DOCSLIB.ORG

Problems in Animal Husbandry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Problems in Animal Husbandry 5^4 THE YEARBOOK OP AGRICULTURE 1964 Study also must be made of the in- terrelationships between nutrition and susceptibility to illness and mortality from tuberculosis, measles, and other specific infections. If people the world over are to bene- fit from research and understanding of Problems in the principles of nutrition, the results must be interpreted to answer the practical problems faced by family food managers, consumers, teachers, Animal Husbandry physicians, and public leaders and Government agencies that formulate national and international food pro- by RALPH E. HODGSON and grams. Many different combinations NED D. BAYLEY of foods can meet the nutritional re- quirements of normal, healthy persons. Research also is needed to lead to better understanding of why food choices are made and how food habits WE ALL AGREE on the need to improve can be modified. Dependent on such the diets of people in many countries. knowledge is success of programs of We agree also that sources of animal nutrition education and food distri- protein must be expanded in order to bution, as well as all efforts to in- accomplish that. While some of this fluence people to use new or diff'erent protein food may come from local foods. sources of fish, the larger part must Thus, further scientific research is come from farm livestock and poultry. needed to define the zones of intake of The problem then is to increase the essential nutrients that will free people producing ability of livestock and from obvious ill health and will under- poultry—of which many countries gird the highest possible level of have large numbers—by creating con- physical and mental vigor throughout ditions of feeding and management the life cycle and through successive that permit satisfactory performance generations. and by controlling and eliminating Research must then translate the diseases and parasites that cause stag- information into food practices and gering losses of animals and that con- dietary patterns which are practical in tribute to low production. view of economic, cultural, and agri- Through long investigation and ex- cultural potentialities of populations perience, we have found that greatest living in diff'erent parts of the world. returns from animal production, whether it is milk, beef, swine, sheep HAZEL K. STIEBELING was Deputy and wool, eggs, or poultry meat, Administrator y Agricultural Research Serv- come when high animal performance ice, when she retired in ig6^. She joined the is attained. Department in igjo and was named in I g 42 to supervise the Departments research WE HAVE FOUND that i o conditions are program in human nutrition and home eco- needed to achieve successful livestock nomics. and poultry enterprises. RUTH M. LEVERTON, Assistant Ad- The individual farmers should have ministrator, Agricultural Research Service, the interest and ability and potential joined the Department of Agriculture in resources to engage in the enterprise ^957' ^he has special responsibility for the with the prospect of success. program in Nutrition and Consumer-Use The enterprise should be adapted to Research, including human nutrition. the locality, the land, and the climate. PROBLEMS IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 565 In establishing livestock or poultry en- An active extension program is re- terprises, adequate information should quired to take the latest research find- be available to the individual. ings from the laboratory to the farmer Access to a market for the product and aid him in applying this new produced should be assured. The knowledge to his production problems. existence of such markets and their availability to the producer have been IN REGIONS where livestock enterprises critical to the incentives for improving have prospered, research is directed the care and breeding of animals. toward making further improvement The livestock and poultry should be in an already efficient industry. adapted to the existing environment. For example, research on nutrition The ability of indigenous animals to and breeding have resulted in a broiler reproduce and to produce efficiently industry that can produce birds of 3.5 and economically should be thoroughly pounds for market in 65 days, com- tested and their abilities utilized. pared to the 91 days needed before the Exogenous types with particularly research findings were applied. adapted qualities should be introduced Research investigators have turned when conditions indicate. their attention to increasing feed effi- Breeding programs, national, re- ciency further by studying the inter- gional, and within herd, should be relationships of minerals, proteins, and developed to improve steadily the other nutrients. producing ability of animals. Record- Geneticists also have undertaken to of-performance programs should be increase feed efficiency by selecting for developed and applied to measure that trait directly; selection previously productivity, to guide management emphasized increased rate of growth practices, and to identify superior of the animals or an increase in pro- breeding stock. Breeding service by duction of milk, eggs, and wool per artificial insemination should be devel- animal. oped and employed to use superior Except for broiler chickens, little germ plasm to improve performance. progress has been made on improving An adequate year-round feed sup- the efficiency with which animals con- ply, based on local farm-produced vert feed to animal products. This forage and grain supplemented with problem must be attacked if the live- concentrate mixes to avoid nutri- stock industry is to advance as it tional deficiencies, is needed. should. Success in the broiler industry An effective program of disease and indicates the potential gains to be parasite control and eradication should made with other farm animals. include an adequate, qualified veter- Studies with all classes of livestock inary service. A livestock industry can- have been started on fat metabolism, not flourish and meet a country's needs deposition of fat in the body, and the for animal foods under conditions of secretion of fat in milk. Efforts to pro- unabated diseases that terminate in duce lean, meat-type hogs through death of animals or produce contin- breeding have been successful. uous ill health and low production. Nutritionists and physiologists are An appropriate sanitary service probing the basic phenomena that should be available to supervise the make hogs different in their use of production, processing, and marketing body fat and its composition. They are of animal products. The development looking for means of controlling fat and maintenance of good markets re- content of the meat by altering rations quire that the foods be wholesome or by other practices. In beef catde, and produced in clean conditions. dairy cattle, sheep, and poultry, simi- A strong research and development lar problems are being studied. effort is needed to improve husbandry Animal geneticists are asking them- and disease control practices. selves if the highly developed breeds 566 THE YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE 1964 and strains of livestock can be im- ditions it should take only 9 million. proved further. They are studying the It is generally true that thé repro- possibility that plateaus in breeding ductive insufficiency in livestock and may prevent or slow further progress. poultry is even more of a problem in They are looking for new breeding developing countries. Thus, research methods that may be used to remove to improve the reproductive rate of the plateaus or raise them higher. farm animals is a fertile field of inquiry. To learn the basic principles under- lying these problems, researchers have PROGRESS has been made in the con- turned to pilot experiments with small trol and eradication of animal diseases laboratory animals, such as mice, and in many countries, but losses from in- flour beetles and fruit flies. The scien- fectious and metabolic disorders re- tists have been delving deep into the main serious. Specialists have estimated inheritance of biochemical and physio- that as much as one-tenth of the ani- logical processés that afíect economic mal population in the United States is factors in the production of meat, eggs, lost each year from diseases. Losses milk, wool, and fur. from all causes due to disease have Physiologists have put renewed ef- been estimated to amount to at least fort into studies on the ability of live- 2 billion annually. stock to withstand stress—hot and cold In cattle, mastitis is a major, serious,- climates, sudden changes in tempera- unsolved problem, particularly in thé tures, natural resistance to diseases and dairy industry. Among other costly parasites, and even the stress of high diseases that call for more research levels of performance. are vibriosis, anaplasmosis, leptospiro- Losses connected with reproduction sis, leukosis, and chronic respiratory remain a serious barrier to greater effi- ailments of poultry. ciency. In the United States, the re- Of all the diseases of domestic ani- productive losses in beef and dairy mals, those of swine have been most cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry are neglected. Hog cholera, atrophie rhi- estimated to be 1.3 billion dollars each nitis, enteritis, and erysipelas are year. Many of these losses are hidden. plagues still. Swine flu, virus pneu- Techniques of artificial insemination monia, and pleuropneumonia-like in- and procedures in storing semen have fections demand study. been successful with cattle but have Control of parasites has always been been less successful with swine, sheep, recognized as critical to successful and poultry. The preservation of ova animal husbandry in the Tropics and and sperm and tissue culture methods subtropics. Its importance has been of growing animal embryos are re- underestimated in the temperate re- search fields of great potential value gions, however, except in regard to a and deserve greatly increased effort. few of the more aggressive species. With dairy cattle, about 25 percent Successful research on insect control of the cows are replaced each year, 20 has made a great contribution to the percent of which left herds because of eflficiency—or, indeed, the existence— reproductive problems.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mink Farming in the U.S. Economics Animal Care & Welfare Sustainability Biosecurity COVID & Mink
    Mink Farming in the U.S. Economics Almost 3 million mink are commercially raised in 22 US states. In 2019, mink farming created over $85 million in taxable revenue in the U.S and supported thousands of jobs in our rural communities. U.S. mink farms are 100% family owned and operated businesses, often with 3 generations working on the farm. Animal Care & Welfare Animal health and welfare is the first priority of American mink farmers. Mink farmers have strict operating guidelines governing the humane care of animals. Farmers follow comprehensive animal husbandry practices developed with scientists, veterinarians, and welfare experts, with rigorous standards for nutrition, housing, biosecurity, veterinary care and humane harvesting. The mink farming standards in the U.S. have been certified by the Professional Animal Auditors Certification Organization (PAACO) and farms are independently inspected by Validus Verification Services. Like in all animal agriculture, mink farmers are subject to state and federal laws. Mink on U.S. farms are harvested according to humane practices and methods as recommended by the AVMA. Mink farms must also abide by all environmental regulations. Less than ¼ of 1 percent of all animals harvested in agriculture are taken for fur products. Sustainability Farmed mink consume food industry by-products not fit for human consumption, keeping it out of our landfills. Each animal will consume more than 20-times their body weight per year of human food production by-product, translating to over 300 million pounds of waste recycled. After harvesting, mink remains are used in organic composts, artisanal pet foods and rendered into oils for conditioners, cosmetic products, and even tire-care products.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Livestock Farming: Potential and Limitations of Husbandry Practice to Secure Animal Health and Welfare and Food Quality
    Organic livestock farming: potential and limitations of husbandry practice to secure animal health and welfare and food quality Proceedings of the 2nd SAFO Workshop 25-27 March 2004, Witzenhausen, Germany Edited by M. Hovi, A. Sundrum and S. Padel Sustaining Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming (SAFO) Co-ordinator: Mette Vaarst (Danish Institute of Animal Science, Denmark) Steering Committee Malla Hovi (The University of Reading, England) Susanne Padel (The University of Aberystwyth, Wales) Albert Sundrum (The University of Kassel, Germany) David Younie (Scottish Agricultural College, Scotland) Edited by: Malla Hovi, Albert Sundrum and Susanne Padel Publication date: July 2004 Printed in: The University of Reading ISBN: 07049 1458 1 Contents Foreword M. Hovi, A. Martini, S. Padel 1 Acknowledgements 3 Part A: Organic animal health management and food quality at the farm level: Current state and future challenges Organic livestock production and food quality: a review of current status and future challenges M. Vaarst and M. Hovi 7 Animal health in organic farming defined by experts- concept mapping and the interpretation of the concept of naturalnessl T. Baars, E. Baars and K. Eikmans 17 Animal, welfare and health problem areas from an organic farmer’s point of view U. Schumacher 25 A veterinarian’s perspective of animal health problems on organic farms. P. Plate 27 Part B: Animal health and welfare: organic dairy production Swiss organic dairy milk farmer survey: which path for the organic cow in the future? E. Haas and B. Pabst 35 Animal health in organic dairy farming – results of a survey in Germany. C.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Whole Farm Planning • Marketing • Whole Farm Business Management and Planning • Land Acquisition and Tenure • Sustainable Farming Practices
    www.vabeginningfarmer.org Virginia Whole Farm Planning: An Educational Program for Farm Startup and Development Sustainable Farming Practices: Animal Husbandry The purpose of the Sustainable Farming Practices: Animal Husbandry module is to help beginning farmers and ranchers in Virginia learn the basic fundamental production practices and concepts necessary to make informed decisions for whole farm planning. This is one of five modules designed to guide you in developing the whole farm plan by focusing on the following areas: • Introduction to Whole Farm Planning • Marketing • Whole Farm Business Management and Planning • Land Acquisition and Tenure • Sustainable Farming Practices Each module is organized at the introductory to intermediate stage of farming knowledge and experience. At the end of each module, additional resources and Virginia service provider contact information are available to help continue the farm planning process. Authors: Cindy Wood Virginia Tech, Department of Animal and Poultry Science Cindi Shelley Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, SUNY Cobleskill, Department of Animal and regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. An equal Plant Sciences opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Jewel E. Hairston, Administrator, 1890 Extension Program, Virginia State, Petersburg. Funding for this curriculum is sponsored by the Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program (BFRDP) of the USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Award # 2010-49400.
    [Show full text]
  • Livestock-Keeping and Animal Husbandry in Refugee and Returnee Situations
    LIVESTOCK-KEEPING AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN REFUGEE AND RETURNEE SITUATIONS A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT Acknowledgements Our genuine appreciation to The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Gland, Geneva for their technical expertise and invaluable revision of the Handbook on Livestock Keeping and Animal Husbandry in Refugee and Returnee Situations. We extend our thanks to the UNHCR Field Environmental Coordinators and Focal Points and other colleagues for their very useful comments and additional inputs. Illustrations prepared by Dorothy Migadee, Nairobi, Kenya Background & cover images: ©Irene R Lengui/L’IV Com Sàrl Design and layout by L’IV Com Sàrl, Morges, Switzerland Printed by: SroKundig, Geneva, Switzerland Produced by the Environment, Technical Support Section, UNHCR Geneva and IUCN, August 2005 2 Refugee Operations and Environmental Management Table of Contents Glossary and Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 7 1. Livestock Management in Refugee-Related Operations 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Livestock-Keeping in Refugee-Related Operations 10 2. Purpose and Use of this Handbook 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Using this Handbook 14 3. Livestock Management: Some Basic Considerations 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Traditional and Legal Rules and Regulations 16 3.3 Livestock to Suit the Conditions 17 3.4 Impacts Commonly Associated with Livestock-Keeping 18 3.4.1 Some Positive Impacts of Livestock-Keeping 18 3.4.2 Some Negative Impacts of Livestock in Refugee Situations 19 3.4.2.1 Impacts on Natural Resources 19 3.4.2.2 Social Conflicts 20 3.4.2.3 Impacts on Public Health 21 3.5 Disease Avoidance and Control 22 3.5.1 Common Livestock Diseases 22 3.5.2 Maintaining Animal Health 25 3.5.3 Avoiding Negative Impacts on Public Health 28 3.6 Housing 29 3.7 Carrying Capacity 30 3.8 Resource Competition 32 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Report
    RESEARCH DEPARTMENT REPORT SERIES no. 29-2011 ISSN 1749-8775 REVIEW OF ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE OF SOUTHERN BRITAIN (4000 BC – 1500 BC) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES REPORT Dale Serjeantson ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Department Report Series 29-2011 REVIEW OF ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE OF SOUTHERN BRITAIN (4000 BC – 1500 BC) Dale Serjeantson © English Heritage ISSN 1749-8775 The Research Department Report Series, incorporates reports from all the specialist teams within the English Heritage Research Department: Archaeological Science; Archaeological Archives; Historic Interiors Research and Conservation; Archaeological Projects; Aerial Survey and Investigation; Archaeological Survey and Investigation; Architectural Investigation; Imaging, Graphics and Survey; and the Survey of London. It replaces the former Centre for Archaeology Reports Series, the Archaeological Investigation Report Series, and the Architectural Investigation Report Series. Many of these are interim reports which make available the results of specialist investigations in advance of full publication. They are not usually subject to external refereeing, and their conclusions may sometimes have to be modified in the light of information not available at the time of the investigation. Where no final project report is available, readers are advised to consult the author before citing these reports in any publication. Opinions expressed in Research Department Reports are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of English Heritage. Requests for further hard copies, after the initial print run, can be made by emailing: [email protected]. or by writing to English Heritage, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD Please note that a charge will be made to cover printing and postage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Need for an 'Animal Ethics Turn' in Animal Husbandry
    Lintner (2020) · LANDBAUFORSCH · J Sustainable Organic Agric Syst · 70(1):17–22 DOI:10.3220/LBF1590334788000 17 POSITION PAPER The need for an ‘animal ethics turn’ in animal husbandry Martin M. Lintner1 Received: October 10, 2019 Revised: December 2, 2019 Accepted: December 19, 2019 Konrad Glombik Konrad © Martin Lintner KEYWORDS animal welfare ethics, animal turn, animal husbandry, livestock farming, consumption of meat and animal products, climate change In the following paper I argue that there is an urgent need for transporting them over thousands of kilometres throughout an ‘animal ethics turn’ in animal husbandry. There are various Europe and beyond. In response to this incisive statement, reasons for this demand, such as the negative impact of live- Koch generated a huge number of counter-reac tions from stock farming on climate change and the fact that current farmers’ representatives. Finally, the then Federal Agricul- animal protection laws only address minimum standards of tural Minister, Christian Schmidt, felt compelled to declare: animal welfare, which, in some cases, are systematically vio- “With all due respect to the voice of the Church, food produc- lated. Some animal ethics approaches such as abolitionism tion deserves to be considered and discussed in a restrained argue that the only moral solution is to completely renounce way. I am, therefore, very surprised at some of the state- the use of animals as resources or products. The present ments. I expect care for our animals, but also for our farmers.”2 paper, however, represents an animal welfare position. It Koch reacted somewhat meekly and said that he was aware rejects the reduction of animals to a mere means for human that the vast majority of farmers would carry out their work purposes as morally offensive and unacceptable.
    [Show full text]
  • Cattle and Sheep
    ANR Publication 8530 | July 2015 http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu UNDERSTANDING WORKING RANGELANDS Caring for Cattle and Sheep to Provide Safe and Wholesome Meat he care and feeding of livestock : rrunaway/Fickr has a cyclic rhythm tied to the animals’ reproductive cycle and seasonal Thealth needs. Ranchers must perform numerous tasks to keep their animals healthy and reproducing. Photo Some of these, such as checking and maintaining water sources, are done throughout the year, while others that require handling the livestock, such as vaccinating STEPHANIE LARSON, University of and castrating (neutering) male calves and lambs, are done California Cooperative Extension only once or twice each year. Ranchers usually refer to County Director and Livestock these events as “working” cattle or sheep, and neighboring Range Management Advisor, ranchers often help each other, moving from ranch to ranch. Sonoma County; SHEILA BARRY, University of California Cooperative LIVESTOCK HANDLING Extension County Director and When it is time to work livestock, ranchers start by gathering them, known as a Livestock Range Management roundup. They collect their livestock either on horseback (cattle only), on foot, Advisor, San Francisco Bay Area; or by using all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), often accompanied by dogs that help LISA BUSH, Rangeland Consultant; herd the animals into corrals. Corrals include permanent or temporary pens and and DARREL SWEET, Rancher, for sorting livestock by age or status (e.g., breed, sex, health), water troughs, Livermore, California. and squeeze chutes for holding animals in place while they are being treated (e.g., vaccinated or branded). For efficiency, most routine care practices are done during these roundups.
    [Show full text]
  • Cattle Care & Handling Guidelines
    CATTLE CARE & HANDLING GUIDELINES A SAFE, WHOLESOME AND CATTLE CARE & HANDLING GUIDELINESHEALTHY BEEF SUPPLY1 Beef cattle producers take pride in their responsibility to provide proper care to cattle. The Code of Cattle Care below lists general recommendations for care and handling of cattle: • Provide necessary food, water and care to protect the health and well-being of animals. • Provide disease prevention practices to protect herd health, including access to veterinary medical care. • Provide facilities that allow safe, humane, and effi cient movement and/or restraint of cattle. • Use appropriate methods to humanely euthanize terminally sick or injured livestock and dispose of them properly. • Provide personnel with training/experience to properly handle and care for cattle. • Make timely observations of cattle to ensure basic needs are being met. • Minimize stress when transporting cattle. • Keep updated on advancements and changes in the industry to make decisions based upon sound production practices and consideration for animal well-being. • Persons who willfully mistreat animals will not be tolerated. CATTLE CARE & HANDLING GUIDELINES CATTLE CARE & HANDLING GUIDELINES 3 INTRODUCTION Cattlemen have long recognized the need to properly care for livestock. Sound animal husbandry practices, based on decades of practical experience and research, are known to impact the well- being of cattle, individual animal health and herd productivity. Cattle are produced in very diverse environments and geographic locations in the United States. There is not one specifi c set of production practices that can be recommended for all cattle producers. Personal experience, Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) training and professional judgment can serve as a valuable resource for providing proper animal care.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Workers and Animals in the Pork Industry: a Shared Suffering
    J Agric Environ Ethics (2011) 24:3–17 DOI 10.1007/s10806-010-9232-z ARTICLES The Relationship Between Workers and Animals in the Pork Industry: A Shared Suffering Jocelyne Porcher Accepted: 22 December 2009 / Published online: 5 February 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Animal production, especially pork production, is facing growing international criticism. The greatest concerns relate to the environment, the animals’ living conditions, and the occupational diseases. But human and animal conditions are rarely considered together. Yet the living conditions at work and the emotional bond that inevitably forms bring the farm workers and the animals to live very close, which leads to shared suffering. Suffering does spread from animals to human beings and can cause workers physical, mental, and also moral suffering, which is all the more harmful due to the fact that it is concealed. The conceptual tools used to conceal suffering (‘‘animal welfare,’’ stress, pain) suggest that the industrial system can be improved, whereas for farmers it is by definition incompatible with animal husbandry. Keywords Pork production Á Suffering Á Human-animal relationships Á Animal husbandry Á Animal welfare Á Work conditions Introduction The relationship between human beings and domestic animals has existed through the ages and remains a crucial part of modern societies. It is described as being embedded in social cohesion, whether explained by the emergence of ‘‘mixed communities’’ (Midgley 1983), a contract (Larre`re and Larre`re 2000, Mepham 2008), or a gift relationship (Porcher 2002b). The fact that the relationship between human beings and animals is inevitable and the consequences of this on animals and people have been revealed within the context of animal testing (Arluke 1991; Davis and Balfour 1992; Arluke 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Tempo and Mode of Domestication During The
    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2014 Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep Melissa Zolnierz University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Paleobiology Commons Recommended Citation Zolnierz, Melissa, "Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2181. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2181 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Melissa Zolnierz Loyola University Chicago Bachelor of Science in Anthropology, 2003 University of Indianapolis Master of Science in Human Biology, 2008 August 2014 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _________________________ Dr. Peter Ungar Dissertation Director _________________________ _________________________ Dr. Jesse Casana Dr. Jerome Rose Committee Member Committee Member Abstract The Neolithic Revolution marked a dramatic change in human subsistence practices. In order to explain this change, we must understand the motive forces behind it.
    [Show full text]
  • What You Need to Know About Sheep and Goats!
    WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SHEEP AND GOATS! KIPP BROWN EXTENSION LIVESTOCK COORDINATOR DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL AND DAIRY SCIENCES MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY SIMPLE IDEAS ON WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE YOU PURCHASE A TRUCKLOAD OF SMALL RUMINANTS! OR, HOW TO BEST AVOID FAILURE AS A NEW SHEEP/GOAT PRODUCER WHAT IS A SMALL RUMINANT??? SHEEP AND GOATS OR LITTLE COWS??? Ruminants include cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, elk, and camels. These animals have a digestive system that is uniquely different from our own. Instead of one compartment to the stomach they have four. SHEEP AND GOATS ARE SMALL RUMINANTS! REMEMBER-There is as much difference within breeds/species as between breeds/species. HOWEVER, MOST IMFORMATION ON SHEEP AND GOATS IS RELATIVE TO BOTH SPECIES. MAJOR DIFFERENCES: SHEEP GRAZE. GOATS BROWSE. GOATS REQUIRE COPPER IN THE DIET. SHEEP TOLERATE LITTLE COPPER IN THE DIET. (AS A RULE OF THUMB SHEEP NEED NO MORE THAN 4-8 PPM IN THE DIET) SHEEP, GOATS, AND COPPER GOATS REQUIRE SOME COPPER IN THEIR DIET, THEREFORE! ALWAYS USE A SHEEP MINERAL FOR SHEEP AND A GOAT MINERAL FOR GOATS IF SHEEP AND GOATS ARE RUNNING TOGETHER, USE SHEEP MINERAL TO BE SAFE SHEEP AND GOATS DO REQUIRE MINERALS KEEP A GOOD QUALITY MINERAL OUT FULL TIME FOR OPTIMUM REPRODUCTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL HEALTH IN SHEEP AND GOATS SO, SHEEP AND GOATS ARE PRETTY MUCH THE SAME ANIMAL WITH BOTH BEING SMALL RUMINANTS, AND THEREFORE CAN BE MANAGED IN PRETTY MUCH THE SAME FASHION. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN COPPER LEVELS, AS WELL AS GRAZING AND BROWZING PREFERENCES.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Guidelines for the Operation of Mink Farms in the United States
    Fur Commission USA Standard Guidelines for the Operation of Mink Farms in the United States Updated 2014 Fur Commission USA P.O. Box 1532 Medford Oregon 97501 Phone: 541-595-8568 Fax: 541-566-7489 www.furcommission.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Section 1: Management …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Section 2: Accommodation …………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Site ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.2 Sheds ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.3 Pens …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.4 Nesters ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Section 3: Food and Water …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 3.1 Nutrition ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 3.2 Feed Preparation ………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 3.3 Feed Distribution ……………………………………………………………………………………… 9 3.4 Watering Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………... 9 Section 4: Health …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Section 5: Environmental Quality ………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 5.1 Sanitation ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 10 5.2 Water Quality ………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Section 6: Transportation of Live Mink ……………………………………………………………………………. 11 Section 7: Euthanasia ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 7.1 Carbon Monoxide ……………………………………………………………………………………... 13 7.2 Carbon Dioxide ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 Appendix I: Certification Inspection Form—SAMPLE
    [Show full text]