In Pursuit of Privilege V

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In Pursuit of Privilege V HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY’S UPPER CLASS & THE MAKING OF A METROPOLIS V IN PURSUIT OF PRIVILEGE V HISTORY OF NEW YORK CITY’S UPPER CLASS & THE MAKING OF A METROPOLIS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS / NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2017 Clifton Hood All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hood, Clifton, author. Title: In pursuit of privilege : a history of New York City’s upper class and the making of a metropolis / Clifton Hood. Description: New York : Columbia University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016008163 | ISBN 978-0-231-17216-5 (cloth : alk. paper)— ISBN 978-0-231-54295-1 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: New York (N.Y.)—Civilization. | Upper class—New York (State)—New York—History. | Elite (Social sciences)—New York (State)—New York—History. | Rich people—New York (State)— New York—History. | New York (N.Y.)—Social life and customs—History. | New York (N.Y.)—Economic conditions. Classification: LCC F128.3 .H68 2016 | DDC 974.7—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016008163 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 cover design: Julia Kushnirsky. Hand lettering by Nim Ben-Reuven cover image: A. G. Vanderbilt, Sr., public domain To four teachers who made a difference: William Westfall Glen E. Holt Joel A. Tarr Kenneth T. Jackson w CONTENTS Introduction: The Upper Class Is a Foreign Country ix 1 “The Best Mart on the Continent”: The 1750s and 1760s 1 2 Uncertain Adjustments: The 1780s and 1790s 42 3 Wealth: The 1820s and Beyond 79 4 All for the Union: The 1860s 136 5 A Dynamic Businessman’s Aristocracy: The 1890s 171 6 The Ways of Millionaireville: The 1890s 207 7 Making Spaces of Their Own: The 1940s 251 8 The Antielitist Elite: The 1970s and Beyond 300 Conclusion: The Limits of Antielitism 350 Acknowledgments 357 Abbreviations for Selected Manuscript Sources 361 Notes 363 Index 475 INTRODUCTION The Upper Class Is a Foreign Country ike many other historians, I quote the adage “The past is a for- eign country: they do things differently there” to let audiences Lknow that they should not expect the people we are discussing to think and feel in the same ways we do.1 That line is the first sentence of a novel L. P. Hartley wrote about the British upper class in 1953. It is the history of the upper class, Hartley was really saying, that is a foreign country. This book explores the foreign country that is the New York City upper class. A notable example of its customs and practices was the Bradley Martin costume ball of February 1897. Every year in New York City during the 1890s, dozens of upper-class families spent from $50,000 to $100,000 apiece throwing parties, receptions, and other entertainments, and a hand- ful, including the Bradley Martins, laid out more than $150,000 (equal to $4.4 million today).2 For their 1897 gala, the Bradley Martins ordered so many orchids, lilies, violets, and other flowers to decorate the ballroom of the Waldorf Hotel, at Fifth Avenue and Thirty-Fourth Street, that greenhouses in New York City could not meet the demand and carloads of blossoms had to be brought in from elsewhere. Intended to replicate the glamour of the French royal court at Versailles, the ball was attended x | INTRODUCTION by more than eight hundred men and women from high society, most of them dressed as European royals, nobles, knights, and courtiers from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Bradley Martin went as Louis XV of France; his wife, Cornelia, went as Mary, Queen of Scots; John Jacob Astor IV, as Henry IV of France; and Ava Astor, as Marie Antoinette. However, because the affair happened during a severe industrial depression and because the Bradley Martins insouciantly declared that their lavish expenditures would aid the poor by invigorating the urban economy, a backlash occurred: newspapers condemned the ball; clergymen criticized it from their pulpits; and some of those who had been invited, such as Theodore Roosevelt, then president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners, stayed away rather than court public censure. The Bradley Martins, who received death threats and had to hire body- guards for protection, eventually left New York and moved to London.3 “What can explain,” asked the New York World, “the extraordinary attention attracted to the Bradley Martin ball and the excitement created by it not only in this country but across the ocean as well?” According to the World, “this foolish and costly fancy-dress ball” showed “that we have in this young country, this democratic-Republic, a firmly established aristocracy—one as exclusive and as intolerant and as extensive as any in Europe, with no basis except wealth and a generation or two away from a plebian parent or grandfather.” The outpouring of popular anger confirmed that many other Americans reviled the emergence of this new “tyranny of fashion, of wealth, of snobbery, and a recognized ‘society’ ” and the concomitant weakening of democratic and egalitarian values.4 Upper-class New Yorkers like the Bradley Martins tried hard to create a separate and exclusive world for themselves, but they kept being assailed by the forces of economic growth and democracy and compelled to alter course. Their relentless pursuit of privilege was what made them different, and it is why the life they created for themselves can be considered a “foreign country.” They had their own culture, their own practices, norms, and aspirations, and they were different not just from other New Yorkers but from other urban upper classes in other cities. Compared to other elites in the United States and Europe, upper-class New Yorkers have INTRODUCTION | xi been more receptive to new people and ideas and much bolder in their quest for wealth, prestige, and power. An initial colonial upper class that modeled itself on European norms started to run headlong into American capitalism and democracy by the 1790s and then spent the next two centuries trying to figure out how to handle that whipsaw. In the process it became more complex and more malleable while at the same time working feverishly to preserve its exclu- sivity, especially from the middle class that began to gain in numbers and status in the mid-nineteenth century. The tension between the pressures of American economic dynamism and democratic culture, on the one hand, and the enticements of exclusivity and superiority, on the other, is the focal point of this book. What distinguished the New York upper class from the outset is that its members were comparatively dynamic, open, and aggressive (much like New York City) as opposed to the stuffy, family- and pedigree-oriented upper classes found elsewhere in America and Europe.5 Members of the New York City upper class behave like this not so much because they are civic-minded (though at times they are) but because they pursue wealth, prestige, and power; in other words, they seek personal gain. Throughout their history, their salient trait has been that they keep their eyes on the “main chance,” however it may present itself. And when they do strive for social pedigree, when they do comport themselves as if they were true aristocrats, they do so not so much because they believe in a true aristoc- racy but because it helps legitimate and thus strengthen their pursuit of wealth, prestige, and power. In the process, they help to shape the distinc- tive character of their city, just as they are reciprocally shaped by it. Throughout its history the upper class has employed a number of strat- egies to distinguish itself from different social groups (including others of high status) and to build community and create meaning for its members. I concentrate on two particular categories, the “upper class” and “economic elites.” The upper class consists of individuals who are tied together by family, friendship, and business bonds; are self-conscious in their posses- sion of prestigious goods; and lead a distinctive way of life. The economic elite comprises people who make key economic decisions and those who xii | INTRODUCTION provide support for the decision makers and who are connected by their pursuit of wealth and income.6 In New York City, both the upper class and economic elites formed communities and possessed their own values, practices, and aspirations. The twogroups interacted in complicated ways: sometimes they overlapped, cooperated, and shared; sometimes they sep- arated and clashed.7 At heart, the mode of classification employed in this book involves a cultural phenomenon because it hinges on the judgments and perceptions of contemporary elites and nonelites. Even after New York City began growing in the nineteenth century, there would be no American equiva- lent to publications like Debrett’s Peerage and Burke’s Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage that order and rank the hierarchies of titled European families with precision and authority. Assessments of the bona fides of American elites are inherently subjective, and nowhere is that more true than in demographically complex and economically vibrant New York City, where upper-class people long have been preoccupied with differen- tiating themselves and defining their prerogatives. Rapid economic growth first began to enlarge and enrich New York City’s upper class in the 1820s. The expansion of the urban economy gave enormous weight to business success and the accumulation of wealth, ele- vating uncouth newcomers like John Jacob Astor, who defied the asso- ciation between high status and the titled nobility that was made by the established upper class, and dividing the upper class into separate eco- nomic and social factions.
Recommended publications
  • Primary Votes Cast
    w Facebook.com/ Twitter.com Volume 59, No. 107 WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2013 BrooklynEagle.com BrooklynEagle @BklynEagle 50¢ BROOKLYN SUNY Campuses TODAY Primary EPT Receive Grades S . 11 State University of New Good morning. Today is York (SUNY) Chancellor the 254th day of the year. It Nancy L. Zimpher on Tues- Votes is the anniversary of the day commended 36 SUNY Sept. 11, 2001, “Attack on campuses on being recog- America,” when terrorist nized as “military friendly” members of Al Qaeda hi- by a top-rated national mil- Cast jacked four jet planes. They itary publication, G.I. Jobs PROBLEMS Magazine, and more than crashed two of the planes with the city’s into the World Trade Cen- 20 campuses were ranked ter and one into the Penta- among the nation’s top col- old-style lever gon (the fourth plane leges and universities by voting machines crashed in Pennsylvania U.S. News & World Report. that were after passengers attempted “SUNY is a leader in as- brought out to overcome the hijackers), sisting military personnel again for this killing more than 2,900 in the transition to civilian life after their service to our year’s primary people. Several Brooklyn were seen across firehouses, most notably country, and we take great the Middagh Street fire- pride in providing New the borough on house in Brooklyn Heights, York’s returning service Tuesday. This the Red Hook firehouse and men and women with high- photo was taken Squad One in Park Slope, er education,” said Zim- in Crown were devastated after many pher.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Finance and Politics in the USA: from National City Bank to Citigroup
    Finance and Politics in the USA: From National City Bank to Citigroup : an American bank or a world bank ? Christine Zumello Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3 Introduction As the theme of this year’s EBHA Conference hinges around the link between the wealth of nations and international business, this paper aims at trying to analyse the positioning, since its creation, of one American bank (Citibank) within the American political domestic scene and the wider globalization of financial services. The banking landscape in the USA has been shaped by various political and economic forces throughout the years and the interaction between banks and the state has, in the case of Citibank 1, been particularly close and has, in t 200political(?)” market forces. Indeed, the role of globalisation and the number of mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector in the USA which has increased in the last decade 2 has clearly contributed to the blurring of the frontiers between domestic and international boundaries in financial operations. Citigroup has managed to hold both a strong local-consumer base together with a wide international network which has involved it in a number of emerging markets and even micro-finance development today. Hence when one discusses the interactions between finance and politics, one realises that, in the United States, historical events have played a significant role in explaining the idiosyncrasy of the American banking landscape but one may wonder whether finance could have, on the domestic political scene in the USA, managed to outweigh politics or rather to free itself from political considerations. 1 Throughout this paper, and for readability purposes, we will often use the name Citibank and then Citigroup (since 1998) but the bank’s name has been modified to accommodate regulatory changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mason Williams
    City of Ambition: Franklin Roosevelt, Fiorello La Guardia, and the Making of New Deal New York Mason Williams Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Mason Williams All Rights Reserved Abstract City of Ambition: Franklin Roosevelt, Fiorello La Guardia, and the Making of New Deal New York Mason Williams This dissertation offers a new account of New York City’s politics and government in the 1930s and 1940s. Focusing on the development of the functions and capacities of the municipal state, it examines three sets of interrelated political changes: the triumph of “municipal reform” over the institutions and practices of the Tammany Hall political machine and its outer-borough counterparts; the incorporation of hundreds of thousands of new voters into the electorate and into urban political life more broadly; and the development of an ambitious and capacious public sector—what Joshua Freeman has recently described as a “social democratic polity.” It places these developments within the context of the national New Deal, showing how national officials, responding to the limitations of the American central state, utilized the planning and operational capacities of local governments to meet their own imperatives; and how national initiatives fed back into subnational politics, redrawing the bounds of what was possible in local government as well as altering the strength and orientation of local political organizations. The dissertation thus seeks not only to provide a more robust account of this crucial passage in the political history of America’s largest city, but also to shed new light on the history of the national New Deal—in particular, its relation to the urban social reform movements of the Progressive Era, the long-term effects of short-lived programs such as work relief and price control, and the roles of federalism and localism in New Deal statecraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Friendship in Early America
    CAMPBELL, THERESA J., Ph.D. Political Friendship in Early America. (2010) Directed by Dr. Robert M. Calhoon. 250 pp. During the turbulent decades that encompassed the transition of the North American colonies into a Republic, America became the setting for a transformation in the context of political friendship. Traditionally the alliances established between elite, white, Protestant males have been most studied. These former studies provide the foundation for this work to examine the inclusion of ―others‖ -- political relationships formed with and by women, persons of diverse ethnicities and races, and numerous religious persuasions -- in political activity. From the outset this analysis demonstrates the establishment of an uniquely American concept of political friendship theory which embraced ideologies and rationalism. Perhaps most importantly, the work presents criteria for determining early American political friendship apart from other relationships. The central key in producing this manuscript was creating and applying the criteria for identifying political alliances. This study incorporates a cross-discipline approach, including philosophy, psychology, literature, religion, and political science with history to hone a conception of political friendship as understood by the Founding Generation. The arguments are supported by case studies drawn from a wide variety of primary documents. The result is a fresh perspective and a new approach for the study of eighteenth century American history. POLITICAL FRIENDSHIP IN EARLY AMERICA by Theresa J. Campbell A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2010 Approved by Robert M.
    [Show full text]
  • "So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office
    William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal Volume 20 (2011-2012) Issue 3 Article 5 March 2012 Kiss the Book...You're President...: "So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office Frederick B. Jonassen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Repository Citation Frederick B. Jonassen, Kiss the Book...You're President...: "So Help Me God" and Kissing the Book in the Presidential Oath of Office, 20 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 853 (2012), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol20/iss3/5 Copyright c 2012 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj KISS THE BOOK . YOU’RE PRESIDENT . : “SO HELP ME GOD” AND KISSING THE BOOK IN THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH OF OFFICE Frederick B. Jonassen* INTRODUCTION .................................................854 I. THE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF “SO HELP ME GOD” AS HISTORICAL PRECEDENT IN THE PRESIDENT’S INAUGURATION ...................859 A. Washington’s “So Help Me God” in the Supreme Court ..........861 B. Newdow v. Roberts.......................................864 II. THE CASE AGAINST “SO HELP ME GOD”..........................870 A. The Washington Irving Recollection ..........................872 B. The Freeman Source ......................................874 C. Two Conjectural Arguments for “So Help Me God” Discredited ...879 D. One More Conjecture .....................................881 III. THE EVIDENCE THAT WASHINGTON KISSED THE BIBLE ..............885 A. First-Hand Accounts of the Biblical Kiss ......................885 B. The Subsequent Tradition ..................................890 1. Andrew Johnson......................................892 2. Ulysses S. Grant......................................892 3. Rutherford B. Hayes...................................893 4. James A.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Affiliated Ute: High Court Needs a Reboot by Gary Aguirre
    Revisiting Affiliated Ute: High Court Needs A Reboot By Gary Aguirre Law360, New York (May 17, 2017, 4:26 PM EDT) -- Last month marked 45 years since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Affiliated Ute Citizens of Utah v. United States, which established a rebuttable presumption of reliance for securities fraud claims based on omissions of material fact. This Expert Analysis special series will explore the decision's progeny in the Supreme Court and various circuits. The U.S. Supreme Court ended an era in 1972 with its decision in Affiliated Ute Citizens of Utah v. United States.[1] It would be the last decision for three decades[2] to treat deceptive conduct alone — with no deceptive words — as a violation of the anti-fraud provisions of the securities acts. The distinction between deceptive conduct and deceptive words is simple in principle. Assume a fake man of the cloth positions himself outside a church just before the service begins. He wears a cassock identical to the one worn by the minister who preaches from the pulpit. Holding a collection box, he smiles and nods graciously as the faithful fill it with bills, but he utters no words. Is his conduct less fraudulent because it is wordless? Affiliated Ute protected investors in three ways. First, it held that conduct alone — with no words uttered between buyer and seller — could create civil liability under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 if the conduct operated to conceal a material fact. Abstracting this principle and applying it to the fake minister, his deceptive conduct created a duty to disclose the material fact his scheme concealed: he is not part of the ministry.
    [Show full text]
  • Sæculum – Revista De História V. 25 N. 43
    ARTIGOS DOI 10.22478/ufpb.2317-6725.2020v25n43.54572 Black American Colonization in the Brazilian Amazon: Colored bodies in motion1 Colonização Negra Americana na Amazônia Brasileira: Corpos de cor em movimento2 Marcia Esteves Agostinho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6425-3304 University of Rochester, NY Abstract: In the 1860s, when post-emancipation debates reached transnational significance, Brazil and the United States were the only two countries in the Americas where slavery was still legal. While Brazil was recognized as a place where “colour is no obstacle to advancement” (CHRISTIE, 1865, 78), the United States witnessed the emergence of the belief that “the races cannot live together in a state of freedom” (WEBB, 1853). Considering that context, the fortuitous encounter of a New York Times article from 1862 aroused my curiosity for it reported a project to transplant Afro- descendants from the United States to the Brazilian Amazon. Such a project remained virtually ignored by the Brazilian historiography, except for the book published by Nícia Vilela Luz in 1968, denouncing the American intentions to colonize the Amazon. Although the so-called “negro colonization” project never yielded an official proposition to the Brazilian government, it still deserves examination. I argue that, in the present context of global exchanges and migrations, this historical event gains new relevance. The intention of transferring an entire category of the population from one national territory to another raises questions about citizenship and national sovereignty. At the same time, it opens the opportunity for a transnational approach that can illuminate otherwise unseen aspects of migrations. Keywords: Black colonization.
    [Show full text]
  • Juan Terry Trippe Collection
    Juan Terry Trippe Collection 2002 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 General............................................................................................................................. 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Juan Terry Trippe Collection NASM.XXXX.0179 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Juan Terry Trippe Collection Identifier: NASM.XXXX.0179 Date: 1917-1968 Extent: 25.28 Cubic feet ((4 flatboxes) (20 records center boxes)) Creator: Trippe, J. T. (Juan Terry), 1899-1981 Trippe, Betty S. Language: English . Administrative Information Acquisition Information Juan Trippe, Gift, unknown, XXXX-0179, NASM Restrictions No restrictions on access Conditions Governing Use Material is subject to Smithsonian Terms of Use. Should you wish to use NASM material in any medium,
    [Show full text]
  • "Amiable" Children of John and Sarah Livingston Jay by Louise V
    The "Amiable" Children of John and Sarah Livingston Jay by Louise V. North © Columbia's Legacy: Friends and Enemies in the New Nation Conference at Columbia University and The New-York Historical Society, Dec. 10, 2004 Sarah Jay wrote her husband [Oct. 1801]: "I have been rendered very happy by the company of our dear children . I often, I shd. say daily, bless God for giving us such amiable Children. May they long be preserved a blessing to us & to the community." Who were these 'amiable' children, and what were they like? The happy marriage of John and Sarah Jay produced six children: Peter Augustus, born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1776; Susan, born and died in Madrid after only a few weeks of life, in 1780; Maria, born in Madrid in 1782; Ann, born in Paris in 1783, William and Sarah Louisa, born in NYC in 1789 and 1792 respectively. As you can see by the birthplaces of these children, their parents played active parts on the stage of independence, doing what needed to be done, wherever it needed to be done, at the end of a colonial era and the birth of a new nation. John Jay held a greater variety of posts than any other Founding Father, posts he insisted he did not seek but felt it his duty to his country to assume. Sarah Livingston Jay, brought up in a political household, was a strong support to her husband, astutely networking with the movers and shakers of the time (as a look at her Invitation Lists of 1787–1788 shows).
    [Show full text]
  • Master Pages Test
    Library & Archives Book Catalog Passaic County Historical Society Museum ~ Library ~ Archives Lambert Castle, 3 Valley Road, Paterson, New Jersey 07503-2932 Phone: (973) 247-0085 • Fax: (973) 881-9434 email: [email protected] www.lambertcastle.org May 2019 PASSAIC COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY Library & Archives Book Catalog L.O.C. Call Number 100 Years of Collecting in America; The Story of Sotheby Parke Bernet N 5215 .N6 1984 Thomas E. Norton H.N. Abrams, 1984 108 Steps around Macclesfield: A Walker’s Guide DA 690 .M3 W4 1994 Andrew Wild Sigma Leisure, 1994 1637-1887. The Munson record. A Genealogical and Biographical Account of CS 71 .M755 1895 Vol. 1 Captain Thomas Munson (A Pioneer of Hartford and New Haven) and his Descendants Munson Association, 1895 1637-1887. The Munson record. A Genealogical and Biographical Account of CS 71 .M755 1895 Vol. 2 Captain Thomas Munson (A Pioneer of Hartford and New Haven) and his Descendants Munson Association, 1895 1736-1936 Historical Discourse Delivered at the Celebration of the Two-Hundredth BX 9531 .P7 K4 1936 Anniversary of the First Reformed Church of Pompton Plains, New Jersey Eugene H. Keator, 1936 1916 Photographic Souvenir of Hawthorne, New Jersey F144.H6 1916 S. Gordon Hunt, 1916 1923 Catalogue of Victor Records, Victor Talking Machine Company ML 156 .C572 1923 Museums Council of New Jersey, 1923 25 years of the Jazz Room at William Paterson University ML 3508 .T8 2002 Joann Krivin; William Paterson University of New Jersey William Paterson University, 2002 25th Anniversary of the City of Clifton Exempt Firemen’s Association TH 9449 .C8 B7 1936 1936 300th Anniversary of the Bergen Reformed Church – Old Bergen 1660-1960 BX 9531 .J56 B4 1960 Jersey City, NJ: Old Bergen Church of Jersey City, New Jersey Bergen Reformed Church, 1960 50th Anniversary, Hawthorne, New Jersey, 1898-1948 F 144.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Silver Squelchers and Their Interesting Associates!
    #2 SILVER SQUELCHERS AND THEIR INTERESTING ASSOCIATES! Presented September 2014 by Charles Savoie “…THE CLANS WHOSE SELFISH ACTIVITIES HAVE TORMENTED THE AMERICAN PEOPLE FOR MANY YEARS---THE MEMBERS OF THE POWER MINDED UPPER RULING CLASS THAT SEE EVERYTHING IN TERMS OF THEIR OWN INTERESTS. EVERY REPRESSIVE AND FASCIST TREND IN THE UNITED STATES CAN BE TRACED ON THE RECORD IN SOME WAY, TO THIS RULING CLASS.” ---pages 484 and 513, “America’s 60 Families” by Ferdinand Lundberg, 1937. There is no evidence that Lundberg was aware of The Pilgrims Society. Continuing with number 2 in this series, as we progress towards the present, we will consider another 15 Pilgrims Society members from the leaked 1914 rosters. Unavoidably we will mention others significantly connected to them. Not all members of this nearly unknown organization have been, or are, precious metals suppressors. The organization is concerned with many other spheres---medicine, science, diplomacy, the military and war industries, insurance giants, universities, big media, and far more. This group remains present at this moment behind the scenes and traces to conspirators active in the Crime of ’73, the Panics of 1857 and 1837, both United States Banks, and much more. It can be anticipated that as they were in earlier times the source of precious metals price and monetary suppression, that the ringleaders in this arena today are also members. That’s why it’s important to maintain pressure on them to post rosters to public view. None of the nine rosters from bygone years were voluntarily released. 1) Henry Clews (1836-1923) is described by Wikipedia as having cofounded in 1859 “Livermore, Clews & Company, then the second largest marketer of Federal bonds during the Civil War.” In 1877 he was the principal in Clews & Company.
    [Show full text]
  • BDE 05-13-14.Indd
    A Special Section of BROOKLYN EAGLE Publications 6 Cool Things Happening IN BROOKLYN 1 2 3 4 5 6 Check out brooklyneagle.com • brooklynstreetbeat.com • mybrooklyncalendar.com Week of May 15-21, 2014 • INBrooklyn - A special section of Brooklyn Eagle/BE Extra/Brooklyn Heights Press/Brooklyn Record • 1INB EYE ON REAL ESTATE Victorian Flatbush Real Estate, Installment One Mary Kay Gallagher Reigns—and Alexandra Reddish Rocks, Too Bring Big Bucks If You Want to Buy— Home Prices Are Topping $2 Million By Lore Croghan INBrooklyn She’s the queen of Vic- torian Flatbush real estate, with nearly a half-century of home sales under her belt. Her granddaughter, who got her real estate license at age 18, is no slouch either. Mary Kay Gallagher, age 94, sells historic homes in y Prospect Park South, Ditmas Park, Midwood and nearby areas—stunning, stand-alone single-family properties that are a century old or more, with verdant lawns and trees. Ninety percent of them have driveways, which of course are coveted in Brooklyn. Granddaughter Alexan- dra Reddish, 40, is Gallagh- er’s savvy colleague in home sales at Mary Kay Gallagh- er Real Estate. A daughter- in-law, Madeleine Gallagh- er, handles rentals and helps with sales. Hello, Gorgeous! Welcome to Victorian Flatbush. Eagle photos by Lore Croghan “We keep it in the fami- ly,” Mary Kay Gallagher said. landmarked Ditmas Park that The map on Gallagher’s who’ve sold their townhous- She launched her bro- needs a lot of work. It went website—marykayg.com/ es for $3 million to $4 mil- ker career in 1970 after the for $1.42 million in March.
    [Show full text]