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Congressional Record-House. 1769 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 1769 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. cated what the solution must be; these two advantages, the railway express transportation rate and the. rural delivery sys­ .THURSDAY, June 8, 1911. tem must be made cooperative; must be united under one con­ trol. The express railway transportation rate would, if the The House met at 12 o'clock m. Government parcels a:rnounted to but one-fourth of the express Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., as business, save it, if in its control, at least $50,000,000 a year, follows: while the addition of rural delivery to the express business 0 Thou, who art the life and light of men. the inspiration to would add to this great service the farming population of our every high ideal and worthy endeavor, broaden our intellectual country at practically no cost to them or the country. The bill conceptions, quicken every noble impulse, widen the sphere Qf our I have introduced for postal express is the result of these con- activities, that by the rectitude of our behavior we may become ditions. · potent factors in the spread of Thy kingdom, that Thy will may be done in earth as in heaven, in the spirit of the world's PRINCIPAL PROVISIONS OF THE POSTAL EXPRESS BILL. great Exemplar. Amen. As I have said, the idea of the bill is to unite in one service The Journal of the proceedings of Wednesday, June 7, 1911, the two great instrumentalities above named, in order that a was read and approved. greatly cheapened and an even more extended service to the public may be had. For this purpose the bill provides for the SWEARING IN OF A DELEGATE. compulsory purchase by condemnation of the railway-expreRs Mr. KALANIANAOLE appeared at the bar of the House and company contracts and franchises, as well as the equipment took the oath of office. and property deyoted to the express business per se, and their THE WOOL SCHEDULE. subsequent employment by the postal department in connection with rural delivery and the postal system. The express-railway Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House transportation privileges are all the subjects of contracts be­ resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the tween the railways and express companies. They constitute the state of the Union for the further consideration of the bill primary condition of the express service, and while the equip­ (H. R. 11019) to reduce duties on wool and manufactures of ment and other facilities are only immediately necessary to a wool. running plant, and their acquisition is provided for, it is the 1.'he motion was agreed to. contracts which constitute the conditions sine qua non of the Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of service. Happily, there can be no legal question as to the right the Whole House on the state of the Union for the further con­ of the Government to acquire these contracts and other facili­ sideration of the bill (H. R. 11019) to reduce the duties on wool ties upon providing just compensation. I may say at this point and manufactures of wool, with Mr. HAY in the chair. that under notes to the bill, printed as Appendix A, the legal and Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Chairman, I yield one minute to constitutional phases of the subject are severally discussed. the gentleman from Maryland [Mr. LEWIS]. With this brief reference to the more general features of the Mr. LEWIS. Mr. Chairman, I realize that there is a grow­ subject, I will pass on Jo a more precise and methodical dis­ ing distaste for the "leave-to-priJ\t" practice, both in and out cussion of what seem to be the points more particu1arly worthy of the Halls of Congress, and with this feeling I have consid­ of attention. I shall refrain from the express or implied abuse erable sympathy. In taking advantage of the privilege to-day which so many people think justified with regard to the express I have a few words of explanation to offer. On the 14th in­ companies, and in order to do this will confine myself strictly to stant there will be a hearing on the subject of this study before economic data and reasoning, as most likely to elucidate the the Committee on Post O:tlices and Post Roads, and it is de­ truth. And I shall endeavor to mak_e the study as brief as pos­ sired that those attending, and the committee itself, shall be sible by referring all but the points of the subject to the acquainted with the postal express proposition before the hear­ appendices, where those who are more especially interested ing. Again, it is unlikely, under our restricted program, that may find the data in its original detail. any bill or resolution relating to this subject will come up for discussion at this session, rendering it necessary that "matter NECESSI'l'Y FOR POSTAL EXPRESS. not germane" must go into the RECORD, in order that important In addition to those grave needs for such a service, which the subjects should receive the necessary initiatory discussion, pre­ majority of national communities have recognized, as com­ paratory to activity at a later time. mending its adoption domestically and internationally, there With this frank explanation of my purpose in using the privi­ exist in the United States supplementary reasons which it is lege, I trust I shall not be considered as in delicto to the cour­ believed render the institution uncommonly necessary. tesies of the House. Briefly summarized, they are: Moreover, it has seemed to me a public duty to present this (a) The greater area over which our population is distrib­ subject at this extraordinary session, and I think that perhaps uted and correlatively greater transportation distances which a few words of personal explanation upon its origin may not consume so much time by freight that a fast or express service be out of place. needs to be reso1ted to in a larger number of instances than if Before my election to the Sixty-second Congress, I may say the journey were short. that I had given this subject about the average attention. I ( b) The 100-pound minimum and corresponding charge in did not then fully appreciate the dependency of the whole railway practice and the inadaptability of railway methods to proposition upon the question of the rates for railway trans­ diminutive consignments. portation. After my election it became my duty to make a (c) The prohibitive minimum charge of the express com­ study of the whole subject. I had, perhaps, some qualificatioo, panies in respect to small consignments. for I have long made railway economics here and abroad a ( d) Absence of railway " collect and delivery " service and subject of study. In December the Government issued its absence of "collect and delivery" service by express companies first annual report on the statistics of express companies for as to our farming population and a large portion of our urban the year 1909, which developed the fact that the average pay population. of the express companies to the railways for carrying express ( e) Incalculable waste of transportation effort, so far as mntter was about three-quarters (0.74) of a cent a pound, made, in movement of necessaries of life from the farms to while the postal reports show that the Government paid for points of consumption, a serious factor in our high cost of its letter or mail transportation about 4 ( 4.06) cents a living. pound, barring the weight of equipment in both cases. It was Of course, the need for fast service will depend upon the great­ apparent to me at once that the parcels function could not be ness of the distance, when demand is immediate, as much as successfully or economically discharged by the Government on upon the valuable or perishable character of the shipment. In the basis of letter-transportation rates. And then the economic our country, with an average haul for freight of 251 miles, significance of another fact developed: It was that the express from three to ten times as long as in EUI'ope, the demand for companies' service was at a disadvantage, even greater than speed to overcome the obstacle of the time lost in distance, that of the post office, in regard to the nonrailway transporta­ the time-element necessity for an express service is corre­ tion of its parcels. The express companies have no agency spondingly increased; and so the disadvantages of inadequate and at present rates can not secure an agency to reach non­ or ineconomical express service are vital. The railway organi­ 'l:ailway or rural points. In short, it appeared that the ex- zation of America and its system of practices does not seem press companies had exclusive control of one of the absolutely adapted to meet this great need; while its refusal, upon ade­ essential conditions of fast package transport, the express rate quate grounds, to accept a sma.ller payment than the rate for of three-quarters of a cent a pound, while the post office had its minimum shipment of 100 pounds precludes it from this equally exclusive possession of the other great agency of neces­ service even if speed were not prerequisite. The minimum sary service-the rural delivery system. Common sense indi- charge. of 25 cents (average 27 cents) imposes an equally sub- fl770 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE~ stantial and se:rious: restriction upon_ the ex.press.. service as now tions to the Interstate Commerce Commission.
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