy BPH, Lowland valley Kharif kg/ac 3.Appluad-350 ml/ac,confidar- 50 ml/ac 4.Tricyclozole-120 Paddy Blast Lowland valley Kharif gms/ac.

Redgram Pod borer Lowland valley Zadi rabi Mono-50 ml/tankMono+ Acephate in early stages.and later stages Redgram Wilt Lowland valley Zadi rabi Spinosad-100 ml/ac. 1&2.Imidachloprid-50 ml/ac Cotton Aphids Lowland valley Kharif 3.Thiamethoxim- 40 gms/ac Cotton Jassids Lowland valley Kharif 4.Acetamiprid-40 gms/ac . Cotton Thrips Lowland valley Kharif Cotton Whitefly Lowland valley Kharif Maize Wild bore Lowland valley Kharif Groundnut Wild bore Lowland valley Rabi Paddy Monkey Lowland valley Kharif Maize Monkey Lowland valley Kharif Redgram Monkey Lowland valley Rabi Groundnut Monkey Lowland valley Rabi Market for Domesticated Animals types of Animal brought and sold Types and avarage Number of Animal Places from which Places to which the Name and location of Types of fishes Local Name Source of Fish (2) transacted in a day Animal are brought animals aresold / fish market sold transported

1.Cattle: Discriptive and non- All villages of the Mandal All the villages Narimetta Nil Nil Nil discriptive (ND) Nagpuri buffalo, Jersey Cow Ongole cow HF cross Ongole Bull, Red Kandari mudhole.

Murrah 2.Goat:. Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) Konkan kanyal Jafrabadi Osmanabadi 3.Sheep: Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) Nellore Ram Nellore jodepi Peoplescape Community & Families & Major Suboccupatio Depending Major resources landscape Resource Cast/ Social Condition Nature of No of House Holds Population occupation n landscape accessed and Seasons Management Management Tribe inhabitants of access Practices Practices Agriculture, All available fruits in the Gollavallu Agriculture Shepard Lowland valley gram panchayat Nil Nil ST Poor 135 Agriculture, All available fruits in the Lambadi Agriculture Shepard Lowland valley gram panchayat Nil Nil SC Poor 60 Agriculture, All available fruits in the BC Agriculture Business Lowland valley gram panchayat Nil Nil BC Lower middle class 60 Agriculture, All available fruits in the OC Agriculture Business Lowland valley gram panchayat Nil Nil mixed Lower middle class 300 Waterscape Waterscape Sub- Features Ownership General Flora General Major Management General Associate Other Community Element Type Type and Fauna Uses Practices Issues d TK details accessed approx area Ponds Nil Apluda mutica, Dried up All Echinochloa colonum, Eragrostis pilosa, Eragrostis tenella, Hackelochloa granularis, Cows, Heteropogon bulls, contortus, Goats, vetiveria Sheep, zizanoides, Stray Lakes 3 lakes 10 acres Barringtonia dogs Dried up Canal

100 bore Agriculture Borewells wells land holders Agriculture All Soil type Soil type Color & Features Soil Management Plants / Crop Flora & Fauna Associated TK Other Information Texture Suitable

Rice, Cotton, All flora and Redgram, Sesamum, Fauna of the Red Soil Red Nil Maize Village Ramesh Rice, Cotton, All flora and Redgram, Sesamum, Fauna of the Black Soil Black Nil Maize Village Domesticated Biodiversity Fruit Trees Season Community / Scientific Local Variet Landscape Source of of Associated Other details Plant Local Status Uses Knowledge Name Name y Habitat Seeds/Plants Fruitin TK market /own use holder g Past Present Tree Mangifera Mamidi Lowland Available Available Agriculture May making Sale in the market of B. Anjenayulu indica valley Office juices and Jangaon mandal edible Medicinal Plants Associated TK Other Season Community / Landscape Source of details Plant Scientific Name Local Name Variety Local Status of Knowledge Habitat Seeds/Plants market Fruiting holder /own use Past Present 2-3 spoonfuls of leaf extract given about a month. Shrub Adhatoda zylanica. Addasaramu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Yadiaha Bark decoction administered orally in 2 spoonfuls thrice a day about Tree Ailanthus excelsa Peddamanu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown one month. Leaf juice administered orally in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 20 Shrub Azima tetracantha Uppi Teega Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Leaf decoction administered orally in 3 spoonfuls twice a day for Tree Bambusa arundinacea Veduru Lowland valley Available Less Naturally grown about one month. Root decoction administered orally in 2 spoonfuls 3-4 times a day for Small shrub Barleria cuspidata Nelambram Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown 7d. Stem ground with honey and ginger and made into dry pillets and administered in 2 pillets twice a day for a month. Small shrub Barleria prionitis Mulla Gorinta Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Dried leaves smoked with wrapping leaves of Diospyros Herb Blumea mollis Kukka Pogaku Lowland valley Available Less Naturally grown mealanoxylon. Root extract is administered orally in a spoonful twice a day for 15d. Small shrub Boerhavia diffusa Atika Mamidi Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Flower powder mixed with honey and administered in 2 spoonfuls Shrub Calotropis procera Jilledu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown twice a day for a month. Fruits ground with roots of Hemidesmus and the paste administered in 10g twice a day about 20 d. Tree Cassia fistula Rela Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Rhizome extract administered in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 2 Tuber Curculigo orchioides Nela Tadi Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown months or till cure. Fruits ground and made into small pills with honey and in 2 pills Shrub Datura metal Erri Ummetta Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown taken twice a day for about 3 months. Root decoction given in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 10d. Creeper Desmodium triflorum Munta Manda Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Powder of shade dried whole plant mixed with honey in 2 spoonfuls Herb Lepidagathis cristata Suryakanta Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown is administered twice a day for a bout 20d. Flowers ground with jaggery and the extract administered in 2 Tree Nerium oleander Ganneru. Lowland valley Available Less Naturally grown spoonfuls twice a day for about 2 months. Fruits are warmed and the juice given in 2 spoonfuls thrice a day for Shrub Opuntia stricta Naga Phanni Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown about 2 weeks. Leaf decoction administered in 2 spoonfuls with fruit juice of Climber Passiflora foetida Tella Jumiki Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Terminalia chebula thrice a day for about one month. Climber Pergularia daemia Dustapa teega Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Leaf decoction taken in 2 spoonfuls 2-3 times a day for about 15d. Fruits ground with tubers of Cyperus rotundus and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia and the paste administered with honey in 2 Tree Phyllanthus emblica Pedda Usiri Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown spoonfuls twice a day for about one month. Root decoction with honey administered in 2 spoonfuls twice a day Shrub Phyllanthus reticulatus Puli Chettu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown for one month. Whole plant ground with leaves of Adhatoda zeylanica and made into Shrub Piper longum Pippallu Lowland valley Available Less Naturally grown powder. A spoonful of powder is taken Sanna pappu Whole plant extract mixed with honey and administered in 2 Herb Portulaca quadrifida koora Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown spoonfuls thrice a day for about 20d. Root decoction administered in 2-3 times a day for about one month. Mulla vankaya, Small shrub Solanum surattense Vankudu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Root powder cigared with leaves if Diospyros melanoxylon and Herb Tragia involucrata Durada gondi Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown smoked to reduce suffering. Tender leaf juice administered in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for 20 – Climber Tylophora fasciculata Veripala teega Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown 30d. Adavi poddu Leaf juice administered in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for 15d. Herb Vicoa indica tirugudu Lowland valley Available Less Naturally grown Leaf juice with dried powder of Zingiber officinale given in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 20d. Shrub Vitex negundo Vavili Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Root juice administered in 2 spoonfuls twice a day for about 20d. Herb Zaleya decandra Tella garijelu Lowland valley Available Available Naturally grown Ornamental Plants Plant Source of Plant Commercial and Associated Other Community Local Name Scientific Name Variety Uses type /Seeds Non Commercial TK details Knowledge Shrub Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum indicum Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Bhupal Reddy Shrub Tuberose Polianthes tuberosa Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Shrub Htrose Hybrid teas rose Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Shrub Marigold Tagetes erecta Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Shrub Marigold hybrid Tagetes tenuifolia Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Shrub Mallipoo Jasminum sambac Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Shrub Gundumallee Jasminum grandiflorum Preserved seeds Non Commercial Ornamental Timber Plants Community Plant Wild/Home Associated Other Local Name Scientific Name Habitat Local Status Uses Knowledge type Garden TK details holder Past Present Tree Teak Tectona grandis Lowland valley Available Less Wild/ garden Furniture B. Chandriaha Tree Neem Azhardirecta indica Lowland valley Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Tree Thumma Acacia farnesiana Forest Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Tree Mango Mangifera indica Lowland valley Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Tree Naredu Syzygium cumini Forest Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Tree Bodumalle Forest Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Tree Kukudi chettu Sapindus emarginatus Forest Available Available Wild/ garden Furniture Domesticated Animals Other details Community Associated Commercial including S.No Local Name Scientific Name Breed Features Local Status Uses Knowledge TK Rearing products and holder services Past Present 1.Cattle: Discriptive and non-discriptive (ND) U. Ellaiah 1 Nagpuri buffalo, Available Available Milk 2 Jersey Cow Jersey Nil Available Milk 3 Ongole cow Ongole Rare Available Milk 4 HF cross Rare Available Milk 5 Ongole Bull, Ongole Available Available Farming 6 Red Kandari mudhole. Available Available 7 Murrah Available Available Milk 2.Goat:. Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) 8 Konkan kanyal Available Available Meat & Skin 9 Jafrabadi Available Available Meat & Skin 10 Osmanabadi Available Available Meat & Skin 3.Sheep: Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) 11 Nellore Ram Nellore Available Available Meat & Skin 12 Nellore jodepi Nellore Available Available Meat & Skin Poultry 13 Red Aseel Available Available Meat & Eggs 14 Pigeon Available Available Meat 15 Rabbit Available Available Meat Culture Fisheries Other details Community Water Scape Associated Commercial including Fish type Scientific Name Local Name Variety Features Local Status Uses Knowledge (Pond /Bheri/talao TK Rearing products holder and services Past Present Nil Market /Fairs for Domesticated Animals, Medicinals Plants and other products Fishes Scientific Local Name Animals Water Scape Local Status Uses Associated Commercial Other details Community Name (Pond TK Rearing including Knowledge /Bheri/talao products and holder services

Past Present Nill 1.Cattle: Discriptive and non-discriptive (ND) U. Ellaiah Nagpuri buffalo, Available Available Milk Jersey Cow Nil Available Milk Ongole cow Rare Available Milk HF cross Rare Available Milk Ongole Bull, Available Available Farming Red Kandari mudhole. Available Available Murrah Available Available 2.Goat:. Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) Konkan kanyal Jafrabadi Osmanabadi 3.Sheep: Crossed & non-discriptive (ND) Nellore Ram Available Available Meat & Skin Nellore jodepi Available Available Meat & Skin Poultry Red Aseel Available Available Meat & Eggs Available Available Meat Available Available Meat Trees, Shrubs, herbs, Tubers, Grasses, Climbers Plant type Scientific Name Local Name Habit Habitat Local Status Commercial/ Part Associated Other details Community Own use Collected TK including products Knowledge and services holder

Past Present Tree Annona squamosa Seethafalam Dry Forest LC Commercial Fruit Ramesh Shrub Barleria prionitis Mulla Gorinta Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Bombax ceiba Burugu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Cassia auriculata Tangedu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Butea monosperma Moduga Chettu Dry Forest LC Commercial Timber Fern Hemionitis rifolia Rama banam Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Teprosia purpurea Vempali Dry Forest LC Own use Shrub Datura metal Nalla Ummetta Dry Forest LC Own use Whole plant Herb Evolvulus alsinoides Vishnukranta Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Ficus benghalensis Marri Chettu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Syzygium cumini Neredu Dry Forest LC Commercial Fruit Tree Hesperethus crenulata Velaga Dry Forest LC Commercial Fruit Tree Pongamia pinnata Kanuga Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Tectona grandis Teku Dry Forest LC Commercial Timber Tree Acacia nilotika Nalla Tumma Dry Forest LC Commercial Timber Tree Dalbergia latifolia Jitregi Dry Forest LC Commercial Timber Tree Ougenia cojeinensis Dargu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Diospyros melanoxylon Abnus Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Bridelia retusa Mulla Maddi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Anogeissus latifolia Tirman Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Emblica officinalis Amla, Usiri Dry Forest LC Commercial Fruit, Leaves Tree Chloroxylon swietenia Satin Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Lagerstroemia parviflora Chinangi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Eugenia jambulana Neredu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Hardwickia binata Nareppa Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Xylia xylocarpa Kondas tangedu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Manjifera indica Mamidi Dry Forest LC Commercial Fruit, Leaves Garuga pinnata Gargu Dry Forest LC Own use Careya arborea Budh-dherimi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Maduca indica Ippa Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Adina cordifolia Bander Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Mitragyana pasrviflora Battaganam Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Acacia leucophloea Saphed babul (Tella Tumma Dry Forest LC Commercial Timber Tree Aegle mormelos Belphal Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Albizzia lebhek Siris Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Albizzia procera Chindugu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Buchanania lanzan Choronji Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Cassia fistula Amaltas (Rela) Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Cochlospermus tomentosum Kondagogu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Dalbergia paniculata Soppera Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Elaeodendrone glaucum Bhutankusham Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Alangium lamarkii Akola Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Ficus religiosa Ragi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Grawia tillifolia Tada Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Acacia nilotica Babul Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Hymenodictyon excelsum Mach Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Cleistanthus collinus Nallakodisha Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Moriga tinctoria Tagormogli Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Nyctanthes arbertristis Parijataka Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Premna tomentosa Nagur Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Randia dumentorum Phetra (Kala) Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Saccopetalum tomentosum Kari Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Semicarpus anacardium Bhilawa Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Strychnos potatorum Nirmoli Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Soymida febrifusa Somi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Tamarindus indica Chinta Dry Forest LC Commercial Tree Wrightia tenctoria Palakodsa Dry Forest LC Own use Fruit, Leaves Tree Zizyphus xylopyrus Gotti Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Zizyphus jujuba Ber Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Azadirachta indica Vepa Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Mimusops elengi Bakul Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Polyathea corasoides Chilkaduddi Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Ferronia elephanthum Kaweet Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Holoptelia integrifolia Nemalinara Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Ailanthus excelsa Pedda manu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Acacia chundra Chundra Dry Forest LC Own use Leaves Tree Govotia rottleriformis Poniki Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Dichrostachys cinerea Yeltur Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Dendrocalamus strictus Yeduru Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Acacia forruginea Volsundra Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Cassia siamea Nallatangedu Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Hollarrhena antidysenterica Istraripala Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Millingtonia hortensis Akashamalle Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Gyrocarpus jacquini Kumarponiki Dry Forest LC Own use Tree Odina wodier Gumpena Dry Forest LC Own use Grasses Apluda varia, Hack Phuli Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Chionachne koenigii, Thw. Karpia Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Chrysopgon montanus, Trin Chikua Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Coix gigantea, Kon. Garru Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Cymbopogon martini, Wats. Rusa Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Cynodon daetylon, Pers. Doob Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Desmostachya bipinnata, Stapf. Kush Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Dichanthuium annulatum, Stapf. Marwel Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Echinochloa colonum, Link. Sama Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Eragrostis tenella, Link. Bhurbhusi Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Eulaliopsis binata, C. E. Hubb. Sabai Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Heteropogon contortus, Beauv. Kusul Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Imperata cylindrica, P. Beauv. Chhir Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Ischaemum pilosum, Hack. Kunda Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Pennisetum hohenackeri, Hochst. Moya Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Phragmites karka, Trin. Nal Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Saccharum munja, Roxb. Munj Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Saccharum spontaneum, Linn. Kans Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Sehima sulcatum, A. Camus. Paonia Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Themeda quadrivalvis, O. Kuntz. Gunher Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Thysanolaena maxima, O. Kuntz. Phulbuhari Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Vetiveria zizaniodes, Nash. Khus Dry Forest LC Fodder use Whole grass Wild Plant Species of Importance Local Name Scientifc Name Variety Importance Status

Machi Patra- Artemsia vulgaris Forest Ramesh Bruhathi Patra Solanum indicum Forest Bilva Patra Aegle marmeolus Forest Used in festivals Durva Patra Cyanodon dactylon Forest Kanaka Patra- Datura metal Forest Badari Patra- Zizipus jujube Forest Apamarga patra- Achyrantthus aspera Forest Tulasi Patra- Ocimum sanctum Forest Used for cough Chootha Patra Mangifeera indica Forest Karaveera Patra Nerium indicum Forest Vishnu Krantha Patra- Convovulus pluricacis Forest Daadimi Patra Punica granatum Forest Maruvaka Patra Origanum majoram Forest Sindhuvara Patra Vitex nirgundo Forest Sandhya pushpin Patra Jasminum grandiflorum. Forest Gandali Patra Latha Durva Forest Shami Patra Prosopis specigera Forest Ashwatha Patra Ficus religiosa. Forest Arjuna Patra Terminelia arjuna Forest Arka Patra Calotropis procera Forest Aquatic Biodiversity Fish type Scientific Name Local Name Features Water Scape Local Status Uses Associated Commercial Other details Community (Pond TK Rearing including Knowledge /Bheri/talao products and holder services Nil Wild Aquatic Plant Species of Importance Local Name Scientifc Name Variety Importance Status Adavi korray gaddi Apluda mutica Grass Fodder LC Oodagaddi Echinochloa colonum Grass Fodder LC Indian lovegrass Eragrostis pilosa Grass Fodder LC Lovegrass Eragrostis tenella Grass Fodder LC Pitscale grass Hackelochloa granularis Grass Fodder LC Pandumulla gaddi Heteropogon contortus Grass Fodder LC Vetiveria vetiveria zizanoides Grass Fodder LC Nir kanki Barringtonia acutangula Tree Fodder LC Kuka elka Xeromphis uliginosa Tree Fodder LC Wild Plants Medicinal Importance Plant type Local Name Scientific Name Landscape Local Status Associated TK Part used Community (Herb, Shurb, /Habitat Knowledge Tree) holder

Past Present Tree Yadiaha Commiphora wightii Lowers the cholesterol level, Carmative, as Fixative in perfumery Tree Cassia angustifolia Laxative, vermifute, Cathartic, Purgative Tree Withania somnifera Rheumatism, Tuberculosis, Aphrodisiac Herb Aloe barbadensis Rheumatism, Purgative, liver disorder Herb Pedalium murex Diuretic, impotency, Gonorrhoea and Dysuria,Demulcent, Ulcer Shrub Boerhavia diffusa Diuretic, Jaundice Grass Cyperus rotundus Anti-peptic Climber Thippa teega Tinospora cordifolia Fever, Tonic Herb Tribulus terrestris Diuretic, Tonic Peganum harmala Jaundice, Asthma, Rheumatism, Gallstones,Colic pains Shrub Calotropis procera Cold and cough, Asthma, Fever Tree Capparis deciduas Dental problems, Asthma, Boils and Swellings Shrub Andrographis paniculata Hepato protective. Tree Thangedu Acassia auriculata Diabetes Tree Neredu Eugenia jambolana Diabetes Tree Medi Ficus racemosa Diabetes Herb Nela usiri Phyllanthus niruri Diabetes Wild relatives of Crops Local Name Scientific Name Variety Associated Landscape/ Local Status Associated Uses Part Other Community Crop Habitat TK (Usage) used details Knowledge Market / holder Own use

Past Present Alternanthera Vegetable Lowland tenella* Wild crops valley LC R. Uppaliah Alternanthera Vegetable Lowland sessillis* Wild crops valley LC Amaranth tender Amaranthus Vegetable Lowland gangeticus* Wild crops valley LC Rajagira leaves Amaranthus Vegetable Lowland paniculatus* Wild crops valley LC Malabar spinach Basella rubra* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Basella spp* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Mustard leaves Brassica Vegetable Lowland campestris* Wild crops valley LC Canthium Vegetable Lowland spinosa* Wild crops valley LC Cassia tora* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Celosia Vegetable Lowland argentia* Wild crops valley LC Chickpea leaves Cicer arietinum* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Cocculus Vegetable Lowland hirsutus* Wild crops valley LC Commelina Vegetable Lowland bengalensis* Wild crops valley LC Dioscorea Vegetable Lowland bulbifera* Wild crops valley LC Digera arvensis* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Gymnema Vegetable Lowland Podapatri sylvestre* Wild crops valley LC Lactuca Vegetable Lowland runcinata* Wild crops valley LC Cassia sophera* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Leucas aspera* Vegetable Lowland Wild crops valley LC Maerremial Vegetable Lowland emarginata* Wild crops valley LC Fumigate /Chewing Plants Plant type Local Scientific Variety Landscape Local Status Associated Uses Part used Other details Community (Herb, Name Name /Habitat TK (Usage) Market / Own Knowledge holder Shurb, use Tree)

Past Present Azhardirecta branches, Tree Vepa indica Forest Available Available leaves Kanakaya Other Plants in the Wild & Domesticated Plant type Scientific Name Popular Name Variety Landscape/ Local Status Associated Uses Part used Other details Community (Herb, Habitat TK (Usage) Market / Own Knowledge holder Shurb, use Tree)

Past Present Tree Acacia farnesiana Fragnant Acacia Shivaya Tree Acacia mearnsii Blavk Wattle Herb Acanthospermum hispidum Herb Aerva javanica Shrub Ageratum conyzoides Goat weed Shrub Ageratum houstonianum Blue Mink, Floss Flower Herb Aeschynomene americana American Joint-vetch Shrub Ageratina adenophora Crofton weed Herb Alternanthera paronychioides Herb Alternanthera pungens Herb Alternanthera tenella Shrub Asclepias curassavica Blood flower, False Ipecac Shrub Asphodelus tenuifolius Tree Argemone mexicana Prickly Poppy Herb Bidens pilosa Spanish Needle Blainvillea acmella Herb Blumea eriantha Herb Blumea lacera Herb Blumea obliqua Tree Borassus flabellifer Taddy Palm Cardamine hirsuta Cardamine trichocarpa Tree Cassia absus Ringworm Cassia, Roman Tree Cassia alata Candle Tree Cassia occidentalis Tree Cassia pumila Tree Cassia hirsuta Cassia obtusifolia Sickle senna Herb Cassia tora Sikkle Senna Herb Catharanthus pusillus Celosia argentea Wool flower Chamaesye hirta Snake wood Shrub Chrozophora rottleri Herb Cleome gynandra Herb Cleome monophylla Clidemia hirta Koster's curse Herb Conyza bipinnatifida Herb Cleome viscosa Dog Mustard Herb Corchorus aestuans Herb Corchorus fascicularis Herb Croton bonplandianum Datura, Mad Plant ,Thron Shrub Datura innoxia apple Datura, Mad Plant, Thron Shrub Datura metal apple Herb Echinops echinatus Herb Emilia sonchifolia Herb Euphorbia heterophylla Shrub Hyptis suaveolens Wild Spikenard Shrub Indigofera glandulosa Climber Ipomoea eriocarpa Shrub Indigofera trita Shrub Ipomoea carnea Lottapeesu, Thooti Kada Climber Ipomoea obscura Climber Ipomoea pes-tigridis Tiger's foot, Bind Weed Tree Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree, House Tamarind Herb Lagascea mollis Shrub Lantana camara Wild Sage Shrub Malvastrum coromandelianum Herb Martynia annua Herb Ocimum americanum Hoary Basil Prickly Pear, Snake Hood Shrub Opuntia stricta fig Shrub Parthenium hysterophorus Congress grass, Parthenium Herb Sida acuta Shrub Solanum americanum Night Shade Wild Animals (Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibia, Insects, Others Name of the Animal Scientific Name Local Name Variety Description Local Status Associated Uses Mode of Other Community TK (Usage) Hunting, details Knowledge holder Collecting (if Market / any) Own use

Mammalas Past Present Forest Department Rhesus Macaque Macaca muletta Kothi More More Jangaon Wolf Canis lupus Thodelu More Less Indian Fox Vulpus bengalensis Nakka More Less Palm Squirrel Funamberlus palmrum Udatha More Moderate Hare Lepus nigricollis Chevula Pilli More Moderate Wild Boar Suscropha Adavipandi More More Reptiles Monitor Lizard Veranus bengalensis Udumu More Less Chamellion Chemelliian zeylanicus Usaravelli More Less Common Lizard Calotes vercicular Thonda More Less Forest Lizard Calotes rouxibughii Adavi Thonda More Less Fanthroated Lizard Sitena sps Thonda More Less Common Skink Nabuya carinta Nallikesu More Moderate Snake Skink Ryopa panketa Nallikesu More Moderate Butterflies Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon Common Jay Graphium doson Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon Spot Swordtail Pathysa nomius Common Mime Chilasa clytia Common Mormon Papilio polytes Red Helen Papilio helenus Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector One-Spot Grass Yellow Eurema andersonii Three-Spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigitta Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Spotless Grass Yellow Eurema laeta Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Nilgiri Clouded Yellow Colias nilgiriensis Dark Clouded Yellow Colias croceus Crimson-Tip Colotis danae Small Orange-Tip Colotis etrida Plain Orange-Tip Colotis eucharis White Orange Tip Ixias Marianne Common Albatross Appias albina Common Gull Cepora nerissa Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Pale Wanderer Pareronia avatar Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Striped Blue crow Euploea mulciber Common Indian Crow Euploea core Common Nawab Polyura athamas Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Bamboo Tree Brown Lethe europa Common TreeBrown Lethe rohria Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus Long-Brand Bushbrown Mycalesis visala Common Threering Ypthima asterope Common Fourring Ypthima huebneri Common Fivering Ypthima baldus Tawny Coster Acraea violae Vagrant Vagrans egista Commander Moduza procris Colour Sergeant Athyma nefte Common Sergeant Athyma perius Common Sailer Neptis hylas Yellow Jack Sailer Lassipia viraja Common Baron Euthalia aconthea Baronet Euthalia nais Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea Common Map Cyrestis thyodamas Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Common Castor Ariadne merione Blue Pansy Junonia orithya Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Gray Pansy Junonia atlites Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina Birds Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Indain Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Great Cormorant Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus Little Egret Egretta garzetta Large Egret Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus White Ibis Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax Crested Goshawak Accipiter trivirgatus Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela Indian Shikra Accipiter badius Brahminy Kite Haliasturindus Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Open billed Stork White Stork Ciconia ciconia Spoon bill Common Shel Duck Tadorna tadorna Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura Common Teal Anas crecca Gadwall Anas strepera strepera Garganey Anas querquedula Red Crested Pochard Rhodonessa rufina White eyed Pochard Nakta Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus Rain quail Coturnix coromandelica Black Patridge Grey Patridge Peacock Small Button quail Turnix sylvaticus Common Grave Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Purple Moorhen Common Coot Pheasant Tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus Red Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Yellow Wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Sand Piper Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Indian Stone Curlew Burhinus indicus Great Black Headed Gull Larus ichthyaetus Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida River Tern Sterna aurantia Green Pigeon Rock Pigeon Spotted Dove Ringed Dove Alexandrian Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Rose Ringed Parakeet Psittacula Krameri Plum Headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Green Billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis Southern Coucal Centropus sinensis Barn fish owlet Barred Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum Spotted Owlet Athene brama Night Jar House Swift Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Pied Kingfisher White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting Blue Tailed Bee Eater Merops philippinus Little Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris Indian Grey Hornbill Tockus birostris Great Barbet Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Black Headed Wood Pecker Golden back wood pecker Maratha Wood Pecker Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura Red Rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Common Wood Shrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus Bay Backed Shrike Lanius vittatus Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Greater Racket tailed drango Dicrurus paradiseus Indian Golden oriole Oriolus kundoo Blue Jay Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda House Crow Corvus splendens Indian Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Tit Indian Nuthatch Sitta castanea Jungle Babblers Indian Robbin Pied Robbin Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata bicolor Warblers Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea cinerea Pied Wagtail Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Brahmani Myra Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Oriental White eye Zosterops palpebrosus House Sparrow Passer domesticus Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus White billed Munia Spotted Minia Red Munia Photo Gallery

Village surrounded by hillocks (pahads)

Photo-1: Vajjolla Kunta Photo-2: Tetyakunta Cheruvu

Photo-3: Kotta Cheruvu Photo: 4 Women groups are planting the rice

Photo 5: Ongole Bull Photo 6: Murrah buffalo

Photo 8: Holstein friesian (hf) cows Photo 7: Red Aseel poultry

Photo: 10 Mangifera indica (Mamidi) Photo: 9 .

Photo: 11 Annona squamosa (sithaphal) Photo: 12 Vitex negundo (Vavili)

Photo:12 Sapindus indica (Kunkudukaya) Photo: 13 Tectona grandis (Teku)

Photo:14 Bambusa vulgaris (Veduru) Photo:15 Calotropis procera (Jilledu)

Photo: 16 Cassia auriculata (Tangedu) Photo: 17: Pongamia pinnata (Kanuga)

Photo: 18 Photo: 19 Ficus religiosa (Ravi)

Photo: 20 Vinca rosea Photo: 21 Evolvulus alsinoides (Vishnukrantham)

Photo: 22 Abrus precatorius(Guriginja) Photo:23

Photo: 24. Tridax procumbens (Gaddi Chamanti) Photo: 25.

Photo: 26. Photo: 27. Borasus flabellifer (Tadi)

Photo 28: Ipomoea batatas (Ratnapuri gadda) Photo 29 Cassia fistula (Rela)

Photo :30 Catunaaregam spinosa (Balsuku) Photo :31 Wrightia tinctoria (Palakodisa)

Photo :32 Zia Maize (Makkalu) Photo: 33

Photo: 34 Pithecellobium dulce (Chima Chinta) Photo : Interaction with Shepherd.

Photo: 36 Interaction with Village people Photo: 37 Interaction with elders of the Grampanchay people

Photo: 38 Village Map of Yerragollapahad Photo: 39. Glossy Ibis (Bird)

Photo: 40. Interaction with Community Photo: 41. Interaction with Tribal Community

Photo: 42. Interaction with vaids Photo: 43. Interaction with Shepherds

Photo: 43. Visiting the forest area for collecting Photo: 44. Interaction with Hakims forest data