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Benthic and Fish Communities on the USS Arizona and USS Utah World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Pearl Harbor, O‘Ahu, Hawai‘I, 2010-11

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Benthic and Fish Communities on the USS Arizona and USS Utah World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Pearl Harbor, O‘Ahu, Hawai‘I, 2010-11 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Benthic and Fish Communities on the USS Arizona and USS Utah World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, 2010-11 Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2013/813 ON THE COVER Number one gun turret on the USS Arizona Photograph from: VALR 2D3D streaming video Benthic and Fish Communities on the USS Arizona and USS Utah World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, 2010-11 Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2013/813 Steve L. Coles Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology P.O. Box 1346 Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744 Daniel Lager, Claire Lager, Paul L. Jokiel, Ku‘ulei Rodgers Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology P.O. Box 1346 Kāne‘ohe, HI 96744 November 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series provides contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available in digital format from the Pacific Island Network Inventory & Monitoring Program http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/index.cfm and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Coles, S. L., D. Lager, C. Lager, P. L. Jokiel, and K. Rodgers. 2013. Benthic and Fish Communities on the USS Arizona and USS Utah: World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument. Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, 2010-11. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2013/813. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 474/122790, November 2013 ii Contents Page Figures............................................................................................................................................. v Tables ............................................................................................................................................. ix Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Perspective .............................................................................................................. 1 Vessels and Location Description ........................................................................................... 2 USS Arizona ....................................................................................................................... 2 USS Utah ............................................................................................................................ 2 Sampling Locations ................................................................................................................. 5 USS Arizona ....................................................................................................................... 5 USS Utah ............................................................................................................................ 5 Sedimentation and Biofouling of Hull Surfaces .................................................................... 11 Benthic Communities ............................................................................................................ 11 Coral Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 12 Fish Surveys........................................................................................................................... 12 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Sedimentation and Biofouling of Hull Surfaces .................................................................... 15 USS Arizona ..................................................................................................................... 15 USS Utah .......................................................................................................................... 15 Benthic Communities ............................................................................................................ 24 General Observations ........................................................................................................ 24 USS Arizona ..................................................................................................................... 24 iii Contents (continued) Page USS Utah .......................................................................................................................... 37 Coral Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 45 USS Arizona ..................................................................................................................... 45 USS Utah .......................................................................................................................... 46 Fish Surveys........................................................................................................................... 50 General Observations ........................................................................................................ 50 USS Arizona ..................................................................................................................... 50 USS Utah .......................................................................................................................... 61 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 71 Previous Pearl Harbor Studies ............................................................................................... 71 Sediments, Sediment Thickness, and Hull Biofouling .......................................................... 71 Benthic Communities ............................................................................................................ 72 Coral Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 74 Fish Surveys........................................................................................................................... 75 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 77 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 79 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Horizontal (deck) (a), port (b) and starboard (c) views of USS Arizona. ...................... 3 Figure 2. Oblique (a), horizontal (deck) (b) and starboard vertical (c) views of USS Utah. ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 3. Sampling sites on USS Arizona horizontal (deck) stern (a), mid ships (b) and bow-foredeck (c) (from Lenihan et al 1990). ........................................................................... 6 Figure 4. Sampling sites on USS Arizona starboard bow-foredeck (a), mid ships (b) and stern (c) (from Lenihan et al. 1990). ........................................................................................ 7 Figure 5. Sampling sites on USS Arizona port stern (a), mid ships (b) and bow- foredeck (c) (from Lenihan et al. 1990). ......................................................................................... 8 Figure
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