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Die Göttin Hekate in Den Historiae Deorum Gentilium Des Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus (Basel 1548)

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Die Göttin Hekate in Den Historiae Deorum Gentilium Des Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus (Basel 1548) 1 DIE GÖTTIN HEKATE IN DEN HISTORIAE DEORUM GENTILIUM DES LILIUS GREGORIUS GYRALDUS (BASEL 1548) UNTER BESONDERER BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DER REZEPTION HEKATES IN HUMANISTISCHEN HANDBÜCHERN UND KOMMENTAREN DES 16. JAHRHUNDERTS Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie eingereicht an der Geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien von KARIN ZELENY Wien, Februar 1999 2 CHLORIDIS AD HECATEN HYMNUS te deam caelo tacito uagantem canto quae mundo uarie ministras candidas luces inhiante nocte trina uirago siue per campos uirides apertos cincta uenaris leuiter relictis aureis nymphis nemorum tenebris non sine risu siue funestae fera dux cateruae concutis claues Erebo potentes coge nocturnos uehementer Euros scindere nubes ecce iam plenis placidum papauer et nuces dulces calathis ferentes uoce tu quaecumque uocaris alma aspice ouantes aspice ardentes uigilem sequi te arduas duc nos oculis apricis per uias mundi manibus seueris luciferisque 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus.............................................................................................4 Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus: Historiae Deorum Gentilium Syntagma XII. ...................7 Die Göttin Hekate in der Antike – Überblick .............................................................11 Hekate bei Gyraldus....................................................................................................14 Zu den Spekulationen der Renaissancegelehrten über Hekate–Diana........................14 Hekate und Proserpina ................................................................................................23 Zur Etymologie der Hekate.........................................................................................26 Hekate von ἑκάς ......................................................................................................27 Hekate von ἑκατόν ..................................................................................................29 Zur Genealogie der Hekate .........................................................................................32 Einzelkommentar p. 495: ........................................................................................33 Die skythische Verwandtschaft...............................................................................45 Hekate und die Dreizahl..............................................................................................48 Die Mondphasen-Theorie........................................................................................50 Die Dreiköpfigkeit der Hekate in den Orphischen Argonautika.............................52 Exkurs zu Trivia und Enodia...................................................................................56 Einzelkommentar p. 496: ........................................................................................61 Die Gleichung Hekate–Diana .....................................................................................65 Die Gleichung Artemis–Hekate nach Proklos ........................................................65 Indiz für die Gleichung Artemis–Hekate: die Hunde .............................................67 Einzelkommentar p. 497: ........................................................................................68 Schlusswort .................................................................................................................75 Anhang I: Hekate und der Eisenhut ............................................................................76 Anhang II: Die Gyraldus-Vita des Laurentius Frizzolius ...........................................78 Anhang III: Hekate bei Caelius Rhodiginus ...............................................................81 Anhang IV: Hekate bei Iacobus Micyllus...................................................................83 Bibliographie...............................................................................................................85 4 Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus In der Mitte des Cinquecento erscheinen drei ausführliche Handbücher, die die antike Mythologie zum Thema haben; jeder der drei Autoren hat einen besonderen Blickwinkel, der sein Werk auszeichnet. Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus – der Philologe: De Deis Gentium varia et multiplex Historia, in qua simul de eorum imaginibus et cognominibus agitur, ubi plurima etiam hactenus multis ignota explicantur, et pleraque clarius tractantur (Basel bei Oporinus 1548) Natalis Comes – der Mythograph: Mythologiae sive explanationum fabularum libri decem (Venedig bei Aldus 1551) Vincenzo Cartari – der Ikonograph: Le immagini colla sposizione degli Dei degli Antichi (Venedig bei Marcolini 1556) Für die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit dem antiken Mythos ist naturgemäß Gyraldus, der eine immense Anzahl von antiken und zeitgenössischen Autoren als Quellen heranzieht, am interessantesten, und so sei die vorliegende Arbeit einem kleinen Ausschnitt aus seinem Werk gewidmet. Über sein Leben wissen wir nur in groben Zügen Bescheid. 1552 erschien bei Scottus in Venedig ein kleiner Dialog über Leben und Werk, der sich, wie dessen Verfasser, der Philologe Laurentius Frizzolius1 angibt, auf Aussagen stützt, die er anläßlich eines Besuches von Achille Bocchi2 und Giovanni Baptista Pigna3 aus dem Munde des Gyraldus selbst gehört haben will. Der Text dieser Vita findet sich im Anhang. Gyraldus wurde am 13. Juni 1479 in Ferrara geboren und starb daselbst 1550 oder 1552. Nach seinen Studien bei Iohannes Baptista Guarino4 reist er nach Neapel, wo er mit Pontano5 (vor dessen Tod im Jahre 1503), Iacopo Sannazaro6 und anderen Dichtern Freundschaft schließt, dann in die Lombardei, wo ihn Alberto Pico und Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola7, der Neffe des großen Philosophen, für längere Zeit gastlich aufnehmen und 1 Über sein Leben und sonstige Werke ist nichts bekannt. 2 Der Gelehrte wurde 1488 in Bologna geboren und starb ebendort 1562. Er studierte Latein und Griechisch bei Giovanni Battista Pio und erlernte später auch die hebräische Sprache. Unter seinen Schriften ragt neben einer Apologia in Plautum und dichterischen Werken, wie dem Lusuum libellus ad Leonem X. P. O. M. und Carmina in laudem Ioannis Baptistae Pii, eine Historia Bononiensis in 17 Bänden hervor, die nach seinem Tode von seinem Sohn in einem 18. Band vollendet wurde. Seine Accademia Bocchiana oder Ermatena, in der gelehrte Dispute und Vorlesungen stattfanden, wurde von Papst Paul III. und Kardinal Alessandro Farnese protegiert und spielte eine wichtige Rolle im Kulturleben Bolognas. 3 Der Historiker – er verfaßte eine Geschichte des Hauses Este – wurde 1530 in Ferrara geboren und starb ebendort 1575. Er war Kanzler von Ferrara und unterrichtete Rhetorik, schrieb eine Refutatio zu Macchiavellis Werk Il Principe selben Namens und diverse Gedichte. 4 Der größte Lehrer seiner Zeit, wie Poliziano sagt, wurde um 1425 in Verona geboren und starb 1513 in Venedig. 1460 folgte er seinem Vater auf den Lehrstuhl für Latein und Griechisch an der Universität zu Ferrara. Er verfaßte einen Kommentar zu Lucan, übersetzte Demosthenes, Dion Chrysostomos und Gregor von Nazianz, publizierte den Kommentar des Servius zu Vergil und schrieb De ordine docendi et studendi, De secta epicurea, De regno administrando, sowie Reden und Briefe. 5 Der Staatsmann und Humanist wurde 1426 bei Cerreto in Umbrien geboren und starb 1503 in Neapel. Er fungierte als königlicher Sekretär unter Alfons und Ferdinand I. und leitete die Accademia Pontana in Neapel, die sich das Studium der Antike zum Ziel gesetzt hatte. Er verfaßte Prosa-Traktate über die Tugenden und hervorragende Dichtung – darunter Urania, Meteora, De hortis hesperidarum, Bucolica, Amores, etc. 6 Der Dichter spanischer Herkunft wurde 1458 in Neapel geboren und starb ebendort 1530. Unter dem Namen Actius Sincerus war er Mitglied der Accademia Pontana und schrieb auf einer Reise, die er aus Liebeskummer unternommen haben soll (in den Orient oder nach Frankreich), sein bukolisch inspiriertes Hauptwerk Arcadia in einer Mischung aus Prosa und Versen – eines der wirkungsgeschichtlich wichtigsten Werke der Renaissance in italienischer Sprache. In lateinischer Sprache verfaßte er sechs Eklogen, die nicht Hirten sondern Fischer als Protagonisten haben, und das christliche Epos De partu virginis. 7 Der Neffe des großen Philosophen und Theologen wurde 1469 in La Mirandola geboren und folgte seinem Vater in der Herrschaft nach. Er verfaßte eine Vita seines Onkels und eine Vita Savonarolas, sowie philosophische Traktate, wie De studio divinae et humanae sapientiae und Examen doctrinae vanitatis gentium. 5 ihm die Möglichkeit geben, ihre Bibliothek zu benutzen. Später zieht er nach Mailand, wo er 1507 bei Demetrios Chalkondylas8 griechisch lernt. In Modena betraut ihn Bianca Bentivoglio, Gemahlin des Grafen Nicolaus Rangone, mit der Erziehung ihres Sohnes Ercole, des späteren Kardinals Rangone, mit dem er 1514 nach Rom reist. Der Medici-Papst Leo X. gibt Gyraldus Quartier im Vatikan und ernennt ihn zum Protonotarius apostolicus. Nach mehr als einem Jahrzehnt, in dem er den Glanz der Stadt Rom im frühen Cinquecento genießt, wendet sich sein Glück. Im Sacco di Roma 1527 wird er völlig ausgeplündert, wobei vor allem seine Bücher verloren gehen. Kurz darauf stirbt Kardinal Rangone. Gyraldus findet für einige Jahre Zuflucht bei Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola, der jedoch 1533 von seinem Neffen Galeotti ermordet wird; dabei entgeht Gyraldus nur knapp dem Tod. Desillusioniert und verbittert wegen dieser Mißlichkeiten und wegen
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