01 Urban Expansion in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda
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16 | Strengthening Environmental Reviews in Urban Development Urban Expansion in the Greater 01 Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda Emmanuel Kasimbazi A landscape photo of Uganda's capital city, Kampala. @Shutterstock Kampala. A landscape photo of Uganda's capital city, The Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA) includes the Kampala city centre and the inner suburbs, the outer dormitory towns and suburbs, peripheral towns and peri urban extension to Mukono, Wakiso and Mpigi districts. The area has experienced significant urban growth for many decades and is currently the second-fastest-growing urban area in Eastern Africa. It is an industrial, commercial and educational centre and vital to the country’s economic growth. The urban growth of GKMA impacts on the environmental resources. The main objective of this study is to analyse how environmental reviews are The study has established the following key findings: implemented in the GKMA. It reviews the urban environmental profile of GKMA and specifically identifies its environmental resources; it reviews the environmental • Environmental resources in GKMA: GKMA is rich with environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) process in Uganda; the legal, regulatory and assets such as wetlands, birds and forests. However, these resources institutional framework for ESIA; provides ESIA experience in the GKMA urban are being degraded due to urban developments, such as the development projects; and provides challenges of environmental reviews in the establishment of sewage and faecal sludge treatment plants, and the GKMA. Finally, it makes conclusions and recommendations for ESIA implementation construction of roads, shopping arcades, leisure centres and small- in urban development in the GKMA. scale agriculture. Main Findings: Comparative Analysis of the Case Studies | 17 • ESIA process: There is a comprehensive ESIA process in Uganda. city and local government levels; loose adherence to development However, there are challenges with implementing the requirements of approval processes; limited financial and human resources; limited ESIA reports in urban development projects due to limited post-ESIA environmental awareness; limited environmental data resources; enforcement and monitoring. political interference; and professional ethics for EIA consultants. • ESIA policy, legal and regulatory frameworks: There are several The recommendations are: ESIA-related international and regional instruments and other soft law instruments and national policies, laws and guidelines that have • The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), in collaboration with been developed. The policy, legal and regulatory framework provides NEMA and KCCA, need to survey, map environmental resources and standards for environmental and social reviews in urban development. demarcate boundaries in the GKMA. However, the biggest challenge is compliance with the standards. • There is a need to consolidate and reinforce the institutional structures • Institutional and administrative framework for ESIA implementation and mandates of the relevant institutions. in the GKMA urban development: There are key institutional actors at both national and urban levels with mandates regarding urban • Inter-agency integration and coordination across the full spectrum of planning and development and environmental management and social development processes needs to be improved. protection. The institutions play a critical role in environmental reviews. The challenge is that there is an overlap of mandates and lack of • KCCA and local government authorities need to develop a coordinated coordination between the institutions. and wider physical development plan of the GKMA. • ESIA experience in GKMA urban development projects: ESIA studies • There is need to strengthen environmental legislation by developing have been conducted for urban development projects in the GKMA. city, district/local-level by-laws for the proper management of the These projects affect land, water, wetlands, wildlife, forestry and air environment and guidelines for environment reviews at the city, district/ resources. There are also social issues, such as resettlement and local levels in the GKMA. compensation, that arise due to urban development projects. There are some challenges with implementing mitigation measures proposed in • There is a need to enforce accountability and track performance within the environmental reviews and ensuring sustainability of environmental each institution responsible for environmental reviews. resources. • There is need to promote environmental public education and develop • Challenges of implementing environmental review reports in the communication initiatives. GKMA: There are some challenges that affect the implementation of the reports of the environmental reviews and as a result environmental • The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development and resources are degraded. The major issues are: a weak regulatory MWE need to assess economic value of environmental resources so framework; overlapping legal mandates; overlapping institutional that policy makers can appreciate the importance of environmental mandates; inadequate coordination; weak development guidance at reviews and conservation of environmental resources. Acronyms GKMA: Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area NFTPA: National Forest and Tree Planting Act AfDB: African Development Bank GoU: Government of Uganda NWSC: National Water and Sewerage Corporation CFR: Central Forest Reserve KCC: Kampala City Council PPEs: Personal protection equipment CSO: Civil society organization KCCA: Kampala Capital City Authority PAPs: Project-affected persons DLB: District Land Board KIIDP: Kampala Institutional and PCR: Physical cultural resource DLG: District Local Government Infrastructure Development Project RAP: Resettlement action plan DWD: Directorate of Water Development MLHUD: Ministry of Lands, Housing SGR: Standard gauge railway and Urban Development DWRM: Directorate of Water ToR: Terms of reference MoH: Ministry of Health Resources Management UIA: Uganda Investment Authority MWE: Ministry of Water and Environment ESIA: Environmental and social UNRA: Uganda National Road Authority impact assessment NEMA: National Environment EIS: Environmental impact statement Management Authority EIStudy: Environmental impact study NEA: National Environment Act EIR: Environmental impact review NFA: National Forestry Authority 18 | Strengthening Environmental Reviews in Urban Development 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION is ecologically sensitive, socially acceptable and economically cost-effective. Apart from the obvious gatekeeping role, whereby an environmental review determines whether a development is environmentally harmful or whether expected negative 1.1. Introduction outcomes can be mitigated, environmental reviews make many other contributions to urban development. Among these are promoting the efficiency and sustainability The GKMA covers Kampala city and extends to Mukono, Wakiso and Mpigi districts. of cities and contributing to transparency in decision making. However, weaknesses It plays a major role in driving Uganda’s transformation to a middle-income country in environmental reviews have been noted in some cases and in the GKMA in as envisaged in Vision 2040. GKMA is developing at higher relative rate in terms of particular, and there is a clear need to strengthen environmental reviews in urban infrastructure, urbanization, industrialization, commerce and trade than other areas development processes and to promote their integration into broader decision- within Uganda. However, in the drive for greater industrialization and urbanization making frameworks. This study examines the concerns, with the focus on the alongside rapid population growth, pressure is being exerted on the existing natural GKMA. resources and the general environment. This report assesses how urban development projects affect environmental 1.3. Objective of the study resources in the GKMA. It examines the ESIA process and how it is implemented in urban development projects in GKMA. The report is divided into the following The main objective of the study is to highlight the central role of environmental eight chapters. Chapter one provides a background to the study and defines its reviews in urban development decision-making and to identify and validate key methodologies. Chapter two provides an environmental profile of the GKMA implementation issues. Building on this, the study will also outline capacity building and chapter three examines the ESIA process in Uganda. This is followed by a needs and coordination approaches that are appropriate to resource-poor contexts. presentation of the legal and policy framework for ESIA in Uganda in chapter four, Specific recommended actions and activities will be identified, including any and of the institutional framework in chapter five. Chapter six analyses the ESIA common needs for legislative, regulatory or administrative reform. experience in GKMA projects. Chapter seven discusses the general ESIA challenges and the last chapter provides the conclusion and recommendations. An annex of The outcomes of this will be to: GKMA projects and ESIA studies is attached. (i) assist countries in the implementation of multilateral environmental obligations; 1.2. Background (ii) promote coordination between levels of government and effective The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-Habitat, is the United governance; and Nations agency mandated by the United