DOCSLIB.ORG

Tempo and Mode of Domestication During The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tempo and Mode of Domestication During The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 8-2014 Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep Melissa Zolnierz University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Paleobiology Commons Recommended Citation Zolnierz, Melissa, "Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2181. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2181 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep Tempo and Mode of Domestication During the Neolithic Revolution: Evidence from Dental Mesowear and Microwear of Sheep A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Melissa Zolnierz Loyola University Chicago Bachelor of Science in Anthropology, 2003 University of Indianapolis Master of Science in Human Biology, 2008 August 2014 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _________________________ Dr. Peter Ungar Dissertation Director _________________________ _________________________ Dr. Jesse Casana Dr. Jerome Rose Committee Member Committee Member Abstract The Neolithic Revolution marked a dramatic change in human subsistence practices. In order to explain this change, we must understand the motive forces behind it. Researchers have proposed many different stimuli, with most theories invoking environmental dynamics, human population density increases beyond environmental carrying capacity, and the natural outgrowth of human and plant/animal interactions. However, unanswered questions remain concerning the mechanics of animal domestication. Traditional studies of changing faunal morphology and skeletal population profiles offer some clues, but such research has had limited success identifying stages intermediate between wild and domesticated forms, which makes it difficult to discern initial attempts at animal control, and to fully understand this process. This dissertation research brings the tools of dental microwear and mesowear to bear on the issue of animal domestication at the site of Gritille, Turkey. Dental microwear and dental mesowear of zooarcheological materials from the site should allow us to identify diet changes related to husbandry (control of movement and penning animals), and to determine whether the process was gradual or abrupt. This in turn will lead to a better understanding of the causes and mechanics of animal domestication during the Neolithic Revolution. Gritille was occupied during the Neolithic, encompassing the period of animal domestication (traditional faunal analysis methods point to sheep domestication at the site). Collection methods recovered both flora and fauna from the Neolithic occupation, providing Ovis (sheep) remains whose diet can be tracked over the period. The Neolithic period was broken down into three periods. Each period provided statistically significant dental mesowear and microwear signatures, indicating the evolution of human control (domestication) of animals at this site. Expansion of these methods to other sites allows comparison to understand how similar Neolithic people handled their animals. Further, comparing the Neolithic animals to wild animals from the Near East allows understanding of how humans modified the wild, natural diet and provides information on the types of environments the Neolithic animals were provided. Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Domestication Defined ................................................................................................................ 2 Domestication Theories ............................................................................................................... 5 Traditional Reconstruction Methods ........................................................................................... 6 Dietary Reconstruction ................................................................................................................ 8 Gritille ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Initial Husbandry Methods .......................................................................................................... 9 Dietary Comparisons ................................................................................................................. 11 Chapters ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter Two: A Review of Approaches to Dietary Reconstruction .............................................13 Rumination ................................................................................................................................ 15 Mastication ................................................................................................................................ 17 Browsers versus Grazers ........................................................................................................... 17 Ungulates Dietary Preference .................................................................................................... 19 Gazelle Diet ........................................................................................................................... 19 Goat Diet ............................................................................................................................... 20 Sheep Diet ............................................................................................................................. 21 Dietary Reconstruction Methods ............................................................................................... 21 Coprolites .............................................................................................................................. 22 Issues .................................................................................................................................. 23 Isotopes .................................................................................................................................. 24 Dentin ................................................................................................................................. 25 Enamel ............................................................................................................................... 25 Carbon Isotopes (δ13C): ..................................................................................................... 26 Oxygen Isotopes (δ18O): .................................................................................................... 27 Nitrogen Isotopes (14N/ 15N) .............................................................................................. 29 Strontium Isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) ............................................................................................ 30 Linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH) ......................................................................................... 30 Dental Wear ........................................................................................................................... 31 Mesowear ........................................................................................................................... 32 Microwear .......................................................................................................................... 34 Goat Microwear Studies ................................................................................................. 37 Sheep Microwear Studies ............................................................................................... 37 Combined Microwear and Isotopic Analyses .................................................................... 39 Composite Mesowear and Microwear Analyses................................................................ 39 Domestication and its Influences on Dietary Signatures .......................................................... 40 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 42 Chapter Three: Extant Fauna .......................................................................................................44 Near East Animals ..................................................................................................................... 44 Animal Range ........................................................................................................................ 45 Gazelle ............................................................................................................................... 45 Goat ...................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Finca+Slow+Permaculture.Pdf
    Farming and Smallholding © Johanna McTiernan Dan McTiernan describes how regenerative agriculture is transforming olive groves in Spain and introduces © Johanna McTiernan transnational cropshare Restoring Agriculture in the Mediterranean “It’s not just that traditional Mediter- Together with our friends, who own healthy, perennial Mediterranean crops heavy input, bare-earth paradigm ranean agriculture isn’t sustainable a similar piece of land, and working that can’t be grown in Britain easily. of agriculture that is having such a ... it isn’t even viable on any level in partnership with IPM, we have If managed holistically, olives, nut destructive impact on the environ- anymore!” That was one of the first started Terra CSA, a multi-farm com- bearing trees such as almonds, and ment and the climate. All other things Richard Wade of Instituto munity supported agriculture project vine products like red wine, are about non-cold-pressed seed oils require Permacultura Montsant (IPM) said using permaculture and regenerative as perennial and sustainable as crops high levels of processing involving to us during our six month intern- agriculture to build soil and deliver come. We want the UK to still be heat and solvents in the extraction ship with him here in the south of olive oil, almonds and wine direct to able to access these incredibly process that are energy and resource Catalunya, Spain. cropshare members in the UK. nutritious products alongside the heavy and questionable in terms of With his doom laden words still Having been involved in community need to relocalise as much of our health to people and the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Tell Abu Suwwan, a Neolithic Site in Jordan: Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons
    Tell Abu Suwwan, A Neolithic Site in Jordan: Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons Maysoon al-Nahar Department of Archaeology Institute of Archaeology University of Jordan Amman 11942, Jordan [email protected] Tell Abu Suwwan is the only Neolithic site excavated north of the Zarqa River in Jordan. Its architectural characteristics and the diagnostic lithic artifacts discovered at the site during the University of Jordan 2005 and 2006 field seasons, directed by the author, suggest that the site was occupied continually from the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic Phase B (MPPNB) to the Yarmoukian (Pottery Neolithic) period. The site was divided by the excavator into two areas—A and B. Area A yielded a few walls, plaster floors, and orange clay. Area B yielded a large square or rectangular building with three clear types of plaster floors and an orange clay area. Both Areas A and B include numerous lithics, bones, and some small finds. Based on a recent survey outward from the excavated area, the probable size of Abu Suwwan is 10.5 ha (26 acres), and it contains complex architecture with a long chronological sequence. These attributes suggest that Tell Abu Suwwan is one of the Jordanian Neolithic megasites. introduction though the site contains a distinctive architecture, it shares various similarities with several other Levan- ell Abu Suwwan is a large Neolithic site in tine Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) sites, e.g., Jericho T north Jordan; it is on the east side of the old (Kenyon 1956: 69–77; 1969), Tell Ramad (de Con- Jarash–Amman highway, immediately before tenson 1971: 278–85), Tell Abu Hureyra (Moore, the turn west to Ajlun (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Attempts to Study Cattle Domestication: Biomechanical Archaeology of First and Second Phalanges As a Proxy for Decip
    Integrative attempts to study cattle domestication: Biomechanical archaeology of first and second phalanges as a proxy for deciphering animal activity patterns in prehistoric time Kaveh Yousef Pouran∗y1, Maria Sa~naSegu´ı1, and Juan Anton Barcelo1 1Universitat Aut`onomade Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB) { UAB Campus 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona, Espagne R´esum´e Wild animals expend considerable amount of energy in foraging to satisfy requirements such as food and water, social interactions and finding shelter. In captivity, they depend on human and expended energy and time is much reduced. Knowing the behavioral aspects of wild-domestic evolution is necessary to comprehend domestication process. We present in this communication the results obtained with the application of biomechanical concepts to the study of bovine domestication processes. Considering the recent findings on the bone biomechanics, with the corporation of multi- body dynamics and locomotion simulation, this work is oriented to stablish morphological indicators differentiating domestication at the transitional stage based on behavioral changes experienced by captive or tamed animals. A series of mathematical algorithms are proposed for accessing the information enfolded in bone tissue. Load estimation algorithm, which is based on bone histomorphology, provides an opportunity to quantitatively examine activity level of animals. With the aim to obtain new data about cattle domestication in the Near East, a total of 112 cattle first and second phalanx recovered in tell Halula site (7700 cal BC to 5500 cal BC, Euphrates valley, Syria) has been selected and scanned. Scanned data were converted to .obj surface structure and surfaces then were optimized and 315 landmarks were selected and pinpointed on each specimen.
    [Show full text]
  • Mink Farming in the U.S. Economics Animal Care & Welfare Sustainability Biosecurity COVID & Mink
    Mink Farming in the U.S. Economics Almost 3 million mink are commercially raised in 22 US states. In 2019, mink farming created over $85 million in taxable revenue in the U.S and supported thousands of jobs in our rural communities. U.S. mink farms are 100% family owned and operated businesses, often with 3 generations working on the farm. Animal Care & Welfare Animal health and welfare is the first priority of American mink farmers. Mink farmers have strict operating guidelines governing the humane care of animals. Farmers follow comprehensive animal husbandry practices developed with scientists, veterinarians, and welfare experts, with rigorous standards for nutrition, housing, biosecurity, veterinary care and humane harvesting. The mink farming standards in the U.S. have been certified by the Professional Animal Auditors Certification Organization (PAACO) and farms are independently inspected by Validus Verification Services. Like in all animal agriculture, mink farmers are subject to state and federal laws. Mink on U.S. farms are harvested according to humane practices and methods as recommended by the AVMA. Mink farms must also abide by all environmental regulations. Less than ¼ of 1 percent of all animals harvested in agriculture are taken for fur products. Sustainability Farmed mink consume food industry by-products not fit for human consumption, keeping it out of our landfills. Each animal will consume more than 20-times their body weight per year of human food production by-product, translating to over 300 million pounds of waste recycled. After harvesting, mink remains are used in organic composts, artisanal pet foods and rendered into oils for conditioners, cosmetic products, and even tire-care products.
    [Show full text]
  • Livestock and Landscapes
    SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SHARE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GLOBAL LAND SURFACE DID YOU KNOW? Agricultural land used for ENVIRONMENT Twenty-six percent of the Planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION and 33 percent of croplands are used for livestock feed production. Livestock contribute to seven percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation and manure. In developed countries, 90 percent of cattle Agricutural land used for belong to six breed and 20 percent of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction. OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SOCIAL One billion poor people, mostly pastoralists in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, depend on livestock for food and livelihoods. Globally, livestock provides 25 percent of protein intake and 15 percent of dietary energy. ECONOMY Livestock contributes up to 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic product across a significant portion of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa but receives just three percent of global agricultural development funding. GOVERNANCE With rising incomes in the developing world, demand for animal products will continue to surge; 74 percent for meat, 58 percent for dairy products and 500 percent for eggs. Meeting increasing demand is a major sustainability challenge. LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS WHY DOES LIVESTOCK MATTER FOR SUSTAINABILITY? £ The livestock sector is one of the key drivers of land-use change. Each year, 13 £ As livestock density increases and is in closer confines with wildlife and humans, billion hectares of forest area are lost due to land conversion for agricultural uses there is a growing risk of disease that threatens every single one of us: 66 percent of as pastures or cropland, for both food and livestock feed crop production.
    [Show full text]
  • Inter-Agency Q&A on Humanitarian Assistance and Services in Lebanon (Inqal)
    INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) Disclaimers: The INQAL is to be utilized mainly as a mass information guide to address questions from persons of concern to humanitarian agencies in Lebanon The INQAL is to be used by all humanitarian workers in Lebanon The INQAL is also to be used for all available humanitarian hotlines in Lebanon The INQAL is a public document currently available in the Inter-Agency Information Sharing web portal page for Lebanon: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Country%5B%5D=122&Searc h=%23INQAL%23 The INQAL should not be handed out to refugees If you and your organisation wish to publish the INQAL on any website, please notify the UNHCR Information Management and Mass Communication Units in Lebanon: [email protected] and [email protected] Updated in April 2015 INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 FOOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35 FOOD AND ELIGIBILITY ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking the Near Eastern Origins and European Dispersal of the Western House Mouse
    This is a repository copy of Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/160967/ Version: Published Version Article: Cucchi, Thomas, Papayiannis, Katerina, Cersoy, Sophie et al. (26 more authors) (2020) Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse. Scientific Reports. 8276. pp. 1-12. ISSN 2045-2322 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64939-9 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse Thomas Cucchi1 ✉ , Katerina Papayianni1,2, Sophie Cersoy3, Laetitia Aznar-Cormano4, Antoine Zazzo1, Régis Debruyne5, Rémi Berthon1, Adrian Bălășescu6, Alan Simmons7, François Valla8, Yannis Hamilakis9, Fanis Mavridis10, Marjan Mashkour1, Jamshid Darvish11,24, Roohollah Siahsarvi11, Fereidoun Biglari12, Cameron A. Petrie13, Lloyd Weeks14, Alireza Sardari15, Sepideh Maziar16, Christiane Denys17, David Orton18, Emma Jenkins19, Melinda Zeder20, Jeremy B. Searle21, Greger Larson22, François Bonhomme23, Jean-Christophe Auffray23 & Jean-Denis Vigne1 The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • 00800721.Pdf
    Land use changes and crop productivity in early agriculture: comparison with current conditions in the mid-Euphrates valley Ferrio J.P., Arab G., Bort J., Buxó R., Molist M., Voltas J., Araus J.L. in Karam F. (ed.), Karaa K. (ed.), Lamaddalena N. (ed.), Bogliotti C. (ed.). Harmonization and integration of water saving options. Convention and promotion of water saving policies and guidelines Bari : CIHEAM / EU DG Research Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 59 2007 pages 167-174 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=800721 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ferrio J.P., Arab G., Bort J., Buxó R., Molist M., Voltas J., Araus J.L. Land use changes and crop productivity in early agriculture: comparison with current conditions in the mid-Euphrates valley. In : Karam F. (ed.), Karaa K. (ed.), Lamaddalena N. (ed.), Bogliotti C. (ed.). Harmonization and integration of water saving options. Convention and promotion of water saving policies
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 4. NEOLITHIC PERIOD in JORDAN 25 4.1
    Borsa di studio finanziata da: Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Italia Thanks all …………. I will be glad to give my theses with all my love to my father and mother, all my brothers for their helps since I came to Italy until I got this degree. I am glad because I am one of Dr. Ursula Thun Hohenstein students. I would like to thanks her to her help and support during my research. I would like to thanks Dr.. Maysoon AlNahar and the Museum of the University of Jordan stuff for their help during my work in Jordan. I would like to thank all of Prof. Perreto Carlo and Prof. Benedetto Sala, Dr. Arzarello Marta and all my professors in the University of Ferrara for their support and help during my Phd Research. During my study in Italy I met a lot of friends and specially my colleges in the University of Ferrara. I would like to thanks all for their help and support during these years. Finally I would like to thanks the Minister of Fournier of Italy, Embassy of Italy in Jordan and the University of Ferrara institute for higher studies (IUSS) to fund my PhD research. CONTENTS Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Ch. 2. AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 3 Ch. 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN NEAR EAST 5 3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in Near east 5 3.2. Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Near east 10 3.2.A. Early PPNB 10 3.2.B. Middle PPNB 13 3.2.C. Late PPNB 15 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Livestock Farming: Potential and Limitations of Husbandry Practice to Secure Animal Health and Welfare and Food Quality
    Organic livestock farming: potential and limitations of husbandry practice to secure animal health and welfare and food quality Proceedings of the 2nd SAFO Workshop 25-27 March 2004, Witzenhausen, Germany Edited by M. Hovi, A. Sundrum and S. Padel Sustaining Animal Health and Food Safety in Organic Farming (SAFO) Co-ordinator: Mette Vaarst (Danish Institute of Animal Science, Denmark) Steering Committee Malla Hovi (The University of Reading, England) Susanne Padel (The University of Aberystwyth, Wales) Albert Sundrum (The University of Kassel, Germany) David Younie (Scottish Agricultural College, Scotland) Edited by: Malla Hovi, Albert Sundrum and Susanne Padel Publication date: July 2004 Printed in: The University of Reading ISBN: 07049 1458 1 Contents Foreword M. Hovi, A. Martini, S. Padel 1 Acknowledgements 3 Part A: Organic animal health management and food quality at the farm level: Current state and future challenges Organic livestock production and food quality: a review of current status and future challenges M. Vaarst and M. Hovi 7 Animal health in organic farming defined by experts- concept mapping and the interpretation of the concept of naturalnessl T. Baars, E. Baars and K. Eikmans 17 Animal, welfare and health problem areas from an organic farmer’s point of view U. Schumacher 25 A veterinarian’s perspective of animal health problems on organic farms. P. Plate 27 Part B: Animal health and welfare: organic dairy production Swiss organic dairy milk farmer survey: which path for the organic cow in the future? E. Haas and B. Pabst 35 Animal health in organic dairy farming – results of a survey in Germany. C.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution
    On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bar-Yosef, Ofer. 1998. “On the Nature of Transitions: The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution.” Cam. Arch. Jnl 8 (02) (October): 141. Published Version doi:10.1017/S0959774300000986 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12211496 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8:2 (1998), 141-63 On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution Ofer Bar-Yosef This article discusses two major revolutions in the history of humankind, namely, the Neolithic and the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic revolutions. The course of the first one is used as a general analogy to study the second, and the older one. This approach puts aside the issue of biological differences among the human fossils, and concentrates solely on the cultural and technological innovations. It also demonstrates that issues that are common- place to the study of the trajisition from foraging to cultivation and animal husbandry can be employed as an overarching model for the study of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic. The advantage of this approach is that it focuses on the core areas where each of these revolutions began, the ensuing dispersals and their geographic contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Refugee Response
    SYRIA REFUGEE RESPONSE LEBANON, Bekaa & Baalbek-El Hermel Governorate Distribution of the Registered Syrian Refugees at the Cadastral Level As o f 3 0 Se p t e m b e r 2 0 2 0 Charbine El-Hermel BEKAA & Baalbek - El Hermel 49 Total No. of Household Registered 73,427 Total No. of Individuals Registered 340,600 Hermel 6,580 El Hermel Michaa Qaa Jouar Mrajhine Maqiye Qaa Ouadi Zighrine El-Khanzir 36 5 Hermel Deir Mar Jbab Maroun Baalbek 29 10 Qaa Baalbek 10,358 Qaa Baayoun 553 Ras Baalbek El Gharbi Ras Baalbek 44 Ouadi Faara Ras Baalbek Es-Sahel Ouadi 977 Faara Maaysra 4 El-Hermel 32 Halbata Ras Baalbek Ech-Charqi 1 Zabboud 116 Ouadi 63 Fekehe El-Aaoss 2,239 Kharayeb El-Hermel Harabta 16 Bajjaje Aain 63 7 Baalbek Sbouba 1,701 Nabha Nabi Ed-Damdoum Osmane 44 288 Aaynata Baalbek Laboue 34 1,525 Barqa Ram 29 Baalbek 5 Qarha Baalbek Moqraq Chaat Bechouat Aarsal 2,031 48 Riha 33,521 3 Yammoune 550 Deir Kneisset El-Ahmar Baalbek 3,381 28 Dar Btedaai Baalbak El-Ouassaa 166 30 Youmine 2,151 Maqne Chlifa Mazraat 260 beit 523 Bouday Mchaik Nahle 1,501 3 Iaat baalbek haouch 2,421 290 El-Dehab 42 Aadous Saaide 1,244 Hadath 1,406 Haouch Baalbek Jebaa Kfar Dane Haouche Tall Safiye Baalbek 656 375 Barada 12,722 478 466 Aamchki Taraiya Majdaloun 13 905 1,195 Douris Slouqi 3,210 Aain Hizzine Taibet Bourday Chmistar 361 Baalbek 160 2,284 515 Aain Es-Siyaa Chadoura Kfar Talia Bednayel 1,235 Dabach Haouch Baalbak Brital Nabi 159 En-Nabi 2,328 Temnine Beit Haouch 4,552 Chbay 318 El-Faouqa Chama Snaid Haour Chaaibe 1,223 605 Mousraye 83 Taala 16 9 Khodr 192 Qaa
    [Show full text]