INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR BIRD PRESERVATION

Publiclands management and the fate of the SpottedOwl

David S. Wilcove

Owl (Strix occidentalis)was one of WOthe leastDECADES known. AGO, leastTHE studiedSPOTTED birds in North America. Todayit is the subject of intensivestudy, rancorous debate, and legal battles. This sudden notoriety stemsfrom the owl'sspecialized habitat requirementsin the westernportion of its range,where it inhabits old-growth conifer forests. These same forests are :r worth hundreds of millions of dollars to the timber industry, which is logging them at a rapid rate. Like the Red- cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides bo- realis),the SpottedOwl is a bird whose habitat requirementsconflict with con- temporary forestry practices(Ligon et al. 1986;Jackson1986). Administrators in both the United States Department of Agriculture'sForest Service and the United States Department of the Inte- rior's Bureau of Land Management are in the processof deciding how much old-growthforest to setaside for the owl, and what they decidewill in all likeli- hood determine its fate. Given the pow- erful economic and political interests lined up againstthe Spotted Owl, the outlook for this bird is best described as bleak.

Male SpottedOwl in the WenatcheeNational Forest,Washington. Photo/Ken Bevis.

Volume41, Number3 361 elevation virgin forests dominated by Douglas-fir trees. These forests have mixed age classesof trees, including some which are very large and very old (200+ years), and an abundance of snagsand downed woody debris (U.S. ForestService 1986). Although Spotted Owls sometimes occur in mature forests other than old-growth, their preferred habitat in the Northwest is clearly old- growth (Carey 1985). Why the owlsare so closelytied to such forestsremains unclear. Possibleexplanations include the availability of nesting sites (large- diameter snags), thermal cover, and prey (principally small mammals), pro- tection from predators, or a combina- tion of severalsuch factors(Dawson et al. 1986). Several studies have examined how much old-growth typically is usedby a pair of owls.Six pairsin Oregonhad an averageof 2264 acresof old-growth per home range,with a rangeof 1008-3786 acres (Forsman et al. 1984). Some of thesebirds were studiedfor only three to four months. Had they been studied for longer periods of time, their home ranges probably would have increased in size and included larger amounts of old-growth. Five pairs of owls studied FemaleSpotted Owl, I•natchee National Forest.Photo/Ken Bevis. year-round in Washington used ap- proximately 4000 acres of old-growth per pair (H. Allen, pers. comm.), al- thoughnot all of this old-growthwas in ECOLOGY OF THE Endangered SpeciesAct, the other two one place. During the winter, the SPOTTED OWL subspecieshave causedthe greatercon- Washington owls moved to different troversy. The combined population of foresttracts. Preliminary data from the There are three subspeciesof the the California and Northern subspecies SierraNevadas suggest that 1200 acres is estimated at 4000-6000 individuals SpottedOwl, distinguishedby rather is the averageamount of old-growthin subtledifferences in size and plumage {Dawsonet aL 1986). The SpottedOwl the home rangesof pairs in that region coloration. The Mexican Spoued Owl is a threatenedspecies on the state lists (S. Laymon, pers. comm. in Dawson (Strix occidentalishtcida) occursfrom in Oregon and Washington,and it is a 1986). Thus, the evidence to date sug- southern Colorado and central Utah, "speciesof specialconcern" in Califor- gests a north-south gradient in the southin the highermountains through nia. The SpottedOwl hasalso appeared amount of old-growth used per pair of Arizona, New Mexico, and extreme on the American Birds "Blue List" since owls. western Texas into central Mexico. The 1980. California Spotted Owl (S.o. occiden- Until recently,virtually nothing was talis) is confined to the Sierra Nevada known about the ecologyof the Spotted Mountains and the coastal mountains Owl in the Pacific Northwest. It was south of San Francisco. The Northern thought to be an uncommon and local THREATS TO THE Spotted Owl (S.o. cattrina) occurs in bird. Studiesby Eric Forsmanand oth- SPOTTED OWL southwesternBritish Columbia, western ers in the 1970s showed the owl to be Washington, western Oregon, and more widespreadthan previously sus- Commercial logging of old-growth northwestern California. Some taxon- pectedbut alsorevealed its strongaffin- forestsis the biggestthreat to the sur- omistsquestion whether the California ity for old-growthforests. For example, vival of the Spotted Owl. The Pacific and Northern subspeciesshould be re- 98% of the sitesin Oregonwhere Spot- Northwest is one of the nation's two garded as distinct from each other ted Owls were found between 1969 and major timber-producing regions, and (Dawsonet aL 1986). 1980 were dominated by old-growth the old-growth has borne the brunt of Although the Mexican Spotted Owl forestsor by mixed standsof old-growth the logging.By someestimates, less than is currently under consideration for and matureforest (Forsman et al. 1984). a quarter of the original old-growth re- possiblelisting as a "Threatened" or Typical Spotted Owl habitat in the Pa- mains. Also, the remaining old-growth "Endangered" speciesunder the federal cific Northwest consists of mid-to-low forestsare heavilyfragmented and now

362 AmericanBirds, Fall 1987 Left: Ideal Spotted Owl habitat in the Willamette National Forest, Oregon, old- growth.forest. Photo/Barry Flarere. Above.' Six-week-oldSpotted Owls ventureJbom their nest. Photo/Ken Beyis.

1961). Regenerating clearcuts often have a higher deciduous component than old-growth stands,and this seems to suit the Barred Owl (T. Hamer, pers. comm.). Because Barred Owls are slightlylarger and more aggressivethan SpottedOwls, they seemable to displace Spotteds from suitable habitat. Great Horned Owls, which prey on young Spotted Owls, are quite tolerant of the edgesand openingscreated by logging operations,and may use them to infil- trate Spotted Owl habitat. No studies, however, have examined predation rates by Great Horned Owls under dif- ferent degreesof forest fragmentation.

consist of a patchwork of old-growth (Strix varia) and predation by Great and clearcutsof variousages. This frag- Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus). The THE DEMOGRAPHIC DILEMMA mentation has isolated populations of Barred Owl has been expanding its owls and made it difficult for juveniles rangeinto the Pacific Northwestover to disperseinto new habitat. the pasttwo decades.Today it regularly Demographic data support the con- Fragmentation of old-growth may occursin Washingtonand Oregon,and tention that the Spotted Owl is in trou- also be playing an indirect role in two it hasbeen sightedrepeatedly in north- ble. Most individuals do not breed until other threats to the Spotted Owl: com- western California (contrast these rec- they are three yearsold, surprisinglylate petitive displacementby Barred Owls ords with the range cited in Peterson for a medium-sized owl. Reproduction

Volume4 I, Number 3 363 SpottedOwl in flight with prey.Photo/Ken Bevis. by Spotted Owls also fluctuates dra- population trends (U.S. Forest Service Forest Service and the Bureau of Land maticallyand unpredictablyfrom year 1986). Management (BLM). Of the two agen- to year. In some years most pairs in a cies, the Forest Service controls much given area may breed, while in other more Spotted Owl habitat, spreadout yearsfew evenattempt to nest(Forsman THE MANAGEMENT acrossWashington, Oregon, and Cali- 1986). In Washingtomthe majority of CONTROVERSY fornia. The BLM holdings--the so- SpottedOwls have not had a successful calledO&C lands--are mostlyin Ore- nesting season since 1983 (H. Allen, Virtually all of the remaining old- gon and include somecritical linkages pets.comm.). This variationin breeding growth and Spotted Owls occur on betweenowl populationsin coastalOr- success has been attributed to fluctua- public lands administeredby the U.S. egon and the Cascades. These lands tionsin prey abundance,but to date no were originally granted to railroad one has studiedthe prey basein suffi- companiesin order to financethe con- cient detail to either confirm or re- structionof the Oregonand California fute the idea. Such studies are now rail line. As a result of a scandal over underway. managementof theselands, Congress Juvenile mortality has been extraor- reyested them into federal ownership dinarily high, both prior to and during and today they are managed by the dispersal.For example,Meslow (1985) BLM. Both the Forest Service and BLM reported that of 31 young owls radio- have been involved in lengthycontro- tagged in Oregon between 1982 and versiesover the SpottedOwl. 1984, none survived as long as two As the link betweenold-growth and years. Marcot and Holthausen (1987), Spotted Owls became apparent,con- reviewinga number of studiesfrom Or- cernfor the survivalof the speciesgrew. egon and northern California, con- In 1973, the Oregon EndangeredSpe- cluded that dispersal mortality of ju- des Task Forcewas formed, consisting veniles may average82%. of representativesfrom the USDI Fish Thesedata, when appliedto standard and Wildlife Service, Oregon Depart- life table analysesor more elaborate ment of Fish and Wildlife, USDA For- population models,point to a popula- est Service, USDI BLM, and Oregon tion that is crashing(U.S. ForestService State University. One of the Task 1986). Field studiesconfirm that Spot- Force's first actions was to form a sub- ted Owls are declining (Forsman 1986), committee to develop management but the declines observed to date fall recommendationsfor the SpottedOwl. short of the precipitousdrop predicted In 1977, the Spotted Owl subcom- by the demographicanalyses. This dis- mittee issued its recommendations. crepancy suggeststhat either the owls Each pair of owls was to be provided are on the vergeof a populationcollapse with a 300-acrecore of old-growthcen- or someof the demographicparameters tered around the known or suspected used in the population models were A nine-week-oMSpotted Owl, resplendentin nest site. The subeommittee further calculated incorrectly for estimating juvenile 'fuzz." Photo/KenBevis. recommended that a 900-acre buffer

364 AmericanBirds, Fall 1987 aroundeach core area be managedsuch that at any time at least 50% of it was coveredby forestsmore than 30 years old. To preventpairs or groupsof pairs from becoming too isolated from each other--thus magnifyingthe risk of ex- tinction-the subcommitteeurged that Spotted Owl management areas be spacedat 3-12 mile intervalson Forest Serviceand BLM lands,with an average spacingof six miles(Forsman and Mes- low 1986). To achievethe desiredspac- ing between owls, the subcommittee recommendedthat 400 pairsof owlsbe protectedin Oregon.These recommen- dations were accepted by the Forest Serviceas interim guidelinespending completionof comprehensivemanage- ment plans for the national forests,at which time the agencywould provide final managementdirections. The Or- egon State Director of the BLM also agreedto adoptthese guidelines pending completion of timber management plansfor BLM lands.Responsibility for Fragmentationof old-growthforests caused by commerciallogging at the WillametteNational Forest,Oregon. Photo/Barry Flarere. managing the owls was divided as fol- lows: 290 pairs on the national forests, 90 on BLM lands, and 20 on state and unknown but much smaller number of A coalition of conservation organi- private lands.It wasassumed at the time pairswould receivede facto protection zations quickly appealed the regional that 400 pairsof owlscould be protected by virtue of occurringon ForestService guide, charging that the Spotted Owl by settingaside 400 habitat areas.Only lands off limits to commercial logging guidelines representeda major envi- later did biologistslearn that a portion for other reasons.It should be noted, ronmental action that required an en- of the habitat areastypically are unoc- however,that national forestsin the two vironmental impact statement (EIS). cupied in a given year. stateswere capableof supportingover The appealwas successful, and the For- In 1980, the Oregon Endangered twice as many owls as the agencypro- est Service was instructed to re-examine SpeciesTask Forcebecame the Oregon- posed to protect (U.S. Forest Service its SpottedOwl guidelinesand prepare Washington Interagency Wildlife 1986). an EIS. Committee with the addition of repre- The greater willingnessof the Forest In July 1986, the Forest Servicere- sentatives from Washington. As evi- Serviceto reviseits owl guidelinesmay leased a draft of the EIS, in which it dence grew that pairs of Spotted Owls have stemmed from the fact that it is announced intentions to set aside 550 usesignificantly more than 300 acresof required by law to ensure viable pop- habitat areasfor SpottedOwls in Wash- old-growth,the new committee sought ulationsof all native vertebratespecies ington and Oregon. Although the sizes to revise the guidelines. New recom- occurringin the national forests(Wilk- of these areas would vary, each one mendations released in 1981 called for inson and Anderson 1985). The BLM would on averagecontain 2200 acresof a minimum of 1000 acresof old-growth is under no such constraints. Indeed, old-growth forest,and be situatedso as per pair of owls.The subcommitteealso the BLM's policy has been to protect to form a well-distributednetwork (U.S. specifiedthat the old-growthshould oc- the Spotted Owl only where protection Forest Service 1986). Under this plan, cur within a 1.5-mile radius of the nest does not interfere with commercial approximately25% of existingSpotted area becausetelemetry data indicated timber harvesting. Owl habitat would be logged after 15 that nestingowls restricted most of their In 1984, the Forest Service released years, and 60% would be loggedafter foragingactivities to within 1.5 milesof its Regional Guide for the Pacific 50 years, due to timber harvestingin the nest. Northwest Region,which containedthe unprotectedareas. Scientistsgenerally The BLM refusedto adopt the new proposed final guidelines for Spotted agree that this loss of habitat would recommendations. The U.S. Forest Owl management in Oregon and greatly reduce the survival odds of the Service,while not endorsingthe 1000- Washington.The agencyplanned to set Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest. acreguideline, agreed to "retain the op- aside 1000 acresof old-growth for each The Forest Service estimated that im- tion" to manage for the additional 700 of 263 pairs of owls (a decreasefrom plementationof its proposedguidelines acresof old-growthif it eventuallybe- the earlier figure of 290). The smaller would restfit in a 5% reduction in timber came clear that 300 acres were insuffi- number of pairswas chosen because the harvest levels and the loss of 760-1330 cient (Forsmartand Meslow 1986). The Forest Servicefelt the desiredspacing jobs over the next decade. Forest Servicedecided to manage for could be achieved with fewer pairs, a Public response to the draft was 290 pairs of owls in Oregon and 112 conclusiondisputed by some scientists fierce. Over 40,000 comments were re- pairs in Washington. In addition, an (Forsmanand Meslow 1986). ceived by the Forest Service. The ma-

Volume 41, Number 3 365 jonty of comments opposed the plan forests,subject to approvalfrom the re- the panel urged that "an absolutemin- on the groundsthat the economic cost gional office. In practice, this has re- imum" of 1500 pairs of Spotted Owls was unacceptable and too little was sulted in the protection of habitat for be preserved in Washington, Oregon, known about the owl to warrant such 500-550 pairsof owlsin northwestCal- northern California, and the Sierra steps.Most conservationgroups argued ifornia and the Sierra Nevadas, and al- Nevadas, and that owl habitat areas that the number and sizes of the habitat most all of the owls in the coastal contain at least4500 acresof old-growth areas were insufficient to ensure the mountains of southern California. in Washington, 2500 acresin Oregon survivalof the SpottedOwl. They also Especiallyalarming to conservation- and northwest California, and 1500 objected to the Forest Service's eco- istshas been the regional office'sbelief acres in the Sierra Nevadas. Neither the nomic analysis,noting that it wasbased that the old-growthforests set aside for Forest Service nor the BLM provides on potential rather than actual timber the SpottedOwl can be "managed." In acreagesthat match these recommen- harvestlevels, thereby artificially inflat- other words, the agency assumesthat a dations. This discrepancyis greatest ing the costsof protecting the Spotted combinationof longrotations and other with the BLM, which providesSpotted Owl. Using averagetimber harvestlev- silviculturaltechniques will enablethem Owls in Oregonwith only 300 acresof els over the past decadeas a benchmark, to harvest and eventually regenerate old-growthper pair. The WildernessSociety calculated that old-growthforests suitable for Spotted The panel also recommended that the ForestService plan would not result Owls.No strongscientific evidence for the current geographicdistribution of in the loss of a single timber industry this assumptionexists. Indeed, as an the Spotted Owl in the Pacific North- job. The Forest Service is expected to ecological entity, old-growth forests west should be maintained through a release its final ElS in January 1988. may be.irreplaceable.A task force of habitat network system like that pro- Early indications are the Spotted Owl the Societyof American Forestersre- posedby the ForestService. Because the will not be given any more protection cently concluded: current network includesmany habitat than that outlined in the draft ElS. areasthat are unoccupiedby owls, the Throughsilviculture. foresters can grow In early 1986, the BLM was directed big treesand growthem fasterthan nature panel further recommended that an by the Secretaryof the Interior's office unassisted. Yet there is no evidence that equal number of interim home ranges to review the statusof the Spotted Owl old-growthconditions can be reproduced with known breeding pairs of Spotted on its lands.The Bureauthen appointed silviculturally.In fact, the questionis Owls be added to the network until the essentiallymoot, as it would take 200 a six-memberanalysis team. In its re- yearsor more to find an answer.Old- areasoriginally included in the network port the team concludedthat continued growthmanagement, for the foreseeable plan are shown to contain breeding harvestingof old-growthon BLM lands future,will be predicatedon preservation pairs. would limit the agency's abilities to of existingold-growth stands (Society of American Foresters 1984). provide more than 300 acres of old- growth per pair, and would further In general, current Spotted Owl AN ENDANGERED SPECIES 9 fragment the habitat of the owls. In the guidelinesin California mirror those springof 1987, the OregonState Office now under revision in Washingtonand A number of conservationists and of the BLM announced that it would Oregon. Whether the California guide- not reconsider its current timber man- lines also need to be revised remains a biologists now believe the Northern agementplans with respectto the Spot- controversialquestion. Spotted Owl should be on the federal ted Owl until at least 1990. The Sierra list of endangeredand threatenedspe- Club Legal DefenseFund, on behalf of cies. The environmental community a number of conservationgroups, has has been somewhat reluctant to press THE AUDUBON PANEL appealed this decision before the De- the issueat a time when the Endangered partment of the Interior. The appeal is SpeciesAct itselfis up for Congressional Prior to the release of the Forest Ser- still pending. reauthorization. In January 1987, vice'sdraft EIS, the National Audubon Green World, a small environmental Societyconvened an advisorypanel to group in Massachusetts,petitioned the studythe SpottedOwl controversy.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the EVENTS IN CALIFORNIA composition of the panel was deter- Northern SpottedOwl asan endangered mined by the presidentsof the Ameri- species.In responseto the petition, the National forests in California are can Ornithologists' Union and the Servicehas agreed to studythe Northern managedfrom a differentregional office Cooper OrnithologicalSociety. In April SpottedOwl as a possiblecandidate for than thosein Oregon and Washington, 1986, the panel issuedits report (Daw- listing. Another petition from a coali- and SpottedOwl managementhas pro- son et al. 1986). It concluded that tion of local and national environmen- ceeded under slightly different guide- "[b]ecausethis owl seemsso highly de- tal groupswas receivedin August 1987 lines. As outlined in the 1984 regional pendent on old-growth forestsin most guide for California, Spotted Owl hab- of the area with which this report is itat areaswill contain, on average,1000 concerned, because its reproductive acres of old-growth, situated so as to rates are so low and variable, and be- WHY ALL THE FUSS? maintain a well-distributed network cause establishedadults are extremely acrossthe state. Unlike Washington or sedentary,the possibility of its extinc- The Spotted Owl is certainly an ap- Oregon,the number of pairs of Spotted tion as its habitat is further reduced pealinganimal, but it would neverhave Owls to be protected is left up to the must be taken seriously." attracted so much attention were it not discretion of the individual national Among its many recommendations, for its habitat requirements.By virtue

366 AmericanBirds, Fall 1987 Northwest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Pa- Resolution: cific NorthwestForest and RangeExper- iment Station General Technical Report PNW-185. FEDERAL PROTECTION OF THE DAWSON, W. R., J. D. LIGON, J. R. MURPHY, J.P. MYERS, D. SIMBER- SPOTTED OWL LOFF, and J. VERNER. 1986. Report of the advisorypanel on the SpottedOwl. Audubon Conservation Report No. 7. National Audubon Society,New York, RECOGNIZING that populationsof the SpottedOwl (Strix occidentalis) NY. in the PacificNorthwest have been declining due to commerciallogging FORSMAN, E. 1986. The Spotted Owl: a of old-growthforests, and literature review. lap. C1-C31 in U.S. Forest Service, Draft supplementto the RECOGNIZING that ratesof nestingsuccess and juvenile survivorship environmental impact statement for an of thisspecies have been very low in recentyears in the PacificNorthwest, amendment to the Pacific Northwest re- and gionalguide. U.S. ForestService, Wash- WHEREAS stepstaken to date by the federal government to protect ington, DC. the habitat of the SpottedOwl on public lands in Washington,Oregon, , E. C. MESLOW, and H. M. WIGHT. and northwestern California fall short of the recommendations of the 1984. Distribution and biology of the SpottedOwl in Oregon. Wildlife Monog. advisorypanel convenedby the National Audubon Societyand chosen No. 87. by the presidentsof the AmericanOrnithologists' Union and the Cooper and E. C. MESLOW. 1986. The Spot- OrnithologicalSociety, and ted Owl. Pp. 743-761 in A. S. Eno, WHEREAS the old-growthforests occupied by the SpottedOwl in the R. L. DiSilvestro, and W. J. Chandler (eds.), Audubon Wildlife Report 1986. PacificNorthwest are an important habitat for a variety of other plant National Audubon Society, New York, andanimal species, NY. THEREFOREBE IT RESOLVEDthat the InternationalCouncil for JACKSON, J. A. 1986. Biopolitics, man- BirdPreservation•U,S. urges the USDI Fishand Wildlife Servic• to agement of federal lands, and the con- declarethe Spotted Owl an "EndangeredSpecies" on theOlympic Pen- servation of the Red-cockaded Wood- pecker.Am. Birds 40:1162-1168. insula of Washington,and a "Threatened Species"elsewhere within its LIGON, J. D., P. B. STACEY, R. N. CON- rangein Washington,Oregon, and northwesternCalifornia. NER, C. E. BOCK, and C. S. ADKIS- SON. 1986. Report of the American Or- nithologists'Union committee for the The followingresolution was adoptedby the delegatesto the annual meeting conservation of the Red-cockaded of the United States section of the International Council for Bird Preservation Woodpecker.Auk 103:848-855. on August 10, 1987. MARCOT, B. G. and R. HOLTHAUSEN. 1987. Analyzing population viability of the SpottedOwl in the PacificNorthwest. Trans. N. Arner. Wildl. Nat. Resources of its dependenceupon large tracts of Pacific Northwest, it will be the result Conf 52: in press. old-growthforest, the SpottedOwl has of a deliberate decision by the federal MESLOW, E. C. 1985. Demographic prob- become the central figure in a much government not to protect enoughold- lemsof the SpottedOwl. USDI Fish and largerbattle overthe fate of theseforests. growth. Wildlife Service Research Infor. Bull. 85- Old-growthharbors much more than 105. Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Re- Spotted Owls. In fact, over 200 verte- searchUnit, Corvallis, OR. brate speciesuse these forests. About 30 PETERSON, R. T. 1961. A field guide to ACKNOWLEDGMENTS western birds. Houghton Mifflin Co., speciesof birds, including the Vaux's Boston, MA. Swift (Chaetura vauxt3,Marbled Mur- I thank Michael Anderson, Barry SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS. relet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), Flarere, Warren King, Bruce Marcot, 1984. Scheduling the harvest of old- and Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus Fred Samson,Stan Senner, Jay Shep- growth forestsin the Pacific Northwest: a positionof the Societyof American Fo- pileatus), are either restrictedto old- pard, and Stan Temple for their com- growth or reach their maximum den- restersand report of the SAF task force ments on an earlier draft of this paper. on the scheduling of harvest of old- sitiesin it. How they will fare in the I am gratefulto Harriet Allen and Tom growth timber. Society of American Fo- intensively managed, second-growth Hamer for information on Spotted resters,Washington, DC. standsthat replacethe old-growthis an Owls in Washington,and to Andy Stahl U.S. FOREST SERVICE. 1986. Draft sup- issueof growing concern to biologists for informationon legalaspects of the plement to the final environmental im- in the Pacific Northwest. pact statement for an amendment to the controversy. Historically, the United Stateshas Pacific NorthwestRegional Guide. U.S. not treated either its old-growthforests Forest Service,Washington, DC. WILKINSON, C. F. and H. M. ANDER- or the birdsthat dependupon them very SON. 1985. Land and resourceplanning well.A centuryago, logging of the virgin LITERATURE CITED in the national forests.Oregon Law Rev. bottomland forests of the Southeast CAREY, A. B. 1985. A summaryof the sci- 64(1,2):7-373. markedthe beginningof the end of the entific basis for Spotted Owl manage- Ivory-billedWoodpecker (Campephilus ment.Pp. 100-110in R. J. Guti6rrezand -- The WildernessSociety, 1400 principalis).This time around,ifa sim- A. B. Carey (eds.),Ecology and manage- Eye Street, N. W., Washington,D.C. ilar fate befallsthe SpottedOwl in the ment of the Spotted Owl in the Pacific 20005

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