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Recurso Polínico Y Ciclo Estacional De Thygater Aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) En Un Ambiente Urbano (Bogotá-Colombia)

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Recurso Polínico Y Ciclo Estacional De Thygater Aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) En Un Ambiente Urbano (Bogotá-Colombia) Recurso polínico y ciclo estacional de Thygater aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en un ambiente urbano (Bogotá-Colombia) Mario Simón Pinilla-Gallego1, Valentina Nieto Fernández2 & Guiomar Nates-Parra3 Laboratorio de Investigación en Abejas-LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio 421, Oficina 128, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Recibido 24-VIII-2015. Corregido 08-III-2016. Aceptado 05-IV-2016. Abstract: Pollen resource and seasonal cycle of Thygater aethiops (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an urban environment (Bogotá-Colombia). Thygater aethiops is a native bee that can be found in parks and gardens in diverse urban areas such as those in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). However, little is known about its biol- ogy as well as ecological adaptations to urban areas. This study aimed to describe the seasonal cycle and daily foraging activities of T. aethiops, as well as identify the pollen resources used by this bee over a year in a population nesting in an aggregation in the “Parque Nacional Enrique Olaya Herrera” in Bogotá. Changes in the nest activity were monitored weekly by counting the number of active nests in the aggregation between December/2012 and February/2014. To determine the daily foraging activity, the numbers of bees entering their nests over a period of 10 minutes every hour between 8:00 and 14:00 h were recorded. Females with pollen loads entering to their nest were captured weekly, between September/2012 and August/2013, and their pollen loads analyzed. Three nesting peaks occurred after the precipitation peaks, but the number of active nests was not correlated with precipitation. The nesting activities stopped in a large number of the active nests (20-50 % of nests) after an anthropic disturbance was registered in the nesting area. Bees forage for nectar and pollen between 8:00 and 14:00 h, with a peak at 10:00 h. Daily foraging activity changed during the study period due to anthropic disturbance. There was not a significant relationship between air temperature and the number of females entering their nests. Foraging activities did not change between the dry and rainy seasons. A total of 26 pollen types were found in 169 pollen loads. Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae) and Solanum laxum (Solanaceae) were the most abundant plants represented on the pollen load across the study period. According to these results, T. aethiops would be considered a mesolectic species. The ability of T. aethiops to use different pollen resources both native and exotic, as well as to presumably recover its population after disturbances, are characteristics that may have allowed this bee to adapt to urban environments. Knowledge on the floral resources as well as other biological features of this bee species is important to promote its conservation in urban areas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1247-1257. Epub 2016 September 01. Key words: urban bees, conservation, Eucerini, Solanum laxum, Ulex europaeus. Las abejas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) son los estudios de vida silvestre se llevan a cabo consideradas especies clave en muchos ecosis- en zonas relativamente conservadas, también temas naturales así como en agroecosistemas, se ha observado la importancia de estudiar las por su importante papel en la polinización especies que han logrado adaptarse a zonas (Kratochwil, 2003; Vaissiere, Freitas, & Gem- altamente intervenidas. La ecología urbana mill-Herren, 2011). Los Andes constituyen es un campo de estudio en crecimiento, y una región con alta diversidad de abejas, y son escasos los reportes ecológicos de abejas para Colombia se han registrado alrededor de urbanas (Hernández, Frankie, & Thorp, 2009). 68 especies en dicha zona (González, Velez- Los hábitats urbanos se caracterizan por una Ruiz, & Engel, 2014). Aunque la mayoría de alta fragmentación y frecuencia de disturbios, Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 64 (3): 1247-1257, September 2016 1247 así como vegetación fuertemente alterada o de 307 km2; se estima que para el 2014 la exótica (Mcintyre & Hostetler, 2001; Pellkofer, población era de 7 776 845 habitantes (DANE, 2011). Aun así, algunas especies de abejas han 2015). Históricamente, el régimen de precipita- logrado adaptarse a estos ambientes, siendo ción es bimodal, con mayor precipitación entre las especies generalistas y aquellas que nidi- los meses de marzo a mayo y septiembre a fican en cavidades preexistentes, las que más noviembre (IDEAM, 2014). El estudio se llevó suelen encontrarse en zonas urbanas (Mcintyre a cabo en el Parque Nacional Enrique Olaya & Hostetler, 2001; Hernández et al., 2009; Herrera (PNEOH), el cual limita al oriente con Dalmazzo, 2010). los cerros orientales de Bogotá, mientras que En Bogotá (Colombia) y sus alrededores por el norte, sur, y oeste, se encuentra rodeado Nates-Parra, Parra, Rodríguez, Baquero and por la ciudad. El PNEOH cuenta con un área de Vélez (2006) registraron 40 especies de abejas. 283 ha, de las cuales 141 son reserva forestal; Una de estas especies es Thygater aethiops en el área restante se disponen zonas verdes, Smith, 1854 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini); jardines y escenarios deportivos y culturales es de tamaño medio (13-15 mm), solitaria, (IDRD, 2014). nidifica en el suelo y es capaz de realizar poli- Las observaciones se hicieron en un agre- nización por zumbido (González, Ospina, & gado de nidos localizado en el sector histórico Bennet, 2005; Nates-Parra et al., 2006) lo que la del parque (4º37’27” N - 74º03’51” W, 2 605 convierte en un potencial polinizador de plan- msnm), en una rotonda peatonal que presenta tas como el tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). un hundimiento en su base aprovechado por Los nidos de T. aethiops se pueden encontrar T. aethiops para construir sus nidos (Fig. 1A). de forma solitaria o en agregados, las entradas Debido a la estructura de la rotonda, el agre- de los nidos son circulares y cuando el nido está activo se puede observar acumulaciones gado de nidos se dispone de forma lineal con de tierra cerca de la entrada (Quijano, Parra, aproximadamente 30 m de longitud, rodeado & Nates-Parra, 2002; Nates-Parra et al., 2006). de jardines y zonas arboladas del parque, y con En Bogotá, T. aethiops se puede encontrar frecuente tránsito de personas. en zonas rurales, así como en amplias zonas verdes dentro de la ciudad, como el Jardín Estacionalidad: Se realizaron observa- Botánico de Bogotá y el Parque Nacional ciones semanales desde diciembre/2012 hasta Enrique Olaya Herrera, en donde estas abejas febrero/2014 (15 meses) en las que se contó nidifican y aprovechan la vegetación existen- el número de nidos activos en el agregado, te como fuente de alimento y como lugar de tomando como nidos activos aquellos que pre- descanso y apareamiento (Nates-Parra et al., sentaban acumulación de tierra en la entrada 2006). Sin embargo, es poco lo que se conoce (González & Ospina, 2008). También se tomó sobre la biología de esta especie y como ha nota de la presencia de machos en flores cerca- podido sobrevivir en medio de una zona fuer- nas al agregado. temente alterada. Debido a esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir posibles ciclos esta- Horario de entradas a los nidos: Para cionales y horarios de actividad de T. aethiops, determinar el rango general de actividad de así como identificar el recurso polínico usado entrada a los nidos se efectuaron dos muestreos a lo largo de un año, en los nidos presentes en preliminares entre las 7:00 y las 16:00 h. Pos- el Parque Nacional Enrique Olaya Herrera de teriormente, se realizaron observaciones sema- Bogotá (Colombia). nales desde septiembre/2012 hasta agosto/2013 (12 meses). En cada observación se contó el MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS número de abejas que entraban a sus nidos en un periodo de 10 min cada hora, entre las Área de estudio: Bogotá (Colombia) tiene 8:00 y las 14:00 h, a lo largo de 1 m lineal en un área total de 1 605 km2 y un área urbana la rotonda donde se encontraba el agregado de 1248 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 64 (3): 1247-1257, September 2016 Fig. 1. (A) Rotonda en la que se encuentra el agregado de nidos de T. aethiops. Las flechas indican la ubicación de los nidos en la rotonda. (B) Carpas comerciales instaladas en la rotonda tres veces al año donde se encontraba el agregado de nidos. Fig. 1. (A) Roundabout in which the nest aggregation of T. aethiops was located. Arrows indicate the nest location at the roundabout. (B) Commercial tent installed at the roundabout three times a year where the nests aggregation was located. nidos. Se diferenció entre las abejas que entra- meteorológica del Departamento de Ingeniería ban a los nidos con cargas de polen, y aquellas Civil y Agrícola de la Universidad Nacional de que entraban sin carga de polen. Colombia, ubicada a 2.3 km del PNEOH. Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson Identificación del recurso polínico: Se entre la precipitación semanal y el número de realizaron muestreos semanales desde septiem- nidos activos en cada semana. Adicionalmente, bre/2012 hasta agosto/2013 (12 meses). En se realizó una regresión lineal entre la tempe- cada muestreo se capturó entre cuatro y seis ratura del aire registrada durante cada hora de hembras con cargas de polen en las escopas muestreos y los datos de entradas a los nidos. mientras regresaban a los nidos. Las abejas Para todos los análisis se utilizó el software R se introdujeron en frascos de plástico y luego 3.1 (R Core Team, 2014). fueron puestas en hielo para inmovilizar los Durante el año de muestreo se observaron individuos, y así retirar la carga de polen, cambios en el patrón del horario de entradas a después de lo cual las abejas se liberaron.
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