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The Peter Buck Fellowship Program The Peter Buck Fellowship Program Progress Report May 2, 2012 The Peter Buck Fellowship Program In April 2010 Dr. Peter Buck generously created an endowment to support a fellowship and internship program at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. The Peter Buck Fellowship Program has positioned the Museum to become a leader in the training of emerging and early-career scientists. It is an ambitious program that, once fully established, will support approximately 20 fellows at any given time. With this gift, Dr. Buck has made it possible for the Museum’s tradition of scholarship in biological and geological sciences to evolve and advance for generations to come. Class of 2011 In April of 2011 the Museum Fellowship Selection Committees in Anthropology, Earth Science, and Systematics and Evolutionary Biology selected 11 candidates for the initial cohort of Peter Buck Fellows. All of them are now in residence at the Museum, conducting field work, or studying collections at partner institutions. They are all pursuing careers in science; nine are postdoctoral fellows and two are predoctoral fellows. Studying everything from the evolution of flowering plants to the composition of Earth’s lower mantle, they are remarkable individuals with bright, hungry minds. Class of 2012 In April of 2012 the Museum chose nine Buck Postdoctoral Fellows from among 84 eligible applications. The applicants represented 54% of the Museum’s total fellowship applicant pool. All requested longer-duration fellowships: more than one year for predoctoral candidates and two years for postdoctoral candidates. Prior to the beginning of the Peter Buck Fellowship Program, the Museum was able to offer very limited opportunities for two and three-year fellowships. A chief aim of the Buck Fellowships is to give young scholars extended periods of study at the Museum, so that we can benefit from their work and fresh perspectives, and they can learn from our experience and collections. The multi-year fellowships are also more appealing to students and help us attract the most talented candidates. The Peter Buck Fellowship Program has infused the Museum with new energy and life. The fellows are actively using the Museum’s collections and laboratories, tapping the knowledge of their advisors, and sharing new ideas with staff and the public. We are proud to be part of their growth and development. This report chronicles some of the highlights of the initial group of Peter Buck Fellows and introduces the next class. A complete list of the fellows is included at the end of the report. Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 2 Peter Buck Fellows Class of 2011 The first class of Peter Buck Fellows has conducted research around the world, from Lake Malawi in the East African Rift Valley to the Essequibo River in Guyana (above). Photo by J. Sosa-Calvo Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 3 Dr. Richard S. Barclay, Paleobotanist Postdoctoral Fellow: January 2012 – January 2015 Research Title: A Geologic Analogue for Modern CO2 Increase: Reconstructing Atmospheric CO2 through the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum Advisor: Scott Wing (Curator of Fossil Plants) Richard Barclay knows he is in the presence of a quality fossil leaf when he can count its stomata. These are the microscopic pores that allow plants to take in CO2 and release water. Scientists have discovered that they also reflect changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations; as CO2 rises over time, the number of stomata on the leaves decrease each year on freshly grown leaves. Barclay is analyzing the stomata in the Museum’s fossil leaf collection to try to reconstruct the CO2 conditions that existed 56 million years ago. Known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), this was a period of rapid global warming that was caused by a large release of carbon. It has become a focal point for researchers trying to understand the possible effects of current CO2 increases. Much of what scientists know about CO2 during the PETM comes from analyzing marine cores. Barclay’s investigation will be the first attempt to estimate CO2 changes using fossil plants. Since he arrived in January 2012, Barclay has laid the groundwork for his research. He has surveyed Museum curator Scott Wing’s vast collection of fossil plants, unearthed from Wyoming’s Bighorn Basin over the past three decades. Many of them are well-preserved leaves, which Barclay needs in order to accurately count the stomata. He will focus on those related to modern Ginkgo and Laurel plants. Both plant groups are known to respond to changes in atmospheric CO2, and will provide complementary and independent evidence for the magnitude of any changes observed in the CO2 reconstructions. In July Barclay will visit Wyoming to learn Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 4 more about the localities where these specimens came from and collect additional fossils and rock samples. In the coming year he expects to have a preliminary reconstruction of CO2 during the PETM. Additional Highlights o Barclay will also extract and analyze plant fragments from rock samples to help augment the fossil leaf record. He has spent time in the Museum’s sedimentology lab preparing for this work and testing his rock-macerating methods. o In late February Barclay attended the Geobiology Symposium at the University of Pennsylvania and shared some of his previous work on a marine extinction event 95 million years ago, where much of the world’s oceans became inhospitable to life due to low-oxygen conditions. The driving mechanism was volcanism, which exhaled massive quantities of carbon into the atmosphere. In many ways this mimics what occurred during the PETM, but also there were major important differences. Barclay’s presentation explored the similarities between the two events, focusing on the effect of massive releases of carbon on the stable carbon isotope record. Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 5 Dr. Emily Goble, Paleoanthropologist Postdoctoral Fellow: September 2011 – September 2013 Research Title: Miocene and Pliocene East African Fauna Relative to Global Climate Change. Advisors: Richard Potts (Peter Buck Chair of Human Origins) and Matthew Tocheri (Paleoanthropologist, Human Origins Program) In the National Museums of Kenya, some 2,700 fossil specimens of pigs, hippos, bovids, and other non-hominin mammals eagerly await paleoanthropologist Emily Goble. The fossils come from excavations conducted over the years by Smithsonian curator Rick Potts and his colleagues. They are from Kenya’s Homa Peninsula and may provide evidence about how changes in global climate impacted local environments and animal evolution 2 to 6 million years ago. It was during this timeframe, the late Miocene and Pliocene, that scientists have evidence of a “bushy” lineage for the human family, with each lineage utilizing the landscape in different ways. Earlier scientific thinking supported the idea of our genus Homo emerging due to an increasingly arid and savanna-like landscape but new evidence suggests a more mosaic environment that was perhaps under continuous change and exploited by Goble participating in the “Scientist is In” program and talking with the more generalist hominins. visitors in the David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins. Goble joined Potts, who directs the Museum’s Human Origins Program, to create a more detailed picture of the Homa Peninsula’s paleoenvironment through analysis of the fauna. In August she will travel to Nairobi to spend two months studying the site’s fossil mammal collection. She will identify the animals that lived there, their abundance, when they first appeared at the site, and when they left. When looked at against the backdrop of known global climate cycles, a pattern may emerge that will help us better understand how climate change plays out on local landscapes. Eventually Goble will compare her findings from the Homa Peninsula with another locality in Kenya. These deep-time investigations will inform our predictions for how existing ecosystems may change in the future. Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 6 Additional Highlights o To prepare for her work in Kenya, Goble has examined related fossil mammals housed at the Museum Support Center in Maryland. She is trying to develop new methods for identifying hippos, rhinos, and horses at the species-level. Current practices require having a complete skull, which is not always the case for specimens that have been collected. Goble is trying to determine if other bones could be used to identify the specific species. o Goble has become actively involved in the Museum’s education programs. She has participated in the “Scientist is In” program where she talks with visitors in the Hall of Human Origins. She is also helping develop some of the activities for the new Center for Science Education. Peter Buck Fellowship Program Report, May 2012 7 Dr. Brent Grocholski, Geophysicist Postdoctoral Fellow: September 2011 – August 2014 Research Title: The Lower Mantle and the Earth’s Water Cycle Advisors: Elizabeth Cottrell (Director, Global Volcanism Program) and Jeffrey Post (Geologist, Division of Mineralogy) Scientists know that the Earth’s upper mantle contains more water than the global ocean. How the water cycle works in the lower mantle—some 700 to 3,000 km below the Earth’s surface— remains a mystery. It is important to understand because it may affect plate tectonics and other geophysical properties that help shape Earth. Brent Grocholski has designed an experiment that he hopes will provide some insight into how water interacts with two minerals: magnesium- silicate perovskite and postperovskite. Both are key ingredients in the lower mantle. Grocholski has conducted previous experiments on these minerals. He recently published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that suggested that, contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, the lower mantle may not be one homogeneous, well-mixed layer.
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