Species List

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Caprimulgus vociferus Geothlypis formosa Hylocichla mustelina Dolichonyx oryzivorus Ammodramus henslowii

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“Species of concern” refers to species that may be in need of conservation actions based Open Water/Wetland This poster was made possible by: upon current research. The actions vary due to the type of threat and health of the Species List American golden-plover Pluvialis bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus populations and may include monitoring the populations, threats and habitats; presenting Forest dominica common gallinule Gallinula galeata a proposal to list the species as threatened or endangered; or other actions. Species of Shrub/Savanna Illinois Department of eastern whip-poor-will Caprimulgus king rail Rallus elegans Natural Resources concern are not legally protected by the Endangered Species Act or the Illinois Endangered vociferus Bewick’s wren Thryomanes bewickii least tern Sternula antillarum Division of Education Species Protection Act unless they are also listed as threatened or endangered by the Kentucky warbler Geothlypis formosus brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum lesser scaup Aythya affinis appropriate entity (federal, state or both) though all birds are afforded some protections wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus little blue heron Egretta caerulea by other state and federal laws. Identifying a species as one of concern can help underscore Grassland northern flickerColaptes auratus marsh wren Cistothorus palustris the need for data collection, increase public awareness, encourage research projects and bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus prairie warbler Setophaga discolor promote voluntary efforts to conserve the species. The 25 species depicted on this poster sandhill crane Grus canadensis Henslow’s sparrow Ammodramus henslowii red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes were selected by Jeff Walk of The Nature Conservancy to represent the birds in greatest willow flycatcherEmpidonax trailli erythrocephalus Funding for this poster was made possible need of conservation in Illinois. More information about these birds can be found on the loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus in part by a donation from the Illinois yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus back of the poster. upland sandpiper Bartramia longicauda xanthocephalus Audubon Society. ILLINOIS BIRDS: Volume 3

“Species of concern” is an informal term that is applied to species that may be in need of conservation actions based upon current research. The actions vary due to the type of threat and health of the populations. They may include periodic monitoring of the populations, threats and habitats; presentation of a proposal to list the species as threatened or endangered; or other actions between these two extremes. Species of concern are not legally protected by the Endangered Species Act or the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Act unless they are also listed as threatened or endangered by the appropriate entity (federal, state or both). A few of the species on the poster only visit the state during migration or winter here. The American golden-plover may have more than half of its worldwide population in a few eastern Illinois counties as it passes through in migration. Identifying a species as one of concern can help underscore the need for data collection, increase public awareness, encourage cooperative research efforts and promote voluntary efforts to conserve the species. Habitats provide food, water, shelter and space for species. A good habitat must have all of these components and in the proper configuration. Habitat loss and degradation are the two main factors causing species decline. If a habitat is eliminated or altered to make it unsuitable for a species, then members of that species must die, seek out and find a new habitat or survive as best they can with habitats that may be very marginal. Even habitat alteration in other parts of the world can have effects on birds that live in Illinois. Those species that migrate for the winter or return to areas north of Illinois for nesting can be seriously impacted by changes in their migratory routes and homes. Other factors affecting bird species are competition from invasive species, historically low populations due to being on the edge of the species’ range, habitat fragmentation and human actions/inactions. Humans are the main cause for habitat loss and degradation. Humans, however, can be the solution to these issues.

Length measurement refers to bill tip to tail tip in preserved specimens and varies somewhat from that of live birds. Species Descriptions ** = endangered in Illinois * = threatened in Illinois ^ = federally endangered American golden-plover common gallinule** Illinois Habitat: The preferred habitat includes rivers and lakes northern flicker Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in Illinois in mid-May. Pluvialis dominica Gallinula galeata with sandbars or sand islands where it feeds on fishes, insects Colaptes auratus Fall migrants start their journey from Illinois in late September. Size: 10.5” Size: 14” and other aquatic macroinvertebrates. Size: 12-14” Willow flycatchers winter in Central and South America. Identifying Features: The breeding adult is black below and Identifying Features: The red bill that extends to a red plate Reasons for Concern: This species prefers to nest on sandbars Identifying Features: A large, white rump patch shows when Illinois Habitat: It may be found in willow thickets and scrub areas dark with black and yellow markings on the upper side. A white between the eyes, yellow bill tip and white stripe along the sides or sand islands, habitats that are rare and vulnerable to flooding, the bird flies. Its back is brown with dark bars. There is a black where it eats insects. stripe in a question-mark shape extends from above the eye to are characteristic traits of this bird. The bill in immature gallinules dredging, dumping and human disturbance. patch on the upper chest and a red patch on the back of the head. Reasons for Concern: Habitat destruction and degradation are the neck. The nonbreeding bird is gray-brown, with the back and is not brightly colored. The male has a black patch below each eye. the main reasons for its decline. upper side darker than the underside of the bird. Illinois Range: This bird is an uncommon migrant and local sum- lesser scaup Illinois Range: This species is a common migrant, summer mer resident in northern Illinois. It is occasionally seen migrating Aythya affinis resident and winter resident statewide. wood thrush Illinois Range: This bird is a common migrant in Illinois. It is Hylocichla mustelina most numerous in central Illinois during spring migration and less in central and southern Illinois and may be a summer resident in Size: 15-18” Migration: Those flickers that migrate out of Illinois for the winter these locations. Size: 8” common during fall migration when most sightings are along Identifying Features: There is a white stripe on the back edge go to the southern United States. Spring migrants begin arriving in Illinois in March. Fall migration begins in July. Identifying Features: This bird has a brown back with a rust-red Lake Michigan. Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in late April. Fall of each wing that is visible when this duck flies. The male has a migration starts in early September. This species winters in the Illinois Habitat: The northern flicker lives in open forests, orchards, head. The white belly has dark, round spots. Spring migrants begin arriving in late March. Fall mi- blue bill, purple head, black chest and black tail. All other areas Migration: southwestern United States and Central America. pastures and urban areas where it feeds on ants, beetles, grains Illinois Range: The wood thrush is a common migrant and summer gration starts in late August. The species winters in South America. are light gray with small dark marks. The female is dark brown Illinois Habitat: The common gallinule frequents marshy areas with a white area between the bill and eye. and fruits. resident statewide. Illinois Habitat: It is found in wet fields, pastures and grassy Migration: It winters from southern Texas through northern and lakes seeking the plants, seeds, aquatic macroinvertebrates Illinois Range: This diving duck is a common migrant, uncommon Reasons for Concern: The habitats that this species prefer mudflats eating insects and other aquatic invertebrates. South America. Spring migrants begin arriving in late April. Fall and amphibians that it eats. winter resident and rare summer resident in Illinois. continue to be eliminated or degraded in Illinois. Reasons for Concern: The loss of wetland and grassland habi- migration begins in September. Reasons for Concern: The continued loss and reduction in quality Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in late March and tats affects this species as it migrates through Illinois. At times, of wetland habitats affect this species. prairie warbler Illinois Habitat: This bird lives in bottomland forests and more than half of the world’s population of this bird is present in April. Fall migration starts in September. This species winters in Setophaga discolor wooded ravines on river bluffs searching for insects, millipedes Florida and Louisiana, although a few may overwinter in Illinois. a few eastern Illinois counties. eastern whip-poor-will Size: 5” and fruits to eat. Caprimulgus vociferus Illinois Habitat: Lakes, rivers, ponds and sewage lagoons are Identifying Features: This bird bobs its tail. Both male and fe- Reasons for Concern: Destruction and degradation of bottomland bald eagle Size: 9.5” the Illinois habitats used by this bird to find the snails, mussels, male are yellow on the belly with dark stripes on the sides and a forests as well as nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird mayflies and aquatic plants for its diet. Haliaeetus leucocephalus Identifying Features: This bird is brown with dark marks. Tail black mark through the eye. The back is green-brown. The male affect this species. Size: 30-31” patches are white in the male and buff-colored in the female. The Reasons for Concern: Populations of this species have de- has a prominent dark mark below the eye. The mark is present Identifying Features: The head, neck and tail feathers of the adult bill is tiny, and the wings are rounded. clined tremendously. Accumulation of contaminants, climate and but much smaller and lighter in the female. yellow-billed cuckoo birds are white, while the rest of the feathers are dark brown. The Illinois Range: The eastern whip-poor-will is an uncommon habitat changes in its breeding range in northern North America Illinois Range: The prairie warbler is a common migrant and Coccyzus americanus bill, eyes and feet are yellow. Immature birds do not develop the migrant and summer resident statewide. and decreased quantity and quality of food in its winter and summer resident in southern Illinois, with populations decreasing Size: 11-13” white plumage until they are at least three years old. Migration: The species winters from the southeastern and spring migration areas may all be factors in the decline. northward in the state. Identifying Features: This species has a slim body with a long tail. There are white spots at the tip of the tail feathers. The wings Illinois Range: The bald eagle is a common migrant and winter southern United States to Panama. Spring migrants begin arriving Migration: It winters in the southern United States and the West are rust-red. The belly is white, and the back is brown. The lower resident in Illinois. Some eagles nest in the state, too. in the state in March. Fall migration starts in August. little blue heron** Indies. Spring migrants begin arriving in April. Fall migration starts Egretta caerulea in August. half of the bill is yellow. Migration: Spring migration begins in February or March. Fall Illinois Habitat: It lives in dry, open woodlands with little Size: 24” Illinois Habitat: The prairie warbler lives in brushy areas, road- Illinois Range: The yellow-billed cuckoo is a common migrant migration begins in August. This species winters in the continental understory and feeds on insects. Identifying Features: The adult is blue-gray with a brown-pur- sides, abandoned fields and Christmas tree farms and eats insects. and summer resident statewide. United States. Reasons for Concern: Habitat loss and fragmentation are major concerns for this species. Fire suppression is a main cause of ple neck. There is a dark tip on the pale-blue bill. The immature Reasons for Concern: Habitat loss and degradation are the Migration: It winters in South America. Spring migrants begin Illinois Habitat: It can be found along major rivers and large bird is white with gray wing tips. major factors causing this species’ population to decline. arriving in late April. Fall migration begins in September. lakes feeding on small birds, carrion, small mammals, fishes and habitat loss. Fire would provide more open woodland habitat. Illinois Range: The little blue heron is a common migrant and Illinois Habitat: This bird inhabits woodland edges, open wounded or ill waterfowl. Henslow’s sparrow summer resident in southern Illinois. It is an uncommon migrant red-headed woodpecker woods, orchards and thickets and feeds on insect larvae and Reasons for Concern: Bald eagles are recently recovered from Ammodramus henslowii and wanderer in the rest of the state. Melanerpes erythrocephalus cicadas. endangered species status. Humans are the main reason for bald 8.5-9.5” Size: 5” Migration: Spring migrants begin returning to Illinois in mid-April. Size: Reasons for Concern: Destruction and degradation of habitat eagle deaths in Illinois, either directly (shooting, poisoning, trapping) Identifying Features: The striped, green-brown head is flat- Fall migration starts in early September. This species winters in Identifying Features: This bird’s head feathers are entirely red. are the main reasons for this species’ decline. or indirectly (vehicle strikes, hitting power lines, electrocution). tened. The light breast has dark stripes. The wings are rust-red. the southern United States and Central America. There is a white patch on each wing and a white rump patch. The chest and belly are white, too. The back, wings and tail are black. yellow-headed blackbird** There are two dark stripes below the eye. It is found around shallow pools, sloughs, Bewick’s wren** Illinois Habitat: The immature bird of this species has a brown head and is Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Illinois Range: Henslow’s sparrow is an uncommon migrant and marshes, streams, rivers, ditches, lakes and ponds where it eats generally brown where the adults show black. Size: 8-11” Thryomanes bewickii summer resident statewide and a very rare winter resident in fishes, amphibians, insects and aquatic macroinvertebrates. Size: 5” Illinois Range: The red-headed woodpecker is a common migrant Identifying Features: The male’s plumage is black on the body southern Illinois. Reasons for Concern: This species is at the northern edge of its Identifying Features: The white eye stripe and cocked tail with and uncommon summer resident statewide. In some years, many with a yellow head and chest. The black wings have a few white Migration: Spring migration begins in mid-April. Fall migrants breeding range. The small amount of available nesting locations white edges are characteristic features. It is gray-brown above of these birds winter in southern Illinois. patches. The female is brown with a yellow face. start to leave in mid-October. This species winters in the pine and continued wetland habitat destruction contribute to its small and white on the lower body. forests of the Gulf Coast states. Migration: Spring migration begins in February. Fall migration Illinois Range: This bird is a locally uncommon migrant and population. begins in August. Those birds migrating out of Illinois go to the summer resident in northern Illinois. It is a rare migrant in the rest Illinois Range: Bewick’s wren is a rare migrant and summer It lives in tall grasslands and fallow fields with Illinois Habitat: southern United States. of the state. resident in central and southern Illinois. Occasionally these birds little to no trees or shrubs feeding on seeds, insects and fruits. loggerhead shrike** Illinois Habitat: This species lives in woodland edges, open Migration: It winters from the southwestern United States winter in southern and central Illinois. The dense, undisturbed, tall grassland Reasons for Concern: Lanius ludovicianus areas in woodlands and in open areas with scattered trees and through southern Mexico. Spring migrants begin arriving in Illinois Spring migrants begin arriving in mid-April. Fall habitat required for this species is rare in Illinois. Once endangered, Migration: Size: 9” telephone poles seeking insects, acorns and grains for food. in late March. Fall migration begins in July. migration begins in late October. Bewick’s wren winters in the its population has recovered substantially due to grasslands Identifying Features: This gray bird has black wings with a Reasons for Concern: Habitats for this species continue to Illinois Habitat: The yellow-headed blackbird lives in marshes south central United States. restored through the Conservation Reserve Program. white patch on them and a black tail. A black facial stripe includes be degraded or destroyed. and eats insects, grains and seeds. Illinois Habitat: It lives in dry, scrubby areas such as open the eye. The bill is short and hooked. Kentucky warbler Reasons for Concern: Loss of wetland habitat has greatly woodlands, farms, shrubland and urban areas near woods and The loggerhead shrike is a rare migrant and sandhill crane Geothlypis formosus Illinois Range: impacted this species. Illinois is also on the eastern edge of its feeds on insects and spiders. uncommon to rare summer and winter resident statewide de- Grus canadensis natural range, and it has never been common in the state. The Size: 5.5” Reasons for Concern: Competition for nest sites with house creasing northward. Size: 40-48” Illinois populations are isolated from the rest of this bird’s natural Identifying Features: The Kentucky warbler has a yellow belly sparrows (Passer domesticus), song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Identifying Features: A red patch on the head extends to the range and connections to the other populations could be greatly and a gray-green back. A black line in front of the eye continues Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in late March. Fall European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house wrens (Troglodytes back of the beak. The feathers are gray in adults, and brown in beneficial. behind the eye to form “sideburns.” A yellow line in front of each migration starts in early October. Migrants winter in the southern aedon), in particular, has led to this species’ decline throughout immature cranes. It has long legs, a long neck and a wingspan eye circles the eye. The male and female are similar in appearance. United States and Central America. the eastern United States. of 6-7’. The feathers over the rump stick out in a bustle. Illinois Range: This species is a common migrant statewide and Illinois Habitat: The preferred habitat includes open areas, where Illinois Range: This species is a common migrant statewide and a summer resident in the southern two-thirds of the state. it perches on power lines, fences and in fence rows where it seeks bobolink insects, reptiles, amphibians, small birds and small mammals to eat. a summer resident in northern Illinois. Migration: The Kentucky warbler winters from Mexico to northern Spring migration begins in late February. Fall migration Dolichonyx oryzivorus Reasons for Concern: Continued destruction of fence rows and Migration: South America. Spring migrants begin arriving in April, and they starts in mid-September. The sandhill crane winters in the southern Size: 6-8” thorny tree species and loss of their associated grasslands leave migrate at night. Fall migration begins in August. United States. Identifying Features: The breeding male is black underneath little habitat for this bird to occupy. Illinois Habitat: This species lives in the interior of forests, Illinois Habitat: It lives in prairies, fields, edges of swampy areas, and black, tan and white on the back. The female is tan with dark especially in ravines, where it seeks insects. stripes on the head. In fall and winter, the male’s coloration is marshes and lakes eating plant and animal materials. Reasons for Concern: Habitat destruction and forest fragmen- marsh wren more like that of the female. Cistothorus palustris Reasons for Concern: Wetland destruction and disturbance are tation are important factors in this species’ decline in Illinois. the main threats to this species that expanded its range into Illinois Illinois Range: The bobolink is a common migrant statewide Size: 5” in 1979. and a common summer resident in northern Illinois, decreasing king rail** Identifying Features: The thin, curved bill, red-brown coloration, southward. Rallus elegans white eye stripe and white stripes on the upper back help to identify upland sandpiper** Migration: Migrants begin arriving in Illinois in late April. Size: 15” this bird. Bartramia longicauda The following ideas are practical steps that you can take to help Fall migration begins in mid-August. The species winters in Identifying Features: This rust-red bird has a long, thin bill. A Illinois Range: The marsh wren is an uncommon migrant, un- Size: 11-12” conserve bird species. South America. small white stripe is present over the eye. The back has a bold common summer resident and a rare winter resident statewide. Identifying Features: This bird is mottled brown above and on n Participate in International Migratory Bird Day, held on the sec- Illinois Habitat: It lives in alfalfa fields, clover fields, hay fields, black and tan pattern. Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in late April. Fall the throat, and white on the lower side. The head is small with a ond Saturday in May, to educate others about migratory birds. pastures and fence rows feeding on insects, fruits, grains and seeds. Illinois Range: The king rail is a rare migrant and summer resident migration starts in early September. The marsh wren winters short bill. The long tail and yellow legs are distinctive features. Write to state and national elected representatives to voice Reasons for Concern: Loss of grassland habitat and the in Illinois. It is a very rare winter resident in the state. in the southern United States and Central America. Illinois Range: The upland sandpiper is a rare migrant and n your concern over the plight of birds. brown-headed cowbird’s (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism affect Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in mid-April. Fall Illinois Habitat: Cattail marshes are the preferred habitat where summer resident in Illinois. The bird nests in central and northern this species. migration starts in late October. The species winters in the Gulf it eats insects and other invertebrates. It may also be seen in Illinois. n Contact local environmental organizations, such as the Coast states. weedy areas during migration. Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in early April. Fall Illinois Audubon Society, to find out what they are doing to conserve birds. brown thrasher Illinois Habitat: This bird inhabits cattail marshes or other areas Reasons for Concern: Destruction and degradation of wetlands, migration starts in July. This bird winters as far south as central Toxostoma rufum with shallow water and many plants where it finds aquatic particularly marshes, result in habitat loss for this species. Argentina and Uruguay in South America. n Contact local representatives and parks personnel to learn Size: 12” macroinvertebrates, plants, seeds and amphibians to eat. Illinois Habitat: It lives in prairies, pastures, hay fields, grasslands about local land-use issues. Find out how you can learn Identifying Features: The brown thrasher is rust-red on the Reasons for Concern: Loss and degradation of wetland habitats northern bobwhite adjacent to air fields, clover fields and fallow fields where it finds about important local hearings, to provide public input on land-use decisions. back and wings and cream-colored with rust-red stripes on the continue to impact this species tremendously. Colinus virginianus insects, worms, small crustaceans and other small aquatic animals belly. Each wing has two, white wing bars. The eyes are yellow, Size: 8-11” to eat. n Conduct a school- or district-wide “Migratory Bird Day” to and the bill is curved. The tail is long. least tern**^ Reasons for Concern: The continued loss and fragmentation of educate others in your school district about birds. Sternula antillarum Identifying Features: This small, plump, rust-red bird has a Illinois Range: This species is a common migrant and summer short, stubby tail. The chest has a white and rust pattern. The grassland habitat is detrimental to this species. n Take field trips to observe birds and contribute observations Size: 9” resident statewide and an uncommon winter resident in southern male has a white throat and eye stripe. These areas are more about bird populations to bird censuses or counts. Identifying Features: The yellow legs, yellow feet and white Illinois decreasing northward. cream- or tan-colored in the female. willow flycatcher n Plant native trees in appropriate places to increase bird foreheadDRAFT patch are distinctive. The bill in breeding birds is yel- Empidonax trailli habitat. Migration: Brown thrashers that migrate out of Illinois spend low with a black tip. There is a black edge to the outer wings. Illinois Range: This bird is a permanent resident statewide, Size: 5.75” the winter in the southern United States. Spring migrants begin decreasing in abundance northward. n Take steps to reduce, reuse and recycle paper. Nonbreeding and immature birds have a dark bill. Identifying Features: The best identifying feature of this bird Plant a butterfly garden to provide habitat that supports arriving in March. Fall migrants begin arriving in late September. Illinois Range: The least tern is an uncommon migrant and rare Migration: The northern bobwhite does not migrate. is its song of fitz-bew, that rises and falls. The back is gray-green. n insects that birds feed on. Illinois Habitat: It lives in fence rows and thickets, and it eats summer resident in southern Illinois. It may occasionally be seen Illinois Habitat: It lives in orchards, fence rows, hay fields, pastures There are two white wing bars. Unlike some of the other similar beetles, fruits, seeds and grains. as a migrant or wandering individual in northern Illinois. and grassy fields and eats insects, seeds, grains and fruits. flycatchers, the eye ring is not evident. n Donate money to land preservation efforts. Reasons for Concern: Destruction of fence rows and other Migration: Spring migrants begin arriving in mid-May. Fall Reasons for Concern: Habitat loss and degradation along with Illinois Range: This bird is a common migrant through Illinois. n Educate others about the dangers to birds from feral cats. shrubby areas as well as nest parasitism by the brown-headed migration starts in early September. This species winters in extreme weather conditions greatly impact this ground-nesting It is a common summer resident in northern and central Illinois n Leave snags and fallen trees in wood lots to provide habitat cowbird affect this species. South America. species. and a rare summer resident in southern Illinois. for birds and the insects they feed upon.

More information about Illinois birds is available from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). The Division of Natural Heritage manages and monitors bird populations and provides assistance to landowners regarding establishing Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded by the U.S. and maintaining bird habitat. The IDNR Division of Education provides supplemental resources for educators to use, including the Illinois Common Birds activity book, Illinois Birds resources trunk available for loan from more than 50 lending Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national origin, disability, age, Resources religion or other non-merit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact the funding source’s civil rights office locations statewide, Field Trip Packs for early childhood educators and the Biodiversity of Illinois series of CD-ROMs that are field guides to more than 1,000 species in the state. The Illinois Audubon Society’s mission is to promote the perpetuation and/or the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, IDNR, One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271; 217-785-0067; and appreciation of the native flora and fauna of Illinois and the habitats that support them. Fundamental to this end are the control of pollution, the conservation of energy and all natural resources, a sound ecological relationship between human populations and their environments TTY 217/782-9175. This information may be provided in an alternative format if required. Contact the DNR Clearinghouse at and the education and involvement of the public in such efforts. 217/782-7498 for assistance. ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ILLINOIS AUDUBON SOCIETY Division of Education Division of Natural Heritage 2315 Clear Lake Avenue (office) P. O. Box 2547 (mailing) One Natural Resources Way One Natural Resources Way Springfield, IL 62703 Springfield, IL 62708 Springfield, IL 62702-1271 Springfield, IL 62702-1271 217-544-2473

http://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education http://www.dnr.illinois.gov http://www.illinoisaudubon.org Printed by the Authority of the State of Illinois. 217-524-4126 217-785-8691 XXM – 7/12 • IOCI 12-0857 [email protected] Illinois Birds: Volume 3 - Species of Concern © 2012, Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois