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Water Quality Analysis of Trace and Toxic Metals in Brahmani River Basin

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Water Quality Analysis of Trace and Toxic Metals in Brahmani River Basin Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 07, July-2018 Water Quality Analysis of Trace and Toxic Metals In Brahmani River Basin Dr. Tushar Kumar Nath1, Bhagirathi Tripathy2 Abhijeet Das3 1Professor, IGIT, Sarang 2Assistant Professor, IGIT, Sarang 2Faculty, Civil Engg. Department, IGIT, Sarang, Dhenkanal, Abstract - The present investigation is aimed at assessing the Increasing urbanization and industrialization have concentration of heavy metal ions along the stretches of increased the levels of trace metals, especially heavy Brahmani river basin. Fifteen samples were collected along metals, in water ways. There are over 50 elements that can the stretches of Brahmani basin during the period 2000 to be classified as heavy metals, but only 17 that are 2015. The purpose of this study was to estimate nine heavy considered to be both very toxic and relatively accessible. metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Fe, As, Ni and Cr) in the surface Mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, copper, zinc, water of the Brahmani River, one of the most important rivers in Odisha, India. In the selected research area, the Brahmani nickel, and chromium should be given particular attention River is receiving the domestic, industrial, and municipal in terms of water pollution. Heavy metal toxicity has severe waste waters/effluents all along its course. All in all, the effect on our mental health, nervous system, kidneys, lungs ascendancy of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface water and other organ functions. Surface water bodies get of Brahmani followed the sequence: polluted due to urban sewage discharge (Dayal, 1994; Jain Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>As>Fe>Zn>Hg>Cd. My findings highlighted and Salman, 1995; Pophali et al., 1990) Present study is the deterioration of water quality in the rivers due to focused on quantitative analysis of heavy metals of industrialization, mining and human activities. Brahmani River. Keywords: Brahmani River, Heavy metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, As, Hg, Ni and Cr. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Water is one of the vital needs of all living beings. Humans INTRODUCTION need water in many daily activities like drinking, washing, Brahmani river which is the second largest river of Odisha bathing, cooking etc. If the quality of water is not good is also one of the most important peninsular river systems then it becomes unfit for drinking and other activities. The in India. The confluence of the Rivers Koel and Sankh at quality of water usually described according to its physical, Vedvyasa near Rourkela in the district of Sundergarh gives chemical and biological characteristics. Hence it becomes rise to the river Brahmani. It travels southward through the necessary to find the suitability of water for drinking, districts of Sundergarh, Deogarh, Angul, Dhenkanal, Jajpur irrigation and Industry purpose. and Kendrapara and finally flows in to Bay of Bengal. It Dugan [1972] suggested that all biological reactions occur makes the lifeline of the inhabitants of these districts. in water and it is the integrated system of biological Major industries like Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) at metabolic reactions in an aqueous solution that is essential Rourkela, National Aluminium Company (NALCO) at for the maintenance of life. Pani [1986] in his study Anugul and the upcoming industries like Bhusan Steel realized that due to increasing industrialization on one hand Plant and the Kalinga Nagar Industrial Complex in the and exploding population on the other, the demands of district of Jajpur are all in the bank of Brahmani river, water supply have been increasing tremendously. Moreover which is considered as one of the India’s important considerable part of this limited quality of water is polluted industrialized areas known for ore mining, steel production, by sewage, industrial waste and a wide range of synthetic power generation, cement production and other related chemicals. Heavy metal are considered as major activities. So Brahmani River is joined by several drains environmental pollutants and regarded to be Cytotoxic, carrying industrial effluents, city wastes and mining Mutagenic, and Carcinogenic. The Heavy Metal pollution residues. As water is one the most basic necessities of the of natural environment has been consistently increasing habitants, its safeness must be studied before use. The through effluents, sedimentation of rocks and mining present study aims at detecting the presence of trace and activities (Manjit [1988]). Priti Singh et.al [2005] assess toxic heavy metals. and map the spatial distribution of surface water quality of the Mahanadi, Odisha by using GIS.APHA’s standard Heavy metals are metallic elements which have a high laboratory procedure has been adopted to assess the quality atomic weight and have much high density at least 5 times of ground water. The spatial distribution map of pH, that of water. They are stable elements i.e. they cannot be Chlorides, Magnesium and sulphate shows that, these metabolized by the body and bio-accumulative i.e. passed parameters are within range as per standard. Samantray et up the food chain to humans. They are highly toxic and can al. were studied the water quality of Mahanadi and its cause damaging effects even at very low concentrations. distributaries rivers, streams, Atharabanki river and IJERTV7IS070109 www.ijert.org 261 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 7 Issue 07, July-2018 Taldanda Canal adjoining Paradeep in three different parameters. Lohani et.al [2011] depicts drinking water seasons namely summer, pre-monsoon and winter..Their quality management through various physicochemical findings highlighted the deterioration of water quality in parameters and health hazard problems with their remedial the rivers due to industrialization and human activities measures in Bhubaneswar city of Odisha. Sahu [2015] (Samantray et al., 2006). Kamal [2007] carried out on describes the effect of poor water quality on human health physicochemical parameter of river water affects the was noted for the first time in 1854 by John Snow, when he biological characteristics and indicates the status of water traced the outbreak of cholera epidemic in London to the quality. Different types of Physicochemical parameters of Thames river water which was grossly polluted with raw water are pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, TDS, Nitrate, sewage. Rout [2016] carried out an analysis was carried out Sulphates, TH, EC and Fluoride. These parameters are by taking certain important parameters like pH, dissolved solely responsible for water quality. Adetunde et.al [2007] oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical have studied the area and investigated physicochemical and oxygen demand (COD), Chloride, total dissolved oxygen bacteriological qualities of surface water in the north areas (TDS), Nitrate, sulphates, total hardness (TH), electrical and south local government areas of State, Odisha. Water conductivity (EC) and Fluoride. Vega et al., [2016] samples were collected from different areas of North and signifies the application of different multivariate statistical South local areas. Swarna Latha [2008]. The desirable techniques, such as cluster analysis (CA), principal limit of TDS is 500 mg/l. If TDS value is more than 500 component analysis (PCA) helps in the interpretation of mg/l, it may cause gastro intestinal irritation. High TDS complex data matrices to better understand the water presence in the water decreases the quality and affects the quality and ecological status of the studied systems. taste of water as found from Guru Prasad, 2005. Sayyed et.al [2009] assessed the surface water from the south- STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION eastern part of Odisha city for the seasonal variation in STUDY SITE: their quality parameters. Using Piper diagram the Brahmani, the second major river in Odisha, is formed by hydrogeochemical facies were identified and the surface the combined waters of South Koel and Sankh rivers at waters were classified with regards to the changes in their Vedvyasa near Rourkela in the Sundergarh district. The left major chemical compositions. Shimaa M. Ghoraba et.al bank tributary South Koel originates near Nagri village in [2008] collected many ground water samples from different the Ranchi district of Jharkhand state. After its confluence districts of Mahanadi,Odisha. The groundwater recorded a with river Karo in Singhbhum district, it is known as koel. wide range in TDS. Chloride is one of the most important From Manoharpur, it flows in the south-west direction for a parameter in assessing the water quality and higher distance of about 54 km upto Vedvyasa where the right concentration of chloride indicates higher degree of organic bank tributary Sankh joins with it. River Sankh originates pollution (Yogendra and Puttaiah, 2008). Khare et.al an elevation of 1000 m near village Lupungpat in Ranchi [2010] carried out on water quality assessment of district of Jharkhand state. Mahanadi, Sambalpur. He was done water analysis for the River Brahmani travels southward through valleys incised parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, calcium, in the Gadjat Hills to form the famous Gangpur Basin. In Magnesium and Hardness for lake water. Venkatesharaju et this stretch the river is joined by several fast flowing al., [2010] signifies water recourses
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