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Tesi Dottorato Lucrezia Palandri.Pdf DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE GIURIDICHE Indirizzo Diritto Comparato CICLO XXVII COORDINATORE Prof. Vittoria Barsotti Giudicare l'arte Arte e libertà nella giurisprudenza della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti Settore SCientifiCo DisCiplinare IUS/02 Dottorando Tutore Dott. Lucrezia Palandri Prof. Vittoria Barsotti Coordinatore Prof. Vittoria Barsotti Anni 2012/2014 INDICE pag Premessa CAPITOLO I L’arte e il diritto Il problema della definizione di un concetto giuridico di arte . 1. Premessa. Arte e Diritto 1 2. Il Post-Modernismo ed i principali argomenti alla base della dicotomia tra arte e diritto 5 2.1 Il diritto come ordine, l’arte come sovvertimento 8 2.2 L’oggettività del diritto e la soggettività dell’arte 11 3. Alle origini della diffidenza della cultura americana verso l’arte 22 4. L’incontro di arte e diritto 26 5. Il giudizio estetico 28 6. La regola di Bleistein ed il relativismo del giudice Holmes 42 7. Cosa è arte? Verso una definizione giuridica 50 7.1 I tentativi legislativi di definire l’arte 52 7.2 I tentativi giurisprudenziali di definire l’arte 70 CAPITOLO II L’arte e il Primo Emendamento La giurisprudenza costituzionale in tema di libertà di espressione artistica 1. Premessa 88 2. Burstyn v. Wilson: si afferma la tutela costituzionale dell’arte sotto il Primo Emendamento. Comincia a delinearsi il criterio dell’espressività 92 3. Verso la costruzione di un quadro analitico per la tutela dell’arte entro il Primo Emendamento. (Segue) Le origini del Primo Emendamento, tra contesto storico e premesse 100 i filosofiche 4. (Segue) Diverse posizioni sul significato del Primo Emendamento: contrasti di metodo, di valore, di risultato 105 4.1 “The First Amendment is an absolute”? Il dibattito dottrinale intorno al (preteso) assolutismo della free speech clause del Primo Emendamento 107 4.2 (Segue) La costruzione di una dottrina del Primo Emendamento 112 5. (Segue) Il fondamento giurisprudenziale della libertà di espressione 118 5.1 Qualche riflessione preliminare intorno alla questione dell’original understanding del Primo Emendamento 118 5.2 Le prime pronunce sulla libertà di espressione 123 6. Il discorso politico come nucleo essenziale del Primo Emendamento 133 6.1 Speech/Action 134 6.2 L’inadeguatezza dell’argomento letterale 136 7. La tutela dell’arte sulla base della sua somiglianza con il discorso politico 139 7.1 La disciplina della libertà di espressione 143 8. La condotta espressiva o il discorso simbolico 148 9. Tra condotta espressiva e libertà di espressione artistica. Un caso di studio: l’uso della bandiera nazionale 154 10. Verso il riconoscimento della tutela dell’arte in sé 164 11. La definizione di arte nel Secondo Circuito 166 11.1 Bery v. City of New York I: speech vuol dire speech 167 11.2 Bery v. City of New York II: l’arte merita la tutela del Primo Emendamento ma ancora per il suo carattere espressivo 170 11.3 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Group of Boston: il punto di svolta. I giudici riconoscono per la prima volta la tutela dell’arte per l’arte 174 11.4 Mastrovincenzo v. City of New York I: di nuovo alla ricerca dell’elemento di espressività 179 11.5 Mastrovincenzo v. City of New York II conferma il metodo che identifica l’arte con la condotta mista ad espressione 186 11.6 Kleinman v. City of San Marcos: l’interpretazione di Hurley come riferito solo a “great works of art” e l’ennesima applicazione dello scrutinio intermedio 189 12. Il valore irrazionale dell’arte 193 13. Quali basi giustificative? 198 13.1 La tutela privilegiata dell’arte 202 14. Il caso Brancusi 206 ii CAPITOLO III I limiti costituzionali della libertà di espressione artistica 1. Premessa 213 2. L’arte e l’elaborazione di categorie di espressione non 215 protetta 2.1 L’incitamento alla violenza 216 2.2 La diffamazione intenzionale 217 2.3 La pedo-pornografia 218 3. Arte e oscenità 219 3.1 Definire l’oscenità 220 3.2 Il percorso giurisprudenziale verso una definizione di oscenità 221 3.3 La fine dell’oscenità? 241 3.4 L’oscenità alle prese con il Post-Modernismo 243 Considerazioni conclusive 250 Indice delle opere citate 257 Indice della giurisprudenza citata 271 Immagini 282 iii CAPITOLO I L’arte e il diritto Il problema della definizione di un concetto giuridico di arte SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. Arte e Diritto. - 2. Il Post-Modernismo ed i principali argomenti alla base della dicotomia tra arte e diritto. - 3. Alle origini della diffidenza della cultura americana verso l’arte. - 4. L’incontro di arte e diritto. - 5. Il giudizio estetico. - 6. La regola di Bleistein ed il relativismo del giudice Holmes. - 7. Cosa è arte? Verso una definizione giuridica. 1. Premessa. Arte e Diritto A sentir parlare di arte e diritto, si ha la sensazione di trovarsi di fronte ad un ossimoro. Si può cogliere la distanza tra i due concetti anche solo dando conto, banalmente, dei caratteri che essi richiamano in maniera intuitiva, immediata, prima che ci sia il tempo di applicare qualsiasi metodo scientifico. L’arte è per definizione ineffabile, si lega alla mutevolezza e spesso allo stravolgimento dello status quo, sfugge al ragionamento e ricorre al libero uso dell’immaginazione; il diritto richiede chiarezza e prevedibilità, presuppone ordine e logica, rimanda a stabilità e certezza. Non desta alcun stupore, allora, dal nostro punto di vista di giuristi municipali, che dell’arte come problema giuridico non si sia soliti discutere, ancor meno tra i costituzionalisti, che devono affrontare l’ardua impresa di penetrare al cuore della questione, occupandosi del fondamentale aspetto della libertà. 1 La tendenza generale della dottrina italiana ad eludere la trattazione delle complesse problematiche che derivano dalla commistione tra arte e diritto trova immediata riprova nel numero esiguo di contributi sul tema; la scarsità di dibattito appare del tutto evidente1. Tuttavia, se si volge lo sguardo al di là dei confini nazionali, ci si accorge di una crescente attenzione a livello globale in merito alle questioni che legano arte e diritto2, attenzione che si è generata e ha trovato una compiuta formulazione dottrinale in quello che – è opportuno chiarire fin da queste prime righe – costituirà il centro di questa indagine, vale a dire l’ordinamento degli Stati Uniti3. 1 In generale, si può dire che i problemi legati alla materia artistica rimangono ancora oggi per larga parte estranei al mondo giuridico italiano, nonostante abbiano cominciato ad aprirsi degli spiragli. Le poche eccezioni sono tutte estremamente recenti e riguardano quegli ambiti che ricorrono più frequentemente nella pratica giuridica e che il professionista si trova più spesso a dover affrontare: il diritto d’autore rispetto alle nuove pratiche dell’arte contemporanea (prima occasione di confronto diretto su questi temi è stato il convegno organizzato a Torino nel 2010 da G. Ajani, A. Donati, Dac, I diritti dell’arte contemporanea, seguito nel 2012 a Roma da quello organizzato da M. Sterpi, New Art: New Legal Challenges) o la proprietà intellettuale in genere (si pensi che il 58esimo Congresso mondiale dell’Unione Internationale des Avocates (UIA), tenutosi a Firenze tra il 29 ottobre e il 2 novembre 2014, a cui hanno partecipato anche molti professionisti locali, ha avuto come tema principale la tutela dell’arte e della creatività, riferendosi essenzialmente alla disciplina della proprietà intellettuale), la disciplina privatistica dei contratti per la tutela degli artisti e della loro opera (si pensi ai lavori di Ajani e Donati sull’opera d’arte immateriale), ed infine le questioni internazionalistiche riguardanti cultural heritage e restitution of looted art, sicuramente gli ambiti più in voga a livello globale e i più sviluppati a livello dottrinale. Si tratta in ogni caso di voci isolate, da poco e solo in certi contesti riunite in un dialogo volto all’approfondimento del tema. Tolti gli esempi cui si è accennato, dunque, si può dire che in Italia l’ambito che lega l’arte e il diritto non rientra tra i principali interessi dei giuristi. 2 Basti considerare la proliferazione di centri di Arte e Diritto in tutto il mondo, dalla Svizzera, con il Geneva Art Law Centre o il Zentrum Kunst und Recht dell’Università di Zurigo, all’Inghilterra e il suo Institute of Art & Law fondato nel 1995, fino ad arrivare all’Australia con l’Arts Law Centre of Australia. 3 Negli Stati Uniti, si assiste da alcuni decenni ad una crescita incessante del numero di professionisti ed accademici specializzati in Arte e Diritto. Questo si riflette nell’incremento del numero di pubblicazioni sul tema, ma anche nella nascita di organizzazioni, come Volunteers Lawyers for the Arts di New York, Bay Lawyers for the 2 A partire dagli studi pionieristici risalenti ai primi anni Settanta del secolo scorso, su tutti quelli del Professor Merryman4, la dottrina nordamericana ha dato vita, infatti, ad una vera e propria branca autonoma della scienza giuridica, quella, appunto, della cosiddetta “Arte e Diritto” (Art law, ma anche Art and the Law, o Law and the Arts), che nel contesto di origine continua a trovare ancora oggi il terreno di sviluppo più fertile. Se è vero, però, che il filone dell’Arte e Diritto ha destato negli ultimi anni sempre maggior interesse, alimentando accesi dibattiti dottrinali, più o meno scatenati dalle numerose vicende giudiziarie su presunte opere d’arte che si sono susseguite, è altrettanto innegabile che la sua natura di mare magnum, in cui vengono affrontati trasversalmente tutti gli ambiti del diritto toccati dal fenomeno artistico, lo rende disciplina piuttosto incline a lacune, carenze, debolezze5. L’Arte e Diritto finisce così per prediligere certi Arts di San Francisco, Lawyers for the Creative Arts di Chicago, che offrono assistenza legale agli artisti e promuovono la ricerca giuridica su temi legati all’arte.
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