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A New Genus of Eucerine Bees Endemic to Southwestern North America Revealed in Phylogenetic Analyses of the Eucera Complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini)

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A New Genus of Eucerine Bees Endemic to Southwestern North America Revealed in Phylogenetic Analyses of the Eucera Complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini) 76 (2): 215 – 234 18.7.2018 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2018. A new genus of eucerine bees endemic to southwestern North America revealed in phylogenetic analyses of the Eucera complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini) Achik Dorchin *, 1, 2, Bryan Nicolas Danforth 1 & Terry Griswold 2 1 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Achik Dorchin * [[email protected]]; Bryan Nicolas Dan- forth [[email protected]] — 2 USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Terry Griswold [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 17.iii.2018. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 29.vi.2018. Editors in charge: Bradley Sinclair & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract. The Eucera complex (Apidae: Eucerini), which traditionally included the genus Eucera and a few other related genera comprises a large complex in which generic boundaries have long remained unsettled. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analyses, a recent study completely reorganized the generic classifcation of the group. Unexpectedly, both morphological and molecular analyses indicated that the taxon known as the venusta-group of the Eucera subgenus Synhalonia is in fact an isolated early diverging lineage, distantly related to Synhalonia. The only three species currently known in the venusta-group are endemic to arid and semi-arid habitats of the southwestern USA and Baja California in Mexico, and are relatively rare in entomological collections. Here we recognize a new genus: Protohalonia Dorchin gen.n., compare its morphology with related genera, and present a revision and identifcation keys for the three species included. We reexamine the phylogenetic position of the new genus based on our previously published molecular and morphological datasets, which we supplement with data for the remaining Protohalonia species. All analyses recovered Protohalonia as a monophyletic group with strong support, sister to Simanthedon in the molecular and combined dataset analyses, or Simanthedon plus Martinapis in the morphological analysis; these taxa combined were sister to all the remaining lineages of the Eucera complex which together form the genus Eucera. Based on ancestral state reconstruction we identify unique traits supporting the monophyly of Protohalonia and document important diagnostic traits. Our results show that this taxon possesses a combination of apomorphic and plesiomorphic character states that appear in parallel in either the Eucera complex or outgroup taxa consistent with the phylogenetic position of the new genus. Lastly, we also propose replace- ment names for six new homonymies resulting from our recent classifcation of the Eucera complex. Key words. Chihuahuan Desert, cladistics, classifcation, homoplasy, Mojave Desert, molecular phylogeny, pollinators, Sonoran Desert, systematics, taxonomy. 1. Introduction The longhorn bee tribe Eucerini is a large tribe of soli- sifcation), and refrained from synonymizing these taxa tary bees in the family Apidae, with ca. 780 species in the absence of evidence on their phylogenetic relation- distributed over most regions of the world (Ascher & ships. Under Michener’s (2007) classifcation, Eucera Pickering 2017). The Eucerini shows particularly high and other related genera (see below) comprise a large generic diversity in the Western Hemisphere of the world complex, including about half of the species in the Eu- where various morphologically distinct lineages are cerini (390 species of the ca. 780 species according to found (Michener 2007; PrAz & PAcker 2014). Michener Ascher & Pickering 2017), in which generic boundaries (2007: p. 708) highlighted the morphological similarity remained unresolved due to morphological intergrada- between some groups of Eucerini in the Old World and in tion among taxa. North America, namely the genera Eucera Scopoli, 1770 Dorchin et al. (2018) presented comprehensive mo- and Tetraloniella Ashmead, 1899 (as refected in his clas- lecular and morphological analyses of the phylogenetic ISSN 1863-7221 (print) | eISSN 1864-8312 (online) 215 Dorchin et al.: A new North American genus of eucerine bees relationships within this complex, referred to as the ‘Eu- closely related to Synhalonia, placing it in a much more cera complex’. Based on phylogenetic inference they pro- distant position (Dorchin et al. 2018). Model-based ana- posed a complete reorganization of the generic classifca- lyses of the molecular and the combined molecular and tion of this clade, relegating most previously recognized morphological datasets recovered sister-relationships be- genera, i.e., Tetralonia Spinola, 1839, Xenoglossodes tween the venusta-group and the monotypic genus Siman- Ashmead, 1899, Cemolobus Robertson, 1902, Peponapis thedon, and between these two lineages combined and the Robertson, 1902, Xenoglossa Smith, 1854, and Syntrich- remaining lineages of the genus Eucera (sensu Dorchin alonia LaBerge, 1957, as subgenera within an expanded et al. 2018). Parsimony analyses of the morphological genus Eucera and synonymizing others (i.e., Tetraloniel- dataset also recovered the venusta-group as a distinct lin- la, Cubitalia Friese, 1911) (Dorchin et al. 2018). Perhaps eage sister to most Eucera lineages, but failed to recover the most striking result from that study was the removal the monophyly of either Eucera or the Eucera complex as of the taxon known as the venusta-group of species from a whole (Dorchin et al. 2018). Ancestral state reconstruc- the valid Eucera subgenus Synhalonia Patton, 1879, and tions also performed in that study revealed a unique com- the recognition that it should form a separate new genus. bination of morphological traits for the venusta-group, in Thus, three lineages were recognized within the Eucera both the male and the female sex, and highlighted one complex: 1. the venusta-group; 2. the monotypic genus autapomorphy (Dorchin et al. 2018: table S5). Simanthedon Zavortink, 1975; and 3. the genus Eucera, These unexpected molecular and morphological re- a group including all the remaining lineages (Dorchin et sults were based on analyses including a single species al. 2018). from the venusta-group, Eucera venusta (Dorchin et al. The venusta-group currently includes only three 2018). Considering the important phylogenetic position known species restricted to arid and semi-arid habitats of the group as an early diverging lineage, sister (together of the southwestern USA and adjacent Baja California in with Simanthedon) to all other Eucera complex lineages, Mexico (see in 3.7.). Although all three species are rather examining the relationships among all members of the uncommon in entomological collections in the USA, the venusta-group and their closest relatives is much desired venusta-group was relatively well studied in several re- to validate a genus status for the group. In this study we: visions, perhaps due to its unusual morphology. It was 1. complement our previous phylogenetic analyses with frst recognized as a distinct taxon by TiMberlAke (1961), molecular sequence data and morphological data for the who described two subspecies under the names Tetralo- remaining species in the venusta-group: Eucera carinata nia venusta (Timberlake, 1961) (Figs. 1, 4, 17) and Te- and E. amoena; 2. compare the morphology of all spe- tralonia venusta ssp. carinata (Timberlake, 1961) (Figs. cies in the venusta-group and present an updated revi- 2, 5, 18, 21) and recognized it as a “remarkably distinct sion; and 3. recognize a valid genus status for the group and isolated species”. The species originally placed in and describe it as new to implement the classifcation the genus Synhalonia (PATTon 1879) were synonymized changes implied by our recent and current phylogenetic with the Old World genus Tetralonia (lAberge 1957), results. Finally we propose replacement names to resolve and the genus name was later reinstated by TiMberlAke fve new homonyms created by our recently proposed (1969). In his revision of the North American Synhalo- classifcation (Dorchin et al. 2018) and a sixth existing nia, TiMberlAke (1969) retained the venusta-group with- homonym in the Eucera complex. in Synhalonia even while presenting an illustration of the elaborate seventh sternite of the male, which strongly differs from that of any Synhalonia species but closely resembles that of Martinapis Cockerell, 1929 (a more 2. Methods distantly related taxon, outside the Eucera complex). In a later revision, zAvorTink (1982) elevated Synhalonia carinata to species-level and added Synhalonia amoena 2.1. Morphological analyses Zavortink, 1982 (Figs. 3, 6, 19, 20) as a third species in the group. He listed various unusual features, such as the The external morphology of all species in the venusta- relatively short antennae and long frst fagellomere of group was examined using pinned specimens, including the male, and recognized the group as forming “a dis- the same individual vouchers used for DNA sequencing tinct element within Synhalonia”. Michener (2000), who (see in 3.5.). The internal, structurally diverse genital considered Synhalonia as a subgenus of Eucera, kept the complex and associated metasomal sternites of the males venusta-group in Synhalonia, although he mentioned it were dissected and cleared by submersion in NaOH over- as exceptional in his key to the North and Central Ameri- night, and then glued onto white card stock for exami- can genera of Eucerini due to the unique structure of the
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