Field Notes on San Andres Tuxtla Starr

MICROFILMED BY

LIBRARY DEPARTMENT

PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MICROFILM COLLECTION Of MANUSORIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY SIXTH SERIES El ELI) NOTES ON SAN ANI)RES,TUXTLA »Y HETTY STARR MANUSCRIPT NO.33 FIELD NOTES ON SAN ANDRES TUXTLA

by Elizabeth Starr

MICROFILM COLLECTION OF V MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

No. XXXIII

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1950 PREFACE

The field study was conducted in the region of Los Tuxtlas, southern Veracruz, Mexico, under the Joint auspices of the Federal

Security Agency of the U. S. Government and the Comisión del Papaloapan of the Mexican Government, during a period of five months from

October, 19U9 to February, 1950, inclusive.

Selection of the area for study was made by Alfonso Villa

Rojas, director of the anthropology section of the Papaloapan

Commission, on the basis of a preliminary survey of southern

Veracruz conducted by him in June, 19U9»

The manuscript is arranged in three parts (1) the field diary}

(2) field notes, arranged chronologically in the order in which they were taken, and (3) a series of maps.

Betty Starr "LOS TUXTLAS" — Field Diary Index

Oct. 7, 19k9* Mexico City to Veracruz by train 1 Oct. 8, 19h9. Veracruz to Alvarado by bus ...... 1 Alvarado to Lerdo by launch 1 Lerdo to the Tuxtlas by bus 1 The carretera 1 Santiago Tuxtla . 1 Santiago Tuxtla to San Andre's Tuxtla by coche 2 Getting settled in San Andre's 2 Oct. 9, 19U9. Visit to Lake Catemaco 2 ' virgen del Carmen 2 Life on the lakeshore 3 Oct. 10, 191*9. Visit to municipal building 1* An ingeniero's impression of the people and of the effect of roads. 1* Relationship of Santiago Tuxtla and San Andre's 1* Office of the Presidente Municipal 1* Oct. 11. 19U9. y Working on map of cabecera of San Andres 5 First impressions of San Andres 5-6 Oct. 12, 191*9. "Día de la Raza" Interview with Presidente Municipal: congregaciones, ejidos} crops; industries 6 Schoolboys 7 Tile factory 7 A variety show in the movie theater to celebrate the Día de la Raza . 7 Oct. 13, 191*9. Catemaco; Interview with Presidente Municipal ...... 8 Oct. Ü*. 19l*9. Siguapam 8 Catemaco: Tour of the lake in a launch: Arroyo agrio; Paso de Coyame 9 Coches 10 A criada from Santiago Tuxtla 10 Oct. IS. 191*9. San Andres: Drainage; disposition of garbage .... U Transportation of goods •• 11 Oct. 16, 191*9» Casa de huéspedes ...... i 12-13 0ct7Ty,'T9lgrr Disease and medical services . 13 Communications 13-11* Cases brought before the Presidente Municipal 11* Oct. 18, 191*9. Interview with Caracas: outlying communities; crops ... U* Interview with Prof. Barreiro, Supervisor Escolar ...... 15 "El Jardín" . . 15 Oct. 19» 191*9. Disease and medical services ...... 15-16 «LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -2-

Oct. 19, 19h9»(continued) Barrios, occupational levels, social classes 17 Oct. 20,19h9. Social classes 18 Oct. 21, 19U9. Escuela secundaria 18-19 Judicial agencies 19 Estropajo 19-20 Oct. 22Y1&9. Planting and harvesting times of crops 20 Ejidal bank 20 Birthday fiestat the pifiata 21 Oct. 23, 19jt9. Social classes: gente decente 21 Leading citizens of San Andre's. 21-22 Casino Sanandrescano 22 Definition of an "Indian** 22 Oct. 25. 19U9. Santiago Tuxtla; Visit to presidencia municipal 23 Municipal officers 23 Description of cabecera of Santiago Tuxtla 23 Cases brought before the Presidente municipal ..... 23 Interview with Prof. Poli carpo Mendoza Uorfin 2k Objects of archaeological interest 2U-25 Oct. 26, 19U9. A robbery in the plaza 25 Oct. 27, 19U9. Academia Sanandrescana 25-26 Interview with Prof. Angel F. Torres 25-27 Oct. 28, 19U9. A serenata to collect money for the cathedral 27 Girls and. young men of the middle class 28 Progress of the carretera 28 10.^9 Belén 28-29 Candidates for "Queen" 29 Courting customs in the town 29 Deficiencies of transportation and of electri<±|r .... 29 Oct. 30. 19U9. Laguna encantada 29-30 Cave of the brujos 30 The new house • 30 Water supply 30 A fiesta in the Casino Sanandrescano 30-31 Oct. 31. 19U9. A "Norther"; types of raingear 31 Method of carrying the sick to the doctor . 31 «•LOS TUXTUS" Index of Field Diary -3-

Nov. 1. 191*9. Todos Santos. Method of selling caitle for the market ...... 32 Activities in the cemetery on the vesper of the Djfa de Bifuntos .... 32 Candlemaking , . . • 33 Nov. 2. 19l*9. Día de Difuntos. A visit to the cemetery . . , 33 The market: permanent stalls, types of goods sold 33 Prices of artículos de necesidad 3Ú Marketing of fish 31* Camarones; langostas . 3Ü Market restaurant 3U A birthday party; nanches 3k Attitudes toward death and the Day of the Dead .. 3Ü-35 Ceremonies on the Day of the Dead . . 35 11/3, Localization of commodities within the market 35 Official list of prices for artículos de primera necesidad 35 Checking of prices and weights in the market . . 36 Templo of the brujos ' 36 Sick woman in the corredor 36 Nov. 5, 19k9. / Fruits and vegetables sold in the San Andres market 36-37 Various types of chile; tamales; bread 37 Types of meat; parts of beef; sausages 37 Totopostes (totopoxtes)j piloncillo 37 Articles in San Andrews market which come from Santiago Tuxtla .... 38 Articles in San Andres market which come from Catemaco 38 Organized sports 38 Sanitary Brigade 38 Fees paid by vendors in the market 39 Number of grades in the primary schools 39 Reliability of informants 39 Tecomate 39 The cine 39 Nov. 6. 19U9. Election Day. Voting places; transportation of voters ...... UO Adelante, the newspaper of the Tuxtlas 1*0 Newspapers and magazines • 1*1 Nov. 7, 191*9» Comidas sold in the market 1*1 A curandera • 1*2 Attitudes of a young man in the upper class 1*2 Nov. 8. 191*9» MuM')er of vendedoras in the street market 1*2-1*3 Commercial house o¿ fittll Emilio Lopez Miranda . . . . 1*3-1*U Sugar warehouse 1*1* Nov. 9. 191*9. Selling units in the market •••• 1*1* Number of vendors within the market ...... UU Total number of.vendors .. kk Santiago Tuxtla: Condition of carretera 1*5 Interview with Prof. Mendosa Itorfin 1*5 "LOS TÜXTLAS" Index of field Diary -U-

Nov. 9, yl;9. (continued) Methods of collecting money for completion of the cathedral * . • hS Nov. IQ.19Í&. A visit to Calería • . • U6 Change of fortune of the wealthy families ...... •••• 1*6 Nov. 12, 19k9. A visit to the newspaper, Adelante; views of the Editor . . U7-U8 Nov. 13, 1.?. Visiting "schoolchildren from Tierra Blanca ....*.... U8 Nov. lit. 19h9. Santiago Tuxtla: The market; fruits and vegetables sold in Tuxtla ..... U8 Churches: Corazón de Jesús; San Diego .. k9 Stories about the churches k9 Interview with Federico Sosa regarding early history of Tuxtla .... 1*9-50 An encampment of gypsies in Tuxtla 50 The fonda of Josefa Gonzalez . 50 Interview with director of the escuela primaria superior 50-51 A visit to the escuela primaria superior 50-51 Agua potable • . 51 Aeturn to San Andres 51 Nov. 15, 19h9. Chichipilco 51 Nov. 16. 191*9. Santiago Tuxtla; EjTdo of Buena Vista 52 A vendedora 52 Interior of house in Buena Vista 52 Workers on the carretera . • 52 Where produce of the region is marketed 53 A visit to other houses in Buena Vista; coffee drying . 53 A first grade examination in the ejidal school 53-5U Interview with Presidente MuniciDal 5U Maíz híbrido 51*-55 Travelling salesman of optical goods 55 Nov. 18, 191*9. Function of committees to raise money for the cathedral .... 55-56 Views of a Sanandrescana who is married to an American .... 56 Nov. 19. 191*9. Mourning customs ...... 57 Nov. 20, 19l*9. DÍa de la Revolución. When the Revolution reached the Tuxtlas ...... 57 Parade of schoolchildren 57 A funeral procession .... 57 Other events of the day 58 Views of older citizens regarding San Andre's, "progress", the carretera,etc. 58-59 A homicide in the barrio of San Francisco • $9 «LOS TUXCLAS» Index of Field Diary -5-

Nov. 21, 19U9. Visit to the Ifecienda del Estado 59 Nov. 22, 19U9. / Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejidal 59-60 Nov. 23, 19U9. Interview with Don Luis Carrion, agricultor 60 Tobacco production of the region ...... 60 Banana production of the region • 60 The life of an agricultor 61 Nov. 21;, 19U9. Visit of the Governor of the State of Veracruz • • 61 Nov. 26. 19U9. Writing a letter to the U. S. for a Sanandrescano • 61 Dress or costume of the region ...... 62 Nov. 27, 19U9. Recreational activities . . 62-63 Nov. 28, 191*9. Plans for tomorrow's fiesta 63 Nov. 29, 19U9. Víspera del Día de San Andres. 5:00 a.m. Drums and rockeTi ami at the ¿anta Rosa church ...... 6k Vagueness of meanings of the costumbres of this day 6I4. . Noon. Procession 6I4 Evening. Huapango 6U Serenata in the night ...... 6I4. Nov. 30, 19U9. Día de San Andre's. Vital Statistics: Death's 61* Infant mortality; predominant causes of death . 65 Electrical facilities of the region 65 Dec. 1, 19U9« Catemaco: Progress of work on the carretera ...... 65 Interview with Presidente Municipal . . 65 Fishing; agricultural products 65-66 Utilization of land 66 Dec. 2. 19U9. Worked on map of cabecera of Catemaco* ... 66 Dec. 3. 19li9. Catemaco: Jj»jldosI population figures 67 Visit to a Catemaqueno household 67-68 Visit to La Victoria 68-69 Carmelita's family 69 Dec. U, 19U9. Santiago Tuxtla: A meeting of the comisar lado agrario in the ejido of Buena Vista . 70 Lands of the ejido 70 Financial condition of the ejido . . 71 "LOS TUXTLAS" Index oí Field Diary -6-

Dec. 5, 19U9. Toros 72 Preparations for the fiesta of La Purísima Concepción 72 interview with Luis Carrién re costs of banana production 73 Dec, 6, 19U9. MayordomaTindja 73 Preparations for the fiesta of La Purísima Concepción (Barrio of San Pedro) 73 The reina of the fiesta 73 Dec. 7. 19U9» Víspera do la Purísima Concepción. 3:00 a.m. Barrio of 3*an Pedro. Preparations for feast * 7U U:00 a.m. Carros alegóricos; toros . 7U 5:00 a.m. Procesióa 5e la Aurora 7U 7s00 a.m. Tamales ánoTpTñole . • •-..' 7U 3:30 p.m. La Mojiganga 75 9:00 p.m. fiesta at the home of the reina 75 1:30 a.m. Huapango in the barrio of San Pedro 75 Dec. 8j 19U9» La Purísima Concepción. The church Tiesta . 76 Dec. 9, 19k9. Interview with Ing. Agr. Melchor Garay Rios regarding land utilization 76 Standard of living of campesinos 77 Terrenos nacionales 77 Dec. 10, W. Preparations for the fiesta of Guadalupe 77 Work of prisoners on the streets 77 Aftosa comisión 78 Dec. 11« 19U.9» vTspera de Muestra Sra. de Guadalupe. U:00 a.m. Preparation of carro alegórico 78 U:U5 a.m. Procesión de la Aurora 79 Function of early morning processions 79 U:00 p.m. La Mojiganga 79 Dec. 12, 19U9. Día de Nrá. Sra. de Guadalupe. Catemaco: Ceremony in the church of the virgen de Catemaco 80 Retablos . • 81 Procession in the church yard 81 Methods of fishing; nets used 81 San Andres: (Jhurch fiesta; descarga leading from church to park 82 Promenade in the park . 82 Dec. 13» 19U9. interview with Garay Rios regarding agriculture 82 yerbateros 82 Dec7T¡ZOT. Intermarriage within the upper class 83 Dec. 15, 19U9. Estampas and santos in coches and camiones 83 Belief regarding drying of tobacco in galeras 83-8U "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -7-

Dec. 16, 19U9» A visit to the home of the mayordoma india 8U R.R. station; loading of maíz . . 8U Present condition of carretera 8U Preparations for a posada . . 8U Dec. 17, 19h9. A reply to the letter to the u. s 85 Freinet experimental school 85 Huapango in the barrio of San Pedro 85-86 Dec, IB, 19U9. Some verses of the Bamba 87 Posada at the Casino Sanandrescano . 88 Posada verses 88-89 Piflata contest 89 Dec. 19, 19U9. CatemacoT" Telephones 89 Life cycle: childbirth 89 Attitudes toward marriage 90 Catamaquetfo household 90 Importance of virgen del Carmen 90 Zopilotes 91 Dec. 20, 19U9» Centros de alfabetización 91 Instituto de capatizacién 91 Dec. 21, 191*9. Hospital civil 91-92 Dec. 22, 19ll9T Santiago Tuxtla; ^ Centros~de alfabetización 92 Aftosa comisión ..... 93 Fiestas of Navidad 93 Preparations for fiestas of Navidad 93 Engine trouble on the carretera 93 Dec. 23, 19li9. Miscellaneous observations 9U Child vendors 9k Attitudes regarding marriage 9b Illicit affairs 95 Courtship 95 Beggars 95 Methodological note 96 Dec. 2U, 19U?. Serenata by the "Trio de Catemaco" 96 Condition of carretera • • 96 Food consumption in the town: Sea food; meat and poultry; fruits ...... 96 Procession of San Jose and the virgen 96 Fiesta in the house 96 Dec. 25, 19U9. Singing of pascuas . * . 97 "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary

Dec. 26, 19h9. Hamas . 97 DecTTTT 19U9. CatemacoT" Compadres 97 Retablos in the church 97 Overcrowding of camiones 98 Barbasco 98 Pascuas verses • 98-99 Dec. 20. 19U9. Working on vital statictics 99 Report on fiesta de Navidad in Santiago Tuxtla . . 99 Dec. 29, 1°1*9~ Construction of the cathedral •• 99 Holiday decorations . • 99 Weather prediction 100 Dec. 30» 19U9. Compadrazgo system 100 Dec. 31J 19U9. MuWeco of the old year 100 Jan. 1, 1950. New ayuntamiento enters office 100 Peregrinación from the barrio of San Juan 100-101 Jan. 2, 1950» Peregrinaciones 101 Jan. 3/1950. Santiago Tuxtlat Working on vital statistics ...... 101 Telephones; circus in town; aftosa commission . 101 Nacimientos 101 An old coin 102 Creencias; , Espanto, mal de ojo, curing of dropesia, mujeres embarazadas, phases of the moon 102-03 San Andres; Peregrinación of the barrio of San Pedro , 103 Jan. U, 1950» Catemaco: Working on vital statistics ... 103 San Andrés: Peregrinación of the barrio of San Antonio and Colonia Esperanza . . . 103 Jan. 5, 1950* Catemaco; Pilgrimages to Catemaco; roadside crosses 10U Becoming a madrina and a comadre IOU Satisfaction of physical necessities . * IOU Pilgrimages in fulfillment of promesas , 10!$ San Andres : Peregrinación of the barrio of San Miguel 105 Regalos from the Reyes Magos 10$ "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -9-

Jan. 6, 1950» DÍa de los Reyes Magos» Decorations for the consecration of the cathedral 10J> Peregrinación- from Comoapan; the Three Kings 105 Peregrinación from the barrio of San Andre's 106 Jan. 7i 1950» Consecration of the cathedral 106 Preparation of carro alegórico for the mojiganga 106 Conventionalized gestures 107 The mojiganga; fireworks in the cathedral yard 107-08 Jan. 8, 1950. Medicine salesman 108 Demonstration and parade 108 Jan. 9, 1950. Santiago Tuxtla: Condition of carretera 108 Decorations in honor of visiting dignitaries 108 Compadrazgo: Bautizo; confinnacidh; rosario; estampas y_ imágenes .... 109 New House Ceremony 109 Compadrazgo sin ceremonia 110 Comida aCiheTonda . . 110 Man jailed for son's crime . . . . 110 The cabañuelas 110 The Catemaco incident: a priest attacked by an angry mob . 110-11 Jan. 10. 1950. The Catemaco incident (continued); repercussions oí* the incident Ill Santiago Tuxtla: Creencias: Brujos who turn themselves into animals at night Ill Cure for the condition of being embrujado Ill Brujos K eat zopilotes to make themselves invisble 112 To become irresistible in affairs of the heart, eat the heart of a chupamirto 112 Jan. 11, 19557 Further discussions of the Catemaco incident • 112 Jan. 12, 1950. Additional views of the incident; interview with the bishop 113 Catemaco: The market 113 Barbas co 113 Sanandrescanos on an outing at Lake Catemaco 113-lU Jan. 13. 1950» Santiago Tuxtla: Further comments on the Catemaco incident llii Revisiting the old church in Santiago Tuxtla . • . 11U Prisoner brought in on horseback 11U Leaving stores unattended llU Pila in the plaza llU naTsrfall of Palenque; hydroelectric plant ...... llU A misdemeanor 115 Elimination 115 Operation of coches • • 115 "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -10-

Jan. Ik, 1950. Workers' syndicates n5 Recreation 115-16 Jan. 1$, 1950. Jarana-playing in the cárcel 116 Jan. 16. 19$0. Comité Regional Campesino 116 Legend: Origin of the name of Catemaco 116-17 Jan. 17, 1950. Workers' organizations 117 The case of Dr. X 117-18 Jan. 18, 1950. Comoapan; The bus to Comoapanj condition of road 118 The town: the parque} the church 119 Nacimiento in ihe church; verses of relación of Christ's birth .... 119 Movement of tobacco and beans from Comoapan to San Andres 120 Visiting a platanar, tobacco fields, a tobacco galera 120 Views of an agricultor regarding the carretera 120 Oxcart in Caleria 121 Jan. 19, 1950» Association of small merchants and agriculturalists 121 Federación de Obreros y Campesinos 121 Jan. 22, 1950. A verse of the mojiganga 122 Compadre relationship and attitudes regarding buying and selling 122 Life cycle: childbirth; weaning; prediction by the partera of number of children a woman will have 122-23 Attitudes toward doctors 123 Interview with Antonio Gonzalez regarding crops of the region 123 Views of Gonzalez regarding the carretera 12Ú Lack of enterprise on part of Sanandrescanos 12U Life cycle: child training 121* Jan. 25, 19i>u. Brujos and brujería 125 Jan. 26, 1950» Life cycle: Preparation for menstruation 125 The economics of a family 126 Creencia respecting children born deformed 126 Jan. 27, 1950. The commercial house as a family enterprise 127 Jan. 28, 1950. Condition of carretera; condition of caminos vecinales 127 Jan. 29, 1950. Political parade 127 Jan. 30, 1950. Trip to the Salto de Eyipantla: Toll road: San Andrés to Catemaco 128 Harvesting of beans; tapextles • . 128 Brujos 128 Definition of the region of Los Tuxtlas 128 "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -li- jan. 30» WZQ» (continued) Trip to the Salto de Eyipantla: Condition of camino vecinal from Comoapan to the Salto 128 Congregación of Salto de tiyipantla 128 The waterfall 128 Cure for upset stomahhe: chocolate con ruda 128 Jan. 31, 1950. Interview with the editor of Adelante: Problems of the region 129 employment of sons and daughters in father's oommercial house 129 Workers' organizations 129 Feb. 1, 1950. Miscellaneous observations 130 Salto de Tepetapam ..! 130 Feb. 2, 1950. Catemacot Fiesta of Candelaria. Decorations 130 Candelaria service in the church , 131 Jarana-playing 131 Torneo de cintas 131 Decapitation of roosters 132 Seed necklaces 132 Method of curing a cough 132 Feb. 3-Feb. 8, 1950* 111 with acute bronchitis 132 Feb. 9, 1950. Interview with President of Chamber of Commerce; crops; imports; local food 132 consumption 133 Feb. 10, 1950. Creencias; j Aire; removing of sickness; making of muñecas 133-3U Feb. 1T71950. Asociación Ganadera 13U Feb. 12, 1950» Junta de Mejoramiento 13U Feb. 13, 1950. Santiago luxtla»; Revisiting the rural school in the ejido of Buena Vista . , 135 Hulling coffee beans 135 Activity in Santiago Tuxtla today ... 135 Coffee picking 136 Feb. lit, 1950» Visitors from Tehuantepec ..» . 136 Life Cycle: The aged; death 136-37 FebTTS.lSTP* Miscellaneous observations: criadas, papaya 137 Feb. 17, 1950. Disastrous fire in Catemaco . 137 Meeting with a curandera ...... 137 "LOS TUXTLAS" Index of Field Diary -12-

Feb. 17, 1950. (continued) A case of brujería 138 Mal viento 138 Activities of brujos during March 138 Diagnosis and cure of espanto ..... 133-39 Receta of the brujos 138-39 Method of curing ojio 139 Feb. 18, 1950» Exodus i o Veracruz for Carnaval * lUO Five Fridays in March 1Ü0 Life Oyde: Life after death UtO FebTT9-'2oTl95o. Carnaval in Veracruz 1U0-U2 Condition of road lliO Al varado lUl Carros, comparsas, disfraces, etc. in Veracruz lUl Travelling conditions . ll*l-U2 Feb. 21, 1950. Trip to Sonteccmapan and El Real: Dos Amates; Sontecomapan; El Real 1U2 Feb. 22, 1950. A visit to the playa 1U3 Feb. 23, 1950. Last EHp to Catemaco lU? Feb. 2U, 1950. Mesta de despedida Ili3 Feb. 25, 195oT Santiago Tuxtla: Taking leave of my compadres and ahijadito LU3 A new balneario 1U3 Wedding procession on the carretera ll¿3 Feb. 26, 1950. Left San Andres for Veracruz 1U3 Feb. 27, 1950. Left Veracruz for Mexico City Ui3 II. Field Notes Page Miscellaneous Information on polltloal organization • • 144-147 State sohools in nuniolpio of San Andrés Tuxtla 148-149 In f orne Señan al que rinde la Cañara Nao ion al de Coneroso de los Tuxtlas, Ver* (Jan.-Agosto) 150-160 Producción, exportable; oonsuno 161 Casa de Snlllo Lopez Miranda (Movlnlento aproximado en 6 meses) • 162 Copy of letter fron Banoo Nacional de Crédito EJldal. . 164-165 Bañoo Nacional de Crédito IJldal; Costo de oultivo, ouotas de pre ataño y calendarlo de mlnlstraolones por hectárea 166-183b Cantidad de ganado (Data from Aftosa Commission) • • • 164-187 Vida Eoononloa . . . y 188-194 Defunciones: San Andres Tuxtla. Catemaoo, Santiago T. • 195-201 Programa de las fiestas oon motivo de la oonsagraoixn de la oatedral 202-203 Notes from Adelante 204-220 Mallntzln y Jas tres lagunas 221-222 Monografía de Santiago Tuxtla 223-227 Copy of letter from Liga de Comunidades Agrarias y Slndloatos Campesinos del Estado— CNC 228-229 The Catemaoo Inoldent (Coverage of the Incident by Adelanta) 230-234 Producción de Pesoado en Catemaoo • 235 Notes from Adelante; the langosta 236 Fiesta costs (Santiago Tuxtla—Titular Fie sta,July, 1949) 237-239 Interview with Sr. Mendoza Mor fin, Nov. 9, 1949. • • • 240-242 Interview with Dr. Napoleon Ramirez C , Oot. 17» 1949 • 243-248 Boletín de la Junta Pro-Construcción de la Catedral • • 249 Programa de Carnaval 1950 - san Andrés Tuxtla 250 Pruebas finales de las esouelas primarla federales de la XVii zona Bseolar del Estado de Veraoruz • , . . 251-263 Monografía Hlstérloo Geografloa de San Andrés Tuxtla . . 264-298 Miscellaneous notes on plants: barba seo and pita .... 299-301 "Plaoe names" of Inhabitants of the region 302 Miscellaneous notes on baptism, marriage, residence,etc. 303-304 ffensus Figures: Location, altitude and population of oabeoeras •••• •••"%• 3oir Population of munlolplos. by sex •••••••••••••• ••••••• *8»Jo4 Density of population of aunlolplos • ^307 San Andre's Tuxtla (oabeoera) t Population by sex • •••• ^o? Place of birth and sex V*>| Persons speaking exclusively foreign or Indian languages ••• *>3°» Civil status, sex and age • -5-Zio?-*» . Llteraoy (aunlolplos of Cateaaeo, San Andres, and Santiago T.) "tí-i^ay^/ul Literacy: San Andres Tuxtla (oabeoera) •» s,g- Religious oreed and sex (three aunlolplos) IS-3/£ Religious oreed and sex (San Andres Tuxtla—oabeoera)• • • Ifl 3/£ Church weddings and baptisas (three parishes) ••• •••••• *>3i7 Church weddings and baptisas (San Andres Tuxtla— oabeoera)•... 15 3i -f /Agua potable: San Andres Tuxtla—cabecera 44 li; •A -^Planting and harvesting times • "*& 315 Disease and Medical servioe.... • •• 16-47319-aol Vital statistics: Santiago Tuxtla *&32i Vital statistics: Cateaaoo ••••••••••••.••• H3J.X Vital statistics: San Andres Tuxtla 2*5*3 Eleetrlolty: San Andre's Tuxtla (oabeoera) • 24 3-2V Coaoapan .. 2i. 3%H Cateaaeo •• • • • •• 2S> 3¿a- Santiago'Tuxtla -fifi- ü>- San Andres Tuxtla (cabecera) •••...... •.•.••• *2J 3i£, Chamber of Coaneree of Los Tuxtlas ••• 24 3 a- House types: Cateaaeo (cabecera) •••.. ••••••• ^3^f Coaaunloatione: Bu sees •••.....• .....•.•...•.•.•.• • 26* 3 -if Telephones ••••.. • •.•.•.....•.•.••• *£ 330 Highway, airplane, and railroad ••••••• •••.•.•••••*•••• 2*33/ San Andres Tuxtla (cabecera) No* of autos, Jeeps, truoks...» 28 331 Telephones: Cateaaeo (cabecera)...... 2£.i?:u Telephonesr Santiago Tuxtla toabeoera) • ..•••..••• ~3©-333 Bus lines • ^T32> Politloal organisation: 334-33*- Municipal officials: Cateaaeo •••• • -33»33^ Creation of Angel R. Cabada, ae separate aunlelplo • 34 ?3¿i Municipal offices: San Andres Tuxtla 2§ ?37 Cárcel at san Andres*.••••• * ••••••• 3£ 337 Municipal officials: Santiago Tuxtla • 3£33* Congregaciones of Santiago Tuxtla •••...••••.•.•••.••••••••• 3fc33* Oongregaciones of San Andre's Tuxtla •• 3* 33i Rancherías of Be» Andre's Tuxtla Tñf-**f List of barrio judges (SanAndres) ••••• • *"38 3*© —List of flneas and their extent •••• "39-34i Coaaereial houses: San Andres •••••••••• ••• *0^vi Business organizations: San Andrés • • **3¥3 Content Index of Note» on Cards.*.p« 2. land distribution: Catenae o • >&. 34Y Temperatures and annual precipitation: San Andre's Tuxtla ••••• *J 3^6"" Llst of naps M-4&3V4-7 Classification of trees in the region, of whloh the wood used* *& 3y5 Land ownership (three aunioipios) ••••••• ^.IUO Pigs, lard, ete ^W3r* Cattle •••••• • • ••••• • *9»3£~) Comneroial houses: Cateaaoo and Santiago Tuxtla • • • 5Q 3SJL Eduoatlon: / Private sohools in San Andrea (oabocera)...... 54. 35\3 Pederal HUH I 54>3«*"J " " " " (lunlolpio) 5ft 35-

Betty Starr "LOS TUXTLAS" Field Diary October 7. 1949. Left Mexioo City by train at 7:37 p.m. for Veraoruz. October 8. 1949. Arrived Veraoruz at 8 a.m. Impression of great heat after leaving oool Mexloo City. Left Veraoruz for Alvarado at 8:30 a.m. Modem bus with soft reolinlng seats. Good road, asphalt-paved, to Alvarado. At Alvarado, transferred to motor launoh, to go through the bay and up the river to Lerdo. The motor launoh was crowded: passengers sat facing eaoh other, along the sides of the launoh, with paroels piled on a platform in between the two long benches. The trip up the river was leisurely, the boat stopping now and then at tiny landings to take on or drop passengers. Picked up three men from a oanoe In the middle of the4 river, and the pilot threw a note, in a bottle, to someone on a passing launoh. We passed a barge, containing three big trucks. The barge was.being towed and was bound for Lerdo. Much water life on the river: fish Jumping out of the water, hundreds of white orane, and a grey heron. The people on the boat were very congenial. A number of tobaooo salesmen entered into a discussion as to whose oigars were the best, and tried out several different oigars, taking a few puffs and then throwing them in the water. The weather was very hot, but we were protected from the sun by a heavy tarpaulin which was let down on the sunny side of the boat. Throughout the trip, the Tuxtla mountains (our ultimate destination ) were in view. We arrived at the Lerdo landing (some distanoe from the town itself) around one o'olook in the afternoon. Two busses (camiones) met the boat: one for Lerdo, and the other for the Tuxtlas. . Now we began to travel on the new carretera, the road which is being built as a part of the Papaloapan Valley project. The road is in varying stages of construction, and is being travelled on during construction. We encountered two or three International Harvester road-grading traotors. Their drivers had rigged up shade by stioking branches from big- leaved trees up behind the driver's seat. In plaoes, due to heavy rains» the road was from 1/3 to 1/2 washed out, or sinking, and made travel very dangerous, sinoe the shoulders were not reinforoed in anyway whatsoever. At one point the driver stopped the bus while several boys got out with shovels and filled up a hole in the road. V/e. passed through one small settlement, which consisted only of .1 acales and then came to Santiago Tuxtla, stopping in the plaza.Itwas now Just after two in the afternoon and the heat was considerable. Santiago Tuxtla, formerly Tuztla, is very old. Cortés established one of the first lngenlos de azúcar under the Jurisdiction of Tuztla, the ingenio being in the lowlands, however. The ohuroh in the plaza looks very anoient. (Note: Gonzalo Aguirre Belt ran has written briefly on the early history of Santiago Tuxtla). LOS TUXTLAS -2- Here we ohanged from bus to ooohe (a 1949 Ford), for the trip from Santiago Tuxtla to 3an Andrés Tuxtla. We were now. in the Tuxtla mountains, and the oar went up and down preoipitous inclines which were accompanied by washouts in the road. We also drove thorough two arroyos. By the time we reached San Andre's—about 3:30 p.m.—I was too tired far any first impressions, after travelling for 20 hours without any stopovers, and without any breakfast or lunoh. I checked in at the Hotel Fernandez and went to bed at onoe. Slept for an hour and awoke much refreshed. Then—about 5 p.m.—I set out for the home of Sr. Juan de la Serra, to whom I had a letter of introduction from Frans Blom. I found the de la Serra family very gracious and when I told them I wanted to live in a private home rather than a hotel, the Señor set off for the home of a nearby widow. Within an hour I was out of the hotel and established in a large, comfortable, first-floor room in the widow 'a home. October 9. 1949» (Sunday). At 6 a.m., a bugle-oall from the nearby cuartel awoke me. Bugle sounded again at 7 a.m., at which time I got up. Sr. and Sra. de la Serra called for me at 9 a.m., and we set out, in a ooohe. for Lake Catemaoo. These ooches appear to be very aotive in the region, supplanting, for those who oan afford them, the antiquated, hard-seated o am Iones. All the coohes appear to be new oars. I shall have to find out Ciether they are individually owned, or whether* there is a company involved. There was, for this isolated region, a great deal of traffic on the road between San Andres and Lake Catemaoo» coohes and camiones, men on horseback, boys on burros. (Perhaps more traffic on Sunday?) On the way, passed through good farm- ing oountry, fields of maíz, frijoles, plátanos. Crops in all stages. Some fields newly ploughed. On the way to Lake Catemaoo, we passed through a small settlement of about 15 Jaoales. Sr. de-la serra told me this is oalled Slhual and says it is an Azteo name. When we reached Catemaoo, we visited first the ohuroh, whioh o on tains the image of the Virgen del Carmen, as well as a large photograph of the santa, who is the patron saint of Catemaoo and considered very milagrosa. There were perhaps twenty people in the ohuroh, mostly women, and a few ohildren. Three women knelt and prayed aloud in Spanish at a side altar. The others sat or knelt up toward the front, near the altar, holding burning oandles. There was also, at one side of the ohuroh, a santo, life-sized, of Jesus Christ, the body wrapped In oloth; the head was very well executed, the faoe very realistic This santo was In a glass oasket. Three an o lent chandeliers hung from beams near the baok of the ohuroh. The ohuroh had been wired for eleotrioity and bare bula hung from wires. We then left the ohuroh and walked along the lake shore, where women were washing olothes, beating them against the rooks in the shallow water. One woman was washing furniture: wooden LOS TUXTLAS -3- ohairs and a table. Another was washing a dog. Children and women were bathing, and one or two women ventured to swim, kioklng their feet vigorously* Muoh hairwashing, likewise. On the shore, fishermen's nets were drying and some half dozen young men were repairing them. I took a photograph of three of them and they "posed." Then the other three olamored for me to take their picture also, and I did. All very alegre. Another group of young men launched a new boat, brought out an outboard motor, attached it and took a trial ride to test boat and motor. Then they took the motor off and brought the boat baok up on the shore. Small boys were fishing} from the edge of the lake, or standing in the shallow water. One little fisherman was nude, exoept for a straw hat to proteot his head from the hot sun. While we were watohing, one of the boys caught a fish, of the kind called moJarrita, about 6" in length. There were two or three small boats on the lake from which men were fishing. Continuing our walk, we than visited the lumber mill of Bruno Martinez. The principal wood here is Laurel Benanolo. in two colors: red, and yellow. It is sold only in the region and is not exported to other parts of Mexico. It is used for making furniture, etc Later on, I notioed a big truck with the name, Bruno Martinez, on it. Evidently this sawmill isa jusxpy prospering enterprise* Leaving the lakeahore, we walked along one of the streets, whioh runs parallel to the lake. The houses are of olapboard sides with roof of tile or corrugated iron. Most of them have small, oonorete verandas aoross the front. Softe have beds, but in one bedroom I saw a black hog walking about. We stopped at one house to talk to a man and his wife. They had a young baby who was sleeping in a oradle suspended from the celling by a rope. The man went out into the yard and cut open two fresh coconuts so that we might have agua de oooo to drink* The Juice looks like water and is slightly sweel. Sr» de la Serra remarked that It was "Agua de Dios" and everybody laughed at this. Passing on beyond the village, we oontinued to follow the shore of the lake, and came to a well-constructed bridge of oonorete| over the outlet of the lake. Sr. de la Serra told me that the carretera is to come through here, on the way to Coatzocoaloos, and it occurred to me that the bridge might be rather narrow for this purpose. We continued along a road (the road to Aoayuoan) and came to large, double gates. Leaving the road, we entered the gates, talked for awhile to the people In a Jaoal that stood Just inside the gates, and then followed a footpath along the lake shore. The Sra. and I returned to the .1 aoal, while the Sr. bathed in the lake. Chairs were brought out for us and we sat talking to the woman of the family. She had four children, three girls and a baby boy. The two youngest girls--around 3 or 4 years of age- were running around without any clothes on. They went down to the lake to bathe and when they returned, she put dresses on them of bright printed cotton—olean. The Jaoal had a dirt floor, with very little furniture, baskets hanging from the ceiling, etc. We then returned to the village of Catanaco, and then to San Andre's*| LOS TUXTLAS -4- Ootober 10. 1949.. Posted letters this a.m. The mall plane oowes Mon., Wed., and Frl. Went to the Municipal Building this morning» presented my letter from the Architect Aparado, and was taken in to see the Presidente.. X asked if there were maps of both the whole municipio and-the babeoera. There is no map of the municipio, but there is a good map'of the oabeoera. They could not give me this map but said I might make a copy. There was no paper of the kind and size necessary so the Treasurer, Pedro del Prado, gave me a letter to Ing. Julio Martinez Sepulveda, who has charge of the building of the carretera. Then' set of f aero ss town, with a young man, who is flobrador de Resajos, to find Irg;. Martinez. Ing.'Martinez made the arrangements for me to get paper of the kind necessary and we talked a few minutes* He spoke excellent English, was quité cordial. He said he had been building roads throughout Mexico far years. -In some cases, a progressive town was the result of a road, but in other cases, there was no change whatsoever. The people Just nki« went along in the same old way. Aocording to Ing. Martinez, the people hereabouts are lazy, easily satisfied. So long as they have enough to eat, they are happy. He said he has now bought the biggest banana plantation in the region, near San teoomapa, and that in order to get people to work . for him, he has to give them medicine, food, etc., —"and pay them high wages." In view of what Frans Blom has told me, generally, of the haoendados. this business of "high wages" will bear looking into. I asked about the relationship of Santiago Tuxtla and San Andres. Martinez said that formerly the.people of Santiago Tuxtla had no road and no Way of getting anywhere except san Andrés to sell agricultural produce* The meroh ants in -.San Andres, therefore, paid them less than the "legal" price for their products. Now that the carretera has reaohed Santiago, the people have the ohoioe of taking agricultural produots either to Lerdo or San Andres, aid some are going to Lerdo instead. Now they can demand the "legal" price. When I left Ing . Martinez, 'he told me he goes» to Mexico City frequently and would be glad to bring me anything I wished from the city. This afternoon I returned to the Municipal Building to begin oopying the map of the cabecera. The President'.s office is large, and is divided Into two sections. The section whioh contains his desk is on a raised platform at one end of the room and is set off from the rest of the office by banisters. There is an opening in the banisters rather than a oloaed gate. Pictures of the President of Mexioo, Lie. k Miguel Alemán, hang conspicuously on the walls. The baok wall of the room (the length of the room) is oovered with a gigantio mural of the Tuxtlas region, showing mountains in the background, types of crops in the foreground, and, at the left, a waterfall, probably that of Eyipantla, one of the largest falls In the region. ~ ,w The Presidente, Leoncio Cabanas, was most oordlal and cooperative. As I worked at the map, I nqtloed that he and his staff appeared quite busy. People o ame to .him for conferences, and he made himself easily available to all. LOS TUXTLAS -5- October 11. 1949. Worked all day In the Munloipal Building, on the map of the cabecera, and finished it. The map was made in 1944, and I shall che ok it to see what changes have occurred in the last five years. Some of the streets—the one on which I live, for example, have no names on the map* I noted the barrio divisions on the map. There are seven barrios. I am to see the president again tomorrow to talk about the barrios, and the rest of the municipio. Since I have not yet given my first impressions of San Andres, I had better do so at once. The town is quite large (Pop. 10,154 1940 Census), the biggest in the region. There are, as I said above, 7 barrios, radiating from the central plaza. The latter is the traditional square, with a bandstand in the o enter, and walks radiating from it. Benches around the square, and a number of soft drink stands. Men (and a very few women) sit in the plaza, in the sun or under the trees, and shoeshine toys do a good business. The Cathedral, with its two towers, stands at the N.E. comer of the plaza and the clock in the North tower chimes the quarter hours. The Western side of the plaza is oooupied by the Municipal Building, whioh includes the offioe of the President, office of the Treasurer, Registro Civil, the Police Department, and the Jail. Immediately adjoining the Municipal Building, to the South, are stores and the market. I have not made a thorough survey of the market, but have walked through muoh of it. Part of the market is under a permanent roof, part under awnings, and a very small part in the open. It appears quite adequate for a town of this size. There are many varieties of vegetables and fruits, and fresh fish of several different kinds. Rope and leather goods, baskets, woven bags, pottery, both plain and decorated. Stalls where yard goods, thread, etc. are sold. Soft drink stands. In addition to the market itself, there is, in El Centro, a considerable number of stores: a modem hardware store, with iron ploughs out front. Several well-equipped pharmaoies. In the latter, there are plentiful supplies of such luxury items as perfume, Kleenex, Kotex, etc. There are shoe stores, paper stores, etc The stores in the center of town are supplemented by many o orne r tiendas, which sell Just about everything for local needs—from oanned foods to grinding stones. One of these stores had about eight grinding stones in a display oase. There is a movie theater, which shows pictures every night-- both Mexican-and Ame rio an-made films. « The streets of San Andre's are of cobblestone, and muoh traffic, or rather, more traffic than one might expect in this isolated region, runs over them» the ooohes. oamlones. delivery truoks, Jeeps, horses, burros, and people afoot. There are no .laoales in San Andres, exoept at the very edges of the tQwn. The prevailing house»type is one-storied, with walls of masonry, covered with plaster, and sloping tile roofs. Most of the houses have front verandas of tile or conorete* with-posts or pillars supporting the roof. The house in which I am staying has LOS TUXTLAS -6-

larga rooms with tile floors artí high ceilings. Windows are barred. Doors to the street are double. There is a .jardín at one side of the house, separated from the street by double gates of wood, and a patio in the center, at the back of which there are more rooms. San Andres is not a "tourist town," since, with the exception of the airplane which comes three times a week, they have had no modern means of transportation up to the present time. (The route by which I came is faster than the R. R. which takes a whole night and well into the afternoon of the next day to get here from Veracruz.) But the people are much interested in visitors from los Estados Unidos. Several people have told me of an Ame rio an girl who lived here all by herself for some time, in a house at the outskirts of the town, with her own horse and gun. They ail ask how many days I am staying in San Andres and when I say that I shall be here several months, they express much pleasure. There are a few who speak a little English and they are very proud to show that they know the language. The people are very friendly and greet one in the street. Townspeople and country people alike show much hospitality. October 12. 1949. "DÍa de la Raza". This morning I returned to the office of the Presidente and secured the old and new names of the barrios, as well as the names of the Judges for each barrio. I also obtained a list of the congregaciones in the municipio, together with the names of the agente propietario and the agente suplente for each congregación.1 Also obtained a list of the ran oh e r ia s. (Eaoh congregación, is made up of | a number of rancherías). The Presidente told me there are 30,000 people living in the congregaciones (Pop. of municipio, 1930: 22,b39; 1940: 27,372. Sexto Censo de Población . 1940). Allowing for continuing increase in the population, this sounds O.K., but may be slightly exaggerated, since this figure doesn't allow for the population of the cabecera. The Presidente said that there are e.lidos in all the congregaciones. There are, in addition to the congregaciones, some small landholdings. I asked If there were any large landholdings and he said no, the law limits the size of a landholding to 100 heotares. (Check this). Most important agricultural crops are corn, beans, tobacoo, bananas, mango and oranges. Sugar o-ane is more important in the lowlands. Plows of iron are used; wooden ploughs are no longer used, says the President. In some places, tractors are used—but few of these. Bananas are exported to the United States. The President added that, although there are two or three small Industries here, the life of the people is entirely del campo. The industries are: (1) The manufacture of oigars. Puros from San Andre's were formerly exported, to Germany for example, but now they are only sold in the Republlo; (2) aguas gaseosas. There are many mineral springs in the region which have water containing natural gas. These are bottled here in the region, various flavors—such as lemon or orange or grenadine-being added, or the water bottled without added flavoring; (3) a faotory for making tile mosaios, for floors, etc. LOS TUXTLAS -7- I then went out into the plaza and sat down on a bench to look at some postoards I had bought. The Regidor, who was super- - vising the trimming of trees in the plaza, suggested that I sit in the shade, and so I moved to a shady spot. Soon three sohoólboys were looking over my shoulder, and we entered into an exohange of ••• • impressions about San Andre's, Catenaoo and Santiago Tuxtla. The boys all appeared intelligent and lively, especially the eldest* He told me the esouela primar!a has 6 grades; the esouela secundarla has 3Ngrades. He is in the 1st year in the seoondary school and is studying mathematics, world history, Spanish and English. He thinks English much harder to learn than Fren oh, but is much interested in it. I asked him if he had studied Fren oh. "Yes." Latin? No, he was not going to be a cura. I asked him to say something in English and he said, "Where do you live?" very correctly. This afternoon I visited the tile faotory and watched mosaio tiles being made. First the framework of the design is placed in a square mould. Then the colors are poured in, in the proper plaoes for the design, and the framework is removed. Sand is sifted over the colors to dry them, and cement is put over this. The whole is then put in position in the press and an 11-ton weight (so they told me) is brought to bear on it. This is. done by causing a shaft containing heavy iron balls to rotate rapidly, drawing down as it does so a heavy square weight, by means.of diagonal threads in an upright of iron. This pressure forms the tile. The tile then dries for 24 hours and is put. into a solution to make it durable. With the exception of the operation performed by the press, all the work is done by hand, and of course, the press is manipulated by hand. There appeared to be four men and a boy working in the faotory. The owner of the place, though It was midafternoon, was obviously drunk; his wife was very sickly looking. The faotory is a new project and has ka| been in operation only two years. Tasked where the tiles are sold and the answer was, "in the region". This Is the typloal answer to this question and indio atea a self-consciousness of the region as a oultural, or at least a oommeroial unit. Tonight, went to a "Variety Show" at the Luneta movie theater. It was to celebrate the "Día de la Raza" (Columbus Day in the U.S.). Danoes were given by young girls in oostume, while fond parents looked on, proudly. The olimax of the performance was a ouadro, in which a girl holding the Spanish flag and one holding the Mexioan flag gave reoitations and then o roa sed the flags. The audience then rose and the national anthem was played. The theater was filled. Women in the audienoem weredressed in their best--dresses of silk or rayon prints, in a variety of styles,. a little on the fanoy side. The wife of the mmer. of the looal bottling works sat next to me. (Sra. Gonzalez). I remarked about her lovely dress and asked where the women buy their dresses. They make them or have them made. There are few readymade dresses. L03 TUXTLAS -8- Ootobar 13. 1949. 3ra. Rueda asked me last night if the cities in the U. S. have patron saints. No. Does the country haveá patron saint? No. This oane up in connection with a discussion about Guadelupe, the patron saint of Mexico, whose day is Deo. 12th. ' This morning I went to Catemaeo. Called on Enrique Hernandez, who was Frans Blom's guide through the region some time ago. Later, he took George Foster through the Fopoluca area. He gave me a list of congregaciones around Lake Catemaoo, but since aome of them are indicated on the map of the lake, and some are outside the municipio, I shall not list them here. I agreed to tí all' on him to serve as a guide to some of the remote settlements. I then called on the Presidente of the municipio of Gatemaco, whose name is Antonio Aramlngual. He was very cordial but not as intelligent as the Presidente of san Andrés. Have gave me a map of the lake to oopy, whloh map shows the names of the oongregaoiones and ranohos. as well as. the lands of the National Forest to the North of the Lake. He also has a map of the village of Oatemaoo which I shall have to copy later when I get some paper of proper size. The Presidente told me they are now constructing a tourist * oenter in Catemaoo. Also that General Aguliana is building a house on the lakeshore. The oarretera is not to reach here until sometime next year. Noticed a display of tiles from the tile factory in San Andres on the wall of a tienda in the plaza at Catemaoo. Made arrangements with Rosario Rodriguez to take me around the lake in A launoh tomorrow. Then returned to San Andre's and spent the afternoon copying the map of Lake Catemaoo. October 14. 1949. This morning I left early for Catemaoo. There were' twelve people—eight adults and four children—in the Ford sedan. The woman sitting next to me had a four month old baby on her lap. The baby was comparatively clean and had a. shirt on. She held a towel under it to proteot herself from the baby's wetting. The baby . was very quiet at first, but became restless and she gave the breast to it. They were going to Siguapam, one;of the congregaciones of San Andrea. There is a fruit packing plant in Siguapam but it is not in operation, the driver of the eoohe told me» due to bad manage-. .« ment. The name, Siguapam, means "Riot de las Mujeres". This is the same place that Sr. de la Serra told me last Sunday was oilled Slhüal.l On the official lists of San And ras, it is spelled both Siguapam and Siguapán. I met Rosario Rodriguez in the Main Street of Catemaoo at 9 a.m. as per our arrangements of yesterday, and we set off in his launoh— which was a large, flat-bottomed boat with an outboard motor—to make a tour of the lake. Rosarlo, 19, had two helpers, one an older man who did the paddling until we were in deep enough.water for the motor,! and a young boy of 13 or 14. We started Eastward along the North shore of the lake. LOS TUXTIAS -9- Roaario asked me where I lived and why my husband didn't come with me. I said he was dead, and then Rosario wanted to know if he died of an illness. I said he was killed in the war. Then Rosario wanted to know where my children were. I admitted I didn't have any ohildren. At this, he looked completely un- believing. He then asked about my brothers and sisters and I said I didn't have any* Again amazement on his face. So I explained that families in the U. S*.. are much smaller than • families here and that some people" don't have any children. v He them asked, "Why?" and. í '•, this point I stopped being an informant. - Along the North shore of the lake we passed the new house of General Aguilana, on whioh men -were working. Shortly after this, we headed for $hore to visit the site of a new bottling plant for mineral water. The exterior of the building is up but the interior is unfinished. At one end of the building was a shack of olapboard where people were living. Pigs running in and out, as well as a dog and some children. I glanced in the bedroom and saw a double bed. The woman gave us enamel oups and we went to the spring to drink. Rosario washed each cup in the spring and then dipped up water to drink. I drank very little. This place is o ailed "A Rollo Agrio". (This is the way Rosario wrote it down. Sounds like arroyo agrio to me.) We then pushed out into the lake again and headed for Paso de Ccyame, where an Ame rio an, or as Rosario said, a "gringo" by the name of John Her lives. Her has a bottling works also. We landed, went ashore and asked some men whereSr. Her was. They pointed out his house some distance away. We walked through a settlement of .Tápales. and along a footpath to Iler's house, which is of boards, and rather large, with several rooms* The house was very clean inside. Her oame to Mexico fifteen years ago and has lived at Catenaoo for five years. He started a banana plantation on this property, after olearing the land, but the plantation did not prosper. He then began bottling the mineral water from a spring on his property. He started this enterprise about two years ago* He gave me some of the water to drink* It had a good taste and was full of life. The bottled water is sold in the region* He also has a sawmill and sells planks to Mexico City* He used to transport the wood to Catemaoo by boat but there is a road to Catemaoo now and he uses a tiuok Instead* When Her oame to this plaoe five years ago. it was a,wilder- ness. As he cleared the land and established the banana plantation, workers and their families began to move into the clearing* Paso dé Coyame is now,one of the oongre^aolones of Catemaoo* Her estimated it has 90 inhabitants. Their milpas and bean-fields are up on the high ground back from the lake. The people in this oongregaoion speak some Spanish; among themselves they speak Popoluoa. A few oan read and write—principally, those whom he taught to do so. A school is now under construction in the LOS TUXTLAS. -10- settlemént, of planks. Some of. the people, who oame here from Dos Amates, knew how to read and write when they came, since there is a school at that place. In the congregación, there is an agente municipal, who la eleoted by the people and his eleotion is confirmed by the municipal officers. Term of office is two years. There is a swamp near the edge of the lake, whioh Her has cleared out once in awhile. It hasn't been cleared for two years. Result: there is muoh paludismo in the settlement. The people are allegedly Catholic but Her says they still have "witch doctors". said he saw one the other day ouring a girl who was sick. The ourer had an egg standing upright and was touching the girl, with his hands, to oure her (but not rubbing the egg on her body). L. asked him if the curers ever rubbed eggs over people's bodies to cure them and he said, yes, he had seen them do that too. Her is a tall, healthy-looking roan in his forties, married (?) to a Mexioana. His house is fairly large, of planks, raised off the ground. It is very olean, inside, and in the bedroom are what sean to be Simmons beds, with olean, white sheets on them. As we left Faso de Ooyame, there were many rainstorms all around the lake. We headed baok for Cat arnaco but soon were in the midst of a downpour. Since I had not brought ,my raincoat, I was drenched. Back in Catemaco, I noticed a man leading a burro whioh was . packing, four large tins. They went down to the lake and the man filled the tins with water (I hope not for drinking purposes.) I rode baok. to San Andres in a ooohe which had no other passengers, and talked to the driver. I asked him if the ooohes are individually owned and he said yes. He has been, thinking of forming a cooperative company but the others don't want to do this. They now have regular routes whioh they travel» i.e., some go to Catemaco and some to . Santiago» I want to find out the number of Jeeps, automobiles and trucks that are listed for San Andrés. There seem to be a great many Jeeps and truoks, as well as automobiles. Also the number of oamiones and the places to whioh one can travel by camion. Late in the afternoon, I was in my room with the street door open, sewing on a blouse. One of the orladas of the house oame in and we. talked awhile* She was born in Santiago-Tuxtla. Her mother and father are dead and she has two yourger brothers still there. I de- ' oided to plunge In and ask a direct question Just to eee what would happen. So I asked if there are brujos In Santiago* She said, "Oh, no!"1 4Chen I said I had heard that there were. Then she grinned and said, "SI, hay." I asked if they oured. "Si', ouran, pero no haoen dafio." •I continued sewing and she drifted out of the room. I don't think she J was annoyed at the questioning, but rather Just uninterested In the tum the conversation had taken. LOS TUXTLAS -11-

Ootober 15. 1949» There was a rather steady downpour of rain thla morning- and I waa rather tired fiom my trip on the lake yesterday, so I deolded not to go far from the house today* ' When It rains, as It did today, one appreolates the value of oobblestoned streets, particularly when they are laid out on a rather steep Incline. The water runs down the street in small streams, thus draining off, and one o an still walk, since, there Is little mud.. The water drains off Into án arroyo. Women wash their olothes in this arroyo, or in public washtubs which are built on its bank. . - ' •t ' * , Ivan Paoll told me that garbage is dumped in the arroyo, and I 'later saw this when orosslng a bridge over the arroyo. There is at least one garbage collector in tte town, who travels about in a two- wheeled cart, with-automobile tires on the wheels, drawn by a mule. Have to check further on the oolle otlpn of garbage. , ' . _^_^__^Tranapprtatlon of goods i There appears tobó a large number of trucks?uoks in the town. Have ncnot yet found out how many. On the way to Catemaoo yesterday, saw wooden upright a—the container part of tie truck—being made in a small shop on the outskirts of San Andre's. Horses,nuiles and burros are used, with pack saddles. Milk is delivered by a rider on horseback, the milk being oarried. in four large, metal containers, two on each side of the horse. The milkman • stops at eaoh house aril the milk la transferred to the household container by means of a dipper. There are several of these milkmen, and • one sees them making their rounds in the morning. Bundles of sugar- oane are strapped to the backs of mules or burros, etc. Baskets of vegetables, fruits, flowers, oharooal, etc., are oarried on the head, with the use of a carrying pad. Heavy aaoks, Of sugar, for instance, are oarried on the shoulders or back. Have not observed much use of the tumpllne, exoept. rarely along the country roads* Young children are carriers likewise, the size of their burden varying with th.elr own size. Saw a little girl of perhaps four, oarrying a pan full of maize on her head. In the oountry, likewise, one may see many women oarrying baskets of lena on their heads. Criadas, going to market, may . carry baskets on their aims, or may oarry woven bags. Babies are sometiires oarried In rebozos, although the rebozo is not seen as frequently here as in Mexico City, for example. October 16. 1949. The electric lights were still on at 8 o'olook this morning. Probably because Sunday? Shortly after 8 a.m., a few people began to ocme down the hill' from early mass. At breakfaat I asked Sra. Rueda If there were many people at church this a.m. and she said, no, very few. There are only two ohurohes In San Andres: the one on this street, and the oathedral, In the plaza. LOS TUXTLAS -12- Gaaa de huespedes. The house in which I am living is really a o asa de huéspedes. There are. three young men living here, one of them a dootor who has his oonsultorio here likewise» In addition, there are three, other men who o o me to take their meals here. Two of these men live in a house in the next blook, but don 't like the food there* Meals are served at two tables: the men at one table and the Sra. and I at the other. There are four orladas who work in the house. Serving of meals is done by the eldest of these, with some help from the others. On weekdays, the big front doors are opened at 7 a.m.,' ani the front poroh swept. By 7:30, the Sra. may be seen in her jardín, picking off dead flowers, rearranging a- pot of flowers, etc. Little girls with baskets of fruit on their heads come in. Two little.glrls, with baskets of charooal on their heads, bring in the day's supply of fuel for the kitchen stove. The men begin to oome in for breakfast shortly before 8. Breakfast, as well as all other meals, is accompanied by much conversation regarding local happenings. At the same timé, the front sala is being swept artf dusted by one of the criadas. The tile floors of every room are first swept, and then washed, every day. The bathroom is at the back of th e patio, has a tile floor, large concrete tub (built-in) with shower, and toilet. The latter will flush properly only if water is first put in the water-box by means*of turning a handle in a water pipe and allowing the water to run in. The toilet paper oonslsts of old newspapers fastened on a conveniently plaoed nail . in the wall. After use, the newspaper is not put into the toilet but placed in a large wooden box plaoed there for that purpose. This box is emptied daily. There is also a chamberpot in each bedroom. After breakfast, the doctor sits in the sala, practising on his guitar for an hour or so, going into his consulting room only when a patient comes to see him. Around 9:30,' the milk is delivered by one of the lecheros, on horseback. During the morning, various merohants of fruits and vegetables stop at the front door, most of whom are disappointed, slnoe a large part of the marketing is done by one of the orladas ; ID the meroado. Dinner, the heavy meal of the day, is served at 1:30. Following this, there is a period of conversation (and more guitar playing) by ,. the young men. There is much Joking about ohamaoos and ohamaoaa — Mexican slang for young men and women Of courting age* . '' The streets are quiet from two to four; at the latter hour places of business reopen for two hours. Some tiendas open earlier, at 3:30. It is quiet about the house at this time—the two hours of siesta, during the heát óf the afternoon. Later on, around five or so, visitors drop in to talk. "Before and after supper, whloh Is at 7:30, there is more guitar-playing. In the evening, there are frequently visitors. They leave around ten o'olook and by 10:30 the house is looked up for the night and all lights except those on the front veranda, whloh augment the lights from street lamps, are out. LOS? TüXTLAS -13- Conversatlon in the house deals, with the aotlvities of the young •-' men> their "conquests" of chanadas, guitar flaying, muslo, poetry, news from Catemaoo or Santiago Tuxtla, the day's aocident on the oarretera or oamino, and current condition of same (The condition of the roads ohanges, of course, from day to day, especially when tiiere is heavy rain), news of coming weddings, and general gossip about people and their characteristics, pleasant or otherwise. Also muoh complaint about the. present low state of the Mexican peso» "Ahorita; el peso no vale nada." October 17. 1949. Disease and Medical Services. This morning I had a long interview with Dr. Napoleon Ramirez ' * Chacón, the Director of the Centro de Salubridad y .Asistencia* The interview, which Includes an estimate of relative frequency or rarity of contagious or parasitical diseases in the region, I have reoorded separately* $his organization is "central" in more than name, sinoe from it, through its limited personnel, go medloal services to Santiago Tuxtla, on the West, and Catemaoo, on the East. In addition, certain ": medioal services—very_ few— go to outlying rancherías. The impresaion gained from this interview is that San Andre's, so far as medioal. services are oonoemed, is a strong fooal oenter from which radiate forces making, for the betterment of the people. That more is not accomplished is due to the faot that the personnel is extremely limited—but three persons to provide medical servioes to a population of some 49,000 (estimate). There are 11 dootors in San Andres, but of this number (aside from Dr. Ramirez Chaoon) a: ly one gives medioal service outside the town regularly. This doctor goes to Catemaoo every afternoon. Dr. Ramírez Chao¿n is young, alert, intellipnrt, and extremely interested in the work he is doing. He was frank iii admitting the particular flank points wherein the organization is defioient. He is, however, new, having been in this post only three months. Communications. Today, also, I talked again to the Presidente Municipal, seou ring from him (and from the of floe of the Teléfonos del Estado) the'number of telephones in the town of San Andres, and the outlying places whioh have the state telephone service. Also secured the number of coohes. camiones, and Jeeps in San Andres. (Reoorded separate^ The praotioe of dealing with figures of thin icrt has many pitfalls into whioh the investigator may easily v^der* For example, one of the outlying communities said to have state telephone service is Slguápam* Later I was told that the telephone at Siguapam is out of order. This leads me to wonder how many more telephones listed for outlying districts are out of order. LOS TUXTUS -14- With further regard to communications, connections with other parts of Mexico are: (1) The carretera, which runs from here to Lerdo de Tejada; (2) airplane three times a week, Mon., Wed., and Fri., to Vera Cruz, via Cordoba; (3) railroad—oonnects with Pan- American Rys. Train once a day. The railroad is 72 km. from here, aooording to the Presidente Municipal. While I was with the Presidente, some cases were brought before him to Judge. The men approached respeotfully and the President spoke to them in the tone of a reproving father, as he sentenced them to jail or imposed a fine. I could not tell exactly what the charges were since they were presented in written form to the Presidente. One had to do with a disturbance in the street; the other concerned a man mistreating his wife. LOS TUXXIAS -14-a Betty Starr

Tuesday, October 18. This morning I had an interview with Sr. Leopoldo Caraoas, who is.a friend of Alfonso Villa's, and who is in the Oficina de la Hacienda del Estado, which collects taxes on commercial enterprises, as well as income taxes. During this first visit, however, I did not a* him about ttie affairs of the Hacienda; instead, I asked him to tell me something of the outlying communities. Caraoas told me that Slguapam is very important because it is a núoleo agrario. He mentioned the empaoadora de frutas, and I said I had understood that it was not in operation at the present time. He said arrangements were being made to put it in operation once more.| There is an experimental agricultural station at Slguapam where they are experimenting with hybrid corn. There^ls also a sucursal agrónomo where they are experimenting with ajonjolí, papaya, and growing cacahuete, Jitomate, and chile. He estimated the population of Slguapam as arourd 100. The settlement has a sohool but no ohuroh. Cáfacas said Matacapan not so important. He mentioned Comoapan — | population 1200, has electric light. No railroad. Tllapan on R.R. Regarding the provenience.of fruits, Caraoas said apples, pears, and hubas (spelling?) come from Puebla and Tehuacan. Zapotes, mangos,| bananas and oranges are of the region. Fish from Catemaoo -and from the Gulf. I have tasted one variety of the zapote. This has a hard, brown shell with reddish orange pulp* Has somewhat the same taste and oonsistenoy as an avocado. The pitaña is violent pink on the outside with projections resembling those on a pineapple. The pulp is white with many small black seeds. There is also a „ kind of limón. the shape and size of an orange, with rather bitter taste. . Primary Sohool near the plaza After I left Caraoas, I entered t.ha/¡RiniawqriffyYfnraraflrT j.n order to get the address of prof. Rafael Barreiro, Supervisor Esoolar. One of the teachers saw me in the hall, invited me into his olass- room, had the pupils rise for a moment to greet me, pulled up a ohair" for me and asked me to sit down. Then he talked volubly for some ten : minutes, his monologue being to the effect that the United States was LOS TUXTLAS -15-

a great friend of Mexico, that he had read a great deal of U. S. history, and waa interested In their industries, etc He then brought up the subject of the atomic bomb, saying that If Russia had It, there would be no war. He asked me what university I was from and I said, "The University of Chicago." "Ah," he said, "A very good school, It rivals Oxford•M Meanwhile, his students were growing Impatient, so I presented my letter to Prof. Barreiro and asked where, Í might find Mm. Hé: delegated one of the boya íft Jte o lass, to . take me to Prof .Barréirbb; house. When we reaohed it, I found Prof\ Barreiro at a table'in the front room,- typing. He was most cordial and furnished me with lists of schools in San Andres itself, and state and federal schools in; . outlying settlements. He also gave me an itemized list of the number of male ani female students in the primary schools in the : town. Totals: Boys, 1573; girls, 1Q16; grand total, 25ti9. Santiago Tuxtla and Catemaco have,primary schools but no secondary schools, and those who wish, to go -to secondary school come to San Andrés. The primary school oont a ins six grades, and is obligatory; the , secondary school o on tains three grades, is not obligatory. Students- attend school ten months a year, vacations being in Deo ember and Janqary. (Additional data on sou cation recorded separately) • Thus, in education, as wall as in medical services, San Andres is the i cultural 'leader. •'•'• ; In the la^e afternoon, I went, with Tonia de la Cera and ' '••. Hermila solana y Ruis eco to visit the home of Martha Solana y Carrión,' This is an estate at the northern border of the town, in the heights—one of the shbwplaces of the ' town . Called. "Él '•'.'*' Jardin" because of the many blowers and beautiful old trees, it is today a finca. It Is 1A hectares (34.6 acres)-and oontains many orange trees, zapotes, mangos, tall, old coco palms. The house is large, interior furnishings "elegant" (for the town). There was a piano, which I played. It- was In tune ani only two keys stuck» (I had previously played two other pianos in the town: one waa completely out of tune, the other had many stuck keys beoause of the dampness») ; The climate of San Andre's iff not conducive to maintaining a piano ' in proper condition. There is no piano teaoher'here, but some of tba girls are very interested In muslo and try to play a little, without instruction, on these very, sad instruments. Wednesdayt*ojf. October 19. I spent the major part of the day in the house, * s ' Tl'writing . _ up _ my . notes and data cards. (Due to the laok of adequate light Monday night I had fallen behind). This morning I showed to Dr. Rene^ Ostos Mora, who has his consultorio in the house) the write-up of my Interview with Dr. Ramirez Chat) on, for cío mm en t and oritioism. LOS TUXT1A3 -16-, Dr. Ostos, on the whole, agreed with Dr. Ramirez Chacon's estimate, of the relative f requemo y or rarity of oontagious •/ ' diseases. He, however, thinks paludismo not frequent in San Andres; whereas Dr. Ramírez Chacon listed it-as frequent.'(The difference is probably that Dr. R.C. is thinking of the rural settlements and Dr. Ostos of the town). Dr. R.C. had said there were no oases of diphtheria; Dr. Ostos said there have been a few. Although Dr. R.C. had listed typhoid only as "frequent", Dr. Ostos said there had been a tyhpoid epidemio here, in August and September* \ In ranking of the diseases oaused by intestinal parasites, Dr. Ostos differed from Dr. Ramirez Chacon, as follows: Dr. Ramirez Chaoon . Dr. Ostos Mora Asoaridoaia 1 Unoinariasis (Anoylostomlasis) 2 Trioooefalosis . 3 Disentería amibiana 4 Taenia solium ("solitaria") With regard to Dr. Ramírez Chaoón'a statement that he la the military dootor, Dr. Ostos said this was not true: that Dr. Enrique Arroyo is the official military dootor and Dr. Ramirez Chaoon helps him at times. Dr. Ostos then loaned me a textbook (in English) on tropioal diseases, some of whloh I read carefully later in the day. These diseases oaused by intestinal parasites are common in areas where loose aoll la infected, and the eggs of these parasites transferred to the mouth by dirty hands and fingers.. Small ohildren, parti oularJ seem to be infeoted, and the disease is spread through the pollution of the soil by their faeoea. Dr. Ostos also told me of a prevalent belief'that if one has "solitaria" (a single worm, whloh may be from three to five meters long) one oannot have any of the o the rs, adding that this belief is totally unfounded. The other types of parasites frequently accompany Taenia, sollum. I-mentioned to Dr. Oatoa that what I really need are figures of actual inoidenoe of theae diaeasea for the period of a year. H~e aaid this^would be praotloally impossible to secure, alnoe Dr. Ramirez ChacoV baa been in this post only three months, and the reoprda of the previous doctor would be completely unreliable. It wou^d then aeon best to wait until Dr* Ramírez Chaoo'n haa been" in office three more months and then aecure the figures for a six-month period* In the afternoon, I returned to the de la Cera home, where I fount! the three girls assembled with whom I had spent the previoua afternoon. Rapport is exoellent with these young women, due to our mutual interest in muaio, and I decided to interview them, aa a LOS TUXTIAS -17-

group, with respect to various aspeots of social life in the town* They are daughters of well-to-do J'mlddle class" parents. (They ascribe to themselves the status of middle class). I first asked what were the names of the barrios in San Andres. " There are seven, named as follows:: San Pedro, Sat) Franc 1 so o, San Miguel, San Antonio, San Juan, San Andres and San Jose. They had difficulty in reoaillng all these names, and were, in faot, not quite certain as to exactly where each barrio was located. This seems to indicate that the barrios, at least for this group, are not so important any more. They agreed to this and said formerly1 the barrios were more important* It is interesting to note that the names given me by this group for the barrios are-the old names, and not the new ones given .to me in the President's offioe. They then gave me oooupatlonal levels, as follows: Dueños (de industrias, comercio), profesionistas, oficinistas, empleados-, comerciales, obreros, campesinos . The campesinos are by far in the majority, of course. By this time, Sr. and Sra. de la Cera had Jointed the group, and I asked about social classes. Hermila said there were three classes: Indios, who .lived in the country and at the borders of the town; la clase media (middle class) which constituted almost the . entire town. and 'la oíase alta, which constituted children of parents S of Spanish desoent. Sr. .de la Cera then said the middle class was the mestizo class., and the girls objected violently to this statement»! He then defined the mestizo as the child of one Spanish parent and one Indian parent, so that the middle class was, properly, not . "' mestizo, but mezclada—mixed. To this the girls agreed. He then said there Is no aristocracy in the town now. Before the Revolution, or, as he said, forty years ago, the re was an aristocracy. At that time, no one but a member of the' upper class could go to the ..Casino—"but - now, "un indio puede entrar en el Casino si el tiene dinero y oulturaüj This statement again brought forth a great deal of argument. Everybody was talking at once, and it was impossible to understand but. snatches of. «hat was said. Interviewing a group such as this - has the disadvantage that one cannot takes down all that Is said* It has, however, the advantage that one can see quite clearly the points ,at whloh strong differences of opinion arise, and how they are resolved..among tie members of the group. I pointed out to them that they were talking about different \ aspeots of class; and that one could oonsider it from the standpoint of race, or mottey, or education. They then all said that there are a |V few in San Andrea, who dominate beoause the.y aré wealthy, but that these people aré- really not of the upper olass. Education Is valued more highly than-money (by this group, at least)V and 3r. de la Oera theft; said there was la clase oulta. consisting of .people who have '<•> "culture". LOS TUXTLAS -18- The ocnfusion among this group as to what constitutes the upper class In San Andre's appears to indicate that the olasa lines in this oommunity are breaking down* There is a oonflict of values—the old value of an aristooraoy based on Spanish desoent vs. the newer values of wealth and/or eduoation. Thursday. October 20» Praotioally no light again last night so spent the ' morning writing up my notes for yesterday. In the afternoon, went to visit Marifa Rueda, a girl of 25» who went to the Amerioan College in Mexioo City, studied English for •";;'• three months, and has forgotten it since. This girl is rather moody, probably beoause, although she is 25, she has no novio (sweetheart). I asked her if there were three social classes here and she said there~were more classes, overlapping—especially between the Indios of the lower oiass, and the Middle class.-But she was rather vague " about the whole thing, and there was little rapport here, as compared with the other girls, and I decided not to question her further. Friday, ootober 21. This morning I went to interview Dr. Jose* Marín, Director of the Escuela Seoundaria. He is an M. D. and praotises medicine in addition to his duties-at the sohool. His office, as . physioian, is very olean. The waiting room had a freshly-scrubbed tile floor, plenty of chairs, five spittoons, and framed certifi- cates' on the walls. I waited while he saw a number of patients. All were "Indios". An entire family, exoept for one young woman, went in to see him at one time. I questioned the girl, as to where they lived and she said, XflKXXX "Ohuilapam", and that they had • óome on the train, very early this morning. This is one of the outlying settlements to the South of San Andrésr whioh has no dootof. When Dr. Marln finished with his patients, he invited me into his office, and we talked about the Secondary School. This corres- ponds roughly to the high sohool in the U. S. The Esouela Seoundaria in San Andres is supported by federal, state and munloipal funds. He gave me the number of students registered at present, as follows: Homb res Mujeres Total 1st year 30 7 37 2nd year 20 2 22 3rd year 20 70 15 85 There are 14 teachers in the stool: 9 men, 5 women* I asked Dr. Marín how many of these students oome from outside, flan Andrea (sinoe thdre is ño secondary sohool either in Catemacú or Santiago Tuxtla), -students from outlying communities LOS TUXTLAS -19- are as follows: From Catemaoo jM - 7 " Santiago flXfc- - 4 " Rodríguez Clara - 1 " Loma Bonita - 1 " Comoapan - 2 Total: 15 These students live In San Andres during the week and go home to their respeotlve communities on Saturday, for the weekend. Dr. Marín then drove me to the Escuela Secundarla and took me through It* It o en sis ted of an office, two classrooms—one fairly large—and, at the back of the "building, roomsfor pottery- making, manual training and sewing. The first-year "boys were having manual training: making furniture (for the school office) of cedar, hand-oarved; also hand-carved wooden boxes and plaques. Dr. Marín explained that this sort of work was good for the boys, because they had to use both head ard hands. They make up their own designs, transfer them to the wood by pencil and then begin to gouge .out the designs . The girls, meanwhile, were having a sewing lesson, making their own dresses. I examined one or two of the dresses and they appeared well-made. I noticed a sign on the blackboard in the hall, announcing a meeting of La Sociedad de Alumnos to celebrate the" anniversary of .the founding of tbs United Nations. Dxv Marín told*me this student olub meets every two weeks, has its own officers and arranges its own program. Caracas had told me there was a map of the municipio of Sen Andres at the Juzgado de Primera Estancia, so I set out to find this Juzgado. Instead of finding it, however, I went into the Juzgado Mixto Municipal, where I talked with the Seoretarlo, . Rogelio Barrios Quiroz. I asked him what was the difference" between these various Juzgados. He said the Juzgado Mixto de Primera Estañóla handles the most Important Judiolal oases, dealing with crimes, etc The Juzgado Mixto Municipal, otherwise known as "Juzgadcu.de £az", handles oivil oases of less importance. The Agenda del Ministerio Publico is the institution whioh aoouses or charges a person with a delloc. There is, in" addition, tte Policía Judiolal, and, of oourse, the Presidencia Munioipal, which Barrios Quiroz said handles "faltas, nada mas". I am very confused about all this and shall have to do some more questioning on the functions of the various judicial agencies. In the afternoon, I returned to the de la Cera household, where I found the women making washoloths from thedried.fiber of the estropajo (climbing ououmber vine) whioh has fruit about a foot in '.;•; length. After first Washing the fiber, the seeds are stripped from it.and rough plaoea In tha fiber out off with safety razor. Then LOS TUXTLAS -20-

a border of cotton cloth is sewed around this. The dry fiber is very rough and scratchy to the touch, but is said to be superior to a sponge when wet, because of its firmness. This type of wask cloth, the women told me, is strictly of the region. However, I have also seen fiber of this sort in use for the same purpose in Mexico city. Tonia de la Cera and I went to have some helado in the Plaza. It was already dark, and the plaza lights were on, though very dim. We sat at a table on the raised platform of one of the soft-drink stands and had coconut icecream with apricots. The helado here is all ice and little cream. Many people were sitting on fcHBBKftKXXHxfcte benches in the plaza, and at the soft drink stands, in the hour before dinner. Tonia told me of some of the forthcoming fiestas: Nov. 2nd, the Day of the Dead; November 30th, DÍa de San Andres; Deo. 7th, Purísima; Deo. 12th, Guadalupe. Most of these oelebra- tións begin at four a.m. There is also dancing in the Plaza every Sunday night, from 9 to 12. Saturday, October 22. This morning I talked with Horacio Valenzu^la Pérez, who is Inspector de Campo del Banco EJidal here in San Andres. This is the young lad that acoompanied me on the launch from Alvarado to Lerdo. (Even those holding minor positions in governmental offices here seem to have a title of some sort). I asked Horacio about the times of sowing and harvesting crops, and he went to his office and returned with the following list: Crop When sowed When harvested (1949) Arroz Maye 28 de Febrero Maíz Verano 31 de Marzo Maíz Invierno Dioiembre 31 de Agosto Frijol Invierno Octubre 30 de Abril Plátano Cultivo Abril 30 de Junio Tabaco Octubre 30 de Abril Chile Agosto 31 de Marzo

The e.1 id atari o s borrow money from the EJidal Bank at the time of sowing crops, and repay it at the time of harvest. The interest rate varies. It a was 8% this year, according to Horacio* The name of the top offioial in the EJidal Bank here is Sr. Franclsoo Saenz. His title: Jefe de Zona del Banco EJidal. Shall have to interview him, later on. In the early afternoon, the little o riada. Rósela, oame into my room to talk. Apparently she was undisturbed by my questions the other day regarding brujos. She is sixteen, and tells me that she was married in the church, at Santiago, when she was eleven. She lived with her husband two years, had no children.'"It's better", she says. She says she doesn't like him, never sees him any more. He now has a novia in Santiago. Rósela tells me that there are seven barrios in Santiago, the same as here, and that there are many oofradias and santos there. LOS TUXTIAS -21-

At six o'olock, went with Torila de la perito attend the birthday fie ata of the 7-year-old son of- Hennlla Solana y Ruisecq. There were about 15^youngsters there and some dozen adults* They' . were getting the piñata ready. This la a o lay Jar -which Is filled with candy, and then dressed up like a little man* This one was ^dressed like a Chinese Mandarin and they were oalling it "Fu Manobu". The pltiata was attaohed to a rope, on a pulley, so that it could be raised and lowered. Each child, In turn, was blindfolded and given a pole, decorated with strips of paper, led to the piñata so he • oould touoh it with the pole, then led back a few steps and turned around a few times. He then tries to hit the jar with the pole, in order to break it and release the candy. A young lad manipulates the rope so that the plfiata is out of reach most of the timé, so as not to have it broken at once, and thus spoil the fun. After each child has had a turn, the plfiata is lowered and one child has the chanoe to break it. Then all scramble for t he oandy. Following this, the ohiidren had refreshments, while a group of young women sat in the sala and talked. There were ten of them— two married, one widowed, and the rest of them single. The talk was all of getting married. There are no men.here in San Andrés to marry, they say, and they want to go to the U. S. to find husbands* I said I would take the eldest (30) baok to the U. S. with me, and this was the cause of muoh laughter. We'then sat down.to supper—tamales. totopostes, frl ;oles, cake, oookies, and coffee sweetened with panela. Sunday. Ootober 23rd. This morning inked in the map of Lake Catenaco. In the afternoon, talked to Sra. Juana Rueda regarding social classes in San Andre's. Her conception of the upper class is that of people whom she oalls gente deoente or gente de moralidad « "correctos". The values of decency, morality, and reserve are her values. Sra. Rueda tells proudly of her mother."who "was widowed at a very young age and never remarried, beoause it would not have been deoent to do so. Still later, I continued this dl sous si on, with the Sra. and with Andrés Usoanga, who is Contador dé la Ofiolna de la Haolenda , del Estado. I asked them who were the leading citizens of San Andrés, • and they 'gave me the following list,, together "with the occupations of these men: .. ; Antonio Gonzalez Alvarez, who has "representaciones" of industrial products. ••'•.•."• Luis Gonzalez Alvarez, who owns an ice factory and bottles limonadas» Emilio Lopez Miranda, wha has representad one s and oompraventa de semillas. Jos& MuTJiz Alvarez, who has representaciones (Banco Nal. de MexloQ), '• and 1.» In o omine roe. '.'•., Alfredo Preterí in-- representación de casas, y oómpraventa de semillas* Luis CarrlóV—• haoendado. Octavian o Carridn Cinta - Haoendaáo. Elias Fernandez - comeroiante mayoría. ' -22- Ebarista Figueroa - Representaciones y venta^mayoría Adiateo Turen - Hacendado. Owner of the compañía de agua potable Alberto Turen - Hacendado. Antonio Gonzalez Alvarez, Emilio Lopez Miranda and Alberto Turen are stockholders (acoionistas) of the oompania de luz. These men are all of Spanish descent; they have much money and exert much power and influence in the community. I asked if they had inherited their money. No,they had made it themselves, had advanced themselvesftAmong social clubs in San.Andrés, that patronized by the best families is the Casino Sanandresoano. The Casino life is characterized by dances, meetings, musical or literary gatherings. The club of the middle class is called Centro Social Union. While there are about 150 members of the Casino, there ia a larger membership in the Centro Social Union. The great majority of people in San Andrés are of the middle class, both according to Sra. Rueda and the de la Cera family and friends. There ia a Club de Leones (Lions* Club), and, in addition, a Club de Cazadores—a hunting club with mixed membership, both as to class and "race". This has some 40 members. The Indian is defined as one who speaks an idioma mejicano... Popoluca, Náhuatl, etc., and there are various terms applied to children of mixed parentage: Child of Negro and Indto is Mulatto; white and Indio—mestizo; mulatto and Indi :>--Lobo; mulatto and mestizo--chozno. In interclass marriages, children assume the class position of the father.

Monday, October 24th. In the night, sick at my stomache and had to vomit. Spent the day irr bed with upset stomaohe. -23- Tuesday, October 25th. This morning, went to Santiago Tuxtla. Visited the Presidencia Municipal, made a copy of the map of the municipio de Santiago Tuxtla and obtained a list of congregaciones, as well as a list of municipal officials. There is no map of the cabecera. There was, however, hanging on the wall of the Presidencia, an air photograph of the cabecera, made by the Compañía Mexicana Aerofoto. Probably a copy of this air photograph might be seoured from this company. Municipal officers are as follows: (1 propietario and 1 suplente for each): Presidente Municipal, síndico Único, Edil Primero, Edil , Segundo, Edil Tercero. The Ediles apparently have the same functions as the Regidores in San Andrés. There is a Registro Civil and a Commandancia de Policía as well. Names of incumbent officials, both in the cabecera and in the congregaciones (agentes municipales, both propietarios and suplentes) are recorded separately. List of congregaciones also recorded separately. The oabecera of Santiago Tuxtla is much smaller than that of San Andres. There is almost an "airplane view" of the tov/n as you approach it on the carretera from San Andre's, since the carretera at this point is very high. The plaza is very beautiful, with tall palms in the center and many flowering bushes, but it has a deserted appearance. The municipal building is on the South side of the square, the church on the opposite side. Streets are of cobblestones, as are the streets of San Andrés, but they appear to be more narrow. There is little traffic, of any kind, on the streets. A few men congregate at the soft-drink stands, while their horses rest. Santiago has the appearance of a "pueblo abandonado". In the Plaza, however, there was a sign (on a large blackboard, in chalk) announcing a fandango at 9 o'clock tonight. And in the coche from San Andres, I heard three young men making arrangements with the driver for him to drive them to Santiago and return, tonight. (It rained heavily this afternoon, however, and the road will be muy feo). I 3aw no "fine" houses-- in Santiago--most of the houses are of plan íes, som6 with tile roofs. It is not a prosperous-looking place. While I was in the Presidencia, copying the map of the cabecera, several cases came before the Presidente. 'One conoerned a husband who did not show the proper respect for his wife. The wife and her mother sat in chairs at one side of the President's desk, and the husband and his mother stood at the other side. The girl's mother was very vociferous in her accusations; little was said by anyone else. Víith an admonition from the Presidente that the man ought to have respeot for his wife, the oase appeared to be closed, and they walked out. The next oase also conoerned a husband and wife, the wife contending that her husband was always drunk and that he had ocme after her with a maohete, trying to kill her. He denied that he had had a maohete. I didn't «Hi hear the end of this case, so don't know the result. The Presidente listened to all the lamentations patiently, saying very little exoept to bring the oases to a dose. -24- In the Presidencia Municipal of Santiago, I met Prof. Alain Ponsado Ramirez, of Catemaco, who was vacationing for the day in Santiago. He is a maestro in the primary school in Catemaco, in which there are six teachers and 234 students. Prof. Ponsado accompanied me to the home of Sr. Policarpo Mendoza Morfín, to whom I had a letter of introduction from Frans Blom. Sr. Mendoza Morfín teaches in the Esouela Rural Federal of Santiago Tuxtla, which is'located on an e.lldo some twenty minutes walk from his home. (There are three schools in Santiago Tuxtla—in the cabeoera—the Escuela Priiraria Superior, which has six grades; the Escuela Roral del Estado, which has two grades; the Escuela Rural Federal, which has three grades). I talked awhile with both Sr. Ponsado and Sr. Mendoza concerning the problems of education in the region, especially in the rural districts These problems are, principally: (1) Lack of sufficient teachers. There is supposed to be one teacher for every forty pupils, but Sr. Mendoza f has many more than this; (2) Lack of sufficient equipments the government sends some books, but not enough of them--for example, 20 books for 100 students. (The government also furnishes pencils, and notebooks); (3) Small number of students who complete courses. I asked if the students want to study and both men agreed that the students are very alert, very vivo. It is especially the Indios who have the strongest motivation to study, beoause they have been told that that is the way to advance themselves. The person who knows how to read and write can rise in the world. It is the children of Spanish desoent, the ohildren of parents who have muoh money who are lax in their studies. Sr.Mendoza told * story eonoemlng one of bio pupilo «ho li left-handed* (The oplthot of *ourdo" lo applied to left-handed persona)* This student always «rote with bio left hand when sitting at his desk, but when he wrote on the blackboard, where the other otudsnts would see his writing, he wrote with his right hand. Mendosa added that he had never suggested to this boy that he write with his right hand—that the boy thought of it hinelf* This is an exasple of a desire not to be different froa others in one's peer group, intensified by the desirs to avoid the epithet applied to such different «ess* Again, as in the situation regarding aedloal servioe, one gets the strong iapreesion of wen who are working under treaendoue difficulties, to better the living conditions of the Mexican people* One is impressed with the Intelligence of these teachers and their sincere dedication to their profession. They have not beooao apathetic as a remit of the strong odds against whioh they *re fighting. This say not be the ease with all rural teachers in the region but it SCOBS to be true, at least, of these two* Sr. Mendosa is going to furnish as with the nuaber of students in the schoolc of Santiago, and I aw also going to visit the rural school at whioh he teaches* There is considerable archaeologies! interest in the region (Tres Zapotes is fair hours by horseback fro* Santiago) and Sr. Mendosa has trained his students to bring in anything they find of this nature* He showed ae a finely woxked piece of Jadelte which me -25- of hi» students brought tala. Tht objeot la «bout 1N long and 1" wide, about i" tblok at tht top» narrowing down to a fino out tins edge. There la a eollootlon at tho sohool of arohaoo logloal 6b Jo ota whloh tho atudonta have found. 3r. Fonaado and I than loft Sr. Mandona and walkod baok through tho town to tho Plaza. I aakod hla if thero wora any oaolquoa In tha region, and ha at flrat aald no* In tha old day», baforo tha Revolu- tion, thoro wara oaolquaa; tbara «till are, in Oaxaoa, ha aald, whara tha population la "puro Indio". I aakod hla If thara wara not atlll •one oaolquaa, "an al aantldo politico''. Ha than aald thara waa a family at Cataaaoo whloh had aalaotad tha authorltlaa for aany year». Tha nana of tha faally la Moran o • WEDNESDAY. Ootobar 26* It rainad lnteuittently all day* Took a purgativa this aornlng, etayed In tha houoa and work ad on diary and data oarda. Sra. Ruada told ao that ono of tho a o ft-drink stands In tha Plata was robbod last night. This aha attributed to tho faot that tha lights hare been Tory dla all week. I asked her if thoro wara aany robberies of this sort and she said there are very few robberies. Thursday. Ootobar 27. This aornlng I oalled on Prof. Angél F. Torres, Direotor of the Aoadeala San Andreaoana. (I had a latter to Torres, fro a prof. Barbosa, in Moxloo). Torres welooaed ae, In good Englloh, aald Barbosa was a friend of hla, and offered ae hla servio ee. I told hla I was aaklng a study of tha schools In tha region and wanted to know ooaothing about tha sohoolo In San Andrés. He said thara ware only two public sohools here whloh go up to tho 6th grade: one, a glrla' sohool (Josefa Ortiz); tho other, a boys' sohool (Landero y Cos). There are three private sohools In San Andres, all of whloh have six gradea. These are: (1) Esouela Frelnet; (2) Esouela Lie. Atllano Sedas; (3) Aeadeila San Andreaoana. Thaae are all supervised directly by the Federal Government. Torrea said tha other prlaary aohoola have only three, or, at the aoat, four grades. The Aoadeala San Andreaoana also has a ooaaerolal division, whloh oeaprlses three grades, beyond the 6th grade. Subjects taught are as follows: aatheaatloe, 3 yrs; Spanish, 3 yrs; English» 3 yrs; shorthand, 2 yrs; typing, 2 yrs; bookkeeping 3 yrs; business oorreopondenoe» 2 yrs; ooaaerolal law» 2 yrs; eoonoalos, 1 yr; geography 2 yrs; history 1 yr. Prof. Torres started this sohool eight years ago* Although it is a private sohool, he reoeives 5000 pesos a year froa the federal government, and 50O0 pesos a year froa the University of Verseras, with whloh the Aoadeala is affiliated. He then told ae that he was sorry to say that in eight years, only five etudents have ooapieted the whole oourse, and not a singa student has received a degree* Getting a degree (froa the University of Veraorus) involves writing a thesis and passing a professional axaalnation—another year's work* Torres asserted that the lack of students oonpletlng the full oourse is largely the fault of tha parents. The parents have nade aoney, -26- •any of thoa without «TOD finishing tht six priaary grados, so when a otudont has go no one or two y oars to Torres' ooanoroial sohool» ho fools ho knows «tough, loaves tho scaool and goos to work* Tht Director of tho UnlTorslty of Veraerua has visited San Andres four tlaos» urging tho students of the Aeadeiia to finish their eourses and get a degree» but» thus far, to no of foot. Torres says ho doesn't know of any native of the region who has rsooivod a eolxege degree* Soae of his foraer students are now wo riling in tho Mercantile Bank and soae in tho offlees of the Haolonda. I asked Torres how aany teachers the ooaaereial division of the sohool has, and he said three*1 he, his wife, aril one other* He also has two foraer students who assist In teaching* He stated that his wife had graduated fro a a oollege in México* Regarding o oats to the students: each student buys his own notebooks» pencils, eto. Torres has a fairly good library» froa whloh the students aay draw books* Tuition foes for the ooanoroial students aaount to 30 pesos por month, but Torres says soae 2Durango» studied in Mexloo City» has travelled all over Mexloo, lived for two years in the United states, and has never found people anywhere that were so hard to deal with as tho people here. He then told ae a story about soae sohool furniture which he had received froa the federal governaent. The local authorities objected to his having the furniture, saying that tht other schools had a greater need for it, and sent soae BOB to take it away* He called upon the parents of his students for help» and the aatter was finally settled. He still has the furniture* Torras stated that there is a strong coaaunlot influence in toe politics of the region, although the eoaaunisto are not organised* There is no official eoaaunlst party here* I aontloned the forthcoming -27- aiaotion on Novaabar 6th, and ha «aid thara la only ona oandldata (or ona alata of oaodldatas). Ttaare wara originally thraa eandidataa but tha othara droppad out of tha raoa* In tha aftarnoon, Tonla da la Gara atoppad by to aaa aa, and shortly aftarward, fiva or alx of bar frlanda, with a girl «ho la oandldata for "Qnaan" of tha raglonal fiaataa in Daoaabar. I than «ant for a «alk and «han X raturned, tha Sra. told aa that Torraa had ooaa to aaa «a and «aa going to ask «a to taaoh In tha school* Sha aald undar no elrouaotanoas «aa I to pro ala a hla anything* I told har that I had to talk to tha aan In ordar to aoooapllah ay work hará. Sha aaaaad vary upaat and I aakad, "Isn't ha a good aan?" "Ho." "Why?" sha alaply purséd har lipa and ahook har haad. Torraa did oall on aa, In tha avanlng, but alaply to bring aa a eopy of Slaaal's 800lologia to road* Ha aada na aantIon of ay taaohlng In tha school and apparantly tha Sra. Juapad to oonolualona. Thara la evidently aonaldarabla anlaoalty toward thla oohooltsaohar, aa lndloatad by hla atory about tha furnltura and tha Sra.'a objection to his visit. Also» «han I had axprassad surprise at tha oolleotloo of aaps of tha rag Ion «bloh ha had, ha said, ^Thsy kno« In tha Presldenoia that I haya thaaa aapa, but thay wouldn't tall you." I aa ourloua to know what thla aan has dona to lnour aoolal disapproval. Ha told aa ha la lcslng tha sohool building at tha and of tha yaar, hla landlord rafuslng to lot hla raaaln thara longar. Ha alao aantlonad that two invastlgations of tha school have baan aada» at tha instigation of tha looal authorltlaa. I ahouid laaglne a larga part of tha anlaoalty is dua to tha faot that Torras Is not a San* andreaoano* Also, ha has importan t eontaeta In llaxloo, «hloh have re- sultad In hla gat ting aqulpnant for his school «hloh Is noadad for all tha schools hara. Farhapa thara la soaa "aoralM raason. If I oan find out tha raaaona for soolal disapproval of this aan, thla alght glva an Indio at ion of tha aohaaa of values In San Andrea Into «hloh ha doas not fit. Friday. Ootobar 20. In tha night—around 1:30— thara «aa a saranada out In front of tha houaa. Thla aornlng Dr. Oatoa said tha girls were aaraaadlng hla. I aakad If thla «aan't rathar unuaual—that tha aan should saranada tha girls. Ha said ha had to pay thaa 10 paaoa for tha saranada•> It «as to eollaot aonay for tha crowning of tha Qua an, «hloh affair Is to raiss funds for tha oathedrai, «hloh is not yat ooaplatad. Ha aald Eraiia Solana and Yolanda Oaroia both sang last night* This brings aa onoa again to this group of young woaan, «ho rapraaant aoma of tha bast faalllsa hara (akt although thay oall thaasalvss alddla olass). Eralla'e fathar, togathar with Tonla'o fathar, hava a nonopoliy on tha nanufaotura of olgars In tha raglon. Yolanda Oaroia* s fathar las pro party at Oataaaoo (banana plantation?) Bralla, Martha and Yolanda ara oouslns, ral a tad on tha faaala alda to Luis Carrion, ona of tha loading ol tin ana. Tha (teníalas girl is tha daughtar of ona of tha proalnant Consoles brothars, yat thay oall thaasaIvas—and tha young aan llkewisa oall thaa—al olub da des- asparadaa (tha olub of tha hopalaaa). I ask ad tha young aan In tha houaa why thla la so, and Dr. Oatoa said baeauaa tha girl a «ant to -28- narry millionaires or primes* The boy» also o all them "las vaoas quo no dan leohe" (cows that don't give milk), meaning by this that they don 't allow any liberties. Ermila Solana appears to bo tho idtax loador of tho group» perhaps booauao aho has boon aarriod (oho is a very attraotfcre widow). It Is oho who lnotlgatos tho social events in whloh the girls take part. But when I Mentioned that I thought she was attractive (tm the wen) they said, "But she Is a widow, and who wants a widow?* The young «en, on tho other hand, have oomplete freedom, and it Is their custom to go to Catewaoo or Santiago Tuxtia to danoeo. Some half dozen young men went to Veracruz last Sunday, leaving San Andres at 3 a.m., and not returning until around noon on Monday, and one has the impression that sexual adventures, as well as dancing, were included among their activities. This morning, took a walk out to the oesetery» o hooking looation of schools, etc, on the map. Walked North along the outskirts of the town and returned via Avenue Juarez, where I stopped for a few minutes to talk to Ing. Martinez Sepulveda, regarding the oarretora. I asked if there Is a map showing the exaot route of the earretera and he said no, just surveyors' measurements. I asked him when he thought tho oarretera would roaeh Catewaoo and he said not until Maroh. They are working vij slowly now, with only one or two road-graders, due to ins uf fio lent money from the government. Said they would begin to work faster In January. I asked if the oarretera is not bypassing Mataoapam, sinoe this was my impression in driving through there. He said no* In faot, it passed so close to Mataoapam that they had to move some houses- it wasn't worth putting a curve in the road. (These were probably iaoaloa)| Spent most of the afternoon typing off a oopy of Torres' "monograph" on San Andres and neighboring municipios. Saturday. October 29. Continued typing the oopy of Torres' paper. This morning, and also early this afternoon, walked about SI Centro, working on a more detailed map of this part of town, whloh will show the location of stores (type of store) and public buildings. Xn the late afternoon, Tonla do la Cora oame by and we went for a walk, through Belen, which is an ejldal oolonia to the southeast of the city. Wo oros sod over the Easternmost of the two arroyos that run through San Andres and began the steep aso en t to Belen, whloh was by way of a dirt road—no oobblestoneo• Rude steps had been out in the dirt but these were not very satlsfaetory• Belen, whloh is subdivided into Belen Chico and Belen Grande, is a very large settlement of laeales (would estimate 50-60 jaoaleo)* We walked toward the East, passed the ejldal sohool and came to the edge of open country* In the near distanoe was an excavation whloh Tonla said she believed was for a hospital* Further beyond» in tho open» was a military building and , field where the soldiers hold exerels so during national fiestas* We then turned North and walked among the jacales to return to town by another path* It was sunset, or shortly thereafter, and in the deepening dusk we oould see the glowing ooals In stoves inside the huts and hoar -29- th* sharp pat-pat of tortillas being made. Smoke fro» oooklng fires sifted out fro» underneath tht thatohed roofs. Little ohlldron were playing in tho dooryards, tht boys olad in shirts and no pants, or completely nudo. In ono of tht Jacales thore was a aariaba playing* Thero appsarod to be two snail tiendas in the settlement* Tonla told ae that the people in Be Ion aake tortillas whloh are sold in the Plata* Many pigs, whloh roaaed about freely* Froa the northwestern part of Bel en, there was an exoellent view of San Andres—the towers of the oathedral. We descended to the town by way of a very steep path of eobblestones and soon were in one of the streets in the Eastern part of the town. We went to the Plaza and sat on one of the benches to rest* It was now dark, and the elect rio it y which has been low for the past two weeks, was not functioning at all. A half aoon above, sonewhat ob- soured by olouds, plus a few lanterns in the soft drink stands, provided lllualnation in the Plata. It was the hour before dinner and aany people were pronenading, or sitting on the benohes* The group of girls, of whloh Era lia solana appears to be the leader, passed by* There are two candidates for Queen of the regional fiestas: Conchita Gonzalos Isla, of Eraila's group, and Sylvia Rodriguet. The girls sell tlokets for their o an did ate, and the candidate for whoa the aoat tlokets are sold is crowned Queen. The aoney goes to the oathedral* In the display window of the shoe store on Madero St* this afternoon, I saw a large photograph of Conohlta Gonzalos, in foraal evening dress, the photograph si labeled "Candidato...H etc • While Tonla and I rested in the Plata, I asked her about oourting oustoao (aaong tht members of her ooelal olass). If a girl has a novio (sweetheart) and has giren ooamromlao (her aeoeptanoe of his proposal of marriage), he aay call at her home every evening* He aay also serenade her with guitar and song. On Sunday nights they aay sit in the Plata or danoe, unaoooapanied, but if they go to the aovles, they are aoeoapanled by a member of the girl's family. I asked if there is always someone in the rooa with tht young couple when the novio ooaeo to call, and Tonla said no. Formerly, some member of the fsally sat in the rooa with them, but this is no longer the rule* Tonla a ant Ion ed to ae that the train had gone through today, for the first tlae sinoe Wednesday* And WednesdayTs train was also the first one in three days* The rails and other equipment are r^rf old— 1912—and there are frequent breakdowns. Thus, the President's statement that there is a train daily doesn't aean auoh* At dlimertlae, there was still no light whatsoever* Or* Ostos . said the lights will be iff for 48 hours, while the broken-down generator at the plant is s being repaired* We are then to have light again Monday evening. In the aean tlae, oandlee and kerosene leaps suffioe. There are aany flashlights in the town, auoh in evidenoe on the streets these nights of bad lighting* Sunday. October 30. This aornlng, went with tht do la Coras to see the laguna opeantada whloh is yry near. Just to tho North of the road to Cateaaoo* The lake reoelved its name beoause its depth has never been pluabed. It is a orator lake, high abjve the surrounding country, surrounded by deep forest. There used to be a myth about the laguna en pandada. to the of foot -30- that whan it rained, the water in the lake went down; whan the season was dry, the water rose. But a few years ago, the water or erf lowed Its banks, and sinoe then the lake has had an outlet. Fro» the heights above the lake, one oan see Lake Catcaaoo, several kas. to the East. On these heights also stands the house in which the Aaerioan girl lived last year. The house is of aasonry but in very poor ooadltion. Juan de la Cera told we that to the North of this lake, there is a eave in the Mountains where the brujos have a temple and worship the Devil* His daughter expressed disbelief at this and he said, yes, it was true. People had found inoense pots there. I asked if it was possible to reach this plaoe and he said no, the asoent was very difficult and there were sany snakes. When we returned to San Andres, Ton la and I went through a new house whleh one of the Gonzalez brothers (of the bottling works) is building. It is a large, two-story building, with an observatory—or rather, an observation tower—on the roof* From the top one oan look down on all of San Andres, and have a fin* view of the surrounding oountiy. The house is very elegant, with warble stairways, hand-turned banisters, eto. Eleotrlo lighting fixtures everywhere, and as he took us through the house, the owner turned the lights on, even though it was broad daylight* There were nan y built-in plaques and shields, with a "ooat-of-arms* over the front door. Gilded oords at the entranoe to first-floor rooms. The house is rejinlsoent of a Balaban & Kats aovie theater in its palay days* Some of the older citizens have expressed to ae a dislike of suoh ostentation, saying that it did not fit the old pattern of the use of wealth* Money was to be used for the land, for acquiring more wealth, for one's faally* But apparently this house serves as a syabol for this aan of his superior position in the ooaaunlty* Tonia said Gonzalos is a Billionaire. At dinner, Sra. Rueda was oonplainlng that there was not enough water in the tíñale (storage tank)* I took this oeoasion to ask her about the oity water supply* Water comes down by natural flow froa the porros to the North of San Andrés, to a reservoir, froa which it is distributed by pipeline to various parts of the oity* The ooot is 12 eentavos for louo liters, whloh seems inexpensive* Yet the Sra* says they don't give 1000 liters (itolch is the amount required to fill the water tank)* She says she has paid as auoh as eight pesos a aonth for water. Also In oonneotion with the water supply was Sr* Juan de la Cora's suggestion this morning that water Bight be piped froa the laguna encantada to San Andres* Sinoe the lake is very high, the water would desoend by natural flow* And it is very good water. It rained very hard all afternoon, XO letting up a little in the early evening, at whloh tiae Tonia oaae by to take ae to a fiesta at the Casino this evening* I was eager to see the Casino sinoe it is the sooial oenter of the town* It is lust South of the Plaza. As one enters from the street, one ooaee onto the dance floor* The rooa is large, rectangular, with tile mosaic floor» and a platform at one end for the orchestra. Back of this is another rooa, with tables and ohalrs, and at the baok of this rooa there is a stand which serves as a bar* LOS TUXT1AS -31- Betty Starr The fiesta «as being given to raise aoney for the eonpletion of the oathedral, and was well attended (probably about eighty people)* Danoe •usio «as furnished by an orohestra oonalstlng of two marlabas, bass viol, and drua* From tue bar were served beer» oüba libres, oooa oolas, etc*, and later in the evening a light supper was served, whloh oonsisted of enohiladas and garnaohaa (tortilla, served flat, with neat, oheese and ohlll on It). Several men asked ae to danoe and the Sanandresoanos were very Interested in watohing la Aaerioana danoe* The orohestra played a "Boogie Woogie" for ay speolal benefit, and I faked it, although ay partner—a visitor from Mexioo City—had been to the United States and knew how to Jitterbug* The aen all asked ae where I was froa, and why I had ooae to San Andres rather than some other plaoe* They also commented on ay good Spanish. (My Spanish is "good" in comparison with their English). A spotted pig, with a red ribbon around its neok, was brought in, squealing with displeasure. It was raffled off, at two pesos a ohanoe. Men and boys who would not, or oould not, enter the Casino watohed through the open windows and doorways* Trays of beer were given to the ausloians now and then. All in all, a very gala affair. We left around 10:30, before the pig was raffled off. I heard later that they were still danoing at midnight. Monday. Ootober 31* It rained all last night, and all day today, without cessation. At tlaes the rain was aoooapanled by a high wind, whloh Sra. Rueda said was a oyclone. This is the "Norther . Temperature dropped considerably and I wore a wool skirt and two sweaters to keep out the cold. Judging froa the damage to the Sra.'s garden, whloh is protected by walls on lour sides, the damage to such o ropa as young tobaooo aust have been considerable. In spite of the rain, aotivitles oontinue alaost as usual, and one sees every type of raingear, from modern plastic rainooats and oapes—and uabrellas—to the large leaves, oalled ho Jas de aplxi that the Indians use to keep off the rain* This leaf, about l^l%-2* in length and 1-1#* in width, is held by its stem and used as an umbrella* An Indian woaan one to the door, earrylng a live turkey—a fine- looking bird—which she wanted to sell* I oould not buy it, of course, but I talked to her for awhile* She was glad to be out of the rain for a few ainutes. This woaan was from Santiago Tuxtla, froa the oabooora. and said she had walked to San Andres. She asked If I had been to Tuxtla and didn't I think it was a pretty plaoe. As we talked, she shifted the weight of the turkey in her aras, and finally started off again in the rain* One aanner of transportation I have not yet mentioned* This is the way in whloh the si ok are transported (by the Indians) to the doctor* A hamaook is strung on a long pole, whloh is oarrted on the shoulders of two aen* There is a covering plaoed over patient and hammook to keep out sun or rain* One sees this transport going toward the house of a doctor, and perhaps half an hour later returning* Due to the heavy rain, I stayed In the house all day, inking in the aap of the cabecera of San Andrés, and reading Slaael for an hour or so* In the evening, Renato Peres oalled on ae and I asked hia why it is that LOS TUXTLAS -32-

the people here do not like Torres, the Director of the Academia San- andreeoana. He «aid that Torres "exploits"; Torres is always asking the parents of his students for money, for some purpose or other, and they do not like this* Tuesday. November 1» This morning I *«nt to see Prof* Torres to get additional data on the Aoadenla Sanandresoana* I then went to oall on Prof* Barreiro, the Supervisor of the state schools, out he was not at hone* As I returned to the house* I noticed two bulls being led into a wail-enolosed lot aoross the street* I asked Natalia, one of the orladas, what is done in that lot and she said oattle are sold there for the market—sold on the hoof—and then taken to the rastro, at the southern Halts of the olty, where they are killed* A few days ago, I saw a freshly killed animal being delivered to the market. It was being taken out of a truok by four men who staggered under its weight. The sides are out after the beef is in the market, then hung* Today is Todos Santos, the vesper of the DÍá de Difuntos, and this afternoon I went to the cemetery. The sidewalk of the prinoipal street leading to the cemetery (whioh is nine blooks West of the Plasa) was orowded with people oarrylng bunches of flowers, wreaths of artificial flowers, hoes, buokets, and cans of paint. Enterprising vendors of duloss had set up temporary stands along the way* On the way to the cemetery, I passed a house in which about half a dozen women and girls were Seated in front of a household altar, on whioh were many pictures of saints, and candles were burning* They were singing a lamentation—at least it sounded like that—in very loud, walling voloes* I stopped outside the window and listened oarefully, attempting to hear the words, but could understand none of them. I am oertain they were not singing in Spanish; nor did the melody sound at all Spanish* At the entrance to the oemetery were half a do sen temporary stands, whose owners were selling dulces. There were many young boys with hoes, offering their services to those who had come to fix the graves. In the cemetery, many people were at work, washing or repainting tombstones, digging up the earth, planting flowers, or simply plaoing them on the graves* A young lad offered me a olgarette and aooompanled me as I walked through the oemetery* As we reaohed the western wall, he explained to me that the part within the walls is the "old oemetery" and that beyond the western wall is the "new oemetery"• There was an opening in the wall at this point* The "new oemetery" Is on a hillside and very rough- looking, with only simple crosses and no elaborate monuments such as are in the older seotlon. There was a general air of busyness about the activities in the oemetery; the boys with the hoes were generally having a good time, and one boy was flying a kite. We looked at some old vaults whioh were dated around the ltt80's and 1890'a and ay oonpanlon explained that the remains from some of these vaults are being removed and buried because the vaults are falling apart. LOS TUXTIAS -33- On the way hoae from the eeaetery, I stopped in the shop of a oandleaaker and watohed the process* Strings are attaohed to a wheel» whloh rotates horizontally, and eaoh string Is dipped and redlpped in paraflne until the candle Is the right thlokness* The oandles are sold in the aarket here* The dark oandles of beeswax are also sold in the aarket. This evening. I worked on the nap of "El Centro". The wall plane did not ooae yesterday (its scheduled tlae); nor did it eoae today. Wednesday. Novoabor 2. D^a de Difuntos I went to the oeaetery at 8:30 this aomlng but there were few people there at that hour and activities appeared to be the saae as those of yesterday. It is near the end of ay first aonth in San Andres, during whloh tlae I have been orienting ayself to the region generally, and asking a speelal study of educational facilities. While continuing with the latter. I an now going to begin working on the eoonoay, whloh. perhaps aore than anything else, holds the region together and aakes it a unity* I aa going to start with the aost accessible part of the eoonoay—the aarket in San Andrés* This aomlng I spent soae tlae within the aarket. oovering the peraanent stalls along its four walls, and indicating the position of each stall and general type of goods sold. I plan to aake a rough aap of the aarket and I began by napping the peraanent stalls** With regard to type of goods sold, the peraanent stalls aay be divided into two groups: (1) Those selling drygoods: yard goods, ribbons, thread, buttons. Jewelry, children's oloth.ee, etc*, and, (2) Those selling "hard" lines and food staples: oannod goods, tinware, china, ropes, baskets, fiber bags, leather goods, oandles, and rioe, beans, ooffee, etc Aside froa this division, there appears to be little difference between the various stalls, auoh the saae type of goods being sold in eaoh, although, in addition to the regular ^llne", one aay notloe flashlights for sale in one stall, and neat grinders in another* Baskets, fiber bags, rope, twine, oandles and tinware are hung froa the ceiling. Leather goods, such as aaoheto covers or soabbards are likewise suspended* Staples such as dried beans, rioe, sugar, etc. aay be sold froa open containers or froa glass jars. Oookles, o rack era and oandy are kept in glass containers. Canned goods, soap, oigarottes, etc. are kept on shelves at the back of the stall* In the "drygoods" stalls, yard goods are piled on shelves; children's Jaoketa and sweater's, boys' oapa, women's aprons, rainoapes, etc are hung froa the oelllng. Ribbons and laces are hung froa the oelllng or exhibited in display oases. Jewelry, buttons, thread, oonbs, etc. on the oounter or in showoases. I did not inquire as to prices of ooanodities, but did oopy the following prloe list which was posted on a blackboard in front of one of the stalls along the West wall: LOS TUXTLA! 3 -ü-34- Botty Starr Asuoar #0*80 Arroz 1*10 Cafo 4.20 Mantooa 4.80 " vegetal 4.00 Harina 1*00 Frijol .55 (Signad) Raul E. Calzada These are prloee per kilo» whloh is the unit of oubio meaaureaent here. While I was walking about in the Market, I net Rosarlo Rodriguez» of Catenaoo (the lad who took ae for a boatride on the lake). Rosarlo said he ooaes to San Andre's every morning to sell fish, both froa the lake and froa the sea. The peaoa do aar (his words) are brought to hia froa Santeooaapan and Montepío and he brings thea to San Andrés to resell at a higher price. He thus aots as a aiddleaan in the distribution of fish froa the gulf, and serves as a link between the ooastal settlements and the provincial oity. 1 asked hia if he aade auoh aoney at this, and he said out of 200 pesos he received, 100 pesos rsaained for hia (after his expenses were paid). The fish froa the sea, aeoordlng to Rosarlo» are Róbalo, Huaohi- nango, Pargo, and Mojarra; those froa the lake are Mojarra, Topóte, and Jull. Camarones (shrlaps) are also sold in the market from tiae to tiae— not dally. As yet, I don't know their provenienoe. Sra. Rueda has told ae there are sometimes langostas in the river at Santiago Tuxtla,whloh are very tasty. Sr. Juan do la Cera says these are asxxe* langostinos, but are oalled oamarones. He says they are froa 22-23 eas. in length with a diameter of around 7 oas. De la Cera says they are abundant when there is auoh rain and the rivers swell. They are caught in traps or weirs. Parallel with the South wall, but closer to the oenter of the market, is a row off saall stoves, and sinks or tubs for washing dishes— about seven of these stove-sink combinations. And behind this, a row of tables and benches for people who wish to eat in the aarket. Closer to the oenter of the aarket, still parallel with the South wall is a row of stalls at whloh bread is sold, and in one of these I notlood bread baked in the shape of a huaan figure, whloh is aade for the Día de Difuntos in this, and other parts of Mexioo. The figures were about 8N in length with saall head, short aras and laaense buttocks and thighs. In the evening, went to the de la Cora's for la cana, it was Tonla's birthday, and so a double celebration. Before dinner we were served nanohea ourtldoa. whloh appear siailar to white or yellow sherries, and were soaked in aloohol. Nanohea are sold at the en- traño e to the oeaetery on the Day of the Dead. I saw thea on sale there yesterday, floating in large trays of «tkasa» aloohol. There was auoh Joking about people walking about in the oeaetery eating nanohea and da loes, and Sr. de la Cera said he dido 't like to eat in the oeaetery beoause of the aiaaaas arising froa the graves of the dad. LOS TUXTLAS -35- There followed a lively di BOU •• Ion (almost so argument) ai to the Mexloan attitude toward death—Jokes about death, oalavoras (versos1 eto. This dlaouasion had its origin in a series of artloles in this Sunday's edition of the Mexioo City newspaper* Some argued that this attitude had its origin among the Azteos; Sr. de la Cera said it oame fron Spain, speelfioally from Catalonia, where it originated during tlaes of political troubles* A number of oslayeras (verses regarding death) were read aloud, and there was nuoh Joking about bones and skeletons of those present. Sr* de la Cera said that in the barrio of Campeche here in San Andres, there are Indians who were brought here from Herida, who still preserve some of their Maya ouatoms* On November 1st they make a huge tamale, of masa de maíz and carne do oordo* they oook it in a ground oven by means of hot stones, then Take it out, wrap It in leaves, and leave it overnight for the dead to eat* If the dead don't eat It, the next day (Nov. 2nd) the large tan ale is siloed, like bread, and apportioned to the group* This tan ale is oal led Plplpollo. aooordlng to de la Cera. I asked why there are no oeremoniea at the oemetery on the Day of the Dead, and all said, "The old ou atoms are finished." Before dinner we were also served wine and queso de Tuxtepeo, whloh isa orumbly, hard, white cheese. Tamales of masa of dried oorn constituted the main dish* Coffee sweetened with panela and two kinds of layer oake* Sr. de la Cera loaned me a two-volume publication issued by the government of the state of Veraoruz: Moisés T. de la pefta, Veracruz Eoon6mloo. Mexioo» 1946, whloh will probably be of some help in approaching the economy of the region* Thursday. November 3* This morning I returned to the market and oontlnued mapping the looation of stalls and counters for the sale of various commodities, and, from the oonfusion which impressed me the first day I visited it, emerges order. Counters for fish are all in one section of the market; meat counters localized in two plaoes, and so on. It was interesting to see that there were no fish whatsoever in today's market, though there was an abundance of them yesterday* The reason: the holiday yesterday* (Sra* Rueda complained at dinner this noon that there was also little fruit in the market today—"a bad day in the Plaza"•) I was oopyxng a prloe list posted on a blackboard when a young man asked me if I would like a more complete list* He then showed me the offioial list of prices for art!oulos de primera necesidad, issued by the Chamber of Com»roe for August, 1949* This is the last ons issued, aooordlng to my Informant. He also had lists for months previous to August. I asked if I might take them with me and make oopieo of them, and he agreed, with the provision that I let him write a letter on my typewriter this afternoon* To this I agreed* LOS TUXTLAS -36- Betty Starr I returned to the house, nade ooplee of the list», and in the afternoon the young nan returned to get the liste and to «rite his letters. I asked him if he worked in the narket and he said he did* He observes the prloea for ifcioh artioies are being sold* eheoks then against the offioial prloe list and if the selling prloe is too high» he reports to the ayuntan lento and a fine is imposed on the seller. He also watohes for short «eight* lfuoh of this ahortwelghting and overcharging goes on. apparently. The young man said if I went to the market to buy something, they would undoubtedly overcharge me* He then began to talk about plaoes of interest and asked me if I had been to the o ave at the laguna eneantada» I said I had not, but that I had heard the brujos had a templo there. He said he dldnH believe in such things. "But some people do"? Yes, the brujos are somewhat line do o tors, ouring with herbs. But he himself didn 't believe it. A slok woman lay on the hard floor of the oorredor praotieally all day today* She was aoeompanied by her husband and a young child of about three or four years. She had come to see Dr. Ostos, lived very far away and had to wait all day until it was time to go to the train. The ohild oried almost oonstantly slnoe none of the three had had anything to eat slnoe yesterday, exoept ooffee. The Sra. gave them some soup. It rained all afternoon» and I stayed in and wrote letters. Friday. November A* It rained all day—at times very hard—without oessation* So, of oourse, the mail plane did not oome. And I did not go out of the house* Instead, I leafed through Veracruz Eoonomloo. reading the sections which referred to the Tuxtlas, and making a few notes. Saturday. November 5. I went to the market this morning, where I met my informant, Guillermo Alvares Carvajal omega. Together we went through the market, he pointing out to me various fruits and vegetables* These were i Ejote — A green bean, about a foot in length* Chayóte — 5-6 H in length; fuzzy, green skin* Pisóte — 3-V' in length; smooth, oream-oolored skin* Yuoa — The root. Zapote Negro — The shape and size of an orange, and green* Limón agrio — Lime*1 _ Tomate — Very small tomato, l-lf In diameter, red,and jcalxa* green* Tejooote — $rab apples, from Puebla* Plátano roatan — Small banana Plátano maoho — Large " Plátano elento en booa — Very small, abt. 4" in length* Pina — Pineapple* Comes from Isla, to the South* It was being sold in siloes this morning, but is also sold whole* Albahaoa (spelling?) — An herb LOS TUXTLAS -37- Betty Starr Aohote — "Para dar color a la comida"* Red* Ráíbano — Radish* . Cooo — Cooonut, whioh oonea from Montepío and from Cateoaco. Zapote ohloo — Brown akin, brown pulp* Hoja de Beozdh — Used to wrap tanalea. Papaya — From Xoteapan* Toaate — Medium elzed, greenv Berenjena — Eggplant. "De aqul." Col-- Cabbage* Colinabo — White turnip. Papas — Very small potatoes. Camote — Sweet potato* Berro — Wateroress* Haba — Lima bean. Lama de apixl — a root. Calabaza — Gourd* Cones from Belen (and other plaoes). Orégano — Used as a garnish. Maíz — Dried oorn Frijol negro • - Blaok beans Naranjas — Oranges Carrots, onions, garlio, and lettuoe* Various types of chile: Chile anoho, chile gordo (baby peppers, red, and green), chile serrano, chile ohllpallita, and Chile Pueblano (from Puebla)• Guillermo told me there are several types of tamales: elote, duloe. negro (con frijol), presa and masa. We saw tamales negros for sale this morning, wrapped in hoja do beozón. We next visited the stalls or oounters where bread is sold, and noted the following types: Pastellta de queso, a small square with cheese filling; penca, of sweet dough with sugar sprinkling; apretada: chamberinas. with sugar sprinkled on top; caprichos. also with sugar sprinkling; trensas: roaqulto de nanteoa. sweet dough braided into a ring* These are only a few ofThe many types of bread in the market* We thm visited the meat counters and Guillermo told me every part of the animal (beef) 1» eaten* We saw the following portions for sale: the blood (dried) whioh Guillermo says Is very delloious; head; liver; feet; tail; Mondongo, or first section of the stomaohe; and also ohloharrop (fried) of two kinds: (1) oohole: (2) oasoara. These are in addition to the usual outs of fresh beef* There is also dried beef. There was also longaniza do PUB roo (sausage) and tripa de coohlno. both raw, and cooked. Other foodstuffs observed in the market were: totopostes df frijol, oalled totoposte negro «(That whioh I have eaten is totoposte bianco. made of maízli piloncillo de azuoar. a mould of brown sugar: lisa salada, a dried and salted fish, about 10" in length, from CbiapasTiuaok, shiny squares of a petroleum produot, whioh are oh owed as a substitute for gum made of ohlole. LOS TUXT1AS -38- Betty Starr I then asked Guillermo that apeo if i o articles oane froa Santiago Tuxtla, and he naaed the following: Queso, of two kinds: queso bien hecho {v«ry large) queso enreda (fresoo) Esoohas -- Broons Coronas — Wreaths of flowers» for the oemetery Requesón — Milk that has ourdled (oottage oheese?) Tunlta — a fruit Casaron es — Shrimps, from the river. Cangrejos — Juil — Fish, from the river. Cucharas de palo — Large spoons, orudely oarved. Molinillos — Chooolate beaters, nade of wood (oarved). Froa Catenaao oone: Naranjas, yuca, tenate, frijol, maíz, oafe, plátano aaoho, plátano m orzan o and plátano o lento en booa, oooos, and fish (of the kinds Mentioned by Rosario Rodrigues). Also losa (pottery). Fron Tepanean: ohayote, losa, maíz, frijol blanco and frijol negro* Froa Siguápaa: Frijol, nalz and flores* Froa Mataoapan: " n M Calería: M " " Coooapan: " H As I was about to leave the market, a little girl owe up to Guiilerno and asked hlo to weigh What she had bought, to see if it oaue up to the proper weight* He did so, and the weight was correot. He has a table near the center of the market, with a so ale and weights, for this purpose. Fron the market I went to the Chamber of Conmeroe where 1 made arrangements to secure price lists for additional months of the year* I then went to see Torres to borrow his map of the three nunlolplos in order to make a rough oopy for present use* He has sent to Mexioo for photostats of a better nap* Torres told ne that about three or four years ago he direoted organized sports In San Andres--luunxiftsJi basketball, football and baseball—and that visiting teams cane to play (from Jalapa, Orizaba and Cordoba). He said the rivalry with the Gateiaoo teans at first approaohed antagonisn to the point of stone-throwing but later on the antagonism dinlnished. He mentioned a lecture by a professor fron Columbia University which he had heard while in the U. s., to the effect that the Mexioans needed to learn sportsnanship—that they always wanted to win. However, this brief period of organized sports soon oane to an end, and there is nothing of this sort in the region today. I asked Torres how many soldiers are stationed here now and he said very few, since the majority of the regiment is spread over the oountryslde giving protection to the Sanitary Brigade which is conduct- ing a oanpaign «f against the hoof-and-nouth disease of cattle. This protection is neoessary, aooording to Torres, since some of the nenbers of the sanltauy brigade were killed In the performance of their duties. LOS TUXTLAS -39- Batty Starr After dinner, Guillermo o ame to the house, bringing me printed •lips of paper fron the Tesorería Municipal, showing the fees paid dally by the sellers In the market. Those «ho sell very little, from baskets, pay 100 a day; those who sell In greater quantity or who sell more expensive produots, pay one peso a day. There are many more Individual vendors of the former olass than the latter. Many of them do not even take up positions within the market (there would not be room), but sit in the street outside the market. Charaoterlstloally, the vento re of fruits and vegetables are women; the vendors of fish and meat are men* I went to Prof. Barrelro's house, for the fourth time, and found him at home. From him I seoured a list of the number of grades in the state schools In the muniolplo of San Andrés. The data oonflrm a statement made by Torres to the effeot that only two primary sohools (state) have all six grades* Only two have five grades; three have four grades. The majority have only the first three primary grades. Some of the outlying communities have only one or two grades. This is of speolal interest, not only from the educational point of view, but as a che ok on the reliability of Torres as an informant. He is given to making statements that appear to be exaggerated, and I had thought this one an exaggeration, but data seoured from Barre ir o oonfirm it. With regard to informants, I am trying (1) to seleot people who are apt to be most familiar with the subjeot under consider»* tlon, and; (2) not to rely on a single informant, but to orossoheok whenever possible. After supper, sra. Rueda showed me a teoomate. whloh is a kind of cal abata, or gourd. This is allowed to dry and a hole Is out in one side of the narrow neck. The teoomate Is then used as a water oontalner when one Is going to work in the monte or the milpa. The sky was cloudy all day, and it rained, very little, in the early evening. I invited Juan de la Cera and Ton la to the movies, to repay, in part, their hospitality. An American newsreel (Metro- Qoldwyn-Mayer) was shown, with announoer's voloe in Spanish, then the Mexican newsreel. An interesting feature of the latter is "Mexioo Unknown" whloh in eaoh issue presents pictures of a little known part of Mexico—this time Lower California. The feature was "Pueblerina", dealing with a popular Mexican theme: the struggle of the peasant to keep his land. The compradores (buyers of the harvest) were presented as villains. One is impressed with the smaliness of the social world for these Sanandresoanos of middle and upper olass. When one goes to a publio funotion, one sees always the same people: the man from the almaoen; the do otor and his friends; the Ingeniero from the oarretera; the sohoolteaoher from Catemaoo, ete. LOS TUXTLAS -40- Betty Starr Sunday. November 6» Eleotion Day» Left the house at 7:15 a.n. to see how eleotion day «as beginning. The nan at the eorner tienda told me voting does not begin until 9 a.m., so I walked up to the Plaza and past the municipal building. There was the usual group of young men sitting or standing* in the Plaza or on street earners. The Presidente Municipal was talking to a group of men in the corredor as I passed, and his of floe was open—at 7:30 a.m. I returned through the market. The pera an en t stalls were not open, but otherwise there was much aotlvlty. lien sat at the tables eating breakfast; the meat and fish counters were busy* Outside, in the street market, there were very few vendors* The saloon was not yet open, but some half dozen men were waiting on the steps. As I returned to the house, a few stragglers were returning from early mass. At 9 a.m. sharp, two truekloada of men arrived at the offioe of the EJidal Bank to vote. The table for voting is loo a ted in the corredor of the EJidal Bank, with many signs of the Partido Revolucionarlo Institucional, which appears to be the only strongly organized political party in the reglen. This party has Issued handbills and advertised in Adelante, the looal newspaper, during the past few weeks. I asked the storekeeper, across the street from the voting place, if votes are paid for, and he said yes. "How muoh is paid?" It is said that one peso is paid for each man. If the men were not paid, and brought to the voting place, they would not vote at all. There are four voting places in the central part of town: the one in the oorrcdor of the EJidal Bank, one in front of a store on Juarez, one in front of a store at the corner of Juarez and Madero, and one In the corredor of a building at the 3.E. oorner of the Plaza. Everywhere, the voting is done very quietly. Four or five soldiers stand on the corner nearby, in oase of trouble, but there is none. The storekeeper said formerly there was muoh fighting during the voting on eleotion days, but now there is none beoausé there Is no competition. Everybody knows whloh party will win. I checked the market again at ¿0:30 and it is a good market today— the street outside is filled with vendedoras. This is partly due to the faot that the sun is shining for the first time since Wednesday* I saw some cumquats for sale, thus adding to the list of oltrus fruits. Voting was still going on at 2:30, but by 3:30,voting had stopped» at the EJidal BanK, at least. Dr. Ostos says there are 12 voting places in all, and that they are oalled urnas. I reoeived mail (via airmail) this morning, which means that Friday's plane o ame today* Regarding newspapers read in san Andres, there is the ¿ooal paper, Adelante, in its fifth y?ar of publication, Issued three times weekly: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 15¿ a oopy* It oonalsts of four pages, with some small advertisements of looal stores and announcements of doctors. News is entirely regional, with the exoeption of one double oolumn of news from Mexico City» and is primarily polltioal. However, LOS TUXTLAS -41- Betty Starr a aeries of articles regarding the archaeology of the region, taken from "Relaoion de los Tuxtlas" by Miguel Teodoros, has just oonoluded. News from Catemaoo, Santiago, and other communities is reported* Newspapers from outside the Tuxtlas, which are read here are: (1) El Dictamen, published in Veraoruz,. and (2) Novedades, published in Mexioo City. This comes to San Andrés by train, arriving two days after publication. "Seleoolones", the Spanish edition of the Reader's Digest, appears to be popular with the better f anille a and is sold at a stand in the Plaza, in addition to these publications, there are Mexican magazines of the "movie" and "women's fashions" variety* It rained In th e early eveniig • Monday. November 7. Rained all day. Thl.i morning I went to the Chamber of Commerce and secured lists of preoloa de artículos de primera neoesldad for Jan.-July, 1949, which completes tETs oolleotlon of prloe lists for the year to date (sinoe I already had the official list for August, the last one issued). I then went to the market and questioned my informant, Guillermo Alvarez Carvajal Omega, regarding the oooking that is done in the market* There are eight of these cooking looations and about thirty orladas working there. The oomidas inolude the following: Tortillas, two far #*05, or five for #.10. Tacos (tortilla folded over, containing meat, chill, /oheese, etc) #.10 Plátanos fritos, two for #.05 Mondongo, usually only on Sunday.... plate, #.60 Mole, " M H • .... " #1.00 (a dish cooked with many varieties of chile) Chooolate • #.bO Cafe negro.••• * 10 Café eon leohe .20 Enohiladas .10 Garnaohae * .•••••••••• .10 Empanadas (oon earns y queso) 10 Frijoles 15 Pachole de pesoado •• • no price given me Mojarras fritas, aocording to size, from #.30 to #1*00 Carne de olla (a stew of meat and vegetables) ••• #«40 Beefsteak 40 Huevos 40-.50 Guillermo says there are four restaurants in San Andrés, all of which are more expensive than this market restaurant. LOS TUXTLAS -42- Betty Starr I then went to look for Prof* Vargas but he had gone to Santiago Tuxtla. On the way baok, an old woman stopped me and asked what was the matter with my foot* I explained that my knee had been broken In an aeoldent* She said she knew how to oure It and went Into details, which, unfortunately. I oould not understand at all* I asked her If she was a ou rand era, and she said no. she did not praotloe, but she had the knowledge • I asked If there were many ou rand eras hereabouts and she said yes. "—and sometimes they know more than the doe tors." She asked me tfiere I was living, my name, where I am from* If I see her again, I may ask her to "oure" me* Last night I talked for some time to Tonio Solano, a rather intelligent young man In his twenties* He stated, rather emotionally, that he wished the United States would take over Mexico. Why? so there would be some progress. Tonio wants very muoh to go to the U. 3. aid plans to go next year, for four months* He speaks very little English* At the age of 17» he was planning to go to Harvard, to study engineering. He was to leave in February; his father died in January, leaving Tonio the head of the family (mother and sister)* Therefore he was unable to go to the university* He was rather gloomy about the affairs of his family, particularly his own affairs* He said that his grandfathers had owned some 6000 heotareas of land, most of which was taken away from them following the Revolution* His father was educated in Europe—spending some ten years on the continent, and he, Tonio, has only primary and secondary school eduoation. In addition to the property,"El Jardín", of whioh I have previously given an aooount, Tonio owns a 200 he otare rancho» a short distance from here. He has twenty men working for him regularly, mnre at seeding and harvest time* Raises bananas, mala, frijol, berenJena, etc I asked if he would give me more data regarding ihe rancho at a future date, and he said he would be glad to* Tonio is planning to go to Mexico City for a vaoation at Christmas time* The men here seem to go to Mexico, Just as men in small towns in the U. S. go to New York, for a good time, away from the rigid controls of the looal oommunlty. Tuesday. November 8* At 10:30 a.m., went to the street market to get an approximation of the number of vendedoras* It is difficult, without interrogating each person, to ascertaln the exact number of vendedoras, slnee three women may be standing by from two to five baskets. One may have come simply to carry a basket for another, and so on* However, I counted the number of baskets, noting «bat was for sale in eaoh, ana as I returned, oounted "vendedoras"* The number of baskets was 72; no* of individuals, 52 (some of them having more than one basket of produce)* Following is the list of baskets and the produce being sold in the street today: LOS TUXTLAS -43- Betty Starr Fina (a stand* Male vendor) 1 Mais 27 Chayóte and yuoa 1 Linón agrio 2 Floree 2 Plátano naoho • 2 Camotes ••••••••••• 3 Naranjas •••• •••• 6 Zapote negro *.. •••••• 1 Yuoa • 2 Chayóte and papas 3 Pottery • • 1 Dulce 1 Rábano* • 1 Chayóte and naranjas 1 Chayóte 2 Tomates pequeñas ••• 2 Papas 1 Onions» tomato» garlio 1 Tomates and orabapples •*.* 1 Naranja and frijol 1 Yuoa, papas, ohayote,greens 1 Papas and camotes • 1 Papas and ohile gordo 1 Oreena * * 1 Papaya 1 Maíz and Plátano maoho ••*• 1 Plátano maoho and huevos**• 1 Pumpkins * 1 Naranja and plátanos 1 Oourd and tecomate • 1 72 (baskets of produce) The number» 52» must be oonsldered as only a rough approximation of the number of vendedoras in the street market today*

I then went to the Municipal Treasurer and asked for a list of the number of commercial houses in San Andrés» of the various olasses» such as farmadas» zapaterías, etc., and he said he mould have this list ready for me by the end of the week* From the municipal building, I went to the oommerolal house of Emilio Lopez Miranda, "semillas y Abarrotes", to find out about the movement of sugar from the warehouse managed by this firm, as well as other items handled by the house* I told Sr. Lopes Miranda that I was also interested in the annual production and consumption of the region (including the three munloipios). They furnished me with an estimate for the three munloipios, of "Producción, exportable", and "Consumo", explaining that there were no statistics available* I asked about the movement of good* through the house, and returned later In the day to get this Information LOS TUXTIAS -44- Betty Starr Sugar la handled for the aooount of the Unión Nacional de Produotores de Azuoar, S.A., which owns the warehouse. There Is stored In this warehouse each year from 20 to 30 thousand sacks of granulated sugar» standard and refined, each sack containing 50 kilos* The sugar Is distributed In aooordanoe with instructions from the Union, either to local buyers or, by railroad (full freight oar) to buyers in other plaoea, some of it going to Oaxaoa. Sr* Lopes miranda told ne that the sugar cones principally from the Ingenio de Coatotolapan, and sometimes from other ingenios* The house also deals in maíz, frijol, materiales oonstruoolon, combustible, panela, cerveza, refresoos, Jaroias, conservas alimenticias, olgarros y cerillos, dulces, and other smaller items* This Information, together with the estimated tonnage per six month period, is recorded separately* Wednesday. November 9* I got up at 6:^0 a*m* in order to get an early start for Santiago Tuxtla, which trip has been delayed due to bad weather. I was at the ooohe stand by 7:30 but the driver would not leave until he had six passengers, so I went to the market to pass the time, and to oontinue my investigation of the number of sellers of goods. There follows a list of the number of selling units in the market, and the number of people working in those units: No* of stalls, No. of oounters. etc vendors Drygoods, etc. 11 20 Hardware, staples,etc 9 24 Fruits and vegetables 31 31 Fish 14 14 Meat 17 20 Chick en(sold by the pieoe)1 4 4 Bread 6 6 NutS 1_ I Total: 93 120 This oount must be considered as only approximate, slnoe the number of vendors, as well as the number of stands in operation (permanent stalls exoluded), varies from day to day* However, by adding this number to the approximate number of vendedoras in the street (52), onereaohes the number of 172* To this must be added the number of vendors in the drygoods and other permanent stalls in the street—14— Total: 186* This is the approximate number of persons engaged in the selling of goods in the market of San Andrés on a "good" day* When the day is rainy, the number of street vendors deoreases considerably* (If one adds the 30 orladas working at the cooking units, one gets a grand total of 216 persons working In the market)* LOS TUXTLAS -45- Betty Starr (11/9)1 returned to Juarez St. and sat In a little park while waiting for the ooohe to start* While I was waiting, the camión from 3antiago Tuxtla arrived, packed to oapaoity, people standing in the aisle* The passengers disembarked in good humor, with their wares for the San Andre's market. I noted two bundles of brooms, various baskets of fxuit, saoks of shelled corn, live ohlokens, and containers of milk. The ooohe left for Santiago Tuxtla at 8:30 a.m. The oarretera was in rair oonditlon this morning. Some parts were completely dry; in other plaoes the mud was deep but we got through without difficulty* All along the way, men were working to repair washouts caused by the heavy rains reoently. One road grader was in operation* Other work was done with shovels, digging earth out of the mountainsides aid adding it to the washed out places in the road. We reached Santiago about 9:15 and I went to the house of Sr* Polio arpo Mendoza MorfTn, maestro of the esouela rural federal* His daughter aoeompanied me to the school, whloh is located in an ejido nearby. I had a long Interview with Br. Mendoza Mor fin, whloh is reoorded separately. After the Interview I took photographs of teacher and pupils in the schoolyard* I returned to San Andre's and spent the major part of the afternoon writing up the interview. Late in the afternoon, went for a walk with Tonia de la Cera, to take a refresoo in the plaza* Three girls of the o o mm It tee for Conchita have gone to Jalapa to ask the Governor for money for the cathedral* And the committee for Sylvia put on a serenata this evening, going from houae to house* Three boys with guitars played while a boy and girl of about seven or eight danced the huapango* The little girl was in costume, with long, full skirt and white apron over it, a laoe blouse, and Jewelry* About 15 youngsters and a young woman accompanied them* The doctors paid five pesos apiece for the aeren ate. Sra. Rueda told me that she and her friends have each paid for a square meter of tile for the oathedral floor, at twenty pesos eaoh* The oathedral is to be oonseorated Jan* 1st* Nobody seems to know exaotly when construction of the oathedral began. Sra* Rueda, who is 67, told me that her grandmother had said that when she was a little girl, they were already at work on it. At that time, only the walls were up, there was no roof, and no santos in it* Thursday. November 10» This morning, I went to the Had end a del Estado and gave Sr. Caracas a schedule of the information I would like to have o on o em in g the finoas and el idos. He appointed one of his employees to compile the neoessary data, and said it would take about a week* I then went to the office of the Municipal Treasurer and Inquired about the list of commercial houses* This is not yet ready and I shall return for it next week* LOS TUXTIAS -46- Betty Starr

This afternoon, Lucille Turrent took Ton la de la Cera and me to Galería, one of the oongregaolones of San Andrés, located a short dlstanoe off the road to Catemaoo, near Siguapas* This young woman "a interest in taking me there was not to see the oongregaolón» hut to show me the territory of her family's former estate, some 10,000 heotareas. She showed us the old family home of masonry, now closed, and told us she lived here until she was five years old, at which time her father was killed by the revolutionists* The huge estate belonged * to her grandfather and all but three small portions of it were taken away from him* We walked through the settlement, Lucille speaking to several of the inhabitants who knew her. We came to an open plaoe with a blocked-up fountain In the oenter of it* This was the plaza* To the West of this was another house which had once belonged to the Turrent family, now used by the e.lid at arios as a tienda» On the • other corner was a bodega, which is still used by her unole for storing tobaooo. We walked on, across'an open fiel4 and oame to a spring, and stream which emanated therefrom* Here a woman was washing grains of 00m, in a sieve. Near her, a oh i Id was taking a drink from a dipper, and then expeotorated into the stream* Farther, along, women were washing clothes* We retraoéd our steps a short distance, then turned East, and oroBsed an ancient stone bridge, which Lucille said is unsafe for automobiles to cross, and continued East through the settlement, and along a road which ran between banana plants, on one side, and tobaoco on the other. Along the way, we met a woman carrying a big bundle of lena on her head, and some men with mules loaded with lefia* We oame to a gate, turned off the road anl walked up a long lane towards another house of masonry which Lucille said belongs to her aunt, who oomes here daily (but does not spend the night) to supervise the cultivation of her land. Behind the house, there is a large burial mound, some forty feet high, with grassy sides and a tree growing near the top* I asked if this had ever been exoavated and she said the top of the mound had been dug, and objects of Jadelte were found, but they never wanted to dig further* Lucille said the people at Calería have an old idol whioh, they take out when they want rain, and likewise, take but when it lias been raining a long time and they want the sun to shine* 'There is a oaplillta where this idol Is kept* All these "third generation" people of this soolai level have the same story to tell: of the "good old days" when their grandfathers had much land and much-money; of the Revolution, when the land'was taken away from them; of the present day, when they have "nothing", and there.is only eternal boredom in San Andre's. The fact that they are still relatively wealthy la disregarded in contemplation of a dead past. There is a feeling of resentment, of unfairness, and ' ignoranoe of the needs of the ojldatarloa who are now living on their former estates, whom they oonslder as "picturesque", "happy", and "without any problems". LOS TUXTIAS -47- Betty Starr

I am not going to continue going to the congregaciones with people of this social level because I oannot see enough of the actual life of the people. However, I have taken advait age of these Invitations in order to find out the location of sane of these settlements, and to become aooustomed to walking about in them. When I returned home, 1 had a letter from my father, in whioh he said that my Mother had passed away November 4th. Friday, November 11» Went to the postoffioe at 9 a.m., and returned to the house, to spend the rest of the morning in bed, exhausted by the shook of the news of my mother's death* The mail plane oame and I had a letter from my aunt, with further details, and a letter from Dr. Tax. Spent a part of the afternoon writing up notes of yesterday's visit to Calería. Saturday, November 12. This morning I visited the offioe of Adelante, the local newspaper, and talked with Adalberto Toto Linares, the director gerente» I told him I was Interested in the ohanges that will take place in the region as a result of the caning of the o arre t era. He immediately said the place whioh would show the most change is Santiago Tuxtla. "There will not be as much change, in comparison, here In San Aid res." I said Santiago Tuxtla was a puebl o abandon ado, to see what his reaction would be. He replied that there are many pueblos abandonados that do not have the potential energy that this pueblo has. The people of Santiago Tuxtla, said Toto Linares, finish their work in the milpas, and then go out to find other work, if one wants to find laborers for work to be done, one does not go to San Andre's nor to Catemaoo; one goes to Tuztla. (It is interesting to note that the ancient name, Tuztla, is retained, in conversation. San Andre's Tuxtla is called only San Andrés, but Santiago Tuxtla is still Tuztla). Before the oarretera reaohed Santiago Tuxtla, it took three hours by horseback to San Andres, and at certain times of the year— in June and July—the town was completely inaccessible. The oarretera was started at San Andres February 19» 1948, and reaohed Santiago Tuxtla in November, 1946. In February 1948, likewise, was started the oarretera from Alvarado to Lerdo, and thenoe from Lerdo to Santiago Tuxtla. This editor, who is also a professor in the secondary sohool in San Andres, is currently urging the formation of a committee to integrate agricultural, industrial, and oommerolal activities of the municipio of San Andrés to plan intelligently the development of the region. He told me the commercially minded people here are very LOS TUXTLAS -48- Betty Starr short-sighted, and make only short-range plans* They are not willing to spend ten pesos to make fifty at some time in the distant future, if they can get fifteen or twenty pesos for their ten right now* For this reason, maiz and frijol are the prinolpal crops even though they are less remunerative than pifia or ohile. No one is willing to take the risks involved in shifting from a subsistenoe to a money-making orop. He mentioned the familiar story of the decline in tobaoco product ion sinoe the turn of the oentury. Likewise, banana production has decreased because of the parasitioal plant pest, ohamuaoo, also known as "Mal de Panama". Again and again, one is confronted with the story of the gradual deollne and deoadence of a region, whose people for years have felt isolated and forgotten by the rest of Mexioo. The oarretera gives them new hope: the hope that they will be able to export agricultural products and thus once again lnorease production; the hope that capital from outside the region will be attracted to en o our age the modernization of methods of production and to stimulate the development of Industry • I told Sr. Toto Linares that I would like to look through all the copies of Adelante, from its inception in Deo. 1944, and he furnished me with the file copies oí the first year, to take home with me. Sunday. November 13» Spent the major part of the day working on a preliminary report on the region. This is a somewhat discouraging task, and, at the same time, useful, sinoe it shows up very quickly the points at which more data are needed. There is now a group of around 100 schoolchildren from Tierra Blanca, in San Andres, for a 3-day visit. The hotels are filled to capacity and this morning some of the children and their parents were walking about, looking for lodging. This afternoon, the visitors paraded through the streets, led oy a band which included four girl drummers. All were in white uniforms, trimmed with blue, and those not in the band—boys and girls alike—carried imitation wooden rifles. Monday. November 14» This morning, I went to Santiago Tuxtla, intending, for the first time, to spend the entire day fcaacxa, sinoe I am now acquainted with a woman who runs a fonda there, and I will be able to get my comida. When we arrived at Santiago Tuxtla, i left the coche and set out for the mero ado * This is to the South of the plaza and West of the Palacio Municipal • It consists of an open shed, with roof of corrugated iron, and is very small* There were four or five meat counters, eaoh operated by aa tingle person, and not more than eight stands for fruits and vegetables* The variety of these was very limited* I saw only tomatas (pequeños), ohayotes, plátano roaoho (very over-ripe), small onions,) opile chiquito, and naranjas. I was later told there are also oamotes and limón agrio but did not see these. LOS TUXT1AS -49- Betty Starr In the meroado, I fortunately met Josefa Gonzalez, the woman «ho has the fonda. This «as only a few steps from the market and she Invited me to visit it, to sit awhile and talk* Her daughter-in-law then went with me to visit the church on the North side of the Plaza, which is called Corazón de Jesús, and hears the date, oarved in stone, 1880. It was apparently used at that time and then later fell into ruins. In 1942, a padre came from outside the region and made it his mission to see that the ohuroh was restored. Work was begun, and a new roof, of tile, put on the ohuroh. The padre said «ben he died he wanted to be buried in the church, so a sepulchre was built within it. The work of restoration was finished in 1946, and within a year, the padre died, and is now burled there. It is said that when a padre works at building a church—when the ohuroh is finished, he will die, his work completed. The name of this padre was Eduardo L. Murguia. We then went to visit a smaller, and older, church, West of the plaza some blocks, called San Diego. This has two very old bells in a brick bell tower. The church is not in use at the present time, though open, and its furniture and santos are gradually being removed to the • larger ohuroh. Over the altar was an inscription bearing in Roman numerals the year 1854* The tourist folder, Issued by the Departamento de Fubiioidad y Turismo del Estado, says that Cortéis constructed a church here, but the four or five people I questioned, knew nothing about this. However, in the smaller ohuroh, there are two Images, oarved by the Roman sculptor, Ionis, said to have been brought by Cortes on his second visit to the town. One of these is a magnifloentpiece of work, representing the oruoifixlon. At one time, the people of Tuxtla tried to move this image, in a period of dryness, and immediately there w. arose a very strong wind, bringing much dust, and making it impossible for them to move it. The padre, who rebuilt the Corazón de Jesus, said lie was going to move the image, but he died before he oould accomplish this. Now the people are afraid to move it. The old church is to be torn down, in order to make room for a hospital which is to be built, but the image will be left in place and a small chapel built around it. I said I was interested in knowing something of the history of Santiago Tuxtla, and was then taken to see Don Federico Sosa, who is 91 years of age, and reputed to know nuoh history* Don Federloo went on at great length about Columbus and Isabel la Catdlica, until his daughter shouted in his ear that I wanted to know about Tuxtla. He then said that when the Spanish oane through the region, they first established a poblaoicfn at a plaoe oalled Arroyo Largo» which is today a congregación some distance West of Santiago* But there was a flood and the Spaniards moved up onto the o erro. El Vigía, to a plaoe oalled Toztlan (cave of the rabbits) and here they settled, driving out the Indios who lived there. He mentioned the founding, by Cortos, of the ingenio de azúoar. the sugar oane being brought from Cuba for this purpose. Tobaooo and cotton were raised in the early days, the cotton being sent to Cordoba, where there was a fábrloa de manta* Don Federico1 s remembranoe of dates was rather vague. He at one time gave LOS TUXTLAS -50- Betty Starr me the dates of 1524-5» and at another, 1521, for the founding of the Ingenio» He kept returning to Columbus and Isabel la Catolioa, and I decided to discontinue the interview, since his daughter was becoming very uneasy* There was a Gypsy encampment in an open spaoe West of the plaza, with three trucks (One of them a sound truck) and three tents, one an 8-pole affair. Dressed in traditional gypsy costume, with long skirts, head kerchiefs, bracelets of gold ooins, etc. They are oalled Húngaros by the people here and are regarded with considerable distaste* They are considered very dirty and it is said they are thieves* The gypsies have been at Santiago about a week and show ancient movies, a different one eaoh night. One of them wanted to read my fortune and asked five pesos.„ We finally reached a prioe of 75 centavos. I asked her where they ha5' come from and she said Alvarado. They are going next to Catemaoo • I asked Josefa if the gypsies had to pay the authorities In order to oamp here and she said they did. It was now time for la comida and I returned to the fonda. Before dinner I was given a duloe of oooo and pilono 11 lo (brown sugar) whioh Josefa said was only made at Santiago Tuxtla. It was very good, somewhat like a crude fudge. The• fonda oonslsted of an outdoor platform with a roof, the table protected from the wind by two walls. There was a separate building consisting of two rooms: one had a table (for dining), and the other served as the kitchen. Clean dishes and oups were stacked In a rack hanging on the wall of the larger room, and silver was kept in a drawer in the table. The floor of both rooms was of hard-packed earth and chickens and dogs walked in and out freely. There were two people working in the kitchen, Josefa's mother, and a orlada. The dinner consisted of rioe soup, pork and potatoes, tortillas, and ooffe.e with panela . There were also frijoles, whloh i did not have. The director of the primary sohool (esouela primaria superior), José Jurado Castro, comes to the fonda for his comida, and we talked as we ate. He u reoeived his eduoation at the normal sohool at Jalapa, speaks some English, rather badly. I had a difficult time speaking with him because he wanted to demonstrate his English, although he obviously did not understand questions put to Him in English, and would have to search for words in order to answer the few questions he did comprehend. After dinner, I acoompanied Jurado Castro to the esouela primaria superior. The sohool is housed in a fine, modern building, of two stories. Construction was begun on it in 1945 and the building was oompieted this year. Large, light olassrooms with tile floors, adequate desks and chairs, blackboards, etc. The school also has a theater, or assembly hall, with raised stage at one end. There is an electrical plant, run by gasoline, whloh furnishes neoessary light. Jurado Castro gave me the number of students in the day sohool, for the six grades (by grade), and the total: Hombres 123; Mujeres 94. Total: 217* He also oonduots a night school for men, in which there LOS TUXTIAS -51- Betty Starr are about 100 registered* Actual attendance varies considerably, because, he said, the men were tired at night, or were sick with Unoinariasis. Only the first and second grades are taught at night* Books are loaned to the students and they buy their own notebooks and pencils. The Eaouela primarla Superior is an Escuela del Estado; the night school also falls in this category* Jurado Castro said it was hard work, there being but five teachers for the six grades in the day sohool. He teaches both fifth and sixth grade* Of the other teaohers in the sohool» only one has been eduoated in Jalapa, an! none in Mexico. I asked about teaohers* salaries and he said they run from #100-150 a month, for assistants, to $500 for maestros» His salary is #445* I returned to the fonda, and with Josefa's daughter-in-law went down to the river to see the ruins of the fabrioa de algodón, a roof- less stone building. We then went for a refresco at a soft drink stand, where men were playing dóminos and we saw the workers for the Compaftia de Agua Potable ooming in from their day's work. Some of the streets of Santiago Tuxtlas are torn up, due to the work of Installing pipes for agua potable* It was now late afternoon, and Josefa made ready to return to San Andres with me, she having some business to attend to there. We went to the Plaza where we saw a ooohe. but the driver said he was going to Lerdo* We saw a Jeep and Josefa asked the driver if he would take us to San Andres* He said no* Finally, the ooohe arrived, and we returned, over the perilous road, to San Andres, lien with machetes were returning from their day's work, the trunks of nahogany*trees shone in the afternoon sunlight, and here and there, aoross the hills and valleys rose the smoke from burning milpas* Tuesday. November 1^* Spent the day in San Andres. This morning oontlnued reading old oopies of Adelante and making a few notes. In the afternoon, returned the first-yearTTTe to the newspaper office and picked up the seoond- year file• Still later, went to Chlohlplloo, one of the outlying barrios of San Andre's* Here there is a park, with a oirole of stone benohes, oonorete pavement, and bandstand. But around the edges of the park, considerably outside the oirole, are very old stone benohes, set.in the form of a square. I asked if this park was not older than the main Plaza and was told no, it is only abandonado, and that is why it looks so old. It appears to me that this was onoe a very large square— and very old—and that the smaller "plaza" wait built much later,wlthln the square. The gypsies who were yesterday at Santiago Tuxtla were at Chi- ohlpiloo this afternoon, preparing to present a movie this evening. >

¿f* A/rt Mafc'f**^ » H*v**tto LOS TUXTLA3 -52- Betty Starr Wednesday, November 16» I left, early this morning, for Santiago Tuxtla, and on arriving there, went directly to the e.Udo. Buena Vista, «here is looated the eaouela rural federal which I visited last week* I began to walk through the settlement of .laoales» greeting everyone I met, and oame to a woman of about fifty years of age, who was sitting comfortably in front of her hut. After preliminary greetings,, she invited me to sit down In a mxtae* (the traditional oh air of the region)* This woman is a widow, with three sons who have gone off to work elsewhere, and two daughters. One of the daughters, who is also a widow (at twenty-three) lives with her. The other daughter, who is 16, reo en t^ married and went away without even telling her goodbye. The daughter and her husband went to Puebla but don't answer her letters. A person of enterprise, this woman makes her living by going to the perros, buying fruits and vegetables from the people there, and then taking them to the San Andres market to sell at a higher price. Formerly— two years ago—she had to go to San Andrés by horseback, but now that the carretera has come, she travels by coche» She also makes velas to sell, and later on, I saw the wheel she uses for this purpose, similar to one I had previously seen in the shop of a oandlemaker in San Andres. She had already seen me in the market in San Andres and also in Santiago T. on my previous visits» I asked if I might see the inside of her house and she at first demurred, saying she was very poor and didn't have muoh, but as we continued talking, she got up and invited me into the house. It oonsisted of one room, with ,floor of hard-paoked earth, walls of oane, and a thatched roof in good oondition, the oane underneath the thatch being ooated on the inside with some dark substanoe. The stove oonsisted of two bricks, between which» a little wood was burning. She explained that sometimes she bought carbón (oharooal) but usually uses lefia because it is much cheaper. She also has a kerosene stove which she does not use for fear of catohlng the roof afire. There were metal cooking utensils, including a small teakettle. A raok, containing olean china dishes and cups, hung on one wall* There was a bed, raised off the floor, and three tables in the room» Ears of oorn were hanging from the rafters to dry* Pts and pans also hanging from the rafters. At the baok of the room was the household altar, with pictures of saints, a oruolfix, and a wooden oross hanging on the wall over the altar. A oandle was burning in a water glass plaoed on the altar. This woman also had another small building, of planks, which she said she had used as a cantina when the laborers were building the carretera» At that time, she served food to the workers, feeding about Ü5 a day. There were many laborers working on the road when they made the big out through the oerro to the East of Santiago Tuxtla, andNahuatl-speakers hereabouts but they are fast disappearing. As we sat outside the hut again, and talked, she now and then struck at a passing pig, with a length of rope, to keep it away; from us* 1 negleoted to mention that she was wearing a pair of what were' obviously i new glasses» This woman, I am sure, will make a good informant, since she Is Intelligent, enterprising and friendly* I then continued my walk through the settlement* I stopped at another house. In which an old woman was removing the dried grains from oobs of maíz. The man of the nouae came along and brought out a mutaoa for me and I sat awhile, talking to him* He has a a lipa and also raises frl.lol. He takes maíz and frijol to sell In either San Andrés or Lerdo* He says he gets more money far what he sells in Lerdo* Sometimes he goes to Aivarado. He had four children, two of whom go to the escuela rural* The youngest ohlld, a boy, was dressed In the conventional short shirt and no pants» I walked about some more and heard the sound of a sewing machine. I stopped for a moment to talk to the seamstress, and as we talked, she nursed her baby* But she did not invite me In, or offer a ohalr, so 1 walked on. Coffee beans were drying on the ground In the sun, outside of several houses, and I stopped at one of these. Tne mutaoa was brought out to me (I would rather go Inside, but have to be oareful not to offend these people, slnoe I Intend to return). I had much difficulty In talking to this woman because, by this time, a group of children, who had been following me about surreptitiously, had now become very bold and about fifteen of them clustered around us and stared at me with very big eyes. She did, however, tell me there Is muoh paludismo he? e. I was told in the settlement that there was an examination in the, sohool today, so I went to the sohool, where I found Sr. Mendoza Mor fin administering the first grade examination. The examination was on mimeographed sheets which the students had to fill in* Mendoza Morfin told me he and a number of other teachers in the region made up this examination and went to San And res, where the mimeograph is, to stenoll drawings, type 3 ten oils, and run off the copies. He said they used 08 40,ooo sheets of paper (lOfc sheets for eaoh individual examination) for the region. The questions, for the modt part, consisted of drawings» LOS TUXTLAS -54- Betty Starr with alternative answers under each drawing, and the instructions for answering eaoh question were given verbally by the teaoher, when all the students had completed the previous question. There was thus no premium plaoed on speed, since those who finished first had to wait until all had completed the question. There were questions involving words, arithmetic, geometrloal figures, natural science, maíz and other products of the region, a little geography, and Mexioan history* There were praotloal questions dealing with weights and measures, prices, etc. Finally, there was a series of questions dealing with the duties of a child toward his parents and toward his teacher* When the children were doing problems involving addition or subtraction, I noticed them counting on their fingers* Mendoza Morfin said he enoouraged them to do this openly, and not seoretly, because it is essential for them to learn to count, by whatever means* He added that counting by grains of corn, or beans, is common In the area* When he gave the verbal Instructions, the children, in their eagerness to show that they knew the oorreot answer would frequently shout, and he had constantly to tell them not to say it, but to write it* There was also a considerable amount of copying going on, Inasmuch as the oh i Id r en were seated three at a desk* When I first entered the schoolroom, I was surprised to see the Presidente Municipal there also* He apparently had to attend the examination beoause it Is a federal school* I sat next to him during the examination, and we talked, but not loud enough to disturb the children. I asked him by whom the men working on the oarretera daily are paid. By the state and federal government combined, since it is a joint pxadbxrtx project. I then asked if fagina is still performed, and he said on Sunday mornings the men olean up the streets in the barrios. Many men still engage In this cooperative labor. According to the Presidente, 111 people now have agua potable in Santiago Tuxtla. I told him I wanted to get some statistics from the Registro Civil some time soon. He said there are very few pasamientos due to the faot that the young men have to go away Into military service. There are a few Illicit unions, but not many* At noon, the examination was over, and the children handed in their papers. I read one of them and, with the exoeption of problems In subtraction, a it was very accurate. The ohildren had brought oolns to HXB contribute to their fiesta Saturday, which celebrates the end of the sohool year, and these were piled on the teacher's desk* Dulces and pitta are served at this party* Vacations start next week and last through Deoember and January* In addition to the Presidente Munioipal, other men witnessing the examination were the Presidente of the Com Is arlado Agrario; the founder of the agraria here; a member of the vigilance committee of the ejido* After the pupils had left the schoolroom, the Presidente Munioipal asked the Presidente of, the e.1 id at arlos if he would be Interested In buying some maíz híbrido, for sowing next month* The latter asked the former if this was compulsory, and the Presidente LOS TUXTLAS -55- Betty Starr Municipal said no, the seed was available, at 1*50 per kilo, for those who wanted it. It is said to be stronger, more resistant to wind than the maíz that is now sown* This is an important selling point in the region, sinoe the nortes are accompanied by strong winds which do mucn damage to crops* I asked how many kilos were necessary.to seed each hectare* 12 kilos is the number required. Mendoza Morfin then toid the e.lldatarlos if they planted this maíz híbrido, it should be planted by itself, separated from the other milpas, since otherwise the pollen from the two kinds of maize would mix and one would not be able to ascertain the results. I asked the Presidente of the Comisar!ado Agrario if he.had an office where I might come to see him and he said he meets with the men of the e.lldo in the schoolhouse on Sunday mornings. I said I would come some Sunday morning to visit, since I am interested in knowing more about the operation of the ejido. We then all walked through the paths of the ejldal settlement and down the cobblestone road into the town, where I took a waiting 0 oche for San Andres. In the coche was an optical salesman from Mexico, traveling through the region at present, with his temporary headquarters in San Andrés. Ke goes from here to Chiapas. Along the road we picked up a man whom I have seen in the coches before. We greeted eaoh other, shook hands, and I asked him if he owned property nearby. He owns a finca at Tierra Colorado and grows malz and sugar cane. Thursday. November 17* An ugly, wet day, and I did not go out. I spent the morning writing a short statement, for Villa, on social problems in connection with education and medicine in the region of Los Tuxtlas. There is a great need in the area for trained personnel- teachers and doctors—and I stressed this point in the statement* In the afternoon, read some ohapters in Red field's Folk Culture of Yuoatan, and In the evening typed my notes of yesterday 's visit to Santiago Tuxtla. Friday. November 18. This morning I went to visit Ermila Solana, the President of the Comité Pro-Conchita. The girls were having a committee meeting when 1 arrived, planning their activity program for the next week, whloh consists of a fiesta in Cat em a oo on Sunday, and a variety show in the movie theater Wednesday night. These committees, whioh have as their oonsoious objeotive the raising of funds for the oathedral, serve also to: (1) Provide socially sanctioned recreation for the young adults of middle and upper olass families. (2) Enable committee members to demonstrate qualities of leadership LOS TUXTIAS -56- Betty Starr which, as women, they wouldXH not otherwise have the opportunity to do* (3) Contribute to the mental we 11 being of the individual members, because of their feeling that they are working for the good of the oommunity. The fiestag which they initiate all follow the same pattern and are striotly secular and commercial, even though the ultimate objective has to do with the church. The ones which I have attended were neld in the Casino; they are also held in private homes. But, in each oase, one pays for one 's food and drink, and buys tickets of various kinds to contribute to the oathedral fund. When I returned to the house. I was visited by Lucille Turrent, the young woman who took me to Calería last week. Lucille is a member of one of the better families but a kind of "marginal man" in that she is married to an American. She has a broader view of the world than most San and re so anos since she has not only lived in the United States, but has also travelled through all of Central America, and lived for some months in Venezuela* She speaks English better than most people here and wanted to read a part of my Diary* , I thought it safe to let her read the portion which deals with Calería* This portion is followed by a statement about members of ner social class living in the past. When she read this, she said, "It's too bad, but it's true ...and it's very foolish." She then said she was disgusted with her brothers beoause they had no future. All they wanted was a house and some land, and they would not leave San Andres, although she thinks they could do better elsewhere, since they have had a good education. "Americans live m the present and the future; we live in the past." She told a story of how her grandfather was particularly fond of a certain portion of his land, and when, many years ago, men came to put up poles for electricity, he took out a pistol and threatened to kill any man who ruined his land. After he lost ownership of the land, he never went back there again, but he always talked of how much he had had. Her older brother does this too. and she said, "I think this is very wrong." I asked if perhaps she didn't feel that way beoause married to an Ame rl o an, and she said no, she had always been different* When she announced her intention of marrying an Ame rio an (he had come here to visit and she had met him in the Plaza), her family and friends were much against it, but she married him anyway and is very happy* She said the people here do not like Americans but now they like her husband. When she went to visit her husband's family in California, she at first met with prejudice beoause they expeoted her to be like the ignorant laborers who were the only Mexioans they knew. She was aware of this and did not beoome annoyed. They how like her very much* I include this conversation because this girl is the most unprovlnolal person I have met in San Andres, and decidedly unique far this reason. LOS TUXTIAS -57- Betty Starr In the afternoon, I went to see Arturo M. Vargas, Inspector Escolar Federal. After many unsuccessful attempts, I finally found him at hone. He Is to give me a list of the number of federal sohools In the three mjjnlclpJLos, where located, number of grades, number of teachers and number of students. He said he would bring this list to me tomorrow. Saturday, November 19. Rained all night; cloudy and rainy all day. Spent most of the day working on the presentation of my thesis topic. In the late afternoon, Sr. Vargas brought me the Information . I had requested regarding federal sohools* The faot that I am not wearing black (in mourning for my Mother) has caused some comment among the Sanandresoanos. I have been asked whether I didn't have some black shoes and stooklngs, and whether people In the U. 3. don't wear blaok as a sign of mourning. I replied that It wasn't the oustom in the U. S. to continue to wear black for a long period of time. Here, the long mourning period is oustomary, and some widows never relinquish their mourning dress. It Is also not proper, In this situation, to go to bailes, etc., and In this I oonfonn quite strictly. (Actually, I think I can spend my time more profitably elsewhere). Sunday. November 20. Día de la Revolución. 39th Anniversary» Last night, Sra. Rueda told me the Revolution didn't reach San Andre's until 1914 (four years after Its beginning), at whlcn time the revolutionists "took the Plaza" and broke into the looal agenda of the Banco Nacional de Mexico, taking away everything they could oarry. Rockets at 6 a.m. At 9:30, I went to the Plaza, where the parade was forming. The bandstand was decorated with the colors of the Mexloan flag, and paper folding lanters also In Mexican colors. There were many people In the Plaza (mostly men) and on the steps of the Palacio Municipal. A marimba and oornet were playing popular music The units which were to make up the parade were slowly forming, groups of children, in formation, marching to the Plaza from their respeotlve sohools. The ohlldren were In "uniform" as to oolor, at any rate, the girls wearing white dresses with red belts, or blue skirts and white blouses, the boys all in white, in blue and white, or green and white. A funeral went by, passing in the street between the plaza and the Munloipal Building. The coffin was oarried on two poles, by six men and was followed by a small group of people, some oarrying flowers. The marimba and oornet stopped playing and men removed their hats until the íüneral prooession had passed. All the looal stores were closed this morning but the distribution house of Emilio Lopez Miranda was open, and cargo trucks were passing into the "patio" of the warehouse. , LOS TUXTLAS -5«- Betty Starr At 10 a.m., the parade through the principal streets began. It was preceded by rockets and the drum and bugle corps of the 9th Regiment. The parade Itself consisted merely of the aohool- ohildren, aocompanied by a few teachers, but was several blocks long. The children then returned to the Plaza, where there was a program consisting of speeches by the authorities, musical selections, and elocution by various ch i lar en. Other events of the day were: inauguration of the local oivil hospital "Caridad", to which- repairs had been made; an exhibition of artwork and manual training in the secondary sohool; a fiesta in Catemaeo sponsored by the Pro-Conohlta committee. Tonight there will be a Romería, sponsored by the Pro-Sylvia Committee, in the Casino. This consista of buying tickets for prizes, and the usual baile. There will also be a baile in the Plaza for the lower classes, who are not permitted in the casino* This evening I had a long conversation with Sra. Rueda^bb years of age) and a friend of hers (55), regarding San Andres in the past and in the present. Formerly the town was much smaller, and there was no poblaoldn flotante» All the people one saw were San andreso anos* There were no automobiles then and one had to travel by, horsebaok. Nowadays, there are many people who come to San Andres for a few days and then move on: travelling salesmen, laborers, etc. X called their attention to the editorial in Adelante of last Thursday (November 17th) in which it was said that only by Joint action could San Andre's come to life again and move forward* The editorial mentioned the many factions—in political, commercial, social, and even religious life, in the town. I asked if these statements were true, and they said they were absolutely true* "No hay unidad en San Andre's. The pro duo era and shippers of bananas (there are fbur companies organized for this purpose) fought among themselves to such an extent that they were unable to buy fumigating equipment to combat the plant pest, ohamusoo. which has done so much damage to the banana crop. The number of R.R. oars available for shipments has always been inadequate and there have been battles for the oarros» the brother of one of the respected oitizens having killed a man in one of these affrays. The conversation then returned to the oarretera, and the new bus service that was inaugurated this week between Catemaoo, San Andrés, Santiago Tuxtla, and Lerdo. This service oonsists of a modem bus, with soft "reclining" seats (the seats in the other busses are of wood) which travels daily between these points. It is owned by a cooperative bus line oalled "Veraoruz-Coatzaooaloos" which is looated outside of San Andres. It was then said that the big bosses such as Antonio Gonzalez and Emilio Lopez Miranda do not want the oarretera to come here because they are afraid the produoe will be taken elsewhere to be sold. The latter is a produoe buyer and would lose much money if the produoe were taken out of the region. LOS TUXTLAS -59- Betty Starr My Informants then turned to the subject of the lnadequaoy of the local hotels, and said an addition was to he nade to the Hotel Colonial* This hotel situation is go ling to be aggravated when the dedication of the oathedral takes plaoe In January. The bishop and a retinue of 50 people are coming, and where will they stay? I do not recall the context but the story was told of one of the looal leaders, who* when the subject of his daughter's attending the seoondary school cane up, said she didn't need to go to secondary school, he had enough money so that' she wouldn 't ever have to work. This Is a confirmation oX^Angel F. Torres ' statement that It Is the wealthy people who are/interested in their children's education. I was also told of a killing which took place last night in the Barrio of San Francisco. A man was Just dosing his store when another man approached and wanted to buy some liquor. The storekeeper refused, saying that the store was olosed. His would-be ouatoner then pulled out a pistol and killed him* The killer was later apprehended, and put in Jail. (Note : In going through the at files of Adelante. I have noticed nan y of these sudden homicides. In the years 1945-6, there was at least one homicide per week reported for the region, by pistol, or even more frequently, by machete, since this is the universal tool and weapon In the countryside.) Monday. November 21. Up until 3 a.m. with dysentery. Therefore, slept all morning. Continued reading back oopies of Adelante and in the afternoon went to see Leopoldo Caracas of the Hacienda del Estado, to get the data I had requested regarding the ejidos. The data given me, however, covered only the total number of ejidos and the total amount of. ejldal land. Thla is insufficient for my purposes and I shall go to the Ejldal Bank tomorrow W are, moat probably, I shall be able to get the breakdown on the e.1 Idos. Sr. Caracas gave me a letter of introduction to Luis Carrion, who, he said, could give me data regarding the history of tobacco production in the region. Carrion has property at Siguapam. Tuesday, November 22V This morning, I went to the Banco Nacional de Crédito Ejldal, and talked to the ayudan te of the Jefe de la Zona. I asked hln if he oould give me Information on the e.1 idos of the region, and he said the ejldal bank only deals at present with 25 e.1 ido a (in four munioipios). These are the ejidos whose members are organized in Sociedades Loo a les de Crédito Ejldal, which organizations deal with the ejldal bank. I asked how much time was allowed for the e.1 Id at arlos to pay debts oontraoted with the bank, and he mentioned, as an example, maíz invierno, which is harvested in July, and for which payments are due the 31st of August. I asked what would happen if the debt is not paid and he said the government could be notified, an<| t rao tors and other machinery taken from the e.lidatarlos In order to make up the defloit. However, he said» there have been no oases xxkacxfcfels where this was done. What apparently LOS TUXTLAS -60- Betty Starr happens, Judging from some records he showed me, is that the ejido (or sociedad) which defaults is simply dropped and not extended further oredlt. Cause of crop failure due to rains or nortes is also recorded. He gave me a list of the 25 e.lidos, together with the number of hectáreas for eaoh, and the number of e.11 datarlos on each e.Udo. The average parcela e.1ldal (the amount of land apportioned to the individual e.1 Id atarlo) is from two to three hectáreas, although he said some individuals may have a little more (and, of course, some must have less)» The ayudante then showed me some tables which contained data regarding number of hectáreas devoted to eaoh orop, amount of money loaned, tonnage, etc. He also showed me a sohedule of the various stages of labor necessary in the cultivation of each orop, and the quotas for the expenses of each stage* I asked if I might make a copy of this information and he said he would have to ask the Jefe. In the afternoon, I returned to the ejidal bank and was loaned the material I had requested. I spent the rest of the afternoon and evening oopylng this. Y/ednesday, November 23» I finished copying the material relating to the ejidos this a.m., and returned the data sheets to the ejidal bank. In the afternoon, X went to see don Lula Carrion, regarding tobacco production of the region, past and present. Formerly (before 1910) there were from 3u to 40 million tobacco plants per year, (matas) Now there are between 7 and 8 million matas per year. Formerly, tobaooo was exported to Holland, Belgium, and Germany, and the tobaocos of San Añares achieved world fame. The Revolution of 1910, together with the First 7/orld War, and subsequent crash in foreign money markets, ruined the European trade. For many years there has been no exporta- tion to Europe, although Carrion said he exported a small amount last year, to Holland. The only factory in Mexico which now uses tobacco from the region is La Tabacalera Mexioana, which manufactures Delicados. In San Andres, there are three small establishments manufacturing puros» (those of Juan de la Cera, Bonifacio Solana, and Sra. Laura Enrique ), and these cigars compare favorably with those from Cuba. Additional difficulties encountered in tobacco production at present are: (1) the tax of 15$ on the value of tobaooo exported; (2) the high coat of fertilizer (abono), which formerly was around 350 pesos per ton, and now costs 550 pesos per ton; (3) higher cost of implements; (4) higher wages of laborers} (5) the usual hazards of drought or heavy rains* Cost per kilo used to be reokoned at 1*50; now it is 3.80. Methods of production are the same as in years past. Similarly, banana production has deoreased, due to a cerabination of faotors : (1) Low prioes of bananas in the market; (2) chamusco; (3) lack of fumigation. I asked why it was not possible to buy a fumlgator. Carrion said these machines have to be bought abroad fwirnT. (outside of Mexico) and now oost between 8-10,000 pesos* There are no agricultural banks In the region whloh allow a long enough term of credit* The banks here only allow three months ' oredlt and this is not sufficient time for an investment of this type* LOS TUXTLAS -61- Betty Starr Several times during the Interview, Carrion expressed the feeling that the life of an agricultor Is filled with satisfaction beoause one is working with the land* He has said to himself many times. "I am not going to plant tobacco (or bananas) this year", but he always does, even though disoouraged by bad crops due to heavy rains or drought. He feels that an agricultor has more honor attached to him than does a manu- facturer or office worker. These statements, scattered throughout the interview, represent the values of the older generation in San Andres. Thursday. Nov. 24. Last night and this morning had severe diarrhoea and stomache cramps. Stayed in bed most of the day. Dr. Ostoa prescribed Amebon Ftalil. This afternoon, at about 4:30 the bells in the oathedral started ringing and rockets were shot off to announce the arrival of the Governor of the State of Veracruz. Lie. Angel Carvajal, and the Secretario de Comunicaciones y Obras Publicas of the national government, Lie. Agustín García López. They had Just arrived from an inspection trip over the carretera from Alvarado. The officials got out of their car, were showered with confetti, and then they walked through the Plaza, followed by the crowd, to the bandstand. A number of speeches followed, the last to speak being the Seoretary of Communications and Public Works. He promised the people of San Andres that the carretera would definitely be finished within a few months, and that, vtien it was finished, one could go from San Andre's to Santiago Tuxtla in only 15 minutes (it now takes about three-quarters of an hour). The officials will be welcomed at a dinner in the Casino tonight, served by the daughters of Important San and rescaños, and the dinner will be followed by a baile.

Friday. Nov. 25. Stomache still upset. Stayed in bed most of the day, reading Simmel's Sociología. Saturday. Nov. 26. This morning I received a hectographed copy of Redfield'a Social Change In a Maya Village and spent the greater part of the day reading it, and noting similarities and differences between the culture (old and new) of Chan Kom and the culture of various communities in Los Tuxtlas. A few weeks ago I was asked by a laborer to write a letter for him, in English, to a man in Idaho. He had been to the U. S. and had worked on the potato farm of this Idahoan for some five years. When the San- andrescano returned here, the men kept up an intermittent correspondence, out no letter had been received from I**8*^^0** two years. I wrote the nicest letter I could, feeling sure at tlW^ime that nothing would ever come of it. The iran asked me my fee for writing the letter and I told him "Nothing". A few days later, he tunxradcxac returned with a gift of ten large, fine oranges. Today, he came back again, with an answer from the man in Idaho, asking me to translate the letter for him. It gave me muoh pleasure that the simple faith of this man that his letter would be answered was not broken. LOS TUXTLAS -62- Betty Starr

Presa or Costume: The campesino» especially if he be an old man, may be recognized by his white or oream-oolored shirt and drawers or pants, often tied at the waist with a rope. But he is more generally recognized by the long, straight machete which he wears or carries. Campesinos may wear blue denim trousers, or colored trousers and shirts» The campesino is usually, but not always, barefoot. He may wear sandals» Huaraches are not generally worn in the region. The countrywoman characteristically wears a long, full skirt-- frequently with an apron over it--and blouse, both colored. I have seen but one or two old women wearing an embroidered white blouse» Hair is worn in two braids, either hanging, or in coronet fashion. On October 15th, I made the statement that the rebozo is not seen frequently here. This was a mis statement. The rebozo is common, especially in the countryside. It is used both as an article of dress and for oarrying babies, hens or turkeys» The narrow rebozo is even rolled up and used as a head carrying-cloth for baskets. The cotton dress appears to be more characteristic of the town, but its wearer may be barefoot or may be wearing shoes. Criadas» for example, usually have shoes but don 't always wear them» The printed silk dress is a symbol of the upper or middle class, and its wearer always wears shoes. The business suit is rarely worn; its use seems restricted to young professional men, bureaucrats, and seme travelling salesmen. The man's costume which is the symbol of high social status (the counterpart to the woman's printed silk dress) consists of a white or cream-colored pleated shirt, made to be worn outside the trousers, worn with white or cream-colored trousers. This is most common among the older men, especially the hacendados. Thus, the traditional white oostume of the countryside is i"tlll seen among the old campesinos, and, in a luxury model, among the old hacen dados—at the lowest and highest levels of the society of Los Tuxtlas. In between, one sees a combination of costumes that is difficult to classify. Sunday. Nov. 27» This weekend appeared to offer more reoreational activities than usual. A clroo arrived in town Thursday, setting up its tent in the Chichipllco Plaza, and remaining until Sunday night. Last night there was a oena and baile at the Casino. This afternoon, a baseball game between a team from Alvarado, and a local team made up of workers such as carpenters, garage mechanics, etc. Tonight, there was another baile in the Casino» (I was invited to attend the functions in the Casino and the ballgame. I had to refuse all Invitations because of my weakened condition, due to lack of solid fbod. I am on a diet of jugo de arroz, which appears to be the water in which rice has been oooked, with a few grains of rioe in it» This is not very nourishing but is soothing to an irritated stomachs)» Usual reoreation among small boys appears to consist in running races in the street, or playing oatoh with a small ball. The only baseball game I have seen in progress was In the yard next to the experimental school. I have seen two bicycles in the town, and a few more LOS TUXTLA3 -63- Betty Starr tricycles• I have seen one boy coasting down one of the fen sidewalks of the town on one rallerskate. In the early evening, after dark, little hoys and girls play hide-and-seek among the pillars of the houses. Boys of six and seven ride horseback; so do the older boys—sometimes riding two on a horse, and making the horse gallop. This appears to be great fun. The only "toy" which I have seen in evidenoe everywhere—in the town as well as in the settlement of Jaoales—is the top* Demonstra- tion of skill in spinning a top is important. This consists of spinning the top on the ground, picking it up in the hand, and again transferring it to the ground, still spinning. I have seen a group of small boys playing horse, "riding" on poles, as they ran along the street, striking at the pole-horse with a small branch. Boys also wrestle and fight; this appears to be always in good spirit. Recreation of the workers—those engaged in oarrying sacks of sugar, and transporting other goods—during working hours consists in laughing at the temporary discomfiture of their fellow workers, watohing dogs fight or mate in the street, etc. The appearance of three men, who walked along the street, blaok with grease from head to foot, was the ocoasion of much laughter. And one man entertained himself by throwing rooks at the metal container which a fellow-worker was using as a table while sewing up a sugar saok. (The other did not retaliate). After hours, a few men practise baseball; some play pool and drink in the local pool- rooms and saloons. The recreation of the younger women of upper and middle class has been discus sed previously. The older women (of the town) in their leisure hours knit, crochet, do embroidery and crosstitching, making gifts for feminine members of the family. They also sew. There'is much visiting; conversation deals mainly with activities of sons and daughters* Another form of recreation engaged in by all ages and sexes is that of simply watohing what goes on in the street. Any unusual street noise brings everyone to the front door to see what is happening. Forms of recreation in the countryside will be dealt with later. I have heard marimba and .1 aran a in the outlying settlements after dark but have not yet investigated this. Monday. November 2tt* I spent most of the day reading Redfield's Social Change in a Maya Village, noting many interesting points of comparison* It is fortunate that this Ms. arrived at this time when I am unable to travel about* This afternoon I asked Hermlla Solana what is likely to take plaoe tomorrow—the Víspera of the Día de San Andres. She said in former years they paraded the Mojiganga, which is a sort of muneoa. through the streets, but in reoent years this has not always been done* The fiesta is considered to be connected solely with the barrio of San Andres, and not the whole town, according to Hermlla. There will be a fandango in that barrio tomorrow night. She expressed the opinion that nothing else wouü take plaoe tomorrow, sinoe everyone has been so busy in reoent weeks, raising money for the oathedral* LOS TUXTLAS -64- Betty Starr Tueaday. Nov. 29» víspera del DÍa de San Andrea. At 5 a.m. I heard the sound of drums beating, dressed hurriedly and went to the churoh (not the cathedral). The drummera were inaide the ohuroh. All doors to the ohurch were locked, and a small group of people (not more than a dozen) atood outaide the church in the darkness watohing the cohetero aet off rockets. A little old woman sat on the church atep and handed the rooketa to him, one by one. Shortly after 5:30 the two drummers came out, each with a tambor of venison hide stretohed over wood and fastened with thongs. The old woman said there would be a fiesta in the barrio of San Andre's tonight and that Antonio^ Turrent waa the Mayordomo of this fiesta. There is another Mayordomo for La Purísima (Dec. 7-8) and still another for Guadalupe (Dec. 11-12). One had the impression that the drummers and the cohetero were there only because they had been told to be. The lack of interest, on the part of the population, in this early morning celebration ia an index of the dying out, in San'Andres, of the old costumbres. Only the old woman aeemed to know what should be done this day. She mentioned the mojiganga, but when I asked what it represented she did not seem to know. She also mentioned the "allegorical cara" that are drawn through the atreeta during the forthcoming fieataa. TChen I asked what these repreaented, ahe said only that they were different every year. Apparently the mean inga of theae ancient costumbres have been lost, or are rapidly coming to be lost. As the sky began to lighten, the little group dispersed. The brief ceremony announcing the Víspera del Dia de San Andrés waa over. This morning I went to the Registro Civil de San Andre's, to begin obtaining data on the number of deaths and oauaea of death In the municipio» Around noon, the two drummers and sorae little girls dressed in huapango costume formed a small procession, passing through some of the principal streets. But there was no mojiganga today. Tonight there was a huapango in the barrio de San Andres» One of the streets was decorated (for about half a block) with red, white and green paper, and the tarima (wooden platform) was set In the street for the dancers» Although I wish to see this, I did not attend l*v*t*night. There will be more huapangos in December and I shall attend one when I am feeling better. At 1:30 in the morning I was awakened by the sound of marimba, cornet and drum, coming from a house half a block away where two young men, whose name day is that of San Andres, were oelebrating with their friends. The music continued until 2:30 a.m.—very lively and very loud during the hour of the serenata. Wednesday. Nov. 30» Día de San Andrea. This morning I returned to the office of the Reglatro Civil and oompleted the data on def undone a for the firat 11 oontha of this year» I shall return the end of December to get the data for the remaining month. The figures are for the entire municipio (I shall have to get the same data for Catemaco and Santiago Tuxtla) and constitute an index of the unsanitary living conditions in the region. Out of 417 deaths LOS TUXILAS -65- Betty Starr in the municipio up to'Nov. 30th, 29$ are of Infants less than 1 year of age, and k3% are of children less than 6 years of age. The principal oauses of infant mortality in order of frequency are: (1) Bom dead, due to congenital deficiency; (2)- enterocolitis; (3) bronojíopneumonla. Tetanus of the umbilical cord was also noted. Predominant oause of death of individuals 6 years of age or mare was one or another of the intestinal parasitical infections, with a high degree of broncopneumonia, tuberculosis, etc • In the afternoon, I went to the Compañía de Luz y Energía de San Andres where I secured data regarding electrical facilities of the region. The hydroelectric plant was established in 1915 at Comoapan (in the municipio of San Andres) and its power is 460 KVA. From this plant, San Andres, Comoapan, and Catemaco receive electrical energy. Santiago Tuxtla does not have electricity. I seoured for the first three localities the following data: no. of houses having eleotricity, no. of oontrovolts, radios, refrigerators, electric irons and electric motors, these data being recorded separately. The relative efficiency of electrical service has been commented on previously, and I should add that last night there was no electricity whatsoever in San Andre's. I then went to the home of Rogelio Rascón, to chat with his wife and to ask a favor of him. I have tried several times, unsuccessfully, to get from the Municipal Treasurer a list of the number of the various kinds of commercial houses in San Andrés. I decided to enlist the aid of Sr. Rascón in seouring this data. He said it could be obtained very easily and that he would get the data for me in a few days. Thursday. Deo. 1st. This morning I went to Catemaco, for my first visit in six weeks. Considerable work has been done on the carretera in the Interim, huge trees having been uprooted to make way for the road, and new cuts made tnrough the hills. Two road graders were at work, and seotions of the carretera were very smooth. This seotion of the carretera should be less difficult to build and to maintain since there are not the precipi- tous mountainsides here that exist between San Andres and Santiago Tuxtla. One of the women in the oar said proudly to another passenger that this road would be better than the Tuxtla road; it would be straighter. In Catemaoo, I talked to the Presidente Munlo*pal, Antonio Araningual, explaining that I had not returned sooner because I had been ill. He gave me a •• map of the oabeoera to copy (his only copy but he loaned it quite willingly), gave me lists of congregaciones, e.lldos. terrenos naolonales. etc. I inquired regarding the number of men engaged in fishing, and the Presidente gave me the name of a man in San Andres who would have this information. He said the various species of fish in the lake are dying out, due to the fact that the fishermen take every size of fish even to the very smallest, and the fish don 't get a chanoe to reproduce* (I have seen fish in the San Andres market l£" in length, of a species which reaohes 6" in length). I asked if it were not possible to restock the LOS TUXTLAS -66- Betty Starr lake with fish, and he said he had reported the situation to the government, in the hope that something of this sort would be done. I inquired as to the value of agricultural produoe sold from Catemaco and the Presidente said he did not have this information. All produce is taken to San Andres to be sold. When the oarretera is finished, it may be possible to take produce further. Regarding the extent to which the land is utilized, Sr. Aramingual said there are a number of colonias, in which all the land is not cultivated. (He gave me a list of these). Also, terrenos naoionales are not cultivated. I asked the extent of the terrenos naoionales and he did not know this. He did tell me that the total number of hectáreas m in which crops were~~Tost in 194b was 2,487. Candelaria lost the harvest of 207 hectáreas and La Victoria, 232. There are inconsistencies in the data obtained from Sr. Aramingual-- names of some of the settlements appearing on two lists, etc. I shall have to try to clarify this. I said I would return at the end of the month to get the vital statistics for Catemaco and he said these figures would be made available to me. I remarked that I had noticed a high degree of infant mortality in the munioipio of San Andres and he said, It is the same here." He has notified the Centro de Salubridad to this effect. I left Sr. Aramingual then, promising to return the map to him on Saturday. Intending to visit La Victoria, I walked along the lakeshore, looking for the house of Rosarlo Rodriguez. Much life on the lakeshore this morning—women washing clothes on the rocks, a group of about fifteen people sitting on the rocks in the shade of a huge amate tree, boys climbing in the branches of the amates, and, at the edge of the water, a small boy pretending to fish, with a cork on the end of a string. I found Rosario and we got into the boat and pushed out into the lake. But he could not get the outboard motor to start and after considerable time and effort had been wasted, he gave up trying, and we returned to shore. Returned to San Andres in midafternoon. Friday, Dec. 2nd. Spent all day copying the map of the oabeoera of Catemaco* This map indioates location of houses, molinos for nixtamal, sawmills, etc., specifying house type as well* Saturday. Deo. 3rd. Went to Catemaco again this morning. From the Presidente Municipal I obtained a list of the oomigarlados e.Tidales of the municipio of Catemaco, together with the total number of hectáreas for eaoh e.lldo. This clarifies some of the inconsistencies in the data I received Thursday. LOS TUXTLAS -67- Betty Starr There are ten ejidos, with a total number of hectáreas of 12,011. This is 171 hectáreas more than the number given me for Catemaco by the Hacienda del Estado in San Andres. I should at this point say that there are tremendous difficulties in obtaining exact figures for any kind of statistics (excepting vital statistics) in the region. There are disagreements not only between officials in different agencies but also between officials in any one agency. There is usually much argument back and forth and finally a figure is agreed upon and this is given me. And in matters concerning land areas, the political officials frankly say they do not know. Only an ingeniero couM tell me what I want to know. I was given a figure of 8,709 for Inhabitants of the municipio of Catemaco, and 5,9t>4 for inhabitants of the cabecera. These figures, at least, were supplied without preliminary argument, and may be considered reasonably exaot. I inquired about the duties of the municipal officers and the Presidente told me he is in oharge of the Registro Civil, and also hears all complaints that are administrative in nature. The Sindico is considered the agente ministerio del público municipal and hears quejas that are Judicial in nature, e.g., difficulties between husbands and wives, etc. The Io Regidor is Regidor de Ornato Publico. '¿° Regidor is regidor de educación. 3o Regidor is regidor de policía. Leaving the Palacio'Municipal, I again set out to find Rosario. I had seen him in San Andre's earlier this morning and he had told me that his motor was now fixed. On the way, I stopped to 1¿alk to a woman who was sitting Just inside a doorway, desgranando maíz. She was very friendly and Invited me to come into the house (Jacal) in order not to be molested by a herd of cattle which were then being driven through the street for watering in the lake. She was disgraining with the use of a board into which had been pounded rows of staples. There was a huge pile of mazoroas in front of her, and at her side, a large sack half filled with oorn. As she finished each cob, she tossed it under the stove, to be used later as fuel» Her daughter, ten years of age, was busy at the stove, cooking oarne de res in an iron pot, and dipping out pieces of meat with a wooden spoon. The stove was waist high (adult;* Utensils of clsy and iron were at the back of the stove, dishes and glasses on a high shelf at the side of it. Some fresh masa for tortillas was on a board farther back in the room. There was an altar at the back of the room with many pictures of santos on it, but no candle lighted. And in the N. £. oorner was a bed, raised off the floor, behind a hanging mat. This woman, whose name is Carmelita, told me that life in Catemaco is very goodi Yes, we are very poor, but we have the water from the lake. San Andres and Santiago have very little water. We ©an. fish and it doesn't cost us anything. In San Andres, you have to buy fish! (If, as the Presidente said, the number of fish in the lake is decreasing, what is going to happen to these people who depend upon fishing, to suoh a large extent, for their subsistence?) San Andres is very rloh. The LOS TUXTLAS -68- Betty Starr people of San Andres have fine houses and fine clothes, but they are full of pride and envy (orgullo y. envidia). They envy whatever anyone else has. Here in Catenaco there is no envidia» This is the first expression of an attitude of resentment that I have heard in the region—a strong attitude of antagonism toward the people of the rioh provincial city. I asked Carmelita where she sells her oorn and she said she sells it to Moreno, in Catemaoo. There are 8 arrohas (11.5 kilos each) in a fanega (a fanega is 92 kilos) and she gets 25 pesos for a fanega. Telling Carmelita that I would see her again, I left and went to find Rosario. After a short delay, while he tried out the motor, we set out for La Victoria on the South shore of the lake. Rosario had one helper and we were also accompanied by Sr. Juan Martin Basiura (spelling?) who appears to be an arohaeologlst of the region. (He showed me a letter of Identification from the Museo Nacional). Basiura is familiar with La Victoria and knows the agente municipal there (Victor Vauter). We approached the e.Udo of La Victoria, landed and went to find the agente municipal. (La Victoria was formerly one of the large haciendas or the~region. owned by Germans; much tobacco was raised here In preRevolutionary days). Victor Vauter is a tall Negro, with kinky hair and wide nose with flaring alae (a rarity in this region, even though in the past there was an admixture of Negro blood here). We sat outside a small tienda, while curious male inhabitants eyed me. There are 350 campesinos now living at La. Victoria (hectáreas: 1,600). Vauter said there is no cooperativo here. The land is held in common, but it is paro el led out and each Individual cultivates three, four or five hectáreas, as much as he is able. Each individual sells libre, to any buyer in Catemaco; i.e., to the buyer who pays the highest price. (La Victoria is an example of the Individual Ejido). The buyers, of whom three or four were named, then take the produoe in camiones to resell in San András. Vauter said last year frijol was sold at 35 pesos a fanega. Said malz now sells at 24 pesos a fanega. (This diecks fairly closely with data given me on November 17th, but not then recorded, to the effect that the buyers were then paying $3.00 for 11.5 kilos. This informant, whose identity is confidential, told me that Nov. 1st they\ were paying $2.50 for an arroba, and that by Deo. 1st they would be paying $3«50# Apparently, however, they are not yet paying $3»50). I told Vauter I would like to see some of the fields if they were not too far away. So he led me through the settlement and along the lake ah ore for perhaps half a mile. We followed a path olose to the water and he told me that in wet years this path would be under water. The whole shoreline is flooded when there has been much rain. I asked if there was much paludismo here and he said there is some when there is much rain, but this year there has been none, since it has been very dry. The number of hectáreas sown with maíz and frlJol varies from year to year. It is now the time for sowing~maTz invierno but they are unable to sow very much beoause the ground is too dry (irrigation is not used) and therefore they can plant only in the low grounds. He pointed out to me a dried up field on high, sloping ground, where the maíz harvest was lost. (La Victoria lost the harvest from 232 heotareas in 1948). L03 TUXTLAS -69- Bétty Starr We had now reached some of the fields of La Victoria. The frUol was Just starting to bloom and the plants looked vigorous, the ¡ground between then weed-free* Vauter said frijol is easier to grow than maíz. They only give it one limpia» Beyond the field of frijol.- a man was plowing up another field preparatory to planting mata ¡.Invierno. I asked if an iron plow was used* Vauter said only wooden plows are used beoause they are lighter and only require one pair of oxen; the iron plows are heavier and require two pair* Besides, the wooden plows break up the ground sufficiently* Mais is planted by making a hole for the seed with an espeque, dropping the grains in by hand, and smoothing the soil over ¿ the seed with the foot* Later, a cultivator is used. I asked if the men remain in the fields all day* He said if the field is nearby, a man may go heme to eat and return to the .field in the afternoon. If farther away, he takes along something to eat. If he has but a small tarea, he may finish it in the morning and then rest in the afternoon. There are some cattle at La Victoria. Vauter said he had about thirty head himself and other men had a few head. The boat oame to meet us as we walked baok along the path to the settlement. I said goodbye to Vauter and then took off for C a tern ace. Back in Catemaoo, I stopped by Carro el it a's house. She was. still shelling corn» She greeted me warmly and had a bench brought for me* Her son was now there also and he too was shelling com* She had been smoking a cigarette when I went lri and so I offered her one and she handed it to her daughter to light from the fire. The daughter was now,cooking oom in a pail, and as I sat there she removed It from the fire., straining under the weight. Carmelita said the girl was" in second grade in the sohool and likes school very much* Carmelita herself can neither read nor writs'* She is 44, a widow, and has had eight children* The last, a boy of two, was sitting on the floor; contrary to the majority of boys of this age, he was wearing pants. Three of the children had died, one from 1*1 at'the dootor said was lack of development*- At this she shrugged-her shoulders - and said one could only eat tortillas, av little cTiile and fish, if 9W was poor* She laughed and Joked with me a great deal,, evidently quite pleased that I had returned* I said I should like ^to qome>,bs,ok again to' see her ajfl she said she would be glad to see me any time* -* As I left Catemaco, I noticed that the, oirous which;was in San-J Andres last weekend is now here. Also saw a sign on a large blackboard announcing a baseball game* for this oomlng, Sunday. On the way baok to San Andres, I saw Reaves of tobacco ^hanging from s-awhorses to dry* Also one or two sheds where tobacco, was drying* The field in whioh were the sawhorses was only partly out* Also passed the- experljmental agricultural station outside SJLguapam and noted papaya plants about three feet high* In the ooohe .was^an Ingeniero for the Papaloapam Commission who is > surveying preparatory to. the bq ¡tiding of -a nozo next year so that Oatemaco cab have agua .notable. Later on, It is planned to ins tal drainage*

•$»•< LOS TUXTLAS V70_ Betty Starr Sunday, Dec. 4th. This morning, I went to Santiago Tuxtla, to attend a meeting of the oomlsarlado agrario in the e.Udo there.. I arrived in Tuxtla at ten o'clock and went Immediately to the ejidal sohool where the meeting waa to be held. The sohool was looked up and an old man sat nearby on a log* I asked him if there was to be a meeting a tú he said yes» and went to get the key to the school. He returned shortly, unlocked the door and we went in. Since this is vao at i on-time,-the children's seats and desks had been removed, and the only furniture in the room consisted of two tables and a few chairs. While waiting for the meeting to start, the earthen floor was wetted down With water from a sprinkling, oan and then swept?* The president e del com1earlado agrario arrived shortly, accompanied by three or four men, and 1 had an opportunity to talk with him before '",'•-,•• the meeting began. The meeting was for the purpose of oolleoting money - from the e.lldatarios for the Impuesto due the state and municipal' governments, ard the presidente. Manuel Fernandez, told me the history of the e.Udo and of the asunto leading up to the present situation. The e.Udo is located within the poblacldn of Santiago Tuxtla, in the 8th manzana or barrio (there are nine barrios in ally, the barrio del pilare, it was first organized in 1922, and in 1929 was given lands,, in dotaoldn provisional, by the government. On these lands, the * e.1 Id ajarlos, sowed plantas de raíz, such as oaf ec eras, naranjas, and mangos. In 193P, the e.yido was given lands, in posesión definitiva. In El Vigia (a o erro near Santiago Tuxtla), in terrenos na dónales to the North, and at San Martin. (These lands are a considerable distance away and some of the efedatarios live on them)*. At the same time, the lands which had been provisionally given were taken away from the e.Udo. and the el id a tar lbs were not paid for the plants which they had growing on these lands. The eJldatarloa thus opposed the posesión' definitiva of the new lands, saying they would not aooept them unless they were paid" for the plants on the lands which had been held under dotación provisional* Since that time- nearly twenty years—there has been a constant struggle to obtain the status of dotación definitiva. They have not yet achieved this status, nor were they ever paid for the plants whioh they had sown* In addition to the lands in the three distant) looatlons, the eUdatafrloa are cultivating 207 heotareas whioh belong to the Banoo Nacional de*Mexico, They ralae mala. fr 1.1 ol. arrea, plátano, papas. cacahuate, camotea.' ohayotea. pifíate. and tomato* The number of heot&reaa In the montes lar 5.2b9. By law, the size of paroelaa ia limited, to aix haoiareaaii but each' individual ouitivatds aa^many as he ia able* Thus, some men only "cultivate one or two hectáreas; others . cultivate more. Furthermore, the aoaparadorea buy their produce for lesa than half the current price. Although eaoh individual sells his prodqee libre, this is an e.Udo oomunal (In oontrast to La Vlotoria, whioh is an . elido Individual), and all dealing a with the government or other organized lona are. handled by the oomlaariado organization* LOS IUXTLAS -71- Betty Starr The e.11d» la in ,yery bad* financial condition. Sinoe 1931* the ' - ouentaa of the state and munlolpal government have been mounting, since the ejIdatarlos have ."been unable to pay the impuestos* The .total amount * J owed is f57jOOO .(pesos). The sta^e government gave them a discount of ; 50% "on the «mount due provided that by the and of thls^ year" (1949) they """ pay the aun of #12,000 (pesoa). «(The munlolpal" cuenca la included In,- the total of $57,OOOJ. Therefore, the presidente of the • oomlaarlado agrario eet a quota for each ejldatarlo to pay the sum of luu pesos before the end of .the year, anct -meetings are 'held every Sunday morning to collects this money. To date, 5»lu0 pesos have been collected. There .are. 9b6 men ".-In the eflldo.but some do not -cultivate land. Theae men are < panaderos, oarplnt eroa> peiuquerba/ tablajeros, or are in oomeroio. * There: remain about 400 men. who constitute the base of the ¿.1 ido i theá'e are the Individuáis whotwork the land. But of this number there are many who do not wish to pay ejldal obligations* The presidente of the oomlaarlado ágfcarlo l'a trying to get the government to lend him armed foroea in prder to oolleot the money that la due* I asked, if the governor could not help them, since he la a native of the region, and Fernandez, said the Governor "was not sympathetic beoause in 1929» 170 heotáreaa-of hi a parents ' land waa taken away and given to the ejido. - Since then, the land has again changed hands, having been taken, away from the ejido, and la now in, the hands of private own are-. "The. ejldatarloa were now arriving for the meeting. Some sat on a bench which had been- made by placing a plank on some chairs; some leaned on the window, ledge» some stood in the open doorway.. Sach -individual came op to the table to pay a portion of hia quota or 100 pesos. Most contributions were of 10 dr 20 pesos, but some ware of 50, bO, or 7o pfraoa. ,. The money waa brought in wrapped in brown paper,-was carefully uh folded, counted by the Treasurer and placed-in pile a on the table according to denomination. The man's name and amount of money were recorded by the Secretary. Previous liata were checked to aee how much the Individual still owed. , The' presidente gave eaoh man a receipt algned by himself and the Treasurer. < Business waa 0 on due ted in an orderly manner,' a few conversations being held in a low tone of voloe. The number pf men present ^steadily grew from around twenty to approximately forty. 4 , , ."•-'- One e.Udatario^ who still owed 5b" pesos .waa asked by ttíe presidiente when he Could pay the balance. The flan7 aald his work waa atrasado,and""£e didn't know whether ha\oóa.}d pay BJJ the"end pf the year. The' presidente launched into an impassioned admonition^ 8omewhat as follows; ^eTar¿ all in thia together and we have to -pay 1th» money. We ought• not io think" ' tnaVje are unable to do it* We/liave to:be able to do ,it» - Thli tayan*^* agreementr with the .government which we have to fulfill. V&taft for, wax*: "lío debemos pensar-que no podemos. Teneao» que poder. TESto"es un ' '-"•.,. * compromiso con el gfrbierno que tenemeaí-qüe cumpli*?). The nan. whom he.;- was admonishing said, "Muy bien dicho'*, and grinned, hoping tó placare - the. President, but the Tatter continued* «aphatioaliy, somewhat, aa follows: 4" am, tb.e\ authority of the ejido but I have no ^policía, I am "going to «¿V . the, government 'to send armed rarose so that pa «an get the money that it awad'üa» v . ' »s

. •-.•fí'2

*r,-* * LOS TUXTIAS -72- Betty Starr The presidente told me that there ia no salary attached to these ejldal offices. I had hoped to stay long enough to find out how much money was collected today, hut after three hours, the men were still arriving with their contri tu tlons. I contributed five pesos to the ejido, and this pleased the presidente very much. He held the bill up to show it to the e.Udatarloa, thanked me, and I said goodbye. On the way back to San Andres, I noticed ears of corn hanging in the shrine beside the carretera just above Santiago.

Mondayf Dec. 5th. Spent the morning typewriting my notes for the past two days. Around noon, a wan passed the house carrying two "toros" for the fiesta of La Purísima this week. The toros were made of manta (white cotton cloth) sewed on a stout framework of small branches. Face and body were painted. Real horns (and part of the skull; were used to give the creature an appearance of reality. The toros were about five feet in length. In the afternoon, I talked to Antonia Turrent, the mayordoma for the fiesta of La Purísima. I told her I had seen the two toros this morning and she said she now has five of them in her house. I asked her how long she has been mayordoma of La Purísima and she said about eight years. There were formerly three may ordo mas for this fiesta, elected by popular vote, but the other two girls got married and left her with the cargo. I asked why the cargo didn't change hands more often and she said it is because the cargo is a very heavy one and nobody wishes to accept it. She has charge of what happens in the church in addition to the activities in the street. I asked how she took care of the expenses of this fiesta. She holds tertulias in the Casino (one of which I attended; thus making a portion of the expenses. She also designates people to take up a collection in the various barrl03. People in the barrios may contribute not only money but also maíz, huevos, frijol, or anything that may be sold and thus converted into money. She then sells the produce collected in the barrios. Antonia told me the program for the two days of the fiesta, which I shall not include at this point, since it will be recorded later. On the evening of the 7th, however, a velorio will be held in the street leading to the cemetery. 1 asked if this was held in the house arriba on the right side of the street as one goes to the cemetery and Antonia said yes. (This is the house where I heard the non-Spanish singing on the víspera of the Day of the Dead). It is the house of the mayordomo indio. Alberto Velasco. This man has been mayordomo for three or four years. Antonia said the indios bring muñecas to join in the procession of La Purísima. LOS TUXTLAS -73- Betty Starr When I left Antonia Turrent, I went to see Don Luis Carrion, the agricultor» I showed him a list of ooatoa estimativoa por hectárea for plátano (whioh I had taken from Veracruz Econdmloo, Vol. II, p. 94, since the Banco Ejldal did not have data on plátano) and asked him if the figures were substantially correct. He said there is much variation in costs, due to (1) the particular equipment owned by the individual; (2) the relative degree of attention given to each stage of cultivation. The total coat per hectárea to obtain the first production as given in Veracruz Economico is $336.80. Carrio'n aaid he would estimate this cost as between $350 and 400 pesos. He said that the production per hectárea also varies considerably, in accordance with the quality of the land in which the crop ia planted. Thus, the production of plátano per hectárea may range from six to twelve tons (the first year). He would consider the more usual production as seven or eight tona. I aaked what type of soil is best for plátano. Carrion said alluvial soil is best, which the region does not have. The volcanic soils here are better for frijol than for plátano. Tuesday, Deo. 6th. This morning I went to find the house of the mayordomo indio. It is a block North of the street to the cemetery, set back from the street. In front of the house, the street had been blocked off with poles and branches, and the tarima (wooden platform for dancing the huapango) was leaning up against a tree, in readiness for tomorrow night's baile. I talked to the roayordoma and she said she had had this cargo for four years. Will there be many muñecas? There will be a few, but not as many aa she had wished, becauae Antonia Turrent had told-her not to collect money. Antonia waa in charge of collecting the money in the barrios. Thus, whatever will be done on the part of the indios will be the reault of the labors of her husband and a few friends and neighbors. Because of this situation, the mayor doma aaid her people would contribute nothing for the oarroa alegorlcoa. Antonia had told her theae cars would coat a thousand peaos, but another peraon had told her not to be deceived- that Antonia was not being charged for the camiones. However, she said the fiesta would go well in the barrí o and she invited me to come in the madrugada tomorrow, and to come again to see the huapango in the evening. "" too Likewiae, the affair of the reina for the fie ata has not gone/well. Sylvia Rodriguez, one of the two candidatos for reina renounced her candidacy publicly last week. Conchita, the other candidate, said she would not be reina uniesa she had won the honor properly; i.e., collected more money than Sylvia. The final computo was to be made ,ln the corredor of the palacio municipal Sunday night, but the members of Sylvia's committee did not bring the money they had collected, so the count could not be made. It was, however, made last night and Conchita will be reina, Sylvia'a committee collected 9,000 pesos; Conchlta's committee "bolleoted 12,000 pesos. Thus, a aun of 21,000 peaoa waa raiaed for the cathedral. It will be aeen that even in connection with a traditional religious fiesta, there is much disharmony and disorganization in San Andres, not only between the lower and upper classes (or the different ethnic groups, if they may be called by this term) but also within the confines of a single social class. In the afternoon, I completed the map of the market of San Andres which I began some time ago» LOS TUXTLAS -74- ' Betty Starr December 7, 1949. víspera de la Purísima Concepción. Rockets at 2:45 a.m. Got up at 3 a.m. and went to the house of the mayordomo Indio where there was much activity. Three boys were in the street, beating drums. A group of women were outside the house cooking pinole in a gasoline tin over a fire of corncobs. One woman was stirring the pinole with a long stick. Inside the house the mayordoma was soaking corn to be later ground and used to make the tamales which will be served tonight. The one-room house was of clapboard, with two windows, thatched roof, and earthen floor. In one comer was a large stove with two fire- pits. On the back wall was a cupboard and shelves with clean cups. A large hog's head (apparently freshly killed) was hanging from a rope at the back of the room. There was a bed, raised off the floor, and also a mat on the floor, with covers. Baskets for storing maize were In a comer. Mazorcas were hanging from the rafters to dry. Outside, a group of men stood, talking. Children watched. V/hen the pinole was ready, several of the women tasted it, and then the mayoy- doma tasted it and said it was done. She then gave me a cup of pinole. It was very hot, rather sweet, and tasted good in the chilly night air. I left the house of the mayordomo around 4- a.m., having been invited to return at 7 a.m. for tamales. I went to the street in front of the cine where stood the allegorical car symbolizing the dawn (aurora). A crowd of perhaps lOu people were waiting for the procession to start. Four or five boys wearing the toro contrivance were running up and down the street chasing other boys. Two toros had advertising on them reading "L'octezuma Cerveza. Tome Ud." One was advertising Coca Cola. The allegorical float was built up over a camión, with a high back, on which were represen ted the stars and the moon. A pretty girl representing the Virgin wore a dress of shiny white fabric with long sleeves, aid a vhlte veil. Little girls—some dressed like angels, with wings; others with silver gilt stars en their heads—sat in front of the Virgin. The float was equipped with electric lights and a spotlight. Back of the allegorical car was a truck In which an orchestra was playing intermittentlyt Rockets were shct off and shortly before 5 a.m., the cars began to move through the streets, accompanied by a crowd of people which steadily in- creased in number. I would estimate it at around 300. There were also "vacas" — girls wearing the toro costume. The play of the toros was strictly according to sex, the male toros attacking male spectators and the vacas attacking female spectators. The allegorical car was forced to stop occasionally while electric and telephone wires were raised, with the aid of two long forked poles, to permit its passage. The procession passed through the principal streets of El Centro, and then started out into some of the barrios. I left the procession shortly after 5:30 and returned to the house. At 7 a.m., I went again to the house of the mayordomo Indio, where there was a mixed crowd of upper and lower class people, drinking pinole and eating tamales. I was offered a chair and took some more pinole but ate no tamales. The drum-beating was still going on» Decorations of colored paper had been hung or er the street and men were at work making LOS TUXTLAS -75- Betty Starr the tarima more solid. There were many visiting children in the group. A ring was cleared, and to the aocompaniment of men whistling, several little girls danced—not Indian dances--but steps they had learned in dancing school. Sra. Juana Solana y Carrion was among the visitors and she referred me to some individuals who are said to know much about the early history of San Andrés. When she was a girl, she rode in the allegorical oar, but it was then a cart driven by oxen, and the horns of the oxen were decorated with the flowers of the dagame. which blooms at this time—and only in this region say the Sanandrescanos. At 3:30 p.m. began another procession. The allegorical car now represented a garden, with a gate, and two flowering trees between which hung a rope swing. (This morning's float had been taken down and a new one built on the seme camion). Four young women were on the float, dressed in garden party attire with big picture hats; one of them sat in the swing. There were a number of muñecos (correct spelling), about 12 feet high, with grotesque masks, paper hair and flimsy costume, built on a framework of sticks or branches. There were also a number^.of costumed individuals representing './irds, and one monkey. The muñecos performed a grotesque dance in the street to the accompaniment of "La Cucaracha" before the procession- began. The toroa headed the procession, chasing spectators; the muñecos pranced and butted their heads against the crowd; children squealed and ran to cover. This procession made about the same tour of the streets as did the one this morning and was likewise followed by a crowd of people. But the crowd did not appear as large as this morning's crowd. Conchita did not appear as reina and it is said that her father refused to permit her to appear beoau se of the unpleasantries attending the contest. The girls who had worked on her committee expressed disapproval of the carro that did appear. A fiesta was held tonight at Conchita's home. Music was furnished by marimba orchestra. Very alegre. Left Conchita's fiesta at 1:30 a.m. and went to the barrí o of San Pedro, from which the music of .1 aranas could be heard. But the tarima was empty and the dancing had finished. About forty or fifty men—""borrachos", aald my companions—were standing in the street, some of them singing to the accompaniment of the Jaranas. At Conchita's house I had tried to leave earlier for the huapango but found few interested people. An agricultural engineer with whom I had been talking said there are two populations within one in San Andres: the people of the Center—the upper and middle classes—and the lower class people of the barrios» The only thing accomplished by going to Conchita's fiesta was meeting this ingeniero, who has promised to help me with some problems concerning land areas and usage. I went to bed at 2 a.m., after a 23 hour dayi Thursday. Deo. 8th. La Purísima Concepolon. There was an early mass this a.m., and a misa cantada at 9 a.m., neither of which I attended. I slept late, k and went to the ohurchof Santa Rosa at 11 a.m. The church was decorated with pale blue satin LOS TUXTLAS -76- Betty Starr banners, bxue and white streamers, and blue and white artificial morning glories. Only a few people were in the church at this hour. There are many santos along the side aisles, each standing in its glass case, on top of an altar. Those who come to pray to a santo touch the altar or the glass case before crossing themselves, or kiss the altar. Some perform this obeisance before only one santo; others visit several of the santos. Tonight, at b p.m., the bells of the cathedral and the church of Santa Rosa began to ring, and rockets were shot off. The bells rang again and more rockets were sent up at 8:1b. I went to the cathedral at b:50 where there were many people attending a rosarlo. Because the cathedral is not yet completely furnished, many people knelt on the floor. I then went to the church of Santa Rosa. Here there was a much larger crowd, people lining the street for half a block, sitting on the steps of buildings, waiting for the procession to leave the church. The church was extremely crowded, people standing in the aisles. Outside, in the street, a number of boys were wrestling and chasing one another, with much shouting. At times they made so much noise that they drowned out the voice of the priest. Before the procession left the church, many rockets were shot off. After the procession there were fireworks. V/hen I returned to the house, the sound of the marimba band cam e from a house in the next block—a fiesta celebrating the 15th birthday of one of the neighborhood girls. Much gayety in San Andrés these past two days. Friday, Dec. 9th. This morning I had an interview with Ing. Agr. Melchor Garay Rios. I asked if he could furnish me data on the following points: (1) No. of hectáreas susceptible or utilizable for agriculture; (2) no. of hectáreas cultivated; (3) types of soil in the region, from the standpoint of fertility; (4) optimum soil for each crop; (5) extension of terrenos nacionales. Ing. Garay said he could furnish me this data in a few days. In the meantime, he made some suggestions as to how I could obtain approximate figures for certain data which are difficult to obtain exactly. Regarding the number of hectáreas utilized for pasturage, Ing. Garay gave me the coeficiente de agostadero for the region. Since there is abundant vegetation here, the coefficient is very low: 1/2-1 hectárea por cabeza. (In arid regions, for example, the coefficient may be aa hlgh""as 10 or 15 heotareas por cabeza). The Ingeniero said the land here is optimum for cattle-raising. He then said I could obtain from the Comisión Aftosa (1) the number of head of cattle vaccinated against af toa a , and (2) the percentage that is not vaccinated. Then apply the coefficient and obtain a rough approximation of the number of hectáreas utilized for cattle-raising. With further regard to utilization of the land, he pointed out that, although a campesino might plant only 2 hectáreas (the average parcela), he would derive the benefit from 4 hectáreas, since there are two harvests of maíz each year. ~ LOS TUXTLAS -77- Betty Starr With regard to the standard of living of the campesinos. Ing. Garay said this tends to vary directly with the amount of rainfall. If there is much rain and the harvest is good, the campesino can buy rum and aguardiente; if there is a dry season, he drinks alcohol. He made the statement that the campesino is pegado to the land almost as closely as a tree or plant* I then asked about the extension of the terrenos nacionales, and Ingeniero Garay said that legally there are no terrenos nacionales, although the term is used vulgarly by the people to denote terrenos baldíos (lands for which no owner is known). A man may settle in this land and cultivate it, and when the extent of the land becomes known; i.e., when it is surrounded by lands belonging to private owners, the state sells the land to him. There is, in addition, a system whereby, if a man owns land and does not cultivate it, another may settle on it and cultivate it. If the owner does not protest or have the settler evicted by the authorities, and if the settler remains on the land, cultivating it for a period of ten years, the government gives him the land. This is called 10 anos de buena fe. If the original owner pro- tests but does not actually have the authorities remove the settler, and if the settler remains (cultivating) for a period of 20 years, he becomes the legal owner of the land. This is called 20 afloB de mala fe, (Ing. Garay then said it nay be 15 years in Veracruz—he's not sure of the exact period, and I can look it up in the state constitution). December 10, 1949. I talked to Do"na Carmen Linares, the ma y ordo ma of the fiesta of Guadalupe, regarding tomorrow's activities. The Sra. is very old, has been in bed with heart trouble for several weeks. She was sitting in a chair in a darkened room, preparatory to getting up tomorrow for the fiesta. She said the allegorical car representing the dawn would start from in front of her house at 4 a.m. There will be a service in the church of Santa Rosa at 8 a.m. In the afternoon, there will be a procession through the streets. I tried to find out whether there is also a mayordomo indio and got no satisfaction on this. I asked if there will be a huapango tomorrow night and the Sra. said only that she was very weak. She did say, however, that there was another may ordo ma for the cathedral, but that the expenses of the fiesta are borne by her (Sra. Linares). Since the Sra. was obviously very ill, I did not want to disturb her with further questioning. She invited me to come in the morning for coffee and tamales, and I left. Outside the house I met a young girl who told me there would be a huapango there tomorrow night. (This is in the barrio of Campeche.) On leaving Sra. Linares, I went to the Plaza to take a refresco . Here I observed the work of limpia of the planta in the Plaza, under the direction of the Regidor. The work was being done by prisoners from the cárcel under the watchful eyes of a polloia. The work of cutting down the vegetation at the aides of the streets is generally done by the prisoners—usually three prisoners to one guard. Prisoners and guard Joke with one another affably. There are frequent appeals in LOS TUXTLAS -78- Betty Starr Adelante for the citizens to keep the streets clean, hut the streets in the central part of town remain littered with orange peelings, oyster shells, fish bones, etc. The Presidencia Municipal and the roof of the market have been recently painted, in honor of the present fiestas and a public appeal was made to the citizens to repaint their houses. A few of the citizens have complied with this request. ^ I then went to the Aftosa Comisión where I talked with one of the Inspectors. These Inspectors follow up the brigade which vaccinates ganados against aftosa, and vaccinate any animals that the brigade has missed. The symptoms of aftosa are excessive saliva and lesions on the hoofs. Samples are taken and sent to the laboratory in Mexico City for analysis. The laboratory telegraphs the results of the analysis. If aftosa is indicated, the brigade sets up a quarantine in and around the locality where the disease has broken out, and kills the animals affected. Meat from these animals cannot be used, and the cattle are buried. Vac- cination of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats takes place every four months. Some of the campesinos object very strongly, to the coming of the vaccination brigade because they do not want their cattle killed.' Rumors are often started to the effect that the brigade is going to kill their ohlldren too. The campesinos have killed members of the vaccination brigade, as well as some of the soldiers accompanying the brigade, waiting in a dark place to strike quickly and effectively. He told me of one man who had 300 head of cattle, and only had 100 of them vacoinated. The other 20ü got sick and had to be killed. The campesinos are paid for the cattle that have to be killed. The inspector at first said they wqre paid more than the cattle were worth, and later revised this to "about what they were worth". He gave me a list of animals vaccinated in various localities within the municipios of San Andres, Catemaco, and part of the municipio of Santiago Tuxtla. (The municipio of Santiago Tuxtla is divided between this and another brigade). I asked for the number of ganado s not vaccinated and he said all are vaccinated. (This statement does net conform with the above 9tory of the 200 cattle that were not vaccinated.) Sunday. December 11th. víspera de Nuestra Sra. de Guadalupe. Rockets at 2:45 and 3:45 a.m. Got up at 4 a.m. and went to the home of Sra. Linares in Campeche where a crowd.was awaiting the de- parture of the allegorical car. This car was by no means as elaborate as the one in. the morning of the Víspera de la Purísima Concepción» The back upright was painted to represent clouds. In front of this were four small peaks, about 3 ft. high, representing mountains. The front part of the truck platform was filled in with leaves. There was one spotlight. Live talent consisted of a young woman representing Muestra Sra. de Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico. She wore a pink dress, blue satin robe, and a large "gold" crown. She was firmly tied with a rope'to an upright stake on the platform of the truck. (The necessity for this 1 later understood, as the oar bounced over the rough oobble- stone streets). In addition tó Guadalupe, there was a boy dressed in white, with a white serape; he had painted moustache and sideburns. There was also a little girl dressed as an angel, with wings, who sat at the feet of Guadalupe. LOS TUXTLAS -79- Betty Starr Dec. 11. (continued)» The crowd consisted mainly of boys, men and women of the lower social classes. I saw not one person of the upper class there (in contrast to the early morning procession of La Purísima Concepción). Four toros arrived and began their chasing of boys through the street. A young man began to beat on a drum. There was a marimba band in a second camion, which played intermittently. The procession started at 4:45 a.m., the allegorical car being'preceded by the cohetero» shooting off rookets, and the toros. At each intersection, a new group of people awaited the procession. The crowd, however, did not seeo as large as that of Wednesday morning. .. JULqf-t- tVlp r^naflairm gft.pr» i+. hnri paHHfld through the Plaza, where there was a large group of spectators standing on the stepi Palacio Municipal. (The President's office was open). I returned to the house by the street which runs alongside the market. Here I noticed that the women who serve food were cooking and had several customers. This was at 5:30 a.m. These early morning processions appear to be an event primarily for the lower classes. Upper class people do not even come to their front doors to see the procession, although it passes directly in^frojnt of their house. The presence of some of the upper class women-iit^ê_sday morning's procession may be ascribed to the fact that several o ftH^sjS women had young daughters riding in the allegorical car. -QsxialnJ^ the s social and economic "status" of these two processions waT3^jurEe =-&4f5i^rOTt. There does not seem to be an element of religious f eelring-Jitâched tQ procession. The procession seems, rather, to be a traditionaTêên^, which, for lower class people, at any rate, is worth getting out o> to see. And for the boys, it constitutes a socially sanctioned^form oí rowdyism by means of which they can expend excess energy. At 4 p.m., the' mojiganga began, the procession preceáVeaCLj^^gxe muñecos which appeared much taller than those of Wednesday.SClîi^heads were about three feet high, faces grotesquely painted/. But—eaah_ mufreco bore on Its chest the painted facsimile of a Pepsi-Cola bottlg-~tcriT. (Another example of the intrusion of a;dyejrtl^l-ng—lrrto~a tradTtional~ftesta.") Following the muñecos came the aLiegorTóál car of this morning's processions Then followed another carraÔrTwhich was built a thatched lean-to and a brick well with rope—and bucket. On this car were a Mexican sen or with big sombrero^-a-erape, and guitar, and a young woman, with embroidered huipll and-Îong. Jewelled skirt. Mexican flags completed the decoration of thJ-Bcarro. Following this was tba truck In which the band was riding, number of Jeeps and private oars. This was the most animada pro- ~~ge~BBi:c)tr^to-~~d,a,te, and the crowd accompanying it was^tremendous • It filled jbhe^street froTir-buildlng edge to building edge, for more than a block. The^muKeLOQs bowed and chased children up on verandas. There was much ^-" screaming aTrd--lajjJghing. The procession continued until after six p.mV>\ w^hen-^êe^r^áTío^the Plaza for a seoond time after going-through the' Jbarrlth3-r^The'~Pla,25a was overflowing, people also lined up along the wall •-•o^si&e:. cathedral yard. All In all, a very gay affair. To wilTAe the churoh fiestas: misas in the morn in in the ev LOS TUXTLAS -bO- Betty Starr Monday, Dec. 12. pía de Kra. Sra> de Guadalupe» Went to .Catemaco this marfi4J3R. Before leaving San Andrés, at 9:30, went past the ohurch of S&ntaltosa, which was filled. In the middle of the street, starting outside the church and extending the length of a block, stretched a fuse of gurm&wder sprinkled on a narrow tape of newspaper. This^ms for the descarg~a~wMch will take place at 1Q qp.m. When I arrived in Catemacbât liT-a-.ni., the church bell was ringing. I went first to the^htiuse^bf Quintín Alvarado, the best photographer of the region, to sé^váa ether he would develop a roll of films for me. (The roll which T-had had develpped^ln San Andrés resulted in no pictures and I want to "Tind out. whether there is something wrong with my camera). Quintín is^goir>g__to bring me my pictures tomorrow and if they are all right 7~S^shall give^tüffi- some more rolls to develop. I went to ^the^jaalacio munlclpal-r-where Manuel Alvarez in the qflclna in t asâve^sae 'St- li st of th e o a sa s comerciales in Catemaco. Sr. Al vare z ~cTJn%3rf»j^d^fche statement of the presidente municipal that it is impossible to ge^fl!pTr-»s-^r^he---4mporte de productos exportables. The local compradores take ma¿zañ*5^fr4-¿lal to San Andrés to resell, and representatives of the commercial house of Lopez Miranda come to Catemaco, buy these producrtsând tranaport them to San Andre's in their own trucks. I then put on my--mantüla—of black embroidered net and entered the church of the Virgen de__Catemaco. The side pillars were decorated with pale green lace and artificial pink roses. The rostrum was draped with the Mexican flag, across which extended a band of roses. The altar was decorated with the colors of the Mexican flag, the picture of Guadalupe and the escudo of Mexico. There were about 200 people in the church, some of the burning candles as they stood or knelt on the tile floor. When I entered the church, the priest was delivering an eloquent discourse on Nra. Sra. de Guadalupe. This he concluded with a prayer addressed to Guadalupe. He then took up the collection. Some people indicated to him how much they wanted to give, handing him a larger amount, and he gave them their change from the collection plate. Follow- ing the collection began the celebration of the mass, attending by the srrrgtng- of Ave Maria in a sweet solo voice. There were many little girls and boys (4-7 years of age) dressed in Indian costume. The little girls had long, full skirts of striped or printed cotton, huípiles, necklaces, elaborate earrings, and either ""headdresses of square, embroidered or striped linen, or huge bows of ribbon. The boys wore white shirt and pants, red neckerchief, and ^big sombrero. (Children also dress like this for the fieastas in San Andres). The little girls had baskets of flowers or vegetables; one girl had a miniature crate in which was a baby chick which cheeped all through the service. One boy had a basket of blossoms from the dap;ame tree, the traditional flower or the region at this season. Another boy had a miniature machete hanging from his waist, and a rolied-up petarte and a gourd strapped on his back. LUS TUXTLAS -81- Betty Starr An interesting feature of the church in Catemaco ia the collection of retablos, which hang on the side walls near the back of the church. The retablo consists of a drawing or painting made by an individual to recount the story of an occasion in which he or she was in grave danger, in which the Virgen del Carmen was appealed to for help, and the individual was forthwith brought out of danger. The drawing consists of a representation o f the specific danger encountered; e.g., a man falling off a horse, or a man or woman lying sick in bed, together with a representation of the Virgen del Carmen. Drawings and paintings are very crude. Each retablo is dated and contains the name of the individual whom the Virgen del Carmen has saved from death. Some of the retablos are old (dates noted were 1907, 1928 and 193b) and the paint has been worn away to make them almost illegible. Some are framed in glass and the glass is dusty and cracked. But they present evidence that the Virgen del Carmen, the patron saint of Catemaco, is indeed very milagrosa. The church bell began to ring and bombs (not rockets) were set off to indicate the beginning of the procession. The order of the procession as it left the church was: (1) a banner containing the name of Nra. Sra. de Guadalupe; (2) the Mexican flag; (3) a framed painting of either Guadalupe or the Virgen del Carmen (unfortunately I was not close enough to see which). The painting was on an altar covered with a white cloth and decorated with artifical pink roses, the altar carried by means of bar handles; (4) an orchestra of two guitars and three violins. People in the procession carried lighted candles or tapers. The procession made the circuit of the church yard, within the walls. The orchestra played . and people chanted to the same music over and over again. The music was: ^ÎjIÊgES

During the procession, bombs were shot off Just outside the walls of the churchyard and the church bell rang continuously. All the men in the plaza crowded around the wall to watch the procession. As I walked in the procession, I noted that people in the rear were gossiping quite freely as they walked. After the circuit of the churchyard had been made, the procession re-entered the church. I went to the Plaza to sit and write my notes. People began to come out of the church at 12 noon. Some went to their houses; others went to the refresquerías in the Plaza to take a oool soft drink and I did likewise. ~ When I returned to San Andre's, I talked to a Catamaqueíío who told me there are two kinds of nets used for fishing in the lake. The smaller throw net is called chinchorro and is used to catch small fish. It is thrown by a fisherman standing in shallow water. A long pieoe of twine or rope is attached to the thrower's wrist, by means of which he can draw in the catoh. The larger net, four meters de largo. is known as atarraya and is used by the fishermen in canoes to catch larger fish. This net requires more force and skill to throw and is thrown by the master- fisherman. The nets are made in Catemaco. My informant, Andres Uscanga, said that all classes of people fish in Catemaco. LOS TUXTLAS -02- Betty Starr Tonight I went to the Plaza at 9:15» A marimba band was playing in the bandstand and a few couples were dancing. Only a few people were promenading. At 9:30, rockets were set off in front of the cathedral, indicating that the procession was going on inside. At 10:00, when the prayers in the-Ohurch of Santa Rosa were over, the descarga was set off, the explosions following along the line of the fuse set in the street, lighting up the buildings on both sides, and ending near the Plaza with two extremely loud detonations. Following the descarga, many people coming'from the church of Santa Rosa entered the Plaza and the formal promenade began. The men walked clockwise in a small, inner clrclej the women walked counterclockwise in an outer circle. Both sexes walked in pairs, or three or four abreast, round and round, making the circuit many times. Tnere was much noise of people-talking and of walking on the concrete pavement. Some people sat on benches or in the refresquerías» Others stood on the steps of buildings surrounding the Plaza and watched the promenade. When I left, around 11:00 p.m., there were still many people in the Plaza. Tuesday, Dec. 13» Ingeniero Garay Rios visited me this morning, bringing me considerable data about agricultural products and methods of the region, which data are recorded separately. He also gave me information regarding the acaparadores or compradores de cosecha. The chart showing the operation of the system of buying in the region is also recorded separately. Some of the agricultores cultivate their land in an indirect manner, loaning money to campesinos who perform the necessary labor. When the harvest is ready, the agricultor buys it at a low price (with the exception of tobacco, which is bought at near the current market price). Garay Rios then told me about the hierbateros or yerbateros (herb doctors) who are specialists in treating snakebite (mordedura de víbora). This they do with efficacy and, as a result, enjoy a great deal of prestige. He said that If lie were bi_t,ten by a poisonous snake he would head for the nearest yerbatero rather than a médico, since the yerbateros are considered superior to the médicos in this treatment. The treatment consists of herbs applied to the wound, but more important is a mixture of herbs which is drunk by the patient. The only limitation involved is that one must get to the yerbatero in time for the potion to counteract the effect of the poison. The Ingeniero said there is also some mystery connected with the treatment; the Identity of the herbs which are used is kept a closely guarded secret. Once a year'all the yerbateros in the region go to a cerro near Gatemaco known as Mono Blanco, taking with them the herbs which they expect to use during the year. Here the herbs are prepared—in powder form. Here also, novitiates are instructed in the secrets of the profession. Garay Rios thought this took place the first Friday in March but was not at all certain, since the meeting time is also kept secret. He made the statement that the yerbateros are "organized"; also that a yerbatero will not kill a snake. (This, of course, would do damage to his profession). Later in the day, I met the mayordoma India of the barrio of San . Pedro in the street. We embraced each other and she invited me to come and visit her again. I shall go some day soon to talk with her. • LOS TUXTLAS -83- Betty Starr Wednesday, Dec. 14» Rained all day. I went to the Cía de Agua Potable this a.m. to get data regarding the number of users of agua potable and cost of same. Spent most of the day working on my notes. In the afternoon, Luoila Turrent called on me. I remarked that all the better families seem to intermarry. She confirmed this and then said her mother was an Isla Isla, her grandfather marrying his first cousin. She said, too, that nowadays there is a tendency for,girls to marry "outside"; that is, to marry men who come to San Andres from other places. In her mother's day there was great emphasis on marrying within one's own social class, but now some of the girls of the better families are marrying men of a lower class. She cited an example from among her friends. She then stated that her mother was very "old-fashioned". Lucila's brother Is courting the daughter of one of the best families, but Lucila's mother objects to the match because the girl has Indian blood. The girl 's mother was the child of an Italian and an indio puro. In the evening, read JTulio de la Fuente's "Cambios Raciales y Culturales en un grupo Indígena", and "La Civilización 'Pocha' de Mexico" (Acta Anthropol6p;lcat Dec. 194-ü). Thursday, Dec. 15» Rained all night and all day today, with high wind (norte). In reading Julio de la Fuente's comments regarding the placing of santos and other objects in camiones in Mexico City, I was reminded of similar practices amon? the drivers of coches here in the region. Many of these drivers have a picture of the Virgen del Carmen fastened above/ the windshield, accompanied by other objects suggesting an altar; e.g., a miniature lamp of plastic, symbolizing a burning candle, artificial flowers, and so on. Secular objects serving (perhaps) only as decoration, su ch as baby dolls, miniature sombreros, etc., also hang in front of the driver. In one coche was a modified St. Christopher's medal, of metal, in which was portrayed the traditional figure of St. Christopher carrying the Christ child across a stream; behind this was the representation of a Ford automobile. The inscription around the medal contained the word "Ford". (I am wondering if the Ford Company manufactures these medals for Latin America). * I was told yesterday of a belief on the part of the campesinos that tobacoo will not dry properly except under a roof of sheet zinc (Si no se seca bajo de lámina de zinc no es bueno). Since a galera with zinc roof costs around 10,000 pesos^to build, such galeras are all in the hands of the dueños. The duéños foster this belief. The result is that if ejldatarlos raise tobacco they will not build a drying shed; they have no recourse but to take their taxala tobacco

* There is also a representation of the Virgen, del Carmen on an electric meter in the Cía de Luz y Energía de San Andres. LOS TUXT1AS -84- Betty Starr to the salera of one of the big tobacco planters, and sell it for a little leas than the market price. Thus, the majority of the eji- datarioa do not raise tobacco. (An additional reason for their not raising much tobacco is the high cost of cultivation;. Friday. Dec. 16. Still raining this morning; rain continued till midafternoon. When the weather cleared, I went to the house of the mayordoma India (barrio of San Pedro) where I found the family assembled: she, her husband, and three sons. The oldest son was eating caldo and tortillas. I asked what she had put in the pinole the day of the La Purísima Concepción fieata--besides maíz—-and she said that after the maiz is ground, canela (cinnamon ) and piloncillo (brown sugar) are added and cooked with it. These are what give the drink its sweet, spicy taste. There is to be another huapango here tomorrow night if the weather permits. I offered her a cigarette and she took it; her husband refused one. As she smoked, she occasionally spit on the floor beside her. Her husband was resting, preparatory to returning to the fields just outside of San Andres where he and neighbors are sowing winter maíz on two hectáreas of land. "We don't have an e.lldo; they don't give us any land", he said, and then added (exact wordsT "Es muy bonito trabajar en el oampo". Love for the land is often expressed here in the region, by all social classes. The mayordoma told me there would be a fiesta here the 24th of December and another on the last day of the year. She again invited me to the huapango and I said I would come if possible. I then walked to the southwest edge of town to visit the R.R. station, which I had not yet seen. Here men were loading a freight car with sacks of maiz; an informal baseball game was going on; ten coches were parked at the station, waiting for the train which was to arrive at 5:30. The freight car was approximately half full, and as I walked back towards the center of town, three cargo trucks loaded with sacks of ma iz passed me, bound for the station. Reports on the condition of the carretera after two and one-half days of steady rainfall are as follows: yesterday the carretera was traversed as far as Alvarado by a jeep with chains—the Jeep being pulled by four oxen for a considerable number of kilometers. Sra. Rueda's comment: "The 18th Century coming to the aid of the 20th Century". Today, the carretera was impassible beyond Santiago Tuxtla. (There has, of course, been no mail plane all week). Thus, with the as yet unfinished carretera, when there is much rain, the region remains almost as isolated as it was before there was a carretera. There is a posada tonight at the Casino and 1 went there late this afternoon with Toíiia de la Cera to see the decorations. The traditional posadas represented the Journey of Mary and Joseph, seating a place to rest, but the posada in the region has degenerated into simply another baile. There will be another posada in the Casino Sunday night, and still another on the 24th of December. LOS TUXTLAS -Ü5- Betty Starr

(• Saturday. Dec. 17. Since I have found out that my camera is working properly, I apent the morning taking pictures, in the market, and of women washing clothes at the arroyo. In the afternoon, the laborer for whom I had written a letter to the United States, visited roe. I asked him how Mexico seemed to him after having lived in the U. S. for five years. "Muy feo". In the U. S., there is much work, good food, and it is cleaner. People treat you well. Here in Mexico people make fun of a person. He would like to go back to the U. S. but it is not possible since he • is now very old. This man said he liked to talk to people from the U. S. because they are "educated". I went for a walk and stopped to talk for a few minutes to Prof. Redondo, the head of the experimental school in San Andres. The other schools close for two months' vacation, but he maintains classes in the morn lngs for all except ten days. It is Prof. Redondo's opinion that the two-month vacations are very bad--at least here in San Arrirás where the children Just run wild for two months. At the end of the vacation period, when they return to school, one has to discipline them, one has to start all over again. The children have no sense of obligation. The children of the poor are exploited by their parents; the children of tho wealthy take advantage of their social position to be dilatory in their studies. I continued my walk and was invited to have coffee by an army captain who wished to practice his English. He told me he had been born in Mexico, but raised in Texas, not coming to Mexico until he was sixteen. His memories of the U. S. were very pleasant. He said, "The people there treated me Just like I was a white man." He, likewise, would like to return to the U. S« I then went to the Plaza and met the photographer who is developing my pictures for me. He brought me the fiesta pictures I had taken and they turned out fairly well, considering that they were taken late in the afternoon when there was not much sun. About 9:30 p.m., I went to the barrio of San Pedro where the huapango was to., be held. The cobblestoned street was "roped off" with bamboo poles, around the tarima or wooden dancing platform. Decorations of red and green paper were hung over the tarima. The platfarrr; was about 12 feet square. Benches were placed around it for dancers and spectators. As I approached, an orchestra of six .1 aranas (called by the people here "a small guitar", or "a ukulele") was playing and rockets were being shot off. A large orowd of adults and children were standing around the tarima, waiting for the dancing to begin. I stood In the background at first and was then invited to sit on one of the "ringside benches. Soon the bamba began. (Ac^u-ally, there are three different kinds of huapangos, and the bamba is similar to one of these). —- LOS TUXTLAS -Ü6- Betty Starr In the bamba, the man and woman dance separately, only one couple on the tarima at a time. The first step is a stamping step; this is followed by a series of "skipping" steps, and then the heavy stamping (especially on the part of the man) is repeated. There was quite a variation in style among the dancers. Some of the men were real virtuosos. The man holds his hands clasped behind his back; the woman holds onto her skirt. In the old days, the bamba was danced in long, full skirt; today it is danced in a dress, but the old gesture of spreading out the full skirt remains. Change of dancers is effected as follows: A man and woman are dancing on the tarima; another man steps onto the platform; immediately the first man has to get off the platform and the second man continues dancing. Later in the evening there was a tendency for a complete change of couples to take place. Dancing continues as long as the .jaranas play, with brief intermissions for dancers and musicians to rest. During these intermissions, there is much lively conversation among the spectators. V/hile the dancing is going on, a man sings a verse (in Spanish; in a falsetto voice. Then another man sings a verse (also falsetto), and so on. There seemed to be three singers. At one time, nore of the men wanted to dance, so four women stepped on the platform and danced in two rows, facing each other, with completely expressionless faces. Ken's sombreros were placed on their heads as they continued dancing. All this was considered very humorous by the audience and there was much laughter. Then ths dancing by, couples was resumed. There was a bar at the side of the street, and drinks were passed to the musicians and dancers. I was given a, small bottle of beer. At one time, a drunken man got onto the tarima and tried-., to dance. The crowd laughed. Another man forcibly removed him from the platform. At another point, a very old man tried to dance, and this effort was met with exclamations of sympathy from the audience. The spectators, throughout, were well behaved, and all the rules of the dance were observed by the dancers. As the evening progressed, skyrockets were shot off intermittently. Late in the evening, customarily, all the women leave; the men remain; the musicians óontinue playing; there is singing and drinking. I left, however, while the dancing was still going on. One feels completely safe amom these people. There is no animosity expressed toward the stranger; rather, hospitality and friendliness are encountered. And among the people themselves one senses a feeling of good will and genuine enjoyment of music ard dance, Sunday, Dec. 1Ü. I told Sra. Rueda that 1 had seen the bamba danced last night, and she began to quote some of the verses which accompany the dance. There are hundreds of these verses, in the old days, the good singers used to improvise, holding contests to see which singer could invent the best verse. The Sra. could only remember six verses, which I include here: LOS TUXTLAS -87- Betty Starr

Para bailar la bamba Se necesita Un poquito de gracia Y otra coaita

Arriba arriba arriba Arriba iré' con acento Yo no soy marinero Pero por ti será

Eacrxxsiab-iRxakxaiaiB xxMnaxaaaatkaEicxgrsaQtH

Para subir al cielo Se necesita Una escalera grande y otra chiquita

Una nj.na en un baile Rifo su loro Para entrar a la moda Del peine de oro

En mi casa me llama El inocente Porque quiero a las ninas de quince a veinte

Una nina en un baile Se lamentaba Del zapato del razo :¿ue le apretaba Here is a verse from a book of canciones: Quisiera tener la dicha, La dicha que el gallo tiene, De tener muchas gallinas Y a ninguna la mantiene Toñia de la Cera knows mofe verses and says some of them are ¿rosero. I told her this made no difference, and she has promised to write down some of them for me. LOS TUXTLAS -88- Betty Starr Since I did not go to the first posada in the Casino, I went to the posada tonight, going first to the Plaza to see the promenade and the dancing of the "non-Casino" people around the bandstand. The Plaza was crowded to capacity. The posada in the Casino was very animated. The rooms were hanked with dag am e flowers and decorated with colored crepe paper and balloons. The traditional ceremony of asking and receiving posada took place early in the evening. The dancers divided into two groups. One group went' outside and stood in the corredor of the Casino, and the doors were then closed. Those in the corredor held lighted candles and began singing a verse asking posada. Those Inside then sang a verse and this alternation continued for some six verses apiece. The big double doors were then opened and the group asking posada entered. Whistles were distributed and everyone started olowing them. The verses follow:

VERSOS PARA PEDIR Y. DAR POSADA (Afuera) (Adentro) ^ En el nombre del cielo Aquí no es meson, os pido posada sigan adelante, pues no puede andar pues no pue,do abrir, mi esposa amada. no sea algún tunante. No seas inhumano, Ya se pueden ir ténnos caridad, y no molestar, que el Dios de los cielos porque si me enfado te lo premiara. os voy a apalear.

Venimos rendidos No me importa el nombre desde Nazareth, déjenme dormir yo soy carpintero pues que yo les di-ge-—; de nombre José. que no hemos de abrir. Posada te pide Pues si es una Reina amado casero, quien lo solicita, por solo una noche cómo es que de noche la Reina del Cielo. anda tan sólita?

Mi esposa es María Eres tu José? es Reina del Cielo, Tu esposa es María? y madre va a ser Entren, Peregrinos, del Divino Verbo. no los conocía. Dios pague, señores, Dichosa la casa vuestra caridad, que alberga este día y que os colme el cielo a la Virgen pura de felicidad. la hermosa María. LOS TUXTLAS -89- Betty Starr

(Al abrir laa puertas) Entren, Santos Peregrinos, reciban este rincón que aunque es pobre la morada os la doy de corazón. Cantemos con alegría, todos al considerar, i que Jesrís, José y Maria nos vinieron hoy a honrar. These verses were sung from printed sheets taken from a book of songs entitled Cancionero Picot, p. 15t published by the manufacturers of a laxative, Sal de uvas PICOT. Later in the evening, there was the pifrata contest -- the attempt to break the large clay olla filled with sweets, which I have described previously. There was much confetti and serpentine tape thrown about. Paper hats were distributed. The posada lasted until 2:30 a.m., having begun around 10 p.m. Monday, December 19» I went to Ca^emaco this morning. There I talked to a girl in the office of the Telefonos del Estado, asking how many state telephones there are in the cabecera of Cutemaco. She said only three and they are connected by direct line with 3an Andres. There are no state telephones in the municipio outside of the cahecera. I then went to visit Carmelita, but she was not at home. Her dajghter told me she was at the lake, washing clothes, 30 I walked down to the lakeshore, looking for her. Sne saw me first, called out to me, and then we returned to the jacal for a chat. Carmelita was, as usual, quite disposed to talk—and about the subject uppermost in her thoughts, her children. I asked whether, when she gave birth to her eight children, she had a medico or a partera. She always had a partera. When she had her children, the parteras charged only two pesos but now they charge ten pesos for a girl baby and fifteen pesos for a varon. I asked what the partera did and she said, "Agarran a la una el estómago", rubbing her abdomen as she said this. I took this to mean that the partera massages the abdomen. The cord is cut with scissors. When the cord falls off, in from two to five days, acei te de palo is applied. Carmelita said actually the partera doesn't, do much. When she applies the oil to the baby's navel, 3he takes her money, and doesn't come back again. When Carmela had her children, she generally stayed in bed for three or four days aid then got up again and made tortillas, etc. Since the percentage of stillbirths is very high for the region, 1 asked if any of her children were born dead. No, they all were healthy ba'bies. One of her children died, at the age- of four years, of alferecía; one died, at the age of eight years, of disentería. LOS TUXTIAS -90- Betty Starr

Since Carmelita is a widow, I asked if she would marry again. She said no, that would not be the right thing to do. She was married civilly and in the churoh, with the blessing of the virgen del Carmen, and all her children were by her husband. He is waiting for her (in Heaven) and she does not want to. have anything to do with another man. She then said that a woman had marñed one of her sons, then left him and se .junté with another roan. Carmelita does not like this at all and thinks no good can come from such an arrangement. Also, no good will come to this woman who left her son. I asked if many people here se juntan (join in free union without benefit of civil or church marriage). She said very few do this; most people are married civilly and by the church. I mentioned that I had had some pinole last week, made with canela and piloncillo, and asked Carmelita exactly how this is made. She said the roaiz is first toasted and then taken to be ground. Then it is mixed with water, c an e la and piloncillo, and stirred while it is cooked. A little milk may also be added. She prefers pinole made with azúcar to that made with piloncillo; she says it is more sabroso. Her ten-yea-r-old daugnter filled a wo oden bowl with corn, put it on her head, and started off for the molino. I asked how much the mill charges for grinding corn and she said five centavos for a bowl of this size (about the size and shape of a large wooden "salad bowl") and thirty centavos for a large container (the size of which I do not know). She prefers to have the maíz ground at the mill because otherwise one gets very tired from grinding. She also mentioned another maiz preparation: posóle. This is made with masa de maíz and azúcar. i asked if the Inside of the houa e got wet during last week's rains. She at first said no, and then pointed to two small holes in the roof, saying that quite a bit of rain came in. The roof should be fixed but her sons are working in the fields all day, planting maíz invierno, and are too tired when they get home. They have lj¡ hectáreas of land. Carmelita has gallinas and two cochinos, one of which has baby piglets. She sells the cochinos when they get fat enough. As we were talking, one of the hens tried to come In the house and she shooed it away. This is unusual; most people pay no attention to chiokens in the Jacal. She had a large bottle of water (mineral, water from Coyame) with a cork in the top of it. She offered me a drink, and I said I had just had a refresco in the Plaza. She then took a hearty drink with much gusto. I noticed a "basket" of fishing net, hanging from the ceiling. It contained some half dozen tortillas. One gets the Impression that this woman keeps a very clean house, comparatively ' speaking. The interests of this woman center around (1) her family), and (2) the Virgen del Carmen, from whom all good things come. I had mentioned creencias and she said all the creencias here are of the Virgen del Carmen. As I got up to leave, I stumbled accidentally, and this brought forth an invocation to the Virgen del Carmen. Likewise, when I left, to the usual "que le vaya bien" was added "con la arada de Carmen". ° LOS TUXTIAS -91- Eetty Starr Miscellaneous Note; Yesterday, one of the lieutenants shot a zopilote in the patio, hut the wounded bird finally flew away. I said to Sra. Rueda that the zopilotes are very had (there are a . great many of them here) and she said no, they are good because they keep the streets clean. Tuesday. December 20. I went to see Dr. Manuel Pretelin Flores, Director of the Hospital Civil "Caridad" of San Andres. He is going to take me on an inspection tour of the hospital tomorrow. I then went to see Prof. Barreiro regarding the Centros de Alfabetización in connection with the permanent campaign of the Mexican government to reduce illiteracy. Barreiro said the percentage of analfabetismo in the city of San Andres is only b%i in the municipio a3 a whole, it is higher but he did not give me this figure. In the municipio of San Andre's there are 12 Centros de Alfabetización, plus 5 centros^ln San And ros itself. Location and number of persons studying in each center is recorded separately. Classes in these centers are held at night and the persons registered are from 13 to 30 years of age. By law (1944, 1946, 1947—aee Adelante notes) each citizen of San Andre's is obligated to teach one person to read and write, or if he does not have time available for this purpose, to contribute two, ten or twenty pesos each month, according to his financial ability, so that the teachers will have some recompense for their extra labors. If the citizen defaults, by law he can be called to the ayuntamiento. A fine may be imposed on him or he may be put in the cárcel for a few hours to think things over. Barreiro said everyone is cooperating splendidly in the literacy campaign. There is, in Jalapa, an Instituto de Capatizació'n, through which, by mean3 of correspondence lessons, the maestros empíricos may complete their years of secondary school and college training and thus become maestros titulados. In this endeavor the empirical teachers are aided by the maestros titulados. who preside over seminars during which the correspondence lessons in Spanish, Physics, etc. are discussed. Every three months examiners come from Jalapa. Of the two classes of teachers, there are 15 maestros urbanos and 19 maestros rurales in .San Andrés now taking these courses through the Instituto de Capatización in Jalapa. Earreiro then showed me a copy of a monograph on San Andres, prepared by the teachers in the schools here, which is to be sent ID Prof. Barbosa. This contains a go od deal of historical material which I do not have. Prof. Barreiro said he would loan it to me for a few days so that I might read it. Wednesday, December 21. This noon Dr. Manuel Pretelin Plores took me to see the Hospital Civil "Caridad". It is a state hospital—in fact, the only hospital, in the region—under tie management of the Dirección General de Asistencia pública del Estado de Veracruz. It receives patients from the four municipios of San And ros Tuxtla, Santiago Tuxtla, Catemaco, and Hueyapam de Ooampo arid is partially supported by funds from a 10% impuasa impuesto placed on amusements such as the cine» baseball games, etc. The hospital has no connection whatsoever with the Centro de Salubridad y Asistencia de San Andre's. Dr. Pretelin LOS TUXT1AS -92- Betty Starr Florea la the Preaidente de ia Junta de Asistencia Publica Municipal and is also the Director of the Hospital. Other personnel consist of an administrator, two nurses (not tituladas) one of whom is on 24-hour duty and sleeps in the hospital, a lavandera, a cocinera, and an afanadora (?). There is an operating room, but without apparatus for administering gas. The anaesthetic usually employed is an injection of Pentotal (Spelling ?) followed by ether. Within the main building, there is one room with 12 beds (now empty); one room, for male prisoners, with nine beds (7 presos were in this room); one room for female prisoners, with eir;ht beds (they told me there were now two women prisoners in the hospital). There is a separate one-room building containing 11 beds (I saw two patients here). All the male prisoners were in the hospital with lesiones (wounds). Dr. Pretelin said more than 50;Ü of the hospital's patients enter suffering from wounds, air) for this reason it is called the hospital de sangre. The male prisoners have their own inodoro and bario. There is a small comedor, for patients who can leave their beds to eat, a large cocina, a laundry, and inodoros and ban o 3 for acbulatory patients. There is, in addition, a separate one-room building which serves as a morgue, with stone table and washstand. This building occasionally serves as a place of lodging for those who arrive in the middle of the night. Dr. Pretelin said the average number of patients is from 25-30. The hospital has a capacity of 40 beds. Today, however, there were but 16 patients. He said, also, that in case of accidents involving many people (such as the accident of a camión containing thirty persons) he .-receives the collaboration of other doctora in San Andre's, who come at -once to help care for the accident cases. The women who come to the hospital as prisoners (there being no place for women in the municipal cárcel) are put to work, washing floors, etc. Likewise, convalescents may help in taking care of the grounds. Patients of the hospital do not have to pay anything for the service, food, and medicine received. There will be two more hospitals in the region soon: one at Belen Grande, now under construction; one at Santiago Tuxtla, for which land negotiations have been made but construction not yet begun. Thursday, Dec. 22. Sra. Rueda and others aaid there was a temblor at 4 a.m. but it did not wake me. I went to Santiago Tuxtla this morning. From the Presidente Municipal I obtained a list of the various casas comerciales. I also obtained some data on the Centros de Alfabetización in the municipio. There are three centros in the cabecera and ten in the congregaciones. Of these ten, they could only give me numerical data for six. Thi3 information is recorded separately. The Presidente could not give me the percentage of analfabetismo but said that the majority of the people in the municipio are analfabetos. I asked if the centros were operating satisfactorily and he shrugged his shoulders and aaid "so-so". What are the chief difficulties? The men who work in the fields all day are too tired to go to school at night. LOS TUXTLAS -93- Betty Starr

I asked if there is an aftosa comisión in Santiago Tuxtla, / wishing to supplement the data I received from the aftosa comisión in San Andrés. The presidente said no, the members of this commission left after they finished their work. I asked the number of sanados vaccinated in the municipio and he gave me an estimate of 50,000 head, saying that more exact figures were unobtainable. He said ganados are exported to San Andre's Tuxtla, and to Alvarado, Veracruz, and Cordoba, the centers of consumption. Cattle exported to the three latter points are shipped direct, over the carretera. Y/hen the carretera is paved, this will facilitate such shipments. " ' The presidenta municipal then began to tell me of the coming fiestas of Navidad as it is celebrated in Santiago Tuxtla. There have been few posadas—and those in the church, not in private homes. On December 24th, in the afternoon, starting around 5 p.m., there are many people^in the streets, in fiesta mood. The nacimiento (creche) with the Nino Dios is arranged in a private home and at 11 p.m. is taken in procession, with lighted candles, to the church. Then there is a misa, ending at midnight. On December 25th, a rama decorated with paper, is taken tc/a certain house. That is a sign there will be a huapango there. There will be huapangos every night from Dec. 25th to Jan. bth. On the last day of the year, at midnight, a muñeco is burned in the Plaza, symbolizinp; the end of the old year and the coming of the new. I then went to the home of Professor Mendoza Liorfín. He had/gone to Veracruz but I found his wife engaged in making a wide falda of crisp blue material for the jarocha costume that is worn in the fandango (Santiago Tuxtlax thus differs from San Andre's in that the old costumes are still worn for the fandango.) 3ra. r.endoza Korfin told me I must not miss the fiestas of the Navidad in Tuxtla becaj se they are uniquB and do not exist anywhere else. The costumbres de aquí are very old, she said. She told me the festivities' on the 24th start at 4 p.m., and the dancinpt on the 25th starts at 3 or 4 p.m. The coche in which I returned (part way) to San Andres had a dead battery, and some other trouble, and stopped several times, having to be pushed in order to start. At one point, a .number of campesinos helped push the coche. The last time it stopped was about a quarter of a mile outside the limits of San Andre's," so I walked the rest of the way, rather than wait for them to fix it. The carretera, itself was in excellent condition today. As 1 walked toward San Andrés, one of the other passengers walking with me pointed out Hfca a place where there used to be an ingenio de azdcar. He said there used to be much sugar cane hereabouts; now there 13 none. This afternoon there blew ^pi_a norte and by bedtime there were high winds accompanied by-a~~lTt ti~é~~ rai n. The winds blew all night, with much rattling of windows. LOS TUXTLAS -94- Betty Starr Friday, December 23. Since I have a severe cold, stayed inside today. Weather rainy and coid, with high winds continuing all day. One misses central heating and desperately wishes for an open fireplace or a radiator. On a day such as this, the big double doors of the house stand wide open and the cold air rushes through, chilling one to the bone. I went into the kitchen and stood by the stove, enjoying the heat, but the Sra. said tliis would do me much damage when I left and went into tne aire, so 1 went back to my room. Miscellaneous observations. A little boy urinating as he walked across the main street of Gatemaco the other day; a woman sitting on the steps of one of the saloons in San Andre's, nursing her baby; a beautiful chi J3 of two or three, to» brought to the house the other night, the spit 'n1 image of its father, whom the Sra. said was contrabando (the father has a wife and family in Catemaco). Child vendors. One of the principal causes of analfabetismo in tne region is the exploitation of children by their parents. This is particularly true of little girls, for whom the knowledge of reading and writlgg is not thought to be of much irportance. One sees a great many of these child vendors. As soon as a little girl can balance a basket of produce onn her head, sne accompanies her mother to the faarket. Carbon (charcoal) is not taken to the market but is sold door-to-docr by girl vendors, at ninety centavos a basket. The larger girls carry two baskets on their heald; the smaller girls carry one. A further illustration of exploitation may be found' in the appearance, one one of the cold, rainy days of last week, of the smallest of two sisters who customarily sell carbón together. 3ra. Rueda asked her why her elder sister hadn't come and the little one replied "She didn't want to go out in the rain." The little girl was drenched to the skin, and barefoot, of course. i«.ost of these girl vendors do not know how to read or write, but they know how to count. Some carry money in the usual folded brown paper. One little girl, selling greens, carried her money in a drinking glass, and, in the Plaza, took her money out of the glass and counted It carefully several times, and correctly. attitudes regarding marriage, in the town. Marriage has the hignest possible valué in San Andre's. The conversations of the older women in- variably deal with the activities of some young woman and always end with the words "y se casó". There is little piece in the culture for the un- married, and the few bachelors are looked upon with derision. One of the town's bachelors says the life of a soltero is very sad. And one of the young women—of thirty—who has not married, says life is very sad in San Andre's. Sra. Rueda and others have repeatedly asked me if I am going to get married when I return to the U.S. I say I have a novio there, and show them a picture of a "boy friend", but say also that I am not too Interested in getting married. This idea is completely incomprehensible to the people here. The Sra. argues with me, and I say I am too old to have children, thinking this will clinch the argument. Then she says, "But you need a companion, and a woman is not happy without a home. ' Then she cries, because her husband died only two years ago. Carriage occurs very early—the official "coming out" parties are at the age of fifteen—and after a woman is thirty, she stands little chance of getting married. One man told me he had a niece of thirty, and of course she would never marry. In accordance with the dictum of the LOS TUXTÍ -95- Betty Starr Catholic church, a married woman is expected to have hijos, starting within the first year of marriage, and for this reason, Lucila Turrent (married to an American) who has been married a year and still has no child, is severely criticized. The many balles in the Casino serve as the means of announcing an impending marriage. If a couple are merely friends, the members of that couple will also dance with others; if they are novios, they dance only with each other. /by the women That there are, or may be, illicit affairs is never mentioned,/ although in a walk about the town , a man pointed out tc roe a "boarding house where couples go", «.nd the contrabando child brought here the other night is also evidence of an illicit affair, although this particular case is on a lower social level (not concerning "Casino people"). Divorce occurs but rarely, and only in cases where one or the other spouse is found in the act of adultery. People here have read of divorces taking place in the United States for cualquiera causa and this is a source of much wonderment. 7/hen a young man goes about with a young woman, without intending to m-jrry her, it is said that he is "practising" fpracticando). They may be amigos "with permission to kiss", but they are not novios, une of the affairs which has caused much comment among the young people is that of a doctor, who, a few days after fehis 30th birthday left (quitó) a girl with whom he had been s jch an amigo» To the next baile, he took another young woman , and it was well understood by all that he had ceased practising, and that the second young woman was his novia. La rou.jer quitada, the first young worran, also went to ti.e baile, was very gay and danced with many men. But her girl friends said she had allowed the doctor too many privileges, and all the young men would leave her in the same way. The other girls said they loved her very much BUT they did not allow t>.e 11: erties that she did—dancing too close oo one's partner, etc. Trie social "rules" are ver;/ strict in San Andres, and they are adhered to very firmly by the majority of young people. There is no revolt against the elders in this respect. Beggars. There are, so far as I can determine, only four habitual beggars in San Andres: two blind men, one blind woman, and an old woman. This is not a region of oncocercosls so there are not many of the blind. The other day, in one of the drugstores, the old woman approached me, In the name of caridad, and I refused her. She then approached the man standing next to me, who was a campesino, and in rags, lie gave her something, saying "7/e have to hi help one another". This aaa gave me cause to reflect upon the difference between urban and folk or peasant attitudes, and also made me feel somewhat ashamed personally. Methodological Note. Although one tends to work by categories—a necessity in the organization of study—thereia is much that comes to one through the corner of the eye. One must constantly observe, not only what one is concentrating upon at the moment, but also other things, apparently extraneous, which are also happening at that moment. I am convinced that there is nothing trivial in another culture. Every event, no matter if it seem unimportant, bears evidence of the conventional understandings of that culture. It is a substantiation of the relations of real interconnectedness that exist in a living, working culture. LOS TUXTLAS -96- Betty Starr Saturday. Dec. 24. From 2:Oü to 2:30 a.m., I was serenaded by three men who called themselves the "Trio de Catemaco". Two guitars and three voices. They announced each number through a crack in the door. One number was a huapango, and they danced in the corredor, making a great clatter on the tile floor. Then they went on down the street to give a serenata elsewhere. Today there is still norte, and it is said that the carretera is impassible because one of the arroyos now contains a torrent of water. So people who were planning to travel by carretera to Veracruz today are arranging to go by train. Food Consumption in the town: Sea Food . Oysters and clams (ostiones y. mariscos) are sold in front of the saloons and at a stand on Juarez St., and are eaten in the street. These come from Alvarado. Also from Alvarado come large crabs ( jal pas); these are very tasty. Ir> addition, there are the fish from the sea: Robalo, Huachinagu, and Pargo; tne fish from Lake Catemaco: Uojarra, Topóte, and Juii; Camarones (shrimps) which come from alvarado. Fish from the sea, crabs, and shrimps are not always available in tne market. i',:eat and Poultry. The meat moat commonly consumed is carne de res, which is served asado. frxt o, or boiled, in soup. Came de cochino is prepared in the same ways. Polio is served asado, frito, or boiled, in caldo. Pavo is available but seldom served. HÍgado and sesos are also frequently served. Fruits. All the fruits of the region are served raw (list of these is in the section on the market.) Oranges and bananas are the fruits most frequently consumed. Since banana production is continuous, there are nearly always bananas in the market, but of an inferior grade. The best cuts are exported. (This was well illustrated recently when the oompedre of Sra. Rueda sent her as a gift a green racimo of plátano r oatán. The fruit ripened here, in the patio, to a beautiful golden color, with many little brown specks on the 3kin, and no bruise marks). Food cc nsuraption to be continued ]¿iter.

At 12:30, the images of San Jose and the Virgen were taken in procession around the block facing the church of Santa Rosa, accompanied by the usual drum beat: ..- ..- ..- at 1 p.m., we had a f i é^ta in the house, which lasted until 4 p.m., with much guitar-play ing and singing. Sra. Rueda had prepared a spread for the occasion, serving hors-d'oeuvres, or botanas (the food that accompanies liquor). These consisted of toiled pork, on white bread, large shrimps, olives, in addition to the usual frijoles, arroz, etc. It rained heavily all afternoon and was unable to go to Santiago Tuxtla because of the bad condition of the road. Tonight there was a baile at the Casino, which began at midnight and ended~at 6 a.m. LOS TUXTLAS -97- Betty Starr Sunday, December 25< Some of those who had danced until b a.m. went to misa at 7 a.m., and then returned home to sleep. I tried to get a coche to go to Santiago Tuxtla this afternoon, but the coches were not travelling today. The road ia still impassible except by jeep. From 11 p.m. to 12 midnight, groups of children went through the streets singing "Pascuas", and accompanied by the jarana. There were several different groups, and one could hear their singing from different parts of the town. Iwonday, December 26. I received a telegram from Julio de la Fuente, saying he would arrive,with his daughter, by carretera today. They arrived shortly before 4 p.m. 1 took then: to the Victoria Hotel and we met later, in the Plaza, to talk over plans for their stay here. Tonight, at 11:30, the young folk passing through the streets with the lighted rama set it down in front of my door before continuing down the street with It. Thi3 group consisted of older boys, was rather rowdy, and did not sing. Earlier in the evening, two groups of smaller children had passed the house singing and accompanied by Jarana. Tuesday. December 27. I met Julio ard his daughter in the Plaza at 9:30 and we left for Catemaco, even though clouds tlireatened rain. In the coche, Julio asked one of the women passengers if she had compadres in the Sierra and she said yes, many of them. Julio told me that many people from Oaxaca come to Catemaco for the annual fiesta of the Virgen del Carmen. In Oaxaca they had told him they received free lodging and meals from their compadres in Catemaco. He therefore sought confirmation of this. The woman said yes, many people catre from there and they were not charged anything. I had told Julio that close social relationships extended from Catemaco to Santiago Tuxtla, and he then asked the woman if she had compadres in Tuxtla. Yes. Did she attend the patron fiesta in Tuxtla? She had not gone this year because 3he was sick but had gone tne year before. Julio told me that I might find the compadre system tied up with the system of buying grain'in the region; i.e., that one sells the grain to one's compadrei In Catemaco, we visited the church and looked at the retablos and photographs whish were beginning to take the place of the older paintings and drawings. I noted one retablo dated 194-3» This ia the only one I have seen for the "40's", and it would appear that the custom of making these retablos is dying out. V/e noticed several people in the church, burning candles, and Julio pointed out to me a man who he said had been in the launch from Alvarado yesterday. LOS TUXTLAS -98- Betty Starr '.Vith regard to Julio's trip to San Andres from Alvarado, he said the launch was overcrowded, so much so that it listed, water came in, and he x had fears for his daughter's safety. Likewise, the camion from Lerdo was overcrowded. This is probablya due to the fact that no one has been able to travel over the road for several days, and also that it is the period of pascuas. "le walked along the lakeshore and saw chips of wood, or of 3ome woody plant, drying on the ground. Vie were told that this is called barbasco and is sold for 50 centavos a kilo. The people with whom we talked did not know for what this is used. '.7e also saw some men at work tying a new fishing net. Julio's daughter wanted to go on the lake in a launch, so we went to the house of Rosario Rodriguez. Rosario, however, had taken the outboard motor apart. It began to rain about ti.is time and we returned to San And ras. In the afternoon we went to tie house of Carlos Figueroa who had some pottery fragments and a large olla to show us. Also looked at a collection of potter;/ figurines in the market.

Tonight, at tí p.m., the groups bearing trie ramas began to come to the house. The first group bore a arc all branch decorated with colored paper strips^ The second group had a large branch, in which were . lighted"japanese"folding 19nters. They sang, accompanied by jarana and two saxophones. After t singin g the pascuas, the bamba was played and two girls danced it. The third group bore a rama containing oranges which had been cut out to serve as Ian terra, and in which short candles v/ere burning. The pa a cuas verses follow: lu coro. coro, Euenas noches damas Pobres caminantes Buenos caballeros Al sol y al sereno A cantar hosannas Le ofrecen incienso Al rey de los cielos Entre paja y ñero 2a coro. o coro. SI rey de los cielos Entre paja y heno Envicí aquel lucero Al que fué nacido Y su luz radiante Estaban pendientes Bailó' al mundo entero Sus padres queridos 3° coro. 70 coro. Bañó" al mundo entero Su padre querido Para caminar Le dice a María Todos con amor Este lucerlto Entran a cantar Ha de ser mecías 4" coro. 8o coro. Entran a cantar Ha de ser mecia s Voces resonantes ,- No sigan los moros Llegan a cesar Sigan adelante Pobres caminantes Cánticos sonoros (continued) LOS TUXTLAS -99- Betty Starr

9o coro. 10° coro. Cánticos sonoros Que solo se acompañan 3e oyen la montana Que vienen a ver María y su esposo Su abuela Santana Que solo se acompañan y Santa Isabel.

Wednesday, December 2b. Julio and his daughter left this morning for Veracruz, by cami?n. This afternoon I went to Santiago Tuxtla and worked in the Registro Civil, obtaining data on the number of deaths, and causes of death, in 1949. This data is recorded separately. Santiago Tuxtla did not have asistencia médi_ca until November 14, 1949, so that the majority of deaths during the year were of persons unattended by a doctor. Cause of death thus reads as given by a member of the family and is rather vague: ataque, dolor, Inflamación, etc. Infant mortality in Tuxtla, as well as in San Andre's, is high. I met Professor Mendoza ¡.'or fin in the Plaza at Tuxtla, and he told me that on Dec. 24th, the children went through the streets with their Nltfos de Dios even though it was raining. He said there would be a parrand a next Sunday (as there was last Sunday), and I shall try to see this if the weather ard the road permit. V.'e are also planning to go to Tres Zapotes by jeep, if and when the roads dry off. For this purpose, we shall have to secure a jeep from San Andrés, since there are no jeeps in Tuxtla. Tonight, more groups of children passing through the streets, with the rama, and singing pascuas. (In San Andrés). Thursday, December 29. Raining heavily this morning. I continued reading the files of Adelante. I also checked some medical terms with Dr. Ostos. Sra. Rueda told me that when she was a little girl (she is now 67) the walls of t he cathedral, one tower, arti part of the facade were up. There came a priest who was interested in finishing the cathedral. He told all the people to bring piedras to the cathedral on a certain Sunday. The next Sunday, eacn person brought sorws sand. In this way, building materials were collected, and the priest then prevailed upon the albañiles to continue construction. The second tower was added as late as 1948. Sra. Rueda said that in her grandmother's day, there was, on this site, a church with walls of wood and roof of pa ja. This was later burned down, and the church of Santa Rosa built, some distance away. San Andre's, then, does not have an "ancient" church. Holiday Decorations. I have seen but two "Christmas trees" in San Andres—evergreens decorated with fcrxot metal balls, etc. Many of the houses have "nacimientos"—representations of the birth of the Nitto Dios. One of the coches was adorned with tinsel and Christmas tree decorations. The flowers of the etancsta dag ame tree, however, are the more traditional decoration for the season of Las Pascuas. These are even seen on cargo trucks . LOS TUXTLAS -100- Betty starr '/«'gather Prediction. When the zopilotes gather on a rooftop and ory out, it is a sign of bad weather. I asked Sra. Rueda when it was going to stop raining and she said when the moon is full (we are now Just past the first quarter). She looked at the calendar—full moon is to be Jan. 4th—and said, "Falta mucho tiempo." Friday, Dec. 30. Ing. Garay Rios brought me some information this morning regarding the various labors connected with cultivation; also data regarding kinds of wood comrron in the area, and their characteristics. I asked him about the system of compadrazgo in the region, and he said the terms co mpadre and comadre are often extended to people with whom the relationship of compadrazgo proper does not exist. Use of these terms in this case indicates a certain feeling of affinity or warm friendliness. He stated that there is no relationship between the coronadrazgo system and the syster of buying harvest in the area. However, I shall have to check this f urth er, since Garay Rios is not a native of the area and has lived here for only some four years. Many children passed through the streets with ramas tonight. Saturday, pec. 31. Shortly before noon a group of children brought the muñeco of the old year through the streets. The muñeco was a/straw figure, dressed in cotton shirt and pants, old shoes and a straw hat, and had a white cotton beard. It rested on a wide board with a pile of straw for a pillow. The children sang a song about "this poor old man who. is going to die..tonight" and ended with a v/ail: 00-00-00. As with the ramas, the children took the muñeco from house to house, receiving money at each house. One of the citizens commented to me that the children are making a business (negoolo) of these activities. The murteco will be burned in the Plaza at midnight tonight. I then went to the hou3e of Concepción Sedas Champion to obtain a copy of the printed pro gran, of the fiestas to be^held in connection with the consecration of the cathedral in San Andres on January 7th. Also received a copy of a boletín dealing with the history of the cathedral. This material appears in the field notes. There were New Year's parties all day today, ending with a baile (forrral) in the Casino and a baile (informal) in the Central Union. Sunday, Jan. 1, 1950. The new ayuntamiento entered office today, with a formal ceremony in which the old presidente handed over his powers to the new. Gifts were sent to the new presidente this morning and in the afternoon he invited many friends to celebrate. Fireworks were shot off at 6 p.m. Rained most of the day, clearing tonight. At 8 p.m., the solemne peregrinación from the barrio of San Juan arrived at the cathedral. The procession consisted of two or three hundred people, each person carrying a lighted candle. Many carried white paper ban ners, and a few carried lighted f o idi rg lanterns. The LOS TUXTLAS -101- Betty Starr imagen of San'Juan was carried in procession, covered with a white cloth (because it is against the law to carry images in procession). As the men carrying the image entered the atrio of the cathedral, the white cloth was removed. During the approach and entrance of the procession, rockets and firecrackers were shot off in the street and in the atrio of the cathedral. Inside the cathedral, people standing in the rear gossiped quite freely while waiting fur the service to begin. Monday, January 2. V/ent to the Registro Civil of San Andres this rooming and completed the data on vital statistics for the municipio for 1949. Continued working on this material all day. This data is recorded separately. > There were three peregrinaciones today: one at 11 p.m., one this afternoon; a, dthe peregrlnaclab from tie barrios of San Francisco and San Jose at tf p.m. The latter was impressive, with many more lighted candles thai were in the peregrinad6c, of last night, with covered santo, and standards bearing large stars ma.de of colored paper. This procession was ac compran led by jarana players, and in the atrio of the church was the marimba, playing a waltz. Many people gathered in the street outside the church to see tie procession and the rockets. Tuesday, Januar.y t>* V/ent to Santiago Tuxtla this afternoon, and obtained from tne Registro Civil the number of nacimientos, matrimonios and divorcios for 1949. I then went to the office of the Telefonos del Estado. There is one telephone in Tuxtla, which is connected by direct line with San ^njres. There are no t el e fon os mejicanos . '.7h.ile on my way to the fonda where I have eaten on previous visits I noticed tho t the circus which has visited San Andres and Catemaco is now in Tuxtls. A camion, with a sigr; announcing a movie of the life of Christ to be shown tonight for the benefit of the new palacio municipal which is now under construction, was passing through the streets. Prices of the movie were-,$1.50 and #1.00. In the fonda I met Norberto Martinez Figueroa, who is with the aftosa commission. He gave me an estimate of the number of ganado in the municipio of Santiago Tuxtla: vacunos, 45,uoo cabezas; puercos, b5,000; ovinos y caprinos, 20,000. Martinez Figueroa invited me to his house to see a medal he had found in an arroyo, which dated from the time of the French. On the way, we stopped at a house to see a nacimiento which was quite elaborate. Paxtle, tne moss which I nave noted in nearly all the decorations for La Navidad, furnished the greenery for the nacimiento. There was the traditional Miño, María and Jose in a manger, and in front of this, on a table, a miniature town and statuettes of peasants. The man in this house showed me some pieces of tusk which were dug up when the excava- tions were made for the carretera. He said tlds was found at a depth of Ü meters. As he tried to show me a piece, it crumbled into dust. He think3 it is the tusk of a mammoth. '.7e then continued our walk to the house of Martinez Figueroa and he showed me the medallion. It was an oval-shaped piece, appearing to be of lead with gold leaf, most of which had worn off. The inscriptions were in Latin tut he had a Spanish translation which read as follows: LOS TUXTLAS -102- Betty Starr "Lado cara: Fernando séptimo. Que vuelvas pronto con viento favorable a regir tu pueblo fiel. Ario de 1609. Por el Rey Arzobispo Lizana. Lado puesto: Los dos cabildos de la Santa Cruz de Antequera ofrecen sus haberes para la lit. leyenda: La concordia destroza las cadenas y repudia a los franceses." Llartinez Figueroa al se showed me some old coins and an oddly carved coco shell which he said was made in Tuxtla. The object was Intricately carved, containing trees, clothed human figures, a deer, etc. One end represented a fish head, with eyes of pearl and gold bead and a mouth which was removable. The object is reputed to he about 70 years old. Two men, one with guitar, and the other (Juan Zapata) with requint o (a small jarana) then played a number, of jaroc ha dances; tv/o girls danced; there was some good singing, and many of the neighbors came to watch and listen. - Martinez Figueroa ard I then returned to the Plaza and took a refresco. It was now getting dark, and rockets were being shot off to announce a huapango tonight. There was no coche for San Andre3, and as I waited, we talked of brujos and creencias. I told him of the re- luctance of people to tell me anything regarding brujos, etc., and he began to tell me what he knev; of these matters. CREENCIAS: Espanto. V/hen a person is severely frightened, it is said he has espanto del espíritu. To cure this, one goes to a chupadora, a woman who removes the evil effects of the gu sto by sucking. The woman chews copal and then takes a drink of wine. She then sucks the victim's wrist, inside of the elbow, ankle, and Inside of the knee. She then purifies (limpia) the victim's body by passing over toe body an egg from a black hen. She breaks the egg and puts it in a vessel containing some v/ater. This mixture is purified with some herbs which are likewise put into the water. The whole mixture is then thrown into the river, and with the completion of these acts it is believed that the espanto is removed. Mal de Ojo. ",'hen a nlno gets mal de ojo, it is believed that this is caused by a twin looking at the child (since twins have the power to cause mal de o jo). This condition is cured in the same manner as espanto with the additional act of passing the egg to and fro in front of the victim. Chile piquín is put into the water with the egg. A mazorca of. roalz colorado is broken and some grains of maiz dropped into the mixture. It is believed that these activities arfect the sight of those who„j hacen el daflo so that they cannot continue giving mal de ojo to niños» Dropesía or anemia. The condition of dropesfa or anemia is cured with the use of a cristal de botella with a sharp point. The whole body of the sick person is pricked with this point and it is believed that with this laceration, the bad water that is in the body (causing the condition) is removed. This process of curing is called frasqulqular. LOS TUXTLAS -103- Betty Starr Mujeres embarazadas. It is believed that when a man's testicles become inflamed, this condition may be cured by obtaining a piece of the clothing of a pregnant woman and rubbing it on t'.s testicles. This removes the pu.lo. If a pregnant woman goes into the field when maíz is being sown, the harvest will not be good. If a pregnant woman passes her skirt over her husband, he becomes tonto. • When there is an eclipse of the moon, the pregnant woman puts a piece of red cloth on her abdomen (vientre). She wears gold rings. She sprinkles aguardien te and gotas de lima picada on her abdomen so that the moon will not eat the child. It is believed that children of syphilitic parents are born, deformed because the moon has eaten them during the time of an eclipse. A pregnant woman may not leave the house during an eclipse o f the moon; she must not see the eclipse. Phases of the moon. Wood must be cut when the moon is full, in order for it to be durable. If it i s cut \tfien the moon is tierna, se pica muy pronto. . • "

It was now dark, and so en the headlights of a coche could be seen moving slowly along the carretera high above Tuxtla. At this high point, the road is almost completely cut away today,, due to the heavy rains. I reached San Andrés at 7:30 p.m., ate hurriedly and set out to see the peregrinación of San Pedro. This was by far the most impressive peregrin a o itin to date, accompanied by half a dozen lighted ramas, jaranas, violins, and young folk dressed as charros and Jarochas. There was no santo in the procession. There were more people in the procession and more onlookers than on previous evenings. The marimba played in the atrio, as well as the Jarana-vlolin combination.

Wednesdayf January 4« This morning I wen t to Gatemaco and in the Registro Civil obtained data regarding vital statistios o f the munloipio. In the afternoon I worked on my notes. Tonight was the peregrlnaolon from the barrio of San Antonio y Colonia Esperanza. Many lighted ramas. No santo» Fewer people in the prooession than last night. Thursday. January 5« Continued working on my notes this morning, and this afternoon went to Catemaoo. As the coche- left San Andres, we passed through the barrio of San Miguel, which Is to make.the peregrinación to the cathedral tonight. The street WBB deoorated for many blocks with strips of oalored paper strung on twine, extending over the street. Houses were decorated with branches of dagama flowers and oolored paper; some were deoorated with the stalks of banana plants and colored paper, the stalks being fastened to the columns of the corredores. LOS TUXTLAS -104- Betty Starr

In the o oche. I met Josefa, who runa the fonda in Santiago Tuxtla, with her grandson. She was taking a bunoh. of red roses (which had cost her 40 oéntavos) to the Virgen del Carmen» Josefa told me that when she. was younger, she went on pilgrimage to Cateroaco a.pie, starting from Santiago Tuxtla at 3 a.m. and arriving in Catenae"b at 10 or 11 a.m., after seven or eight hours of walking. These pilgrimages were made during the fiesta of the Virgen in July. She made these pilgrimages for eight oqnsecutive years, walking to Catemaco on one day, remaining there for the two days of the fiesta, and walking hack to Tuxtla on the fourth day. She said also that yesterday many ,peo pie passed through Tuxtla, some from as far as Jalapa, on pilgrimage. As we drove to Catemaco, I noticed a fresh grave by the roadside, with a simple wooden cross, indicating (I suppose) that someone had died there. As we passed the cruz verde, a short distance outside of Catemaco, Josefa told me this is the cruz del p erddn. from which pilgrimages are made on foot to the church in Catemaco during the fiesta of the Virgen. In Catemaoo, Josefa said she was going to poner un rosario, and we stopped at the little stand outside the church, where she bought a medal of the Virgen del Carmen (one peso). To my astonishment, she handed me the medal and said I was to put it on her grandson in the churoh. We WHHfc entered the church and went directly to the altar of the Virgen, upon which Josefa placed the red roses she had brought. She then picked up some other roses which were lying on the altar, placed the rosario with them, and rubbed this combination against the glass which enoased the santa. During this procedure, the child was given a lighted candle to hold. Josefa knelt, holdinz the rosarlo, and prayed. Then she got up, handed the flowers and the rosarlo to me, indicating that I was to rub them on the child's face and head. (I also rubbed them on his forearms, for good measure). I then put the rosarlo around his neck and he kissed my hand. I am now a madrina to this ohild, Noé, and a comadre to Josefa. I asked something about the relationship and Josefa .. said only that the madrina must be respected. She wanted mp to return to Tuxtla with her and spend the night there but I demurred and said I would come some other time. After we left the ohuroh, we walked down to the lakel'ront. The water is very high dueto the rains and surrounds some of the buildings along the lakeshore. '.Ye sat down at a table in one of the -fondas, and suddenly Josefa got up and walked around the corner of the, fonda, passing through-a little gate into a small yard. I followed her and discovered her urinating there. Now Noá indicated that he "had to ir al patio and we set put-ian Search of an excusado, since the fonda did-not have one. We entered.the house of a carpintero who had an excusado and Josefa requested a-piece of paper for the ohild to use. This was furnished willingly. . In the oar, coming back to San Andrés, Josefa asked the ohild to sing a song for his madrina but he didn't want to, so instead she and- <" I sang a song to him. As We returned along the road tó San Andres, we • '.__ LOS TUXTLAS -105- Betty Starr saw a man arid woman on pilgrimage to Catemaóo, oarrying flowers--and also oarrying their shoes. In the cootie» a man was Joking with Josefa, who is a widow, about the possibility of her marrying again. She said •no, a woman should marry only once. Besides, her present life is tranquil, and no one commands her but Dios. The oldest servant in the house also went on a pilgrimage a pie to Catemaco today, fulfilling a promesa which she had made when ill. She said it took her four hours, to, walk to Catemaoo .(from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.) She returned to San Andres by coche. Tonight was the peregrinaoloVof the barrio of San Miguel». This was by far the most lively of the peregrinaciones thus far. The prooession consisted of the usual lighted ramas, plus huge paper stars whioh were also lighted. It was accompanied by- a band with saxophones. Also .1 aran as. violins arid drums. A set piece of fireworks was set off in addition to the rookets, and four large lighted Walloons were sent up. The first two burned up, but the second two asoended high into the night ,sky. Tomorrow is the Día de los Reyes Magos. They are supposed to come tonight and leave presents for small children, as does Santa Glaus in the United States. I found roy regalo from the Reyes tonight, on my bed, a fat little Me .1 loan o. made of papier mache and painted. Sra. Rueda has been busy all day'making paper decorations to be put up aoross the front of the house tomorrow to welcome the archbishops^ papal delegate, etc. Decorations are in vhite and yellow (the pontifical oolors). Friday, Jan. 6. pía de los Reyes Magos. ., The Reyes left miniature regalos for the folks in the house here: a tiny ping pong set, toy soldier and cannon, etc. This morning we put up the paper decorations^aoross the front of the house; also put streamers of pink crepe paper in the branches of the trees in front of the house. At 12 noon, the peregrinación from Comoapan (7 or 8 kilometers from here, according to Sra. Rueda) arrived a pie. Their arrival was signalled by the bells of the oathedral. The order of the procession was as follows; A numDer of little «iris with red aprona, straw "sunbonnet" hata with red ribbona, oarrying baskets of flowers; the Three Kings, in regal costume, with or owns bearing the name of eaoh--Gaspar, Baltasar, Melchor;' soldiers, bearing lancea and a trident; the Arcángel Gabriel, with trumpet; three banners, one of Guadalupe, one of th,e Virgo), and one of the crucifixion, . bearing the words, "La Peregrinación del Cerro' de las Iguanas"; the-.teantoj' San Antonio Chiquito, In a glass, o ase surrounded by rpaarloa .*' The 'marimba preoeded all^ "The procession paused in the street"outside1 the oathedral, while, a'deaoarga of tSomba with gunpowder fus-e was apt off at -the base of the- steps'leading up to the atrip. It then began .tirmo've up the steps to', the* atrio, vtiere the santos .were uncovered. .Many rockets were shot off* The marimba was taken in$o the- ohurokT and the pilgrims sang to its , accompaniment. They remained Jn the church about an hour, and then the' procession ieft, in the same order of march.

"'".'ül LOS TUXTLAS -106- Betty Starr I encountered my ahljadito, Noé,.¿ and his mother at a refreshment stand in the street and went to buy him a present, but when I returned they had left the stand, and I could not find them in the crowd. So the regalo will have to wait until I oan go to Tuxtla again. Tonight oocurred the last peregrinación, from the barrio of San Andres, starting from, Caropeohe. For the first time, the facade and towers- of the cathedral were illuminated with electric lights. This procession, instead of coming direotly to the cathedral from the barrio,, made a tour of the pr.inoipal streets. Rockets indicated to the waiting * people the progress of the prooession through the town. This was an elaborate peregrinación, with two or three oarros in which'rode children dressed as angels. There was a mule, oaparisone.d with silk, and a horse disguised as a camel, with a.built-up hump of tan cloth,' also with silk trappings. There were many ramas & illuminated stars of colored paper. There was no santo. More spectators witnessed this prooession than any of the others. Saturday, Jan. 7. At 8 a.m., went to the cathedral to see the oonsecration ceremonies. People were standing outside the cathedral, in the rain, since they are not permitted to enter until the conclusion of these ceremonies. However, I was allowed to olimb up into the belltower and from there enter the balcony at the back of the cathedral, from which I could see the private ceremony going on inside. The bishop sat in the center of the cathedral in a red chair; acolytes were lighting joandles. Then the sacerdotes and acolytes went outside the "church, entering the ermita of poles and laminated roofing, whioh was const-ruoted yesterday, to continue the ceremony. There were not more than 50 people at the cathedral this morning, in comparison with probably more than 500 last night. Whether this may be ascribed to a lack of interest on the part of the townsfolk in the purely religious as compared with the fiesta aspects of this past week, or to the fact that it was early in the morning and rain was falling, is difficult to say. I should guess a combination of both faotors. A mojiganga is scheduled for tonight but it has continued raining all day, and the girl in oharge of this event told me the allegorical oar will not go out into .the streets tonight if it is still raining i At five p.m. the oarpenters were still working on the * framework of.the carro, and the decorations of paper flowers, gilt lattices, etc had not yet been put on it. I was told that the carro : has cost more than 300 pesos. This money is paid for out of the fund collected by the.committees for Queen of the ffcsaa fiestas. I use these rainy days to brijig together bits of interesting, data that are observed but which do not seem to get into the Diary or Notes otherwise. There follows a brief sectipn_on conventionalized gestures. LOS TUXTLAS -107- Betty Starr Conventionalized gestures..There exista, here In the region¿ a series of conventionalized gestures which are used in everyday life. Description of some of these gestures, and their meaning, follows: "No." ("must not"j disapproval). Forefinger of right hand extended vertically and moved from side to side (other fingers bent). "No, thanks." (Polite refusal of something offered). Right hand held up, palm inward, fingers extended, and moved toward the offerer. "Come in." Right hand held up, palm outward, fingers extended, and hand brought forward and downward one or more times. (One would interpret this as "Go away", but it means the reverse). This gesture is most commonly directed toward vendors at the door of the house, Indicating that they may enter.

• • •• >" "Antes" (long ago). Right hand, palm outward, brought up to a position in front of the forehead, then moved sidewards and backwards. A variation of this is to bring up the hand, palm faxxacxd: outward, and "toss" the hand backwards over the shoulder. The drinking sign¿ The right hand held up, perpendicular to the body, with thumb and little finger extended, and the other fingers bent-. < The thumb may sometimes touch the lips but this is not necessary. These gestures are used in tbwn and country,,, by persons at all levels of society, and there Is no mistaking their meaning.' The drinking sign is probably used more frequently than any--other. There are. no doubt more of these'conventionalized gestures, but these are, at any .rate, the ones most commonly used.

It is now 8:30 p.m. and the drums are beating at the place from which the carro will start. A band, in a truck, is playing the mojiganga, which is very alegre and played only at such times. In the cathedral yard, pinwheels and other display pieces of fireworks are being shot off, and a large crowd is gathering, in anticipa- tion of the mojiganga. The tarima is already in place in the street Just outside the atrio óf the cathedral, in preparation for the huapango whioh will follow the mojiganga. The mo.llganga finally started at 9:30. . The oarro was preceded by muñecos and toros who danced about and ran after speptators. The carro Itself was the most attractive and spectacular yet seen. The Virgen, dressed in pink, with a blue and gold oape,' anda-haLo of tiny eleotric lights,, sat with hands folded across her breast. Standing , behind her was an announcing.angel, dressed-in white/ with huge wings and electrioally lighted halo» (The announcing angel was C.onohita :' Gonzalez, the winning oandlda,te for Reina of the fiestas). Behind the angel were painted white olouds and gilded lattioe work with blue and white paper morning glories. Following the oárro was the band playing the mojiganga muslo,. The carro, was brought, to a stop in front of the cathedral-and a huge set piece of fireworks was set off. Then LOS TUXTLAS -100- Betty Starr the carro began to move forward, to make a tour of the principal streets, and fireworks continued to be shot off in the atrio of the cathedral for another half hour or so. The mojiganga procession continued until shortly before midnight, when the carro was brought back to the place from which it had started, still followed by an enthusiastic crowd. Sunday, January ti. At ü a.m. a ra^uiam mass was celebrated in the cathedral, and at 10 a.m., lasting, until 1 p.m., the pontifical mass. I went to the parque at 12:30. There were many people there and in the atrio of the cathedral. At one end of the parque , a man was proposing to hypnotize a young lad so he would have no fear of a víbora which was supposedly concealed in a cardboard box. A crowd had gathered to watch this perfornance. The hypnotist and his confederate (I assume) put on a good show and entertained the crowd. I continued my walk and when I returned, the man was selling Dottles of medicine at 1 peso and '¿ pesos. Shortly before one o'clock, a dozen or more rockets were sent up from the cathedral yard to indicate the end of the pontifical mass.

In the afternoon, there was a demonstration in the parque at Chichi- pilco, m honor of the Monseñor Gregorio Aguilar, following which there was a parade through the streets with many banners indicating affection for the visiting dignitaries.

Lío nd ay, Jan uary 9» < This morning I went to Santiago Tuxtla. There were twelve people in the coche — four in the front seat, and eight (including two children in the back. V.'hen we reached the high point above Tuxtla, the breakaway had narrowed the road to such an extent that we had to get out and walk a short distance in the mud, while the driver of the cuche maneuvered the car through the narrow place.

Along the road to Tuxtla, wherever there was a settlement of jacale-s located off the road, there were decorations of "planted" stalks of bananas and dap;ame flowers, these decorations having been placed there, for the passage of t.ie arzobispo of Mexico on hi3 way to San Andrés trie other day.

In Tuxtla, I went first to Joaefa's fonda, with the present of a flauta (a small mouth-organ) for my ahijadito, Noé', which I said the Reyes Magos had brought. But Noe was out somewhere playing, so I went to find Prof. Mendoza ?.:orf in. He had gone to San Andres to attend a teacher's meeting. As I started back towards the fonda, I encountered Noé, who gave me directions as to how to reach it; when we arrived, he ran into the fonda, announcing that here was his madrina. V/e then took a number of photographs, and a photograph was given me of Noé, at Carnaval time, dressed as a duende or brujo, with an inscription on the back of it, written by the boy^s father: "Con todo carino dedico esta foto para mi madrina. Noé Cadena D. Santiago Tuxtla, Ver. Enero 9/1930»' Moé's mother and I then went to take a refresco, while she told me about the various kinds of compadrazgo. LOS TUXT1AS -109- Betty Starr Compadrazgo i Bautizo. For "baptism there must be a compadre and a comadre» (a padrino and a madrina). The comadre has the obligation of buying the child's clothing—from top to toe—for the baptismal ceremony. She also buys the pasteles for the fiesta which follows the ceremony. The compadre is obliged to pay the,priest for baptizing the child, and, in addition, pays for the liquor and music for the fiesta. The real mother of the child may give the comadre a regallto of some kind. The comadre may give the child an anllllto or a cad en i ta, or may give a totole or guajalote (a male turkey)• The comadre is considered the secord mother of the child, and in the event of the mother's death, is responsible for the education of the child. Children are generally baptized at tha.;'.scgaxafx8xm an early age. Noé was baptized at the age of eight months. However, there are some who are not baptized until they are grown and wish to get married. They may not be married by a priest, of course, unless baptized. In cases like this, the padre reprimands them for not having been baptized sooner. Confirmación. To confino a child, it is necessary that a bishop perform the ceremony. Confirmation may take place at any age. If the person to be confirmed is a male, it. is necessary to have a padrino; if a female, it is necessary to have a madrina. Thus, there is only one relationship of compadrazgo for confirmation, in comparison with two such relationships in the case of baptism. The person who stands in the relation of ritusl kinship to the child goes with the child to the confirmation ceremony, which is usually a group ceremony, many being confirmed at the same time. He or she may also give the child. a regalo In the farm of a cadenlta. Rosario. The person entering into ritual kinship with the child in this case may be either a padrino or a madrina. (The ceremony has already been described—January 5th). A child- may'have'more than one rosarlo, and thus may have several padrinos or madrinas del rosario. Thus, there are many more people who stand in the relation of compadre or comadre of the rosary than for baptism or confirmation. Estampas y imágenes. There are also compadres and comadrea connected with the blessing of colored paper representations of saints, or with images of saints. '-'/hen one buys an estampa or imagen of a saint, he takes it to the church to be blessed. If the image is of a male saint—e.g., San José—a padrino is sought for it; if it is of the Virgen, a madrina is sought. The padrino or madrina has the obligation of giving something to the priest for the act of blessing. The estampa or imagen remains in the possession of the original owner. The new house ceremony. In order to live in a house which has Just been built, it is necessary for the priest to come and bless the house. He goes through the house, praying and sprinkling holy water in the four corners of each room. ' For this ceremony, the aid of many madrinas is sought. The madrina,s follow the priest through the house, carrying lighted candles. The madrlnaa may give tamales for the fiesta which follows. Those who live in jacales take water to the priest to be blessed, and they themselves sprinkle the holy water at the four comers of the house. LOS TUXTLAS -110- Betty Starr Compadrazgo sin ceremonia, The tern: compadre or comadre applied merely to a friend. Rosa (Hoe "a mother) and I then returned to the fonda to eat. The comida consisted of 30pa with noodles (very greasy); caldo de carne de cochino cooked with chayotes and papas. This carne was very sabrosa» There were tortillas, totopostes, sal ga, and café" negro sweetened with piloncillo*. Josefa characterized this meal as "comida de los pobres". I offered to pay for my dinner but Josefa said she had Invited rae. Perhaps In my new role as madrina to No'é, I am no longer expected to pay for my meals. Also at the dinner table was a prisoner from the cárcel, accompanied by a guard. The old man had petitioned to be able to eat at the fonda and his request had been granted. His son had killed someone with a machete and had then disappeared and the old man had thereupon been 3eised and was being held in jail. The preso made the remark that today (being the 9th of January ; was September and tomorrow will be October. This is according to the cabañuelas—the method of predicting the weather during the course of the year according to the weather during the days of January. 1 understood him to say tint on the 13th begins the half day division m reverse order—e.g., 13th = December and November, etc. (However, when I returned to San r.ndré's and talked to 3ra. Rueda, she said the reverse order begins on the 13th, running through the 24th, and the half days, in chronological order, begin on" the 25th—e.g., Jan. 25 = Jan. tt Feb., etc. Cn the 313t, the month ciumgea each hour). It nay be that I did not understand this man correctly. It is interesting to note, however, that for this old man, who is a campesino, the cabañuelas constitute a reality, while for Sra. Rueda, a town-dweller, the cabañuelas system of predicting the weather is something which is relegated to "antes" -- the p&3t--anc! is no longer believed. Alter dinner, Rosa and I dialed to tie top of the Gerritc del i'arquesado, just outside the town, where I took soue photographs. On top of the oerrlto were the remains of a 3tone floor. Rosa said there used to be benches here and dances were held at this spot. From tais point, one looks down on the whole of Santiago Tuxtla. Tnere were some half dozen jacales on this cerrito.

"7e then went to find horberto liartinez Figueroa but he had gone to administer some injections. A veterinarian, he is also called upon by the people to serve as irédloo in the giving of injections. Vi'hen I returned to San Andres, people were in a furore over an incident which had occurred in Catemaco this afternoon. It seen;a that a priest from Mexico, who had formerly been of this region, today went to visit Lake Catemaco, taking a walk as far as the bridge. Here, according to one version of what happened, he was forced to enter a coche, and was then driven to the Plaza where he was threatened and/or attacked by a mob of people who accused him of having stolen the gold LOS TUfcTLAS -Ill- Betty Starr crown from the image^of the Virgen del Carmen.. The; statement viras made • that these Catamaquenos were savages, and that they would pay for the harm they had done the cura. Later In the evening, I talked, to a. Cat em aquerio,' Andre's Uscanga, who said the whole Incident had been grossly exaggerated by the San- aridresoanos, who took advantage of the slightest opportunity to run down Catemaoo. He said it is thus with these pueblos, each of which aspires to be more importan t than, the other. This inoident furnishes . another example of the animosity which had been expressed to me some time ago, in Catemaco, by Carmelita. >.;¡*.^v Tuesday, January 10. Today^s Adelante contains the s*bry of yesterday *s incident in Catemaco. l£ now appears that the'priest menaced was the > , Cura Diego Manuel Alvarado of Santiago Tuxtla, and that when he attempted*' to leave Catemaoo after his visit,'''Í&ÉJLdeparture was blocked at the exit from the town by a mob of some I30O persons arrasad *with palos and piedras. He was taken back to the parque , where he was.charged with having taken money, in the sum of 200 thousand pesos, from the church m Catemaco. Meanwhile the rumor that the image of the Virgen de Catemaco was going to be taken to San Andre's had caused a crowd of "nearly a thousand" people to gather. Fortunately a detachment of federal soldiers stationed in CatemaooM..ntervened and took the cura to the presidencia municipal for his protection. (Tbe full account of this incident as it appears in Adelante will be found in-the Field Notes). .. It is said that the San an dre scan as are not buying the topóte (.fish from Lake Catemaco)-in the plaza today, because the'fish are maldito de : Dios as a result of yesterday's attack on the cura. Thl3 afternoon I went zo Santiago Tuxtl-a, in the company 0 f my compadre*, comadre and, Noé, who had spent the morning in San Andres. Rosa had come to San And ré'3 to get a permanent! In Tuxtla, I talked to Norberto. Martinez Figueroa once again regarding creencias and brujos. He gave me the following : : ' Creencias, continued. rlt is believed that a brujo can transform himself into an animal at night—into a teoolote, buho or lechuza. Thus, if an.owl hoots in a tree near a person 's house, he, does not; go out, for it is believed that he will encounter a malignant aire, or viento or may become embrujado. . It is also believed that if this animal is killed, it will be found not '. to have tripas .(Intestines). When tecolotes fly over a house, crying, it is believed that someone in..the house will die.- *-.-•. When a person becomes ill, it.is said that he is embrujado and that he has a culebra or sapo (frog or toad) in his stomachs. Another bru.lo may cure him by/giving hii» certain herbs which cause, him to vomit forth the culebra (but' the bru Jo has the snake concealed in his sleeve and makes, it. appear to have come from the person's mouth). LOS TUXT1AS -112- Batty Starr These were all the beliefs I oould secure from Norberto. He repeatedly stressed that these are beliefs only of the Indígenas, and that these oreenoias are rapidly dying out. I have also heard, elsewhere (from Uaeanga) that brujos eat zopilotes to make themselves Invisible» but this was told in a Joking mood, as was also the following: To make oneself irresistible, so far as affairs of the heart are oonoerned, one must eat the heart of the ohupamlrto or colibrí (hummingbird)• Wednesday. January 11. J Today la November ard It Is raining. Sra. Rueda says It will rain tomorrow also, beoause tomorrow is Deo ember. I went to visit Maria de la Cera who gave birth to a boy a week ago yesterday. The ohlld was delivered by a doctor, In Maria's home, and weighed 3t kilos. She had labor pains for only three hours. The ohlld Is now on a 3-hour feeding sohedule. Maria and her mother discussed the Catenaoo In old en t at great length. It appears that many things belonging to the Virgen have disappeared, and their disappearance is attributed to the ourae. Formerly there were many Ranado belonging to the Virgen, which had been offered her In gratitude* The ganado disappeared years ago. She once had a crown or gold and pearls. This Is gone* In addition, there were many milagros (exvotos) of silver or gold, representing an arm, head, leg, or a whole body, which had been given to the Virgen as an offering In re ram bra nee of a benefit received. These, too, disappeared* At the time of the fiesta del Virgen del Carmen, people oome from as far as the Isthmus: the Tehuanas bring their chains of gold and elaborate, embroidered altar cloths. It is believed that the ouraa took advantage of the people and made away with these devotional objeots. As for the Catemaquenoa, they are said to be very bravos7 T am told that It was arourd Lake Catenaoo that the Madero revolution originated (In this region), and the res was much fighting there. The former Inci- dent of the Catamaquetios pelting the baseball team from San Andres with stones was reoalled to mind. It was said that the people of Santiago Tuxtla are more religious than the people of Catenaoo; it was also said that the people of Tuxtla know how to extend hospitality and the Cate- maqueaos do not* In a word, the Catemaquenoa are In great disrepute In San Andrés this week* I then went to the of floe of Adelante and talked to the Editor, Br. Toto Linares*. He had Just been vleited by an Influential Catemaqueflb who had asked his advloe as to how to resolve this affair so that the reputa- tion of the pueblo would not be further damaged* Toto Linares had recom- mended that the Junta of the ltdosla there be dismissed and a new Junta appointed, and, furthermore, that the cure, there be brought Into aooord with the Bishop of Tehuantepeo (whose seat is In San Andrés), or a new oura appointed. It also develops that the strong box containing the milagros, etc for which the padre attacked has the key, had been broken open by the Junta of the iglesia In Catemaoo. There are many ramifloa- tions to this affair, apparently* LOS TUXTLAS -113- Bstty Starr Thursday, January 12» > This morning I wsnt to sos Angsl F. Torres, Dlrsotor of ths Aoademla Sanandrs so an a. Hs has not ssoured ths naps whloh I want but hs is rsturnmg to Ifsxloo nsxt wssk and will try to ssours thsn for as. Torrss told as hs was with ths oura who was attacked *ln Catemaoo ths other day. and that he doesn't ass how they wsrs able to bring the oura baok to San Andres safely» "The people aoted like savages", he said» I tnen went to see ths Bishop. Jesús Viliareal, in order to get sons data regarding marriages by the church this past year* I found the Bishop much, disturbed. He said this affair of the sohiamatio "priest in Catsnaco had been going on for three months or more. He did not see how it oouid be resolved, sinos there are not enough priests in the diocese, and there is no priest he oan send to Catsnaco. Ths Bishop tnen said ths people of Santiago Tuxtla are very different from the people or San Andres and Catemaoo» they are much more religious» He said, furthermore, that there is no solidarity in San Andrés» The Bishop rsferred me to the oura. Manuel Aivarado, ror the data on marriages by the church, and I wsnt to ths ohuroh of Santa Rosa to see him» He gave me these figures, as well as the number of baptisms in San Andres during 1949* I did not question him regarding the Catemaoo incident in whloh he was lnvolvsd, nor did he bring up the subject» In the afternoon, l went to Catemaoo. hoping to see Carmelita, but she was not at horns and I oould not loo ato her in ths market or along the lakefront.( Her daughter was oooking maiz for tortillas and said hsr mother had gone to buy something). The market in Catemaoo is very small, arrangsd in a square West of trie paiaolo municipal. I noticed four stalls at whloh "hard" lines were sold, one stall offering yard goods, three moat stalls, two stands at whloh soft drinks wore sold. Two or three stands offered fruits and vegetables, of very limited selootion. As l walked through the pueblo. I notlood barbasoo drying and stopped to ask about it. The women told me it grows in bolas on the ground and formerly was never used for anything» Last year six centavos a kilo was paid ror it, in bolas» This year, however, they wore requested to break up the bolas and allow the barbasoo to dry» r>u* a kilo is paid far this in Catemaoo; in San Andrés, it is |3.uu a kilo. 1 asked the women why ths y didn't take it to San Andres to sell, and they said it was too difficult. Ons of the women said she thought the barbasoo was ussd for making penicillin; another said-she thought it was used for making soap. While this conversation was going on, one of the women was removing piojos from her child's hair. I then encountered several young women from San Andres, on an outing in Catemaoo, "chaperoned" by the married sister of one or the girls* They wore aooompanled by two young men, and went to the law to swim. That is, LOS TUXTIAS -114- Betty Starr tne young men wenfc swimming and the young women watohed tnem. it la intereatlng to nota now the behavior or the at* young women difiera when they are away from San Andrea. For example» glrla who do not smoke In publlo In San Andrea, smoke freely in Catemaoo. Friday. January 13» I went to Santiago Tuxtla this morning. There there waa talk in the Plaza about the Catemaoo Incident, and the imputation of salvajismo waa again made* It was also said that Cadena, the ringleader of this affair, was the aon of a revolutionary leader of Catemaoo a generation ago* I wanted to talk to the oura in Santiago»Tuxtla, but found he had gone to Mexico for a few days. So I revisited the old ohuroh, since my first visit there some months ago waa yxy hasty. In this church is the image of santiago Apóstol, the patron saint of Santiago Tuxtla, on horaebaok, sword in hand, in the aot of killing a moro,. The moro is represented aa having fallen under the uplifted front feet of the horse. There were three retablos in the glaaa oase with the santo, one dated 1944. One retablo oonsletod of two photographs, one showing a ohlld when alok, and the aeoond showing the ohlld when recovered, together with the story of the recovery. Another retablo read, "Dedico eate retablo a Santiago apóstol: por haberme salvado de un dolor que me estaba." Many little all ver horses hung about the neck of the santo. I asked a woman standing nearby what these signified and she said they are the "Caballos de Santiago", and had been piaoed there during fiesta time. She said people come from very far during the fiesta of Santiago— from Veracruz, from Puerto Mexioo, etc There waa an offering of greens on the altar in front of the aanto. At another side altar—the one containing the imagen representing the oruolfixion—an old woman was kneeling, burning a candle and speaking aloud the names of various santos. I then left the church and went to take my customary refresco xa at a stand in one corner of the Plaza. Aa I sat there, six state police rode in on horsebaok, along the road fran Lerdo, bringing in a prisoner, the latter alao on horsebaok, and his arms securely bound with stout ropes. I asked a bystander what the man had done, and he replied, "Probably robbed or killed somebody." At thla point, the keeper of the rofresquería left the stand and walked off aero*a the Plaza, leaving the stand unattended, but with several people sitting and standing around. I have noticed that small etorekeepers leave their tiendas quite freely, without worrying about anyone taking anything while they are gone. This has been noted in Belén, in Sea Andre's itself, and in Tuxtla. There is a pila in the Plasa, whioh la used by people who do not have agua potable in their homes, these people bringing containers to the pilato be filled. My comadre, Rosa, and I then went to Zapoapan, to aee the waterfall of Palenque and to swim in the river there* The hydroolootrio plant whioh supplies eleotrioity for Santiago Tuxtla is generated,at this point. Rosa did not share my enjoyment of the sun, for fairskinned girls here do not wish to beoome morenas» LOS TUXTLAS -115- Betty Starr We returned to the fond» to eat. There wag much alternation here* It developed that Josefa'• nephew, together with another nuohaoho. had taken photographs in the nude of «oí» muchachas, and had been showing then to other hoye. The oulprlte are to be fined 25 pesos apleoe for this misdemeanor. I have been wondering how elimination is accomplished at the fonda. Today I observed that Josefa keeps a ohamber pot in the storeroom part of the kitchen, and uses this when necessary. At times, the operation of the ooones is according to the whim of the driver. In Tuxtla, for example, tne driver of the ooohe made two prolonged visits before leaving town. The first was to see his novia. whom he told he would return In two hours» "and bathe well!" The second was to visit his compadres in a bouse at the outskirts of town. Saturday. January 14. I did not leave San Andres today, having travelled about oonsiderany during the week. This morning I went to one of the workers' slndloatos. the AOCli (as yet I do not know what these letters stand for), to begin oOJLlooting data concerning the various occupational groups. There are several of these sindicatos. The platan aros, panaderos and al bañiles are organized; oarpinteros are not organized. The figures which I requested from the AOGM will be furnished me next week. In the afternoon I read a chapter of Miner's St. Denli and womed on my notes. There follow some observations on: Recreation. In these days of sohool vaoation, boys of sonool age engage in a baseball game in Santiago Tuxtla every afternoon, in the open spaoe West of the Piaza. Equipment used varies—both regulation oats and ooarus being used by the batters. Terms used are English. Rules of the game are olosely followed and there are no serióte arguments. The games do not end in a fight, bub continue until dark or until the players are tired. There doee not appear to be much age-grading involved in these games, exoept insofar as the neoessary skill Is concerned, Eoys of all sages play, and any child who is able to play may do so. At the same time, however, another game was being played, with a smaller diamond, a rubber ball, and a board far a bat, by small fry who bad not the ability to enter into the game played by the larger boys. One boy of seven entered alternately in both games. In the game played by the smaller boys, a runner was held by foros while his hit was being chased, but set free in time to make a home run. This represents a temporary infringement of the rules of the game but did not Interfere, actually, with the right of the player to make a home run. I have observed no suoh baseball games in Sen Andrea, exoept the one in the schoolyard (without adequate spaoe) and the one at the R.R. station, which Is far from the oenter of town. There Is, of course, no open spaoe in the oenter of San Andres where suoh games might be played. There is a baseball field, but this, also, is on the outskirts of town. LOS TUXTLAS -116- Betty Starr Every afternoon, likewise, a gane of dóminos la engaged in by young aen at a refreshment stand at one corner or the Piaza in Tuxtia. Dóminos, rather than oards, seems to be the preferred "table" game in the region. The young men of San Andres also play dóminos, In the evenings, at the Casino* The only plaoe «here I have seen a deck of oards in use is the Hotel Fernandez, «here "foreign" travellers stay 1travelling salesmen from Mexico City}. Sunday, January 15» Spent the morning taking photographs In San Andres, and the afternoon reading the files of Adelante and taking notes. Late In the afternoon I went for a walk and «as surprised to see a man carrying a pair of «lid duoks (killed). An o2& woman remarked that these must have come from Tlaootalpan since the people here do not know anything about them (although 1 have seen wild duoks at the laguna enoantada). She told me they «ere very sabroso oooked «1th manteca. As I walked past the oaroel, I heard the sound of a jarana, and I reflooted that this would not be an unpleasant way to spend one's time In Jail, some of the prisoners weave baskets, whloh are sold at the

entrance to the «——•-oaroel . j I also called on don Pedro Riberoa, a celebrated Jarana player,to see whether he could give me some lessons. I had a Jarana made, In Belén, by a carpenter named Paxtlan, who speolallzei In making Jaranas and requintos. Paxtlan carves the instruments out of cedar, using r*tterBS of oardboard. Monday. January 16. This morning I worked on my notes. In the afternoon, I «ent to the Comité Regional'Campeslno, of the CNC (Confederación Naolonal Campesina, an organization of campesinos «hloh dates from the time of the Revolution. I «as told that all the campesinos belong to this organization and pay, not a fixed quota, but «hat eaoE~ls able to pay, so that the of floe may be maintained. (The famposlnos make little money, averaging from three to five pesos a day* he CNC aids the campesinos in their dealings «ith the government; i.e., in asking for the enlargement of ejidal lands; asking for schools, «here there are none; asking for teaohers, etc In addition, if a campesino gets into trouble «ith the authorities, the CNC acts as an intermediary. I am to get additional information from the CNC tomorrow. I then «ent to see Juan de la Cera, and he told me a legend oon- oernlng the origin of the name of Catemaoo. He said the name in azteoa. «ith its meaning in Spanish, «as: Catli Temazatl Azoatl huaraohe venado hormiga LOS TUXTLAS -117- Betty Starr The legend, as given ae by Sr. de la Cera, follows:

Guando llegaron allí loa primeroB pobladores, enoontraron a un venado que tenía travados los ouernoe en las raíees de un árbol. Un sujeto de los que llegaron se quita el huaraohe y le pegó al venado* El animal, al sentir que lo asoltaba foroojió para libertarse y al no conseguirlo saoudlo el árbol y las hormigas que habían en el árbol oaian sobre el venado y lo picó* De la Cera also told me another version of the meaning of the name, Catenaoo, is "suelo enlosado". Tuesday. January 17> This morning I returned to the CNC (Confederaoion Naoionai Campesina), and talked «1th the Secretarlo General, J. Martin Anotta, who gave me information regarding the organization and functions of the Comité Regional Campesino* These data are recorded separately* While I was In the of floe, a woman caite m from one of the congregaciones with a petition for repairs to be made on a certain aohool. The Seoretario told her the petition would not be accepted in its present form and helped her draft a new petition, specifying exactly what was needed; i.e., so much oement, etc In the afternoon, I went tc the CPN (Confederación Proletaria Naoionai; whloh Is an organization of panaderos * It is also called Sindicato Fraternidad. Its members, all of whom work in San Andres, number 32, and pay a monthly quota of one peso* Panaderos earn $3.uu, $4.50, or fo.uO, according to their rating by the organization» but I was told this amount oannot be reokoned as a daily wage because the panaderos do not work a full week. Furthermore there are bad times when the panaderos have very little work. The months from October to January are most prosperous, especially during the fiestas, aome panaderos work four days a week; only two work every day in the week* The CPN aids panaderos who are ill, by seeing that they have the oare of a doctor and the neoessary medicines. The 32 panaderos in this organization do not constitute all the panaderos in San Andres, slnoe some belong to another organization whloh does not see eye to eye with the CPN—and vloe versa. I asked the name of the other organization and reoeived no satisfactory answer. There follows an example of the. operation of publio opinion as a means of social control in San Andres: The Case of Dr. X. This young man first oame to San Andrés as a medical studmnt on vaeatlon. When he completed his studies, he came here to praotise. He Is pleasant-appearing and very alegre. He has, in a little less than a year's time here, had three novias. When I first arrived in San Andrés, Señorita Y was kison considered his novia (although he said she was only LOS TUXTIAS -11b- Betty Starr an amiga). In Deoember, he left her for Señorita Z* This affair, however» was of short duration (about a month)* Z is a serious girl, of many talents, with a personality quite the opposite of Dr. X* Or. X. has now returned to Señorita Y, dancing onoe again with her in the Casino* However, Y's girlfriends have taken an aotive dislike toward Dr. X and are waging a propagandists oampalgn against him* When I was ill and consulting him, they advised me to seek another doctor; many other people havabeen given the same advice. It is being said that Dr. X is a vacllador and that Z was the third of his vacillations. It is also said that X and Z were seen walking at night along a dark street, and that this "se ve muy mal". (Actually, they were walking along one of the principal streets of the town). The oampalgn of unsavory propaganda which these young women are spreading regarding Dr. X may do much to hurt him professionally. It is said that he is not serious in his dealings with women and therefore oannot be serious and competent in his professional work. The other night, in the Casino, Dr. X. fou,nd, on one of the tables, a doll, made — out of a handkerchief, and bearing his initials, with pins stuck in its feet. This hardly indicates a belief in magic, but it does indicate an aotive animosity toward this young man. He will have to ohange his ways and assume the serious manner of a professional man, or he may have to leave San Andrés. "La voz del pueblo es la voz de Dios"* Wednesday, January 18. Shortly after 12 noon, I set cut on my first visit to COMOAPAN. The camion was to leave at 12:3u and when I arrived, it was nearly filled with people and cargo. The paoklng of both oontinued until shortly before 1 p.m., when the bus left San Andrés* The bus, of wooden framework and wooden seats, I should Judge was built to accommo- date 25 people. There were 40 people in it, plus two large tins of gasoline, some oases of beer and soft drinks, sacks of sugar, bundles of rope and costales, a wooden box containing soap, and lamina* In addition, many of the passengers were carrying purohases they had made in the market in. San Andre's this morning* The bus passes through Siguapam, turning off the carretera at that point, for Calería* The road gets progressively worse as one approaches Comoapan (with puddles of water and much mud today, since it rained early this morning)* San Antonio Comoapan is looated on the river which has its souroe in the desagüe of Lake Catemaoo* The town is entered by orossing a suspension bridge originally erected in 1099 and repaired in 1946* The parque appears very abandonado* It Is unpaved and today was very muddy* There are the remains of old benohes, now in ruins* The garden plots are without flowers. Some half dozen men were at work remodeling the klosko or bandstand. There were two small refreíauerias at the sides of the parque * I was told that there is no market in Comoapan* There are a few small stands where o ame de res and o ame de pueroo are sold; some frutas are also f sold* LOS TUXTIAS -119- Betty Starr The frame church stands at one end of the parque. Its furniture oonslsts of a few benches. Santos are: on the altar, San Antonio, the patron saint of Comoapan, whose fiesta Is the 13th of June. Beside the altar Is a life-sized Imagen of La Furísima Gonoepolón. At side altars are San Miguel (this santo was dressed as the Arohangel Gabriel for the peregrinación to San Andrés on the 6th of January) San Lorenzo and San Juan Bautista. On the altar was a small oruoiflx, and two larger representations of the crucifixion at the sides of the altar* On the altar were many small houses made of cardboard and painted, one containing the words, "Iglesia de Jerusalem". I was told by Don Agustín Ghontal that these houses were all that remained of an elaborate nacimiento which adorned the altar during the recent fiestas. It took 10 days to arrange this nacimiento. On the 5th and 6th of January, there was an enactment, In verse, and with, the actors In costume, of the announcement by the Archangel Gabriel to the shepherds, of Jesus' birth, the search of Herod and his soldiers for the child, and the arrival of the thj?ee Reyes Magos from the East with the lighted star. This long relaoion began as follows: Pastores tengan pendiente que desde el Tigris vengo andando, y desde alia vengo guiando a los tres Magos de Oriente. Vienen todos muy gustosos oon cánticos de alegría con sencillo corazón, vienen buscando al Meoías. Soy enviado de Jehová, y así les doy a saber que en el cielo me titulan el Arcángel San Gabriel. Vosotros con gran ternura cantad todos al compás: i Gloria a Dios en las alturas y al hombre en tierra paz. In addition to the usual objects Involved In the representation of the nacimiento, there was plaoed In front of the altar a toy railroad, and at the end of the ceremony, the train ran back and forth "with great joy" beoause the Nino Dios had been born. Don Agustín told me the church was packed for the oooaslon, and there would have been even more people had not San Andres been oonseoratlng Its cathedral at this time* Certain- ly there was nothing In San Andres during the fiestas to compare with this representation.

There is no oura in Comoapan, and when mass 1B to be celebrated, a cufa comes from San Andres to officiate. I gave Don Agustín prints of the photographs I had taken of the Reyes Magos of Comoapan on the 6th of January and then left the ohuroh LOS TUXTLAS -120- Betty Starr to walk through the settlement* Don Agustín appointed Simon Alegría to aoeompany me. I stopped to photograph a galera or tobacco and asKed Simón about the movement of tobacoo from Comoapan to San Andrés* The tobaooo is out, brought to, the galeras to dry. and when dry, is sold to either Don Luis Carrion or Ariiteo Turrent, both of San Andses* These men loan money to the looal tobaooo growers to pay for the barbecha and other labors connected with tobaooo cultivation. The tobaooo is sold to them at 25 pesos an arroba (lit kilos)* The EJidal Bank has not advanced any money to aid in tobacco cultivation for some time. Frijol moves from Comoapan to the commercial house of Lopez Miranda. This house has two or three storekeepers in Comoapan who are obligated to it. These men buy frlJol from the pampeemos and when a quantity is collected, the house sends one of its trucks to move the grain to San Andres. Frijol is sold at 50 pesos a fanega. Antonio Gonzalez of San Andres also buys some frijol, paying a certain percentage as commission to the looal buyers. Simon and I walked through streets of well constructed Jaoalea to the river, where women were washing clothes in the water issuing from a spring. The river was high, with a rapid current, due to the rains. We then orossed the bridge and began to walk through a field of plátano, where I took some photographs. In another field, where about a dozen men were engaged in the limpia of maíz invierno (using hoes), we encountered Don Octaviano Carrion (first cousin of Don Luis Carrion)* Don Octaviano took me to see one of his fields of tobaooo where the plants were ready for cutting. He estimates 25,000 tobaooo piants per hectárea. We then returned to the town and he showed me his galera of tobaooo* The galera holds 60,000 matas of tobacoo and was full* We then went to Carrion's house, where I awaited the o am ion. The house is large, with big rooms, high ceilings, tile mosaic floors, very little furniture, and muy abandonada» As is customary with these houses of rormer haoendados. a considerable section of the house serves as a bodega or warehouse. Carrion told me that it was originally planned for the oarretera to pass through Comoapan, but the route was changed so that it will pass through Catenaoo (although the road would be muoh shortened if it passed through Comoapan)* He also said that Comoapan is in great need of paninos veolnales. and, having travelled over the very bad road from Slguapam to Comoapan, I was inclined to agree with his* The plátano growers of Comoapan are more interested in the oarretera as It leads to Coatzoooalcos than in its oonneotion with Veraoruz, since Coatzoooaloos is only about 100 kilómetros distant, whereas Veracruz is about twice this dlatanoe. They wish to move plátano roatan to the port of Coatzoooaloos, from whloh it may be shipped direct to the United States* At present, of oourse, plátano moves from Comoapan to San Andrés, thenoe by the ramal of the railroad to Rodriguez Clara, to oonneot with the train from the Isthmus and thus eventually reaoh Veraoruz. Muoh fruit is spoiled due to laok of sufficient freight oars* LOS TUXTLAS -ia- Betty Starr As I returned to San Andrés, I noticed, In Calería, a cart drawn by oxen, In front of a galera. Tobacco was being moved from the oart to the galera, the plants hung on poles, carried on the shoulders of two persons* Just outside of Calería, there was en other oart and pair of bueyes In a tobaooo field in the process of loading* Frijol Invierno is now in bloom, and the fields are yellow with these flowers• Thursday, January 19» This morning I went to the market, where I talked with Luis Santos Velazquez, one of the Secretarios of the Unión de Comerciantes Industriales y Agricultores Pequeños de la Region de Los Tuxtlas* This organization has been in existence three years and has 65 aotive members, three of whom are from Catemaoo* No members in Santiago Tuxtla. Dues are bü centavos a month* The organization is affiliated with the state and national a federations of small merchants. The objects of the association are: to maintain a spirit of fraternity among its members; to cooperate with the authorities in matters that benefit the region; to cooperate in construction and repairs in the market; to educate its members, etc* In the afternoon I visited the AOCM—Federación de Obreros y Campesinos de la Region de los Tuxtlas* This organization separated from the CTM on March lu, 194o (theCTM is inoperative at present)• Members of the AOCM consist of panaderos, cargadores de plátano, choferes (called volante), albanlles and campesinos» There is suppose to be a monthly cuota of 20 centavos but this payment has not been en- forced. Campesinos make around #5*50 (pesos) per day; the other classes of laborers make from five to seven pesos a day, according to the ability of the laborer, and also according to the policies of the patron for whom he works* The secretarlo said the "capitalists" didn't want to pay the workers any more. Carpinteros and roofers are not organized, it is said, because pertain líderes prevent suoh organization* The AOCM comes to the aid of its members In penal and civil matters, in claiming salaries due, asking for land, etc. It is independent of the CNC, which appears to serve similar functions* The seoretarlo general, with whom I talked, estimated a membership of some 14.U0Q or"*l5.Qu0 oampesinos. He is to give me more accurate figures on membership within a few days* Friday, January 20. Rained all day* Continued reading Adelante files, worked on my notes. Saturday. January 21, Ditto. LOS TUXT1A3 -122- Betty Starr Sunday, January 22» Still raining this mowing. Cleared In afternoon. From Sra. Rueda I obtained one of the verses of the mojiganga music: Estamos solitos •.• si No hay quien nos escucha .. no Te dirá mis quejas ...di Quien es mi negrita ...yo Compadre relationship and attitudes regarding buying and selling: Sra. Rueda has a compadre whose business Is buying and selling bananas. Occasionally he makes her a gift of a racimo of fine bananas, better than those in the market. She would like to buy bananas from him but he will not sell them to her. They come to her only as a gift. She also has a comadre who makes very fine totopostes. The Sra. buys them from her comadre "because she is very poor1'• Nevertheless the compadrazgo relationship enters into the transaction. The comadre favors the Sra. by selling to her, since these fine totopostes are not to be had everyv*i ere. My comadre. Josefa, who runs the fonda in Santiago Tuxtla, has not allowed me to pay for a meal there since we entered into this relationship. However, I am expected to bring gifts occasionally to my ahl.ladlto. Not concerning the oom o relationship but illustrating an attitude of refusal to "sell" to someone in a primary, face-to-faoe relationship is the refusal of the young doctor who lives in the house (whom I have consulted when ill) to send me a bill for his services. I have requested a bill several times, to no effect.

In the afternoon, a woman who sells wooden spoons, forks, etc., hand-carved by her husband, visited me. These articles are carved out of palo blanoo and are very well executed. I have bought several sets of miniature knife, fork and spoon for gifts. She appeared somewhat tired and I offered her a chair and a cigarette. We began to talk of her children (she has eight) and she told me she always has a partera at time of childbirth. But everything is ready when the partera arrives and all she has to do is to cut the cord (with new scissors), apply iodine to the out, and wash the baby* I asked if the partera massaged her abdomen and she said no, she didn't like to have this done. The partera charges her ten pesos; some parteras charge thirty pesos. After having a ohild, this woman rests two or three weeks. She usually weans her children at the age of one year, but when she had her last child she was ill and so weaned LOS TUXT1AS -123- Betty Starr it at the age of ten months, feeding the baby atole de leche and oooked fruits* I asked when a child could begin to eat tortillas and she said at one or two years. I asked who oared for the youngest child (1£ years; while she ia out selling. One of her daughters performs this function* She has been told that she is going to have twelve children, but she doesn't want to have any more. I asked who had told her this and she said the partera had told her she would have seven nlnos and five ninas* The partera Knew this beoause in the umbilical cord of the first ohlld there were twelve puntltos. including (at the end of the cord) two ouartitos (interpreted by the~part era-to mean a nlfio and a nina). Thus, the partera oan tell not only how many children a woman will have but also the sex of the children^ I then asked if she ever went toa medico* She said she had gone once, but the medicine he gave her did her much damage. She prefers to use agua de manzanilla, with miel and aguardiente as a purgative. My interest in matters relating to childbirth was interpreted as personal, and she told me all this willingly, so that when 1 got married, I would know what to do* She then told me one of the Turrent girls is married to an American and asked if he were my brother. No. Surely I knew him? This question, coming from one who lives in a town where every person knows almost every other person, was not unreasonable. Monday, January 23* This morning I talked with Antonio Gonzalez, one of the prinolpal compradores de semilla of the region* From Gonzalez, I obtained an estimate of the amount and value of the annual cosechas of the region* Of the two harvests of maiz—verano and invierno—he estimates 15»uuo toneladas annually for each, a total of 30.UU0 toneladas* Placing a value on maiz of 300 pesos a tonelada. the value of the annual harvest would be $9,000,000 (pesos)* Of the two harvests of frijol, Gonzalez says that harvested in August and September Is very small* This crop is frequently lost due to heavy rains. (This year it was lost beoause of drought). Frijol negro. or frijol invierno» he estimates at 5000 toneladas annually* This is harvested at the end of Deoember, and in January and February* The present crop is being damaged considerably by the unseasonable rains. Regarding tobaoco, Gonzalez said he could not give me as exact figures as for maiz and frijol» However, he estimated 30,uü0 arrobas, or 345*000 kg* annually* Dried (but not yet fermented; it is valued at 35 pesos an arroba» After fermentation and ready tor shipment, it is valued at 5*50 or b.00 pesos per kilogram* The European market for tobaoco, in the last year or so, has begun, to recover somewhat* Gonzalez gave men no figures for platan o roatan. which is shipped to the United States* There are approximately twenty oompradores de semilla, most of whom are small operators* But there is competition among them, and this, says Gonzalez, makes for a fair prloe to the oampeslno* LOS TUXTLAS -124- Betty Starr We then talked about the carretera and its advantages and disadvantages* Gonzalez believes that It will bring benefits to the region but also that It may destroy or lessen the beauty and tranquillity of the region. He has been trying to interest some of his friends In the construction of a modern luxury hotel for tourists but as yet has met with little success. He made the statement that many here are not "progressive". However» Emilio Lopez Miranda, Gonzalez* prlnolpal competitor, has announced that when the carretera Is paved, he will Invest in a fleet of cam lone s to p Improve present transportation facilities. Lopez Miranda, whose capital is said to be 20 million pesos, more nearly fits the "personality pattern" valued by the townspeople. He is said to be modest, sencillo, without presumption and ostentation. Gonzalez' "pro gre salven ess" Is considered as presumptive and ostentati ous. some of The lack of enterprise on the part of /San Andres' leading citizens is illustrated by a story told me by one of the traveling salesmen who pass through the region several times a year. This man said he liked the puros made here in San Andres (considered on a par with those manu- factured in Cuba) and took some back to Mexloo City with him* There, a friend tried them and wanted to order some. The salesman gave him, the name of the puro factory and the man sent his order to San Andres* The order was returned, together with a letter stating that the maker was unable to supply the puros* Late in the afternoon, I met my cumadre, Josefa, in the parque. with Noá. She had come to San Andres to look for some men who had eaten in the fbnda and gone away without paying for their meals* I gave her some photographs I had taken of the family, and we went to take a refresco* One of the child vendors, a little girl of about eight, approacued, offering tacos lor sale. Noe, who had 35 centavos in his pocket, asked expertly, "A oómo?" "Diez". He then pioked up a taco, but rejected It, saying it was not cooked properly* Shi* The buying knowledge demonstrated by this 6-year-old, of course, derives from watching his grandmother buy dally tor the fonda* He then climbed up on one of the oement benohes and Josefa reproved him. He obeyed. Correction, by Josefa (and by others, as well) is firm, yet gentle too* I have not seen any ohildren slapped or otherwise physically punished by their parents. They are taught oourtesy at an early age. (Carmelita— in Catemaoo—was thus teaching her boy of four years to give up his chair to a visitor). Babies and small children are given affection freely, by mothers and fathers alike. The only evidenoe of masturba- tion which I have seen thus far was in Santiago Tuxtla, where a small boy was squatting In the entrañoe to the palaolo municipal and mani- pulating his genitals. He «as admonished by the man in charge of the Registro Civil, and desisted* Tuesday. January 24. Due to the exoesslve humedad. I again have a cold* In the morning, I went to the dootor for an injeotion of vitamin C; in the afternoon, I slept* LOS TUXTLAS -125- Betty Starr Wednesday, January 25» My attempts to find out about brujos and brujería have met witn little sucoess. That there are bruJos Is certain, but they appear to be regarded with distaste and disbelief* Brujos are considered by the townspeople to be little more than tricksters and/or racketeers* There are two well-known bru Jos In San Andrés Itself, and they are said to oharge extremely high prices for their services* The story Is told of an American who visited here a few years ago and was charged 300 pesos by one of the San Andre's brujos, and yet was not cured. It Is said that the first Friday In Maroh, the brujos of the region gather at Mono Blanoo, near Catemaoo, to prepare their powders for the coming year* Last week, when I was In Comoapan. the young man accompanying me throughout the village pointed out to me, in the distance, Mono Blanco. I said, "That's where the brujos go, Isn't It?" And he said, "I don't believe In that." My questions regarding brujería are often met (In townspeople and country people alike) with the attitude that I must be very Ignorant to believe In such foolishness* *~ One of the Catemaquenos (Andrés Uscanga) told me the story of how, when he was a young lad, he and another muohaoho visited an old woman who was said to be a bruja. They sought her regarding an affair of the heart. She wanted to oharge the boys 2u pesos but a compromise of five pesos was reaohed. She gave the boys some powder to be sprinkled on a love letter to the young woman whose affection was being sought* The boys did as she had told them, but to no effect. They then returned to the bruja, who wanted to give them a red rose (for another five pesos) but the boys threw the rose In her face and left. Andre's also told me of a brujo In Catemaoo, who gives a sick client a mixture to make him vomit, conoeals a small anlmallto In his hand, and then, when the patient vomits, makes It appear that he has vomited forth the animalizo. Thursday. January 26. This morning Floren o la (the» woman who sells hand-carved wooden objeots) came to see me and we continued our discussion of last Sunday afternoon* Florenola has three daughters, of 12, 13 and lo years of age* I asked her If she had told her daughters, in advance, when they would begin to have menstrual periods. Yes, she had told them so they would not suffer from espanto, because this was a tremendous thing to nappen to a young girl*. During their menstrual periods the girls wear pita doblado con algodón» Had she also told them aoout oonoepolon and childbirth? Some of the girls already knew about childbirth, from having seen her give birth to the younger children* But she has told them about oonoepolon. because If they didn't know and went with a man without being married to him, the results might be muy feo. One of the girls works In a panadería and makes four pesos a day. If she belonged to a sindicato, she would earn seven pesos a day, but Florenola does not want her to Join the sindicato» One son makes masa arid earns four pesos a day; the other entrega pan and earns two pesos dally* Florenola herself earns anywhere from nothing at all to four pesos a day, selling the spoons, forte, etc. which ner husband oarves. LOS TUXTIAS -126- Betty Starr Money spent dally for food for the family of ten persona (father, mother, and eight children) In good times, Is ten pesos; If there Is not much work, eight pesos Is spent. Foods oonsuoed by the family are: plátano, tortillas, cooked fruits, coffee «1th milk, eggs, caldo de carne. beans, rloe, camotes» The niños get atole, with milk and sugar* The family lives in a one-room house, the front of whloh is of masonry, and the side walls of planks* Floor Is of hard-packed earth and there is an inodoro» For this, they pay rent of 12 pesos monthly* Florencia and her three youngest children sleep in a bed of oedar (which cost 70 pesos). Her husband and the older children sleep on cots* Florencia does not allow her husband to sleep with her because she does not want to have any more children* "And If he touohed me, I would have more children." I asked her if he did not beat her, and she said he struck her once, and for this she never returned to him* There are women whose husbands beat them and out them and yet they return to their husbands. "Yo soy chiquita pero muy brava." Divo roe is not possible because they were married only by the churoh ( and not por lo civil)* It would do no good to leave her husband for another man because then it would be the same thing all over again—more children. I notioed that Floren ola had a goiter and this led me to ask if she originally came from Santiago Tuxtla, sinoe goiter is prevalent there due to an iodine defioienoy In the water* Yes, she was born In Tuxtla* Her mother and father had 18 children and were very poor* Her father was a oampeslno and her mother a laundress* When Florencia and ner husband were first married, he was a campesino, and she made, and sold totopostes* They were very poor then". Now they aro better off financially beoause the children are working also* "But when the ohlldren marry» I will be left alone." Floren ola has had ten children altogether, two of whom died. One was born with a harelip and died at the end of two weeks. Florencia says the child was born with this deformity beoause "la oome la luna" during an eclipse. She said she had negleoted to put a piece of red cloth over her abdomen at this time* (She introduced this material regarding the eclipse, etc* voluntarily, and not as a result of questioning. This confirms the oree no ía given me by Norberto Flgueroa^ in Tuxtla). Florencia said I was very simpática to talk with a pobre» She said also that the people here who live In big houses would not sit down arid talk with her as I have/ done. Friday. January 27. Floren ola came to see me this» morning but was too tired to talk much. She had ironed until two a.m., gone to bed at three, and gotten up again at four, unable to sleep* The Ironing she x did was for her family, and not for others* I suggested that she return this afternoon after she had rested* (However, we did not get a ohanoe to talk In the afternoon)* I went to "El Polo Norte", the oompany whioh manufactures lot a,nd soft drinks, but the owner was away, in Veracruz. His son was on duty LOS TUXTIA3 -127- Betty Starr and oould not answer my questions. It is Interesting to note the pattern of employment in oommerolal houses—small and large—In San Andre's. Sons and daughters commonly work In the plaoe of business owned by their father. It Is common, also, for two brothers to own and run a place of business Jointly. Thus, the oommerolal house—or the small store—is a family enterprise. The Gonzalez family have diversified aotlvltles: there are four Gonzalez brothers, who are, respectively, a comprador de semillas, the owner of the Ice and soft drink plant, the owner of the local movie theater and the owner of a: refreshment stand. Saturday. January 28. This morning I went to Santiago Tuxtla. After several weeks» men are now at woric repairing the bad spot in the road above Tuxtla, dumping earth and gravel to build up the all but washed away roadbed. At a ourve in the road, far out in the countryside, campesinos were waiting, with sacks filled with gram, for a truck to take the grain away. Nearby stood the mules which had transported the grain as far as the carretera. I have observed men (and grain) waiting at this same spot at other times. There xs undoubtedly a settlement, off the road, from which comes these campesinos with their grain. The oaminos veolnalea. or roads other than the oarretera, which link rural settlements in the region are extremely bad, usually consisting of a single traok; I.e., wide enough for only one automobile, and without gravel. In times of much rain they are praotioally Impassible. This means that, so far as settlements off the carretera are concerned, the oarretera will be of limited benefit, unless the caminos veolnalea are also Improved. Sunday. January 29. Spent some time today thinking about the definí won of the area of Los Tuxtlas; i.e., how many munlolploa comprise the region according to different criteria, and the various types of information whioh would be of use in defining the area more oarefully. In the evening, I went to the park to watch the promenade. The oathedral bells rang and rooketa^were shot off to announce the arrival of Lio. Marco Antonio Uunoz, oandidate for Governor, of the PRI political party. Mufíoz was eso or ted to the bandstand in the parque, aooompanied by a parade with politioal banners, etc. Here he gave a speeoh, and then went to the Casino, where a baile was being given in his honor. Monday, January 30. This morning I went to see the Salto de Eyipantla, the largest waterfall in the region, with a number of visitors. We went by Jeep. The road from san Andres to Cateoaeo la now a toll road; our Jeep / LOS TUXTIA3 -128- Betty Starr

driver was oharged 50 centavos* This money Is being used to repair the road, which is in very bad condition. Between Calería and Comoapan. we noticed several of the small structures called tapextle. whioh are used for threshing beans. The structure oonsists of a platform, about It or 2 ft. off the ground, on poles, surrounded by cane walls on two sides. The dried frijol plants are plaoed on this platform and/ beaten with long poles by two men who stand at the open ends of the tapextle» The side walls keep the dried plants from falling off the platform* The beans fall through open spaces in the platform to the ground, where they are gathered up and put in sacks for shipping. Threshing of frijol is now going on* Dr. Jose Mijares was with us in the Jeep, on his way to Comoapan, where he is the only medico» He stays in Comoapan all week, returning to san Andres on Sundays* He pointed out the "Cerro de Brujos" to me and when I asked if there were many bruJoa in the region, he said there were 56* I was rather surprised at his giving me such an exaot number and asked how he knew there were 56* He said it is known that there aré that many In the region* Dr. Mijares said many people in the region believe in the brujos and he knew several oreen olas regarding curing, etc I am to talk to him another day regardl ng the a e oreeñolas. I asked the médloo of what municipios the region oonsists and he said Santiago Tuxtla, San Andrés Tuxtla, and Gatemaoo* He would not include the muniolplos of Hueyapan de Ooampo and San Juan Evangelista.because grain, etc, from these places is shipped to the South rather than to San Andrés. The oamlno vecinal«• from Comoapan to the Salto de Eyipantla is breoha and oould not be travelled by a coohe. One arroyo has to be crossed and there are several bad mudholes* At one of these, a camión de carga was stuok in the mud* (When we returned an hour or so later, the truck was still stuck and the Jeep pulled it out)* Near the Salto is the oongrepaolen oalled Salto de Eyipantla* It oonsists of some 30 or 40 jaoalos (a rough estimate), and ^few frame buildings. The Salto itself Is a beautiful sight, some 50 meters in height. Ve o limbed down a narrow pith of rooks and mud, to the bottom of the falls* This waterfall would constitute a strong attraction for tourists if there were roads leading to it whioh oould be traversed by automobile, and if steps were built so that people could descend easily to see the falls at close hand. Late in the afternoon, KBC Florencia stopped by for a few minutes* She is suffering from an upset stomaohe and has been drinking ohooolate oon ruda to oure this condition* The latter is an herb whioh she grows in her garden* It la used to stop basoa (the desire to vomit)* I asked her why she didn't go to a dootor and she said she couldn't pay him* LOS TUXTLAS -129- Betty Starr

Tuesdayf January 31» Thla morning I went to the of floe of Adelante, where I talked with the Editor, Adalberto Toto Linares. I asked him his definition of the region of Los Tuxtlas. His definition includes the three muniolplos and no more. (The three were formerly linked together as the canton de Los Tuxtlasj. Toto Linares talked to me for more than an hour, launching Into his favorite subject: how the region may be advanced. Projects which he considers of great Impórtanos are: (1) Agua potable. (2) Soil conservation. (3) Modernization of agricultural methods. (4) Reopening of the empapadora at Siguapam, so that the export ^ of agricultural products other than maíz and frl,1ol may be developed. He pointed out the great advantage which this empaoadora has—a constant supply of water. (In Isla, for example, where pineapple Is canned, thousands of pesos have been spent In the effort to secure water.) Toto Linares does not believe that the carretera alone will bring great ohanges to the region. Other Improvements must accompany It: agua potable, drainage, etc. And as for Caten a oo becoming a center for tourists, he believes this will necessitate much time—perhaps 25 years. This noon I asked Pepe Muñiz, who works In his father's commeroial house, whether sons and daughters who work thus receive a salary* He said he receives a salary because he studied commercially and la a contador privado. His two sisters, who also work for their father, do not reoelve a salary but have the privilege of taking money from the cash register when they need It. Pepe said the p rao tice of sons and daughters working for their father Is not common. However, I have noticed this practice In several instances—on different commercial levels—and believe that It Is oommon. In the afternoon, I revisited the CNC to see from what municipios their membership is drawn. They have a representative In the oabeoera of each of the following municipios: Lerdo, Saltabarranoa, Angel R. Cabada, Santiago Tuxtla, san Andres T., Catemaoo, Hueyapan de Ooampo, San Juan Evangelista, Villa Azueta and Playa Vloente. The AOCM (Federadón de Obreros y Campesinos de la Region de los Tuxtlas) has members In the following municipios: San Andrés Tuxtla. Santiago Tuxtla, Catemaoo, Angel R. Cabada, Lerdo (only a few members here) Aoayucan, San Juan Evangelista, San Pedro Xoteapan and Mecayapan. ^ ~ The membership of these two organizations of workers and campesinos ' thus covers a wider area than the three municipios whloh I have tenta- tlvely defined as comprising the region of Los Tuxtlas* LOS TUXTLAS -130- Betty Starr Wednesday, February 1» Miscellaneous observations: Proper names are given to (1) vehicles of transportation: (a) boats on Lake Cátenmeo; (b) camiones. "El Cometa", for example; (c) Jeeps: "Hijo de Superman"; (2) places of business: (a) re fresquerías, barber shops, etc. Consciousness of class differences* I asked the pretty little orlada In our house, «1th whom a BfX Lieutenant has been flirting, if she was his novia. Her reply was that he would look for an equal and "No soy su Igual." The term "Informal". To the habit of workers to make arrangements to work at a certain tine and plaoe and then not appear at that time and plaoe Is applied the term'"Informal."

This afternoon, I went to Catemaoo, and from there to a nearby waterfall, Tepetapam. This Is reached by means of a breo ha road. This salto Is not as high as that of Eylpantla, but very wide. In Catemaoo, preparations are being made for celebrating Candelaria tonight and tomorrow. The oolored strips of paper which serve both as street decoration and as an announcement that there will be a huapango tonight, were In plaoe at one side of the parque. Thursday. February 2. This morning I went to Catemaoo to see the fiesta of Candelaria. The entranoe to the torn was deoorated with the usual «trips of oolored paper strung on ropes aoross the street. As I arrived at the parque. I noticed about 20 spools of oolored ribbon strung on a rope which was being stretched aoross the street. Rings were attached to the end of the ribbon hanging loose. This was for the torneo de olntas to be held In the afternoon. LOS TUXTLAS -131- Betty Starr There «ere more people in the parqué than I have previously seen in Cat em a oo * many young men, women nursing babies, eto. There were extra stands for selling food; tarpaulins «ere being put up to provide shade. Between 11 a.m. and 12 noon, the Candelaria service was held in the church. The ohuroh was filled w,ith people burning candles—both white and dark—some people holding two or three candles. Many people were sitting on the ohuroh steps. In addition to the single stad at which rosaries, candles, eto. are usually sold, there were at least five additional stands at whioh candles—both white and dark—were belg sold. When the service in the ohuroh was over, many people remained in the parque. sitting on the benches, or walking about* I stopped in at a house where two men were playing jaranas» and a third man, very drunk, was attempting to dance. This man's wife stormed into the house and dragged him away by the ear but in ten minutes he was back again. One of the Jarana players was from Tuxtla (a barber) and invited me to visit him there. He wanted me to go to Tuxtla with him today and offered to pay my bus fare. I told him I had to remain in Catemaoo today but would visit him some other time. While I was in this house, one of the Jarana players gave me a drink of aguardiente, followed by a drinK of hot panela. The latter was sweet and very sabrosa. There appeared to be several drunken men in Catemaoo today—the first time I have seen this--probably due to th« two-day fiesta which began last night. On the top of a tall, greased pole hung what resets bled a scare- crow. This actually consisted of a new sombrero, new denim shirt and1 pants. This was for the .luego de palo which was to take place in the afternoon. In "El Retiro" where I went for a lunch of fried mojarras fresh from the lake, I noticed a young couple whom I judged were not from the region, due to the distinctive style of the man's scmbrero. it turnea out uiat they were iron Mexico City, and the sombrero was one typical of the state of Guerrero. As I left "El Retiro" and walked toward Carmelita's house, I stopped along the way to photograph a fishing net (atarraya) de olnoo varas. which is used for oatohirg the large mojarras. I found Carmelita oooking fish; one of her grown sons was working with a makeshift o over for his maohete; the other was dressing to go , to the fiesta—in brand new shirt and pants. Carmelita said she had gone to the ohuroh but did not approve of the dances, since dancing is of the Devil. She has never danced in her life, she tells me. I returned to the prinoipal street, alongside the parque, in time to see the torneo de olntaa. A marimba was brought out and piaoed at one side of the street, near where the ribbons were hanging. And, aoocmpanlqd by marimba, several hofsemen (about ten), each with a small bran oh from which leaves had been stripped, took turns, galloping at full speed and trying to Insert the end of the bran oh in one of the rings and thus pull the ribbon off the spool. LOS TUXT-LAS -132- Betty Starr Following the torneo de cintas was another contest, for which a live rooster was suspended by the feet from a rope which stretched aoross the street. The horsemen again took turns, each attempting, as he galloped by, to grab the head of the rooster. The man who suoceeds in pulling off the head of the rooster wins the contest, and the bird. Feathers flew and blood ran in this contest. In Carmelita'a house, I had noticed a little girl wearing a necklace of dried seeds. I was told this was a rosary, and there was, indeed, a small medallion on the necklace. Julio de la Fuente had told me that these seed necklaces are used to ward off illnesses of various kinds. I was coughing considerably while with Carmelita and her family and they Immediately set to work to cure me of my cough» Carmelita sent her daughter for a bottle of aguardiente, meanwhile brewing te de naranja on the stove* I was given something to put on my throat: Viok VaporubJ Aguardiente was added to the te de naran.1a and I was given two Me Joral tablets to take with this. This combination of "old" and "new" methods of curing a cough interested me. (Florencia had said that when her children had colds she gave them penicillin). Certainly knowledge of modem medical preparations is not lacking in these people. Frl. Feb. 3rd; Sat. Feb. 4th; Sunday, Feb. 5th. In bed with temperature. Given penicillin injections. Mon. Feb. 6th. Tues. Feb. 7th» Still in bed. Wednesday. February 8. Out of bed, but remained in the house all day, working on my notes. Thursday. February 9» In the morning, I went to the office of Adelante to get some back ooples of the paper, and to the house of Concepo ion Sedas to get an extra copy of the Boletín published regarding the cathedral» In the afternoon, I went to see Rogelio Rascón to get some historical data. He was not at home but his wife said they would have the data ready for me tomorrow evening. I then went to talk to Pedro Rodriguez, Presidente of the Cámara Nacional de Coroeroio de loe Tuxtlas. From him I seoured the number of members, and the monthly Quota paid by members. He also gave me an estimation of the amount of oapltal of the members of the Cámara. These data are all reoorded separately» "* Rodriguez then gave me an estimation of the annual amount of the ooseohas of the region, expressed in teros of freight oars (40 toneladas eteh)! Maíz - Harvested Oct.-Die» 220 carros 8,b00 toneladas Maíz - " Abril-Junio 120 oarros 4,ti00 " Frijol - " Nov.-En. 250 oarros 10,000 " Frijol - " Jul-Ag. 40 oarros 1,600 " (Compare with figures given me Jan. 23rd, by Antonio Gonzalez and with figures by Emilio Lopez Miranda, in Field Notes)» LOS TUXTIAS -133- Betty Starr We then talked about agricultural predicts imported Into the region* These include: Product Imported from Arroz Córdoba Jitomate ii Cebolla Puebla Gafé' Cordoba y Acayucan (some raised in the region) Manteoa United States In the San Andres market» there are but seven reses and five oerdoa sold daily (for local consumption). In Cat arnaco, one res daily; in ~ Santiago Tuxtla, one res daily. This very small amount of meat consumed is due to the large numbers of aves de corral anl fish that are consumed* Daily tonnage of fish from Cat em a co on sale in the San Andres market is around two toneladas* Aves de corral (turkeys, chickens) are raised by householders in their patios. Hence, it is very difficult to compute consumption. Rodriguez says two or three times a year an epidemic of fiebre attacks the ayes de corral and kills a great many of them. Rodriguez calculated that between 700 and 800 liters of milk are sold (and consumed) in San Andrés daily* Much of this milk comes from Santiago Tuxtla. Periodic examination la made of the milk and lecheros found to be selling adulterated milk have their licenses suspended. He said, also, that the production of ganado and of leohe is on the increase* Friday, February 10* CREENCIAS; Aire* There is aire on a country road, even on a warm, sunny day; there is aire everywhere outside at night. One does not go out into the aire if one would avoid sickness. It is fairly common for a woman to walk along the street, holding the edge of her rebozo or of her apron over her mouth, even on a hot day* I asked Florencia what this meant and she did not seem to know* But when I asked Natalia, our oldest orlada, about this, she said right away that It was to keep out the aire wherj the weather was cold* When I said this wag also done when thB weather was not cold, Natalia then said it was to keep the dust out of one's mouth. She later said the rebozo was held up in front of the faoe so that the person "would not be seen. This sounds reminlsoent of mal de 0.1o to me, and In this oonneotion, it has been my impression at times that the rebozo was brought up to the mouth as the woman approached me (a strangerH Removing slokness* When I was ill in bed, I was told by the criadas that if I would change the bedoloth.es, the temperature and/or sickness would leave me immediately* The making of a mun°eca and its maltreatment• With regard to the mufteoa which was desoribed on January 17th; i.e., with pins stuok in its feet, Sra. Rueda has been curious. She first asked Conoha, one of the orladas. what this signified* Concha said it was LOS TUXTLAS -134- Betty Starr very bad, and that the person whom the muñeca represented would "dry up"* (Coñoh"á""ls from Santiago Tuxtla). 3ra. Rueda also asked Andres U* (from Gateoaoo) the significance of the mufleoa* He said the pins atuok in the doll's feet meant that the person represented by the doll would not be able to dance with anyone but the (female) maker of the doll» If the pins had been atuok in the eyes, he would not be able to see anyone but her. Thus, we have two explanations of the saine aot. Whether these differing explanations are due to individual or cultural differences in belief cannot be said at this point. The first explanation appears to oontain more of an element of malice or evil Intent than the second. The Sra. of oourse aaya she does not believe any of this but one oan see that she 19 rather fasoinated by these explanations. Late in the afternoon I went to see Rogelio Rasoón but did not find him at home. He had gone to Comoapan to buy frijol and had not returned. (Earlier in the week he had gone to El Laurel for the same purpose). He bring a the frijol back in oamldn. Saturday. February 11. This morning I went to see Angel F. Torres re naps of the region* He has not succeeded in obtaining these for me. I then phoned Ing* Qaray Rioa, who ia also trying to seoure mapa for me. He a aid he would have a map to show me later in the day* I then went to see the Seoretario of La Aaooiaoion Ganadera LocaJ de, San Andrea Tuxtla* This aaaociation has as its object to organize and improve the production of ganado in the municipio of San Andres Tuxtla. (There is another such organization in Santiago •' Tuxtla). The association* furthermore, aims to protect its members from oattle#theft. There are approximately 110 members. I asked if the number of ganado in the muniolplo is known and the Seoretario referred me to the Aftosa Commission. (The figures from the Aftosa Commission are already in the Field Notes)* _ Later in the day, Garay Rios did bring me a map of the region, published by the Secretarla de Estado y del Deapaoho de Fomento—in 1903. I made a aketoh copy of this* I am going to try to find a •ore reoent map when I get to Mexico City* Sunday. February 12. I asked Emilio Lopez Miranda for oopies of the program for Carnaval in San Andre's and he said he would furnish me some. He is Presidente of the Junta de Mejoramiento, an organization whioh oollects money for fiestas, for repairing the streets, building new sidewalks, eta* .He told me that at the bailes populares which are held every Sunday night in the parauo. the men who dance pay one peso apieoe. This goes to pay e musiólans. After they have been paid, any extra money goes into the fund of the Junta de Mejoramiento and it is used for civic benefit* Saw Dr. Jose Mijares and made an appointment to interview him tomorrow morning* LOS TUXTLAS -135- Betty Starr Monday. February 13» I went to see Dr. Mijares this morning but he had been o ailed away to Comoapan at 7 a.m., so I went to Santiago Tuxtla Instead (not wishing to make the trip to Comoapan today)* In Tuxtla, I oalled on Prof. Mendoza Morfin, at his ejldal sohool. I found him with 104 students (In the one-room school), the children sitting four and five at desks meant to seat two. This Is double the number of students bml had last term* There was much oonfuslon but even with this large number of children he was able to maintain a certain amount of order In an amiable manner. But the problems Involved In teaching this number of Children, all In the same room, appear almost Insuperable. Men were working on the construction of another building for the sohool a few yards away from the present building. I asked Mendoza Morfin for a copy of the Instructions for the first grade examination which I witnessed at the end of the sohool year arú he said he would get a copy to me by the end of the week. As I walked through the ejido (Buena Vista), I noticed a man hulling coffee beans in a wooden mortar about three feet high, with a heavy wooden pestle about three feet In length. Both the mortar and the double-headed pestle were well carved--especially the mortar* The Governor of the state was making one of his periodic visits to the region today, accompanied by the Minister of Agricultura and Ganadería and as I passed the Governor's house, I noticed a number of coches waiting, two rows of schoolboys standing in the sun, and, In the corredor of the house, many notables from San Andrés. In the Plaza there appeared to be much activity. Tuxtla no longer appears as abandonado as It did when I first arrived in the region. There is more trafflo, for one thing—busses and coches passing through, on the way to Lerdo, Alvarado or Veracruz. I went to visit my co madre. Josefa, but she was paseando in one of the coches. They made the circuit of the Plaza several times and then took off for San Andres. I then went to find Rosa (also my comadre) to ask her about the celebration of Carnaval in Tuxtla. beginning this coming weekend. Rosa told me there will be no Carnaval celebration this year. The padre has forbidden it because this is Ano Santo* This la a disappointment beoause Carnaval at Tuxtla has been reported to me as being 'very colorful* As I left Tuxtla, the o oche made a a ton to piok up several latas filled with honey, to be taken to san Andrés* I notioed some 17-20 beehives in the yard of the house at whloh we made the pickup. The honey is sold for 1 peso a llftro. In the afternoon, Florencia visited me. I remarked to her that I had seen a man maohaoando coffee in Santiago Tuxtla this morning* She said after this is done, the oof fee is then put in a oanasta and LOS TUXTLAS -136- Betty Starr shaken until limpio» The work of naohaoando and limpiando is paid for at the rate of 3u centavos per arroba» Florencia told me the coffee grows In huge groves In the monte and that the plants are In continuous harvest. When the bean Is ripe, the pod Is red. It Is picked by hand and the pickers receive a tostón (50 centavos) for eaoh canasta they fill. The pickers are mostly women. They go to the cafetal around 5 a.m., pick all day, and then, at 5 p.m., take the baskets to the home of the owner of the cafetal where they are paid aocordlng to the number of oanastas they have filled; e.g., a woman who has filled three canastas reoelves $1»5papayas in the market have many slashes in their skin and I asked yesterday the reason for this. The papaya oontains leche. whioh, if left in the fruit, makes It bitter. The skin is therefore out so as to allow this liquid to escape and to render the fruit sweet. It is said that the human heart Is like the papaya. It is filled with loye and if love cannot go out from the heart, the heart becomes bitter. Thursday, February 16. Norte continuing. Worked on notes and maps. Friday. February 17» Norte continued until late afternoon when sky oleared. There was a disastrous fire in Catemaco last night, in whioh the loss is reported at around 100,000 pesos» A sawmill was burned, quantities of maíz and frijol, and three houses, inoluding one being used by the Dirección de Caninos, whioh oontalned valuable maps* The fire was reported in a one-sheet Adelante EXTRA printed in red ink* None of the communities in the region has a fire department. In the afternoon, I went for a walk and enoountered the curandera whom I had seen during my first days in San Andrés. She offered once again to oure my leg* I said there was no time now beoause I am leaving soon, and she replied that there would have been plenty of tine had I wished. I asked her how she could cure it and she said by massaging the leg with aoelte from the botioa. She said doctors can't LOS TUXT1AS -13Ü- Betty Starr

oure this sort of thing and that doctora have often come to her for help. She knows of herbs of which the doctors do not know* I asked her the names of some of these but she would not divulge then* I had Just returned to the house when Florenola knooked on my door* She brought up the subjeot of the fire in Catenae o last night and said it had happened beoause of the events occurring In Cat em ao o when the priest was attaoked* She borrowed my Adelante Extra so that her husband can read it (she cannot read)* I mentioned to Florenola that I had met the curandera and she began to tell me about a curandera who has helped her^at times* Florencia says there are many mala gente here In San Andres, and. In order to keep her from selling her wares, someone put, on the threshhold of the door of her house, salt, alumbre de piedra, and earth from the oemetery* She went to the curandera, who purified her (limpid) with albaque, rosa ooncha and ruda, and burned lnoense* The curandera told Florencia that a man and a woman had put the salt, etc* In her doorway, but would not tell her their names so she does not know who did it* This woman also oured Florenola of mal viento, which she had oontraoted in the street. This shqdid by sprinkling her with aguardiente (me soplo o on aguardiente) and striking her with a flower-bearing bran oh* She charged Florencia 30 centavos for this oure* Florenola says March is a very bad month beoause it has 7 Fridays* (?) During the month of Maroh, if one opens a door and is not oareful to stand behind the door when doing so, one will reoeive mal viento* Also during the month of March, if one falls down in the street, it is because one has been attaoked by mal viento. The first Friday in Maroh, the bru Jos take a large bottle of aguardiente and put into it the following: Una rama de ruda Una ramlta de azahar de toronja Una flor de naranjo y una de hierba buena Una oabeza de ajo Un diente (semilla?) de patololote (un arbusto) Una ramita de oanela This mixture is then kept, to be later used for curing* Also on the first Friday in Maroh, people out branches of moldee (?) and if they encounter a bad animal in the street, they strike the animal with this pole* (The animal may be a brujo.)* Espanto* In order to determine whether a person is suffering from espanto, the ourer feels the person's pulse. If the pulse beats very strongly, the person has espanto* This condition makes LOS TUXTLAS -139- Betty Starr the viotln turo yellow, makes him peaado. and takes away the desire to eat* In order to cure espanto, the chupadora ohews a piece of oopal, takes a drink of wine, and then sucks the Inside of the patient's wrist and elbow, the "hollow" placea above the collar bone, back of the knee, the ankles, and the back of the neck* This Is done on two oonsecutlve days* Incense (copal) Is also burned, the person carrying the lnoense making two circuits of the patient's bed* The patient has to stay In bed a week and then may get up and work once more* It Is necessary to keep the door closed because copal Is callente and If mal viento enters the room, the person will become orazy^fse pone loco)* From the standpoint of method, I wish to record that all the above Information was freely volunteered by Florencia, and not eliolted by questioning (exoept for questions necessary to make olear one or more of her statements)* She talked very fast and It was necessary to ask her to repeat In order to get It all down on paper* In other words, the conversation was not directed or Influenced by the Inter- viewer* In the evening, I checked this Information with Andres Uacanga. Uscanga Is a Catemaquéño and steeped In the lore of the region* But ,he Is a more sophisticated Informant than Florencia, not holding any of these beliefs. Uscanga confirmed what Florencia had told me, adding that the receta which she had given me (the herbs which the brujos put in aguardiente) contains Ingredients which, botanically, are of medical value. He.then told me In what manner it is believed that o.1eo oocurs and may be cured. Ojeo» A woman may have a pretty baby and may be sitting in front of her house with the infant when a neighbor (or stranger ) passes. The passerby may admire the child and wish to hold it; the mother may refuse. If, in a day or two, the child becomes lll--with calentura, for example--the mother will remember that the passerby looked IE the child Intently and will believe the child to be ojeado» If she knows who has done this she will go to the person and ask him or her to remove the ojeo* If she does not know who has caused the oonditlon, she may go to a brujo to have it removed* The method of removing the effects of ojeo Is "limpiar" the ohlld with the herb, albaque. The albaque Is ttoen dropped into a oontalner filled with clean water (agua limpia)» An egg is rubbed on the body of the child and then broken so that its oontents fall into the oontalner of water and albaque. The spot of white albumin in the egg is called the pjo. The whole mixture is then thrown into the lake (if in Catanaoo) or into the river (if in Santiago Tuxtla). If desired, o hile piquín may be added to the mixture in order to burn the eyes of the person who has caused the damage and thus interfere with his vision. LOS TUXTLAS Z -140- Betty Starr Saturday i February 18. The exodus to Veracruz for Carnaval has already "begun. Some people left San Anire's as early as Thursday of this week. The o aniones for Veracruz were crowded today and some people went by special ooohe. The Junta de Mejoramiento Moral, Cívico y Material has arranged some Carnaval events here but It Is expected that Carnaval here will be very triste. With the Improved communications It is likely that more people will go to Veracruz for Carnaval than ever before. Sra. Rueda has told me that antes they used to get up at 3 a.m. and travel by horseback to Meson, where they rested during the heat of the day, finally reaching Veracruz late at night. Now the trip may be made in three or four hours by ooohe when the road is in good condition. In the afternoon, Florencia visited me. I told her there are only five Fridays in March this year (instead of seven) and she said, "They must have changed then." Formerly there were seven. She also said that when the brujos go to Mono Blanco they put up seven:' orosses. It is said that they hold contests at Mono Blanco to see whloh has the most power. Florencia asked me when—I would return to San Andres and I said, "In a year or two." She then said that by that time she would probably be dead. I asked if she would go to Heaven (al olelo) and she said no, because she was a peoadora. Everyone has to pay for the sins they have oommitted while on this earth. Even a baby oannot go straight to the olelo beoause it has been contaminated by the viento of this world, although she also said that if a person does not marry, he or she can go straight to Heaven. (She did not consider these two statements in- consistent). Sunday. February 19 and Monday. February 20• Left San Andres, by second class bus, at 5 a.m., to go to Veracruz for one day of Carnaval. At Santiago Tuxtla, many people entered the bus. Chickens, a turkey and a o an asta of tamales were being taken to Veracruz where more money could be obtained for them. Between Tuxtla and Tapalapam, at a place called Fopotepeo (Smoky Mountain) there is a very bad spot in the road, since there is much day at this point. Here the camión got stuck in the mud and our trip was delayed for almost an hour while men dug out the wheels and put gravel under then. On the way to Lerdo, we passed through Angel R. Cabada (formerly Mesón), the road from Tapalapam to Lerdo being very fine* The trip from Lerdo to Faso Nacional (across the Papaloapam River from Alvarado) was new to me*, sinoe, when I oame to the region, I traversed this stretch of the trip by lancha. Vie passed through sand dunes, the slopes of which had been rein for o ed by the planting of ) opales in order to keep the dunes from moving a oros s the road. Along ttffthis road there were beautiful views of the river, of groves of oooo palms-and of squares of land cleared out of the river Jungle. LOS TUXTLAS -141- Betty Starr We reached Faso Nacional at 8:30 a.m. where ire took a lancha to oroas to Alvarado. In Alvarado, breakfasted at a restaurant oailed "Yo También Quiero"» Many people In the restaurant. A man was playing a saw here, and when he concluded, passed the hat* In Alvarado this morning were many coohes to make the run to Veraoruz, as well as first and second class busses. Children were selling dulces and pastries, including turnovers containing .lalba. in the street* Canastas of Jaibas «ere being loaded to go to Boca del Rio. It began to rain at Boca del Rio and was still raining a little when we reached Veracruz at noon. In the bus station at Veraoruz, a dozen or so of the gallinas brought from Santiago Tuxtla changed hands after some bargaining* By 12:30 the rain had stopped and we walked out on the líale o on, the sea- side promenade* The Reina de Carnaval was to have arrived by boat but due u> Uie rain in the morning, the route of the desfile was changed, an,d we therefore returned to the o enter of town* The parade al medio día was very short, consisting only of the oarro in which the Reina and her princesses were seated, the oarro bearing the "Ugly King" and his attendants, and some advertising floats. After la comida, we again walked out on the Malecón* Here were many people promenading In the sunshine, lanchas taking excursionists out into the bay, etc At 4 p.m. began the parade of carros» comparsas, etc* Compared with the parade earlier in the day, this was much more elaborate. Many carros, representing charros: the bamba* with traditional instruments and dancers In Jarocha dress; Uncl©Torn's Cabin, with a sign, "La Cabana de TÍo Tom"; a oar from Isla, with pineapple plants; etc There were many comparsas, by far the majority consisting of afeminados or invertidos (men dressed as women), in elaborate customes, with brassieres and false busts, painted lips, etc. Also many disfraces of black or red hooded capes» One comparsa consisted of a nurse carrying a chamber pot, accompanied by a man dressed as a baby. The back of the "baby's" pants were soiled and the nurse was offering the contents of the pot to onlookers. Also In the desfile were many Jeeps and private oars, with women sitting on the front mudguards of the latter. Here we took the roll oall of San and rescaños. Here were the familiar Jeeps seen in San Andres every day* There were many people from San Andres in Vera- oruz today, and If one multiplies this representation by the many communities in southern Veraoruz, one can understand why the streets of Veraoruz were overflowing with mucha gente* During the desfile." and in the orowded street, the wallet of my companero was stolen* This, of course, we did not notioe until we had 2B ft the orowd. The parade continued for four or five hours, making a olrouit of the prinoipal streets and repassing. But when It made the vuelta, each time there were more oarros and more dlsfraoes. We went to take the 7 p.m. bus to Alvarado, but it was filled, with people standing in the aisle. This wag the last regularly scheduled bus to Alvarado and we were told that there would be a bus at 1 a.m. and another at 2 p.m. We tried to secure hotel rooms but there were none to be had. We therefore returned to the bus station at 1^30 p.m. in order to get seats in the 1 a.m. bus. The bus was filled, with people standing in the aisle, by 12:30, and left at that time. We arrived in A Alvarado at 2:30 a.m., to a dosed town, only the brewery and a panadería LOS TUXTLAS -142- Betty Starr

being open at this hour of the morning. We went to the hotel and were told there were no rooms but we persuaded the owner to let us in and spent the night sleeping on cots in the dining room of the hotel, with the owner and his wife. In the morning, the oantlna of the hotel was opened at 6 a.m. When I wished to urinate, the Sra. took me into a bedroom, in which four people were sleeping (two women ad two men), and put a chamber pot in one éoroer of the room for me to use. We had a fine breakfast in the hotel and then took a walk along the shore of the lake and the river. The through bus from Veracruz to the Tuxtlas arrived at 9 a«m., was transported across the river in a ferryboat, and once again we were on our way, over the oarretera, to Los Tuxtlas. We arrived in San Andres at 1:15 p.m. Tuesday. February 21. At 1 p.m. left San Andres in Jeep forfsonteoomapan and El Real. Stopped in Catemaco to eat, then started N. E. on a brecha road. This road was very rocky, resembling the bed of an arroyo» We crossed the 1 sierra at the, congregación. Dos Amates, from whioh high point could be seen the Gulf. The horizon of the sea appeared to be above the distant mountains; below the mountains could be seen the laguna of Sontecomapan. We began to descend and soon reached the oongregaoldh of Sonteoomapan, where we left the Jeep and got into a lancha moored at the end of a canal nearby. We entered the laguna by means of this winding oanal cut through the Jungle growth of mangle trees and opompos (sp.?). The irregularly shaped laguna is seven kilometers long and is entered by five rivers which oome dowi from the surrounding mountains. It was late afternoon when we approached the rancho. El Real, government property for which Ivan J. Paoli Gutierrez and his partner have a concession to develop "one pita fiber. When we landed, weekend house guests were waiting to take the launch, and the Jeep, baok to San And reís. There is a small congregación, of some five to eight families, at El Real, in addition to the ranch house and the building which houses the decorticating machinery for the pita fiber. The ranch house,twhioh fabes the laguna, is surrounded by a grove of ooconut palms (which bear from 70 to 100 coconuts a year). The house is of frame,;..with roof of lamina, is two-storied, with an outside, separate kitchen. We inspected the decorticating machinery, for which the electrical engineer who aooompanled us is going to ins tal a Diesel motor, ate supper, and retired early, sleeping on oots. Wednesday. February 22. I was awakened by a strong South wind blowing in the palm trees. Got up and took a'walk along the shore of the\3a guna. Later in the morning/, I walked, through a wooded path, to the Gulf, approximately one kilometer distant* A boy of twelve acoompanied me, carrying a slingshot and a machete (to clear the path, but this was not necessary)• LOS TUXTIAS -143- Betty Starr

I asked him if he went to school and he said no, there is no school at El Real. One of hia brothers lives in_San Andres and goes to school there. He said it is planned to have a school at El Real and then perhaps he can learn something--at least learn to read. He then launched into a series of remarks which he had evidently heard from his elders, e.g., "We have lived here thirty years", and, "When one has no work to do, in a place like this, one beoomes bored." When I returned from the beach, I went to photograph some houses and a little girl approached me, saying her mother wished to know what I would oharge to photograph her niña. I went up to the house, rested while the mother nursed her three-month old baby. The mother told me it is difficult to buy food here beoause it is very expensive. When Don Ivan is going back and forth in the Jeep, she goes with him to San Andrés to buy food. We left El Real at 4:3U, making a rapid run of /the bumpy country roads in the Jeep, and arriving at San Andrés at 7 p.m. Thursday. February 23. This morning I made my last trip to Gatemaco. Packed in p.m. Friday^ February 24. Continued packing. In the evening, the people in the house gave me a farewell party. There were also a number of licenciados present and there were many dis- cursos the tenor of which was the hope that when I returned to the U. S. I would spread good propaganda about Mexico and the region of Los Tuxtlas. Saturday. February 25• This morning I went to Santiago Tuxtla to take leave of my comadre and my ahljadlto. While there, I also visited El Soñador, a new recreation center which is to have its grand opening tomorrow. The site of El Sonador is very beautiful; it is located Just South of the River. * There are several avenues of giant palm trees and a long avenue of a plant of the caotus family. The owner of the resort, Dr. Montañez, has not built much as yet but plans to have a swimming pool, tennis oourt, boxing ring, a wading pool for children, refreshment stands, etc. On the way back to san Andrés, I saw a wedding procession, along the carretera, the bride, dressed in white gown with veil, and the groom leading the procession and followed by many people. The music of jaranas ¿ aooompanied the procession. Sunday. February 26. Left San Andres at 7 a.m. for Veracruz, arriving 12:30 p.m. Monday. February 27. Left Veracruz at 7 a.m., for Mexioo City, by bus, arriving 3:30 p.m. ffih íaÍ&Í%fep|%NpTBa- Wi

LISTA-JE LOS 'JUEOES DE BARRIO DSi S8TA OIÜDAU

Nombres anteriores Nombres actuales Nombres Jueces

Sn. Miguel.- 1/a. U. Galván Pedro Reyes. •¿ /a. " " .Garlos' Razó, ,

«i'an Antonio 1/a P. R. Valenoia Ant onio Veíazoo \ , ^ 2 /a " " " ' Francisco Martínez ~k| San Ped-ro 1/a. Alvaro Obree;6n Elisio Mart¡I«fcz Vasqufe ii ii 2/a. » " • Luis Escribano- Pereyrá^

Sn. Francisoo 1/a. Adalberto Tejada Alejandro 0ob ii ti 2/a. " " Pedro- • Xolo- -

San JoséfH 1/a. Foo. J. Moreno Erasmo Villa L. 2/a « " " Carlos Fermán

San " Juan 1/a. Benito Juá rez Modesto Martínez ,. ii ii 2/a. «' '• Aurelio Pó* lito IB- -gf San Andrés 1/a. Juan J. Torres Higinio Quino 2/a. " « " Marcos Amoroso

Campeche Barrio Lerdo ' Victor Muñoz ixtepjE Col. La •Esperanza Andrés Tito.

San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver., febrero 17 de 19^9

ÑcMv Thistdajta alió; Qn,ciarla.

•:-4.;

tí ft ;>#& *Ml Congregaciones Ahuaoápam .*V . Rancherías' ^ Apixita Abescomat ^Axochío Abrevadero •^NRuena Vista l Anáhuao * >^ Caler! a ' . Baxcaxpaltepeo ^Nsi Cebollal Bebedero ^NCerro Amarillo Benito Juárez >Comoápam" Bezuapam ^ Cuesta Amarilla Buenos, A_ires •^ Emiliano z apata Caravaca -v^1 Juan Jacobo Torres Cebadilla Ohico ^Bl Laurel ._ Cebadilla Grande ^ >'azumiapam Cerro de las Iccuanas >i Montepío - .;, Cerro de iaa Vidrio CN roe Iota Coyoltepeguillo N Ohui-láram - Chuniápam ae Abajo ^ Pizápam • s Ohuniápam de Arriba \i Ranch oápam Galeras ^J Roca Part ida, «¡al irías El Huidero ^ «¡is-uápaír, José María Morelos ^s/n Los Verida —^ Xnteanam Los Naranjos wiltepeo Paso ae Termantupeo Platanar El Remolino Río de Tuxtla Salto de Eyipantla San Garlos, San Leopoldo San Simón Santa Clara Santa Rosalia Abata Sayultepec (Also on oarda) Sesecapam Tierra Colorada Tonalapam Tula pam

*an And ré s Tuxtla, Ver? ., Mayo de 1914.9.

¡•"y •_ í, ' Political Organization -> Betty Starr Oo t. 12, 1949 Lista de las agendas municipal es pertenecientes a este munloiplo(San Andrea) Congregación Agente Propietario Agente Suplente Ahuacapan José Diaz Benito Paxtlan Plzapan Ramon Ventura Juan Salem Ranohoapan Luis Polito Linares Isidro Morales Apixlta Pedro Tadeo Felipe Chigo Mataoapan Eufraolo Vara Medardo Moreno Slhuapan Modesto Canela Rafael Ixtepan Mazumiapan Bernabé González Nicolas González Tllapan Mateo Lázaro Rodolfo Tapia El Laurel Manuel Pestaña Eduardo González Buena Vista Alejandro Chlgull Ángel Cruz Zapo Comoapan MeleWn Car bal lo Carlos Anota Xoteapan Maroelino Xolo Jacinto Ixtepan Tehuantepeo Maurloio Cahagala Eduardo Chigo Ooelota Longinos Vlllaseoa Felipe Malaga Soyata de abajo Juan González Juan Ambros Soyata de arriba Avelino Ambros Felipe Juan Jaoobo Torres Donaoiano Chiguil Santla go Chiguil Texalpan de Arriba Rosario Chigo José Pblito El Cebollal Vioente Aguilera Cuesta Amarilla Pablo Chagala Manuel Canela Texcaltitan -— - Manuel Callente Pascual Mozo Salinas Roca Partida Pedro Andrade Rafael Ramírez Tepanoan Jorge Ponoiano Sebastián Ponoiano Ohuilapan Nemecio Puoheta José Anota Azamar Calería Eusebio Mendoza Faustino Moreno Cerro Amarillo Ángel Báxln Santos Arres Montepío Epigmenlo Gonzalez Manuel Díaz Emiliano Zapata Francisco Témioh Francisco Ton Axochlo Nicolás Chacha Cosme Mateo Sixtega

San Andres Tuxtla, Ver., Octubre 15 de 1940, /fT Betty Starr Political Organization Oct. 17, 1949 Congregaciones In municipio of San Andrea Tuxtla.... This is the most recent list--wag attached to the list of candidates for elections Nov. 6th.| (Doesn't agree with any of the foregoing 1) Tepanoan C. Amarillo Huldero Siguapan Já J. Torres Caravaca Apixita Chupa de Arriba Ota. Amarilla Ocelota

Mazumiapan Axoohio

El Laurel Texoaltetan Tilapan Pizapan Soyata Comoapan

Buena Vista. Ohuilapan P. I. Madero Taxalpan

Miltepec Los Meridas Caleria Xoteapan E. Zapata Mor el os Ranchoapan Lauchapan F. Magon Ahuacapan Tulapan Montepío Sta. R. Abata Salinas Los Naranjos B. Juarez CHECK THIS WITH PREVIOUS LISTS Mataoapan Oct. 17, 1949. Abrevadero mmmtmrnp***

Escuelas controlados, por el Estado., '-' " v„ Alumnos inscriptos en les. Escuelas de Sen Aañfl res Tuxtla.-j

l.-33scueicl,Joeefr Ortiz de Domínguez" • «£• 2;-r,scuele Lendetro y eos...... ?09 3;-Jcrdín de Niños"Adolfo Ruiz Oortines" g 4;-Itecuelr'Trímero de rayo" V 5¿ ' 5¿-necuelp Ursulo Olvcn" ••••••• /- V 6.-locuelas"rprtires de Chicago" f_n 6;-i:scuela Penito Juírez" »• s 1 7.-SscuelE'Ticolefi Bravo .' '""' \Q 8,~Escuele,r20 de Noviembre".. • • %> 9.-Escuela"Juan luis Bremont" ...... «j* 10.-escuela "Netzahualcóyotl p ií U.-F,scuela "Grel.Miguel Alemán"...... ••••• °* 40 12.-F-8Cuela"l6 de Septiembre" • • Jg 37 vi 13,-EscuelR "Amedo Ñervo." ¿í 23" 14,-^scuela "Primitivo E.Valle ncia" °L 6o V},-Escuela "Vicente Guerrero.".. «2 vy lo.-escuela Estación Ghuilapa" ¿o 23- 17.-Escuela ae Meta de Caña o 18 * l8;-Escuela de Apixita. • * ¿ V) l9;-Escuela"La Corregidora". ¿...... ¿°0 20' 20¿~Escuelar Lic.Miguel Alemán. S* 2ltf' 21.-Escuela Ricardo Flores. Wagón .• »¿Jo T57T "ToTS"

San Andrés Tuxtle,Ver,,cc tub re l8 de 194-9.

(also on oards)

^^^^^^H^^MM *v -V

Número ele grupos existentes en las Escue] as del fistado.,cór} Nombre Es cu el?. Grados, —1_ II ITT IV VI. ¿Josefs Crtiz de romínpuez. Lmdero .Y Cos, 2 2 1 Primero de í'oyo 2 -2 •-2— Bicardo Plores TTr.p6n. 1 •Ja rain, de Nifíos. 1 20 de roviembre 1 TJrsulo Griv^n. 1 Ti'*rtires ce Chicpfo. 1 Peni to -Ju'^ee(royrtc) 1 ^icol'r, brsvo. 1 «Juan luis Fremont. 1 TTets&hutle6yotl 1 Crol.Miguel Alem¿n. 1 16 de Septiembre. 1 Arando >Tervo, 1 1 Primitivo P.Vrlencie. 1 Vicente Guerrero. (El Ylptpnrr.) 1 : riTftitJvo P.Valencic (Ohuil n•n) .-c,' reo "Peores I'petónCrat? de o* «O 1 -.rixita, ~ "' La Gorreíridorr.. Iic,ri;:.ueD «lemán.•

(also on cards) )s-o Betty Starr Eoonony Nov. 7, 1949 INFORME SEMANAL QUE HI NDE LA CÁMARA NACICNAL DE .COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD

ARTÍCULOS MAYOREO. MENUDEO. Arroz Extra.———— ...... f 1.15 Kl. 1.30 Azúcar standar.————— 0.68 " 0.73 Caeao Chispas.————— " 6.00 Caoao Tabasoo.————-— Café tostado, la.———-—— " 4.00 Carne de re» la.———— " 2.20 " " eerdo la. — • 3.00 Pastas para sopa.————— 1.43 " 1.60 Pilonolllo. 0.43 " 0.50 Maíz. " 0.30 Frijol negro.——————— " 0.60 Sal «olida.— — 0.19 " 0.25 Harina corriente. Saoo de 44 Kla. $38.00—-—-—. " 1.00 Manteoa Americana pura.———— " 5*00 " de cerdo del país.—— " 6.00 Foseado fresoo. . Mojarra Kl. de rio. — " 2.00 Robalo y similar•———— " 2.50 Topóte.- — ———- " 0.70 Huevos unidad.————— " 0.25 Plátano Roatan País. por oarro entero. Tonelada (90.00 Papas tipo oolorada.———— H 0.60 Tomate silvestre. Muchos artículos solo llevan precio de venta, por ser punto productor, y no hay interne di arlos. San Andre's Tuxtla, Ver. Enero 29 de 1949* "(JAMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTIAS".

Jan. 22 lo DISBO Jan. 15 lo nlsao is-i Betty Starr Eoonomy Nov. 7, 1949

INFORME SEMANAL QJE RINDE LA CAVARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXXLA8, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD.

Artículos• Mayoreo. Menudeo• Arroz Extra,—————- I 1.15 Kl. 1.30 Azocar Standar.————- 0.75 H 0.80 Caeao Chiapas.————— N 6.00 Gaeao Tabasco ,,...——— Café tostado .————— II 4.00 Carne de res la.————— M 2.20 " " oerdo la.——— II 3.00 Fastas para sopa.—— 1.43 N 1.60 Piloncillo.— —-——— 0.43 N 0.50 Mala.—— —— H 0.30 Prl Jol. ¡ H 0.60 Sal.—--< 0.19 H 0.25 Harina oo rrl ente•———-- Saoo de 44 Kls. $38.00 N 1.00 Manteca Aaerioana pura.—— H 5.00 " de oerdo del pals.-— M 6.00 Peseado freseo.———— Mojarra Kl .————— N 2.00 Robalo y slailar.———~ N 2.50 Topóte .————— II 0.70 Hueros unidad.—-——— 0.25 Plátano roatán país.—— por oarro entero.——— Tonelada |90.00 ———— Papas tipo colorada.——— 0.60 Tosíate si 2» estro•———— Muohos artloulos solo llevan precio de venta, por ser punto productor, y no hay interne diarios. "CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE L03 TUXTLAS". San Andres Tux ti a, Ver., Marzo 10 de 1949.

Feb. 25th and Fob. 12th lo nluo IS-a. I Eoonomy Betty Starr Nov. 7, 1949

INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE IA CÁMARA NACÍ Oí AL DE COUERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD.

Artieulos. Mayoreo. Menudeo* Tivraz Extra,——————— f 1.15 Kl. 1.30 Azúcar standar.————— 0.75 " 0.80 Caeao Chiapas ,——.——— Cacao Tabasco.——————— Café' tostado.—— —.—— " 4.00 Carne do roa la.———— " 2.20 " " cerdo la. — " 3.00 Paataa para sopa.————— 1,43 " 1.60 Pilono 111o.-——— ——— 0.43 " 0.50 Maíz— " 0.30 Frijol. — " 0.60 Sal.— ——— 0.19 " 0.25 Harina corriente*—————— Saoo de 44 Klo. $38.00 " 1.00 Manteca Ame rio an a pura.—— " 5*00 N de o ordo del paía.——— " 6.00 Paseado freaoo.————— Mojarra Kl.—— — " 2.00 Robalo y similar.——————— * 2.50 Topóte. ——————— * 0.70 Huevos unidad.—--——— 0.25 Plátano roatan Pala.——— por carro entero.———— Tonelada $90.00—————— Papaa tipo oolorada.———— " 0.60 Tomate silvestre.—————— Muohos artículos solo llevan precio de venta, por ser punto productor, y no hay Intermediarlos.

"CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS".

San Anlree Tuxtla. Ver., Marzo 18 de 1949* Ji»~3 Betty Starr Economy -IS. Nov. 7, 1949

LISTA DE PRECIOS DE CONSUMO DE ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD Y QUE DEBERÁN REO-IR DURANTE EL PRESENTE MES, Asuoar • fO.80 Chicharrones ••••••••• $4.00 Arros 1.25 Costillas 2.50 Ajos Cabesa Grande 0*15 Manteca Cerdo Pura ••• 5*60 6 " Chloa 0.05 Cañóte Grande •• 0.10 " N Mediana 0.10 N Chioo 0.05 AVES Col Grande ...... 0.80 Gallina Entera #5*00 Col Chioo 0.50 Piernas Grande 1 «25 Cebollas 0*50 Piernas Medianas 1*00 Manteca VeJetal 4.20 Piernas Chloas • 0*75 Jabón Cuaoo 0.40 Alas Grandes Completas .... 0*30 Lava 0.40 • Hda. N 0.25 Borax 0.60 " Chloas . N 0.15 30 Y 20 Peohugas Grandes 1.50 Hegula 0.45 " Medianas ••••• 1*00 Ootagon 0.20 N Chloas O.75 Lagarto 0.20 Hueros 0.20 Gall- 0.15 Cnayotes Grandes 0*10 Cadena 0.25 H Chloos 0.05 Puente • 0.50 Frijol Negro •••• 0*55 Beso 0.25 Leohe O.55 L. Cordoba •• 0.45 MARISCOS Gitoaate 1.50 Huaohiñango en Rueda ..... 5*00 Plátanos Maohos Grandes 0.15 " " " Bruto 4.00 Plátanos Chioos 0.10 Mojarra de Mar 2.00 Cuadrados 3X5 Mojarra Cateaaoo ...... 2*00 Másanos 4x5 Mojarra Mediana 1*50 Roatan 4x5 Mojarra Chica 1*00 Ciento Enbooa 5X5 Topotes • 0*70 Robalo Pargo Rda 3*00 " " Bruto 2.50 San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz Pepesoa Grande 1*50 * Chloa 1.00 (No date—'informant thinks it Pe soado Corriente ...... 1*50 «as April) Maíz 0.30 Harina del Pais 1.00 " Saoo 39.00 Toaates ohloos 15 X .05 Yuoad Grandes 0.10 Cafe de Prinera 4.20 Cafe de Segunda •.*...... 2*00 Carne de Res 1 •••• 2.20 Carne Cerdo •••••••••••••• 3.00 Carne Cerdo Segunda ...... 2*50 Economy -13U- Betty Starr * Nov. 7, 1949 INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE IA CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS, VER*

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD

Artíoulos. Mayoreo• Menudeo• Arroz Extra. — f 1.15 Kl. 1.30 Azdoar Standar.—-— — 0.75 " 0.80 Cacao Chiapas.———— Cacao Taba so o •———— Café tostado. ———— " 4.00 Carne de rea la.—————- " 2.20 " " oerdo la. M 3.00 Fastas para sopa.——— 1.43 " 1.60 Piloncillo. 0.43 " 0.50 Maíz. fí • 0.30 Frijol. " 0.60 Sal. 0.19 " 0.25 Harina corriente.— —.-— Saeo de 44 Kls. (38.00 N 1.00 Manteea Ame rio an a pura.— " de oerdo del país.— Fesoado fresoo.———— Mojarra Kl. " 2.00 Robalo y siBilar.— " 2.50 Topóte.- — " 0,70 Hueros unidad,.— 0.25 Plátano roatan País.——— por oarro entero.—— — Tonelada $90.00 Papas tipo oolorada.—— " 0.60 Tomate silvestre.——— Muohos artioulos solo llevan precio de venta, por ser punto pro duo tor» y no hay Intermediarlos. "CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS". San Andre's Tux tía, Ver., Abril 10 de 1949* Betty Starr, Eoonomy Nov. 7, 19*9

INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE LA CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE L03 TUXTLA3, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD.

ARTÍCULOS. MAYOREO MENUDEO Arroz Extra.——— #1.15 Kl. 1.30 Azuear standar.——— 0.75 N 0.80 Gaoao Chiapas.——— Caoao Tabasoo.——— Cafa tostado.——— M 4.00 Carne de res la.—— N 2.20 " M oerdo la.—— H 3.00 Pastas para sopa.—— 1.43 H 1.60 Pllonoillo.——— N 0.50 Maíz.— ———.-. N 0.30 Frijol.— — H 0.60 Sal. 0.19 N 0.25 Harina corriente.——— Saoo de 44 Kls.———- N 1.00 Manteo a Anerioana pura.-- M 4.00 N de oerdo del país.- n 4.80 Pescado fresoo.——. Mojarra Kl.———— M 2.00 Robalo y alai lar.— H 2.50 Topóte »————— N 0.70 Hueros unidad.--———- 0.25 Plátano roatán País.-—« por oarro entero.—— Tonelada |90.OO«—— Papas tipo colorada.——• Tomate silvestre.—-—«

Muchos articulos solo llevan preoio de venta, por ser punto productor» y no hay intermediarlos. San Andres Tuxtla» Ver.» Abril 30 de 1949* CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DS LOS TUttIAS

Abril 20 de 1949 lo mismo Batty Starr, Economy -13- Nov. 7, 1949 INFORME SEMANAL CJJE RINDE LA CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLA3, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD.

ARTÍCULOS. MAXOREO• MENUDEO. Arroz Extra.—————— #1*15 EL. 1.30 Aztfbar Standar.——— 0.75 " 0.80 Caoao Chiapas.—————— Cacao Tabasoo.————— Cart tostado. ~ " 4.00 Carne de res la.———— " 2.20 " " cerdo la. " 3.00 Pastas para sopa.———— 1.43 M 1»60 Piloncillo. — " 0.50 Maíz.- -— " 0.30 Frijol. — "0.60 Sal— -— 0.19 " 0.25 Harina corriente.——— Saoo do 44 Kls. " 1.00 Manteca Americana.—-—- N 4.00 N de cerdo del país. " 4.80 Pescado fresco.——— Mojarra Kl. —— " 2.00 Robalo y slnllar.——— " 2.50 Topóte.—— " O.fO Huevos unidad.-————- o.25 Plátano Roatan.-———— por carro entero.———— Tonelada |90.00— — Papas ti pe adorada.——— " 0.60 Tomate silvestre.——— Muohos artloulos solo llevan preolo de venta, por ser punto produotor, y no hay Intermediarlos. "CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS" San Andre's Tuxtla, Ver.» Mayo 20 de 1949* /S"7 Betty Starr, Economy -14- Nov. 7, 1949

INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE LA CAVARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTIAS, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD*

ARTÍCULOS MAYOREO. MENUDEO. Arroz Extra.——————— #1.15 Kl. 1.20 Aziíoar Standar*————— 0.80 Caoao Chiapas*———— Gaeao Tabasoo*—-—-——— Caf• tostado *—————- 4.00 Carne do roo la.———— 2.20 " " eordo la.——— 3*00 Faotao para lopa.———— 1.43 1.60 Piloncillo.— — 0*50 Maíz. 0.30 PrlJol. 0*50 Sal.— ...... 0.19 0*25 Harina oorrlento.————— Saeo de 44 Klo* 1.00 Manteoa Anerioana*—-----—— 4.00 N de oerdo del palo.——— 4*80 Poooado freeeo.————— Mojarra Kl*— ———— 2*00 Robalo y similar.————— 2*50 Topóte ,——————— 0*70 Huevo» unidad.—————— 0*25 Plátano Roatán .——————— por oarro entero.———— Tonelada $90.00—————— Papas tipo oolorada.——.—— 0*60 Tomate silvestre.————— Muohos artíouloo solo llevan preolo de venta, por ser punto productor, y no hay Intermediarlos. "CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS". Sen Andrés Tuxtla, Ver., Junio 18 de 1949* /S"? Betty Starr, Economy -*§.- Nov. 7, 1949

INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE LA CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXXLA3, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD.

ARTIC ULOS. MAYOREO. MENUDEO. Arroz Extra. — — |1«15 Kl. |1«20 Azuoar Standar.—— " 0.80 Gaoao Tabaaoo.———— " 4*80 Café tostado. * 4.00 Carne de res la.————— " 2.20 " " oerdo la. 1.43 " 1.60 Fastas para sopa.—————- » 0.50 Pilono lllo. " 0.35 Maíz. " 0.50 Frijol. gal— — 0.19 " 0.25 Harina oo rrlente. ——— Saco de 44 Klo. $38.00 " 1.00 Manteoa Aaerloana.———— " 4.00 " de oerdo del pals.—— H 4.80 Peooado fresoo.—-————- Mojarra Kl.— —— " 2.00 Robalo y similar.——— " 2.50 Topóte.————— " 0.70 Hueros unidad.————— 0.25 Plátano Rostan.———— por oarro entero.———— Tonelada |90.00—...... Papas tipo oolorada.———— N 0.60 Tomate silvestre.———— Muohos artículos solo llevan preolo de venta, por ser punto produetor, y no hay Intern odiarlos.

"GANARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLA3". San Andre's Tuxtla, Ver., Julio 8 de 1949. Betty Starr» £oonoroy Nov. 7, 1949

INFORME SEMANAL QUE RINDE LA CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DS LOS TUXTLA3, VER.

ARTÍCULOS DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD

ARTÍCULOS MAXOREO MENUDEO Arroz Extra. |1.15 Kl. 1.20 Azúcar Standar.-——————.. " 0.80 Caoao Chiapas.—— ———— " 4.80 Caoao Tabasco.— ——— " 4.00 Café' tostado. " 2.20 Carnt de res la.—————— — " 3*00 " H cerdo la. 1.43 " 1.60 Pastas para sopa.—————— " 0.75 Piloncillo.- " 0.35 Maíz. " 0.60 Frijol. 0.19 " 0.25 Sal.— 1.10 Harina corriente.—————— Saoo de 44 kls. Mantesa Anerioana.— ———— " 4.00 " de oerdo del país. —— " 5«50 Pescado fresoo* Mojarra Kl. " 2.50 Robalo y similar.——-——— " 2.30 Topóte.— ——————— " 1.80 Huevos unidad.————— " 0.70 Plátano Roatán.—————— " 0.25 por carro entero.———— Tonelada $90.00— ————— Papas tipo colorada.——— " 0.60 Tomate silvestre.———— Cebolla blanoa.————— " 0.75 Muchos artioulos solo llevan precio de venta, por swr punto produotor, y no hay intermediarlos. "CÁMARA NACIONAL DE COMERCIO DE LOS TUXTLAS". San Ardres Tuxtla, Ver., Julio 16 de 1949* Economy "* -Mfr. Betty Starr, Nov. 7. 1949 Inform seaanal que rinda la Casara Naoional da Coaerolo da San Andraa Tuxtla ver.——

ARTIC0L03 DE PRIMERA NECESIDAD Arres Extra.••••...... | 1.20K Azuoar Extandar ...... 80" Caoao Chiapas ••• 4.80" Caoao Tabaaoo 4.00" Cafa Tostado ...... 4.00" Cafa Extra .... 4.50" Cama da Raa Frisara •• 2.20" Cama Cardo 3.00" Paita para Sopaa ..... 1.60" Panala Kilo 0.75" Maíz .42" «Maíz Nuevo •••• .36" Frijol Nagro .80" San Andrea Tuxtla Ver Agoa. de Sal Molida .25" 1949 Harina Corríanta ••*,. 1.10" Saoo da X Kilos ...... 38.00 # Manteoa VeJetal 4.50" Mantesa Cardo Pura.... 5.50" MARISCOS (City seal) Huaehlnango Ruada •••• 5.00" Huaehlnango Bruto •••• 4.00" Robalo Pargo Ruada ... 3.00" Robalo Pargo Bruto ••• 2.50" Robalo y Sigilaras ••• 2.50" Mojara arando da Catea. 2.30" Mojarra Chloa Gateaoo • 1.80" Topetas • •••• 0.70" Papassa arando ...... 1.50" Pepessa Chloa ...... 1.00" ' aliónate» 1.50" Tonatos Chloos. 15 X— 0.05 • This listing furnished by Yuea arando 0.10 infomant Yuoa Chloa • 0.05 # Prioe on original list «as |4.UUK Chioharrones ••• •• 5.00K New prlee furnished by infomant Costillas 3.00" Cool aran da. •••• 0.80 Cool Oblea ..•••••••••• 0.50 Cabellas ..••• • 0.75K Plátanos Maohos Oda.... 0.15 Plátano Moho Chioo .... 0.10 Cuadrados Plátano 3 X 0.05 Plátanos Manzanos 4 X 0.05 Roatan 4 X 0.05 Hueros - uno 0.25 Chayotas Oran des 0.10 Chayóte Chleo ••••••••• 0.05 Ajos Cabeza Orando •••• 0.15 Ajos- Cabeza Mediana ... 0.10 Ajos Cabeza Chloa .,... 0.05 FIELD NOTES CM LOS TUXTLAS \(ol Betty Starr, Economy -16- Nov. tt, 1949 ZONA DE LOS TUXTLAS. Uunlolplos de San Andres Tuxtla, V«r. Gatemaoo, Ver., y Santiago Tuxtla, Ver.

Produooion, exportable. (Anual)

Maíz 8 a 10 nil T. Frijol 3 a 5 " w •Tabaoo •. * • 500 1 Arroz •• TOO T Panela 300 T •Plátano roatan 2000 T Ganado • 2000 oabezas Gafé

Consuno. (Anual).

Azúoar 15,000 T. Cerveza 500 T. Refregóos • 500 T. Abarrote* 2,00U T. •Maquinarla Agrícola $600,000.00 •Materiales oonstruo • 1,000 T. •Tejidos , ¿2,000,000.00 •Calzado $1,000,000.00

San Andres Tuxtla, Ver., guarda relaciones oomerolales muy estreohas, oordlales y aalstosas 00n los pueblos veolnos, pues 00D0 el Ferrocarril tiene terminal en esta oludad, es el o en tro de abasteolmlento regional.

Items narked with • are pure estimates slnoe the oasa de fi. Lopez Miranda does not handle these artloles. Betty Starr, Economy Nov. b, 1949

CA3A DE EMILIO LOPEZ MIRANDA

Movimiento aproximado, •n 6 ••••••

Mail 150 Ton. Frijol 100 N Materiales eonstruooion, (laminas) ...... 10 Ton* " N oal, oemento, plasto ...* 150 M Combustible 100 " Panela • 25 N Cerveza 70 " Refrescos 30 " Jarolae • 5 " Conserva» alimenticias •••• 20 N Cigarros y oerlllos •.... • 5 N Duloes 2 " Varios 5 "

Axtfoar solo se maneja por ouenta de la Unión Nao Ion al de Produotores de Azuoar, 3.A., que tienen en esta oasa bodega para almacenar oada afto, de 20 a 30 nil saquillos de granulada standard y refinada oon 50 kilos oada saqulllo. II duloe se distribuye de aouerdo oon instrucciones de la Unión entregando a los oompradores en esta que liquidan el importe del duloe en el Banco oon abono a ouenta de la Unidn, o movilizando azuoares por Ferrocarril, oarro entero a los lugares que indican los propietarios. P•^Kf5?*^,"m"m°*5^r•!í«í'¡

Education' --2QÍ. Nov. 'iyt Iplff / 17/"« Zona Escolar Federal,del Estado de Veracruz

RELACIÓN . ;B E ESCUELAS Y M'A ETT ROS

Nombre de ln Escue'la Ubicación No. de Ifceatros No, de Grados No, de Alumnos 1. -"Pastor Torres" Barrio Alvaro Obregón 4 6 155 9. -" S.Serdo de Tejada '• lerdo 3 97 ' 3 -"Enrinue íápez Guitrón" Coraoapan 7 ^978 4. r"Jaime Torrea Bodet" MLltepec 9 3 95 5." " M.F.Altarairano" Texalpan 1. 3 75 6.- "Emiliano Zapat* " Emiliano Zapata 1 3 73 7.- "Hilario G. Saina" Oalerí" 2 3 -115 8.- "Benito Juárez Ahu«c«p«>n 1 ? 34 9.- "lázaro O^rdennR " Ohuilopnn ? 4 1J8 10 "Benito Juároz" Benito Juárez 1 3 45 11 "Enrioue C. Réb« "Criatobnl Colón1' Feo. I. M>doro 1 3 56 ""3 "l/5z«ro Cárdenas " Buena Vista 2 4 95 14 "Potrero del llano" Tulapan 1 3 69 - 69 15 '.'Mulles Sard An" Cerro " Amarillo 1 3 16 "Cuahutémoo" Salto de Eyipantla 1 2 51 17 "Ignacio Zarngoz»" R«n Leoooldo 1 45 JL8 "E.López Guitrón" Axochio 9 9 1*5 70 19" "Cuahutéraoc " TOR lipridn 1 3 90 ," Miguel Hidalgfo" Piznpan 1 3 69 "J.n.de Domínguez" j.,Tncobo Torrea 1 4 66 n o 2? "Gbino-V¿(z"uez " LOR War°njon 1 • 54 ?3 "Niños Heroes" Abrevadoro 1 3 31 94 "Nicolás Br«vo" Cueat» ¿Vanrill" 1 3 65 76 ?5 " jSnriaue L. Buitrón" Buenoa- Aires 1 3 ?6 "J.Jvh.WbreloR" Moreloa 1 50 .97 " Día del ífeestrp" Snlinna Roen Partid» 1 46 34 .5»8 " 'I de Agosto " S«»n Iaidro 1 JAinicipio de S-ntipgo Tuxtl* 1.' 41 ' 1. - "Cunhutemoo" Madellín 1 -"R.Diaz Mirón" Ejido de Bien» Vist" 1 9. n ,-"Benito Juárez" Texcoch p«n 1 55 3, o -M. Ch"g«la- ÜBidor" . M»xy°p n 1 51 •; 4. 60 -" Feo. I. todero" Feo. I. J*>dero 1 í 5 •Minicinio de 0>teitpco -"Miguel Hidilgo" Tn Victori" ! 53 , 1. 51 9. -"Benito Juarez" Ifrxacapan 1 3 Rontecoioapan 1 3 3.8,, i 3 ,-Gr"! Miguel Alemán" Escuelas ^rticul»ros 6 78 ' 1. -"Tic. Atil"no Sedes" Ciudad 1 13 6 106 2. -"Experimental Freinet" -"Academia Sanandrescana " 5 •6 . 5? -'38 3 4 33 4 -San Andrés " Economy: -Copia- Betty Starr Sociedades Locales de Gred. EJidal Nov. 22, 1949

JEFATURA DE -ZONA EN SN. AND. TUXTLA, VER.

lb de mayo de 1949. Nun. -52. ASUNTO: dando los datos que pido en su . carta número 110 de feo ha 4 del presente. Sr. Luis R. Rincón. Delegado de Pro roo o Ion EJidal y Organizador Regional Agrario, Aoayuoan, Ver. Muy señor nuestro : ~ En atención a su oficio numero 110 de fecha 4 de los corrientes, a continuación damos a usted los datos que solioita en la forma siguiente: I.- Numero de Municipios que controla esta Jefatura de Zona: Cuatro Municipios que son: Sn.And. Tuxtla, Catemaco, Hueyapam de Ocampo y San Juan Evangelista. II.- Numero de Sociedades Locales de Cred. EJidal que actualmente se atienden en cada Municipio. 25 Sociedades en la siguiente forma: Mpio. de S.A.Tuxtla, 18; Mpio. de Catemaco, 4; Mpio. de Hueyapam, 1; y Mpio. de Sn. Juan Evangelista, 2. III.- Numero de Sociedades que han dejado de operar con el Banco EJidal en cada Municipio, sus causas o motivos y fecha en que dejaron de operar. En el Municipio de S.A.Tuxtla, 5 Sociedades; en el Mpio. de Santiago Tuxtla 7, y en el de Catemaco 1.-DeJaron de operar por estar los ej id atarlo a desorganizados totalmente y no pagaron los compromisos que hicieron en el Banco* IV.- Numero de ejidatarios que corresponden a oada Sociedad y Superficies que cultivan. Sooiedad Buenavista 62 Socios y 104 Hts. oultivan.-Calería 145 y 332 Hts.-Cerro Amarillo 93 y 153 Hts.-Comoapam, 246 y 748 Hts.-Ohullapan 86 y 200 Hts.-Salto de Eyipan tía, 108 y 30O.-Maxaoapam 5b y 220 Hts.-Mataeapan 39 y 171 Hta.-Milte- pe o 62 y 164 Hts.-Ranchoapam 42 y 105 Hts.-Ooelota 108 y 209 Hts.-Siguapam 103 y 182 Hta.-Soyata 120 y 351 Hts.-Ca- temaco 152 y 410 Hts.-Beleo Chico 121 y 209 Hts.-LaViotorla 68 y 214 Hts.-zapoapam 66 y 218 Hts.-Texalpam 159 y 310 Hts. , Tepanoam 103 y 240 Hts.-Nopalapam 70 y 320 Hts.-Cuatotola- pam 88 y 360 Hts.-Sn. Leopoldo 29 y 145 Hts.-José Ma. Morolos a la hoja #2. Economy: "^7 - Betty Starr Sociedades Locales de Cred. EJidal |b¡> Nov. 22, 1949 -copia- Hoja #2. 40 y 160 Hts.-El Huldero 43 y 100 Hts.-y La Canada 30 y 230 Hta.- En 1948 cultivaron 5*949 Hta. en total con un volumen de producción aproximado de 1,800 toneladas de maíz, 40 toneladas de Tabaoo, 700 toneladas de frijol y 60 toneladas de arroz, asi como en el presente ano, se han sembrado 388 hts. de maíz de invierno, siendo todos estos los tíficos oultivos que se están trabajando actualmente en esta region* Esperando con los datos anteriores haber oumplido con su so- licitud, deseamos los enouentre de conformidad, suscribiéndonos de Ud. oomo sus Afmos. Attos. y Ss. Sa. BANCO NATIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. Jefatura de Zona en San Andres Tuxtla, Ver* —."S3, lit Betty Starr Economy BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. Nov. 22, 1949 Costo de cultivo, ouotas de préstamo y calendarlo de miniatraelonea por heotarea Veracruz, Ver. Cultivo: MAÍZ VERANO.49/50. San Andrea Tuxtla,Ver. mayo de 1949* SEMILLA: MAÍZ. VER. Rendimiento garantía: 700 K X Ha.

OPERACIÓN DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA CUOTA DE PRÉSTAMO Costo Cuota de Abril Mayo Junio Agosto, Novbre. A PREPARACIÓN DE Préstamo TIERRAS 1 Roza y quema 48.00 2 Barbecho 60.00 75.00 75.00 3 Arrastrada 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 6.00 2 Surear y depositar sem. 54.00 25.00 12.00 13.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Primera limpia 30.00 2 Segunda limpia y aterra 40.00 50.00 50.00 D COSECHA 1 Dobla 20.00 2 Pizca 20.00 3 Desgrana 20.00 4 Acarreo 25.00 50.00 50.00

TOTAL: 353.00 200.00 75.00 12.00 13.00 50.00 50.00 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL,5.A. XBL ,. Betty Starr -S4.-'¿>7 Nov. 22, 1949 Economy MAÍZ VERANO 49/50

OPERACIÓN Herramienta o Imple- Objeto mentos se emplean. A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza y quema Machete Limpiar la tierra 2 Barbecho Arado y yunta bueyes Voltear la tierra 3 Arrastrada Rastra de clavos Asentar y aplanar la tierra B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla Compra semilla 2 Suroar y depositar Arado y Espeque Sembrar semilla aem. LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Primera limpia Azada Quitar hierba a la planta 2 Segunda Limpia y Arrimar tierra al pie Aterrada de la planta D COSECHA 1 Dobla A mano Doblar la planta para que saque la mazorca 2 Pizca A mano Recoger mazorcas 3 Desgrane A mano Desgranar mazorcas 4 Acarreo En carreta o camión Acarrear producto Economy -&5- ¡£,$ Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 5.A. *<% MAÍZ VERANO 49/50

OPERACIÓN Datos para determinar el costo y la cuota del préstamo.

A PREPARACIÓN DE COSTO CUOTA TIERRAS 1 Roza y quena 16 tareas oon machete a $3.00 C/u $48.00 2 Barbecho 1 yunta tres días 60.00 #75.00 3 Arrastrada 1 yunta dos días 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 20 kg. a $.30 o/u. 6.00 2 Suroar y depositar sem. 3 yuntas con gsffian a $15.00 C/u. 45.00 25.00 3 peones (ayudando) a $3.00 C/u. 9.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Primera Limpia 10 peones a $3.00 c/u. 30.00 2 Segunda Limpia y Aterrada 10 peones a $4.00 c/u. 40.00 50.00 D COSECHA Dobla 5 peones a $4.00 o/u. 20.00 Pizca 5 peones a $4.00 c/u. 20.00 Desgrano $ peones a $4.00 o/u* 20.00 Acarreo 1 viaje camión o carreta 25.00 50.00 Total: $353.00 $200.00 Eoonomy --26s. /¿ *¡ Betty Starr BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. •&*- Nov. 22, 1949 MAÍZ INVIERNO Rendimiento garantía: 700 K X Ha.

OPERACIÓN DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA CUOTA DE PRÉSTAMO

Grupo y Nombre Costo Cuota de Sepbre. Novbre. Feb. Abril Préstamo A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS

1 Roza y quema 4Ü.00 2 Barbecho 60.00 75.00 75.00 3 Arrastrada 30.00 B SIEMBRA

1 Semilla 6.00 2 Surcar y depositar senu 54.00 25.00 25.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Primera limpia 30.00 2 Segunda limpia y aterr. 40.00 50.00 50.00 D COSECHA 1 Dobla 20.00 2 Flzoa 20.00 3 Desgrano 20.00 4 Acarreo 25.00 50.00 50.00

Total: $353.00 200.00 75.00 25.00 50.00 50.00

Same "Objeto" as for Maíz Verano Same "Datos para determinar el costo y la ouota del préstamo as for Maíz Verano* E o on oro y -27- {7 0 Betty Starr BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 3.A. •&, Nov. 22, 1949 ARROZ Rendimiento garantía: 1 OuO K X Ha. Costo 8uoTa~3e "Sbrll Mayo Junio Agosto Novbre. A PREPARACIÓN Fr¿at aro o DE TIERRAS 1 Roza 64.00 100.00 50.00 50.00 2 Junta y quema 40.00 B SIEMBRA Semilla 16.00 Siembra 69.00 50.00 50.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 la. Limpia 64.00 2 2a. Limpia 64.00 100.00 100.00 3 3a. Limpia y Aterrada 64.00 D COSECHA 1 Corte 128.00 50.00 50.00 2 Acarreo 50.00 3 Vareada 20.00

Total: $579.00 300.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 100.00 50.00 Economy -T?tt- J 7 / Betty Starr BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJ1DAL, S.A. -^ Nov. 22, 1949 ARROZ

OPERACIÓN Herramiento o Imple- Objeto mentos se emplean

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza Machete Rozar el monte 2 Junta y quema Horquilla y a mano Juntar la hierba y quemar B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla Compra semilla 2 Surcar y depositar semilla Espeque y arado Sembrar semilla C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 la. limpia Azada Quitar hierba a la plant* 2 2a. limpia Azada Quitar hierba a la plant. 3 3a* limpia y aterrada Azada Arrimar tierra al pié de la planta D COSECHA Corte Machete o cuchillo Reoolectar producto Acarreo Bestia Llevarlo a bodega Vareada Varas de madera Desprender la espiga Eoonomy -29^. /7^ Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 3.A. JQQCX ARROZ

OPERACIÓN Datos para determinar el costo y la ouota del préstamo*

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS COSTO CUOTA ...1. Roza 16 tareas a $4.00 c/u. $ 64.00 $ 100.00 2 Junta y quema 10 jornales O $4.00 o/u. 40.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 20 Kg. a $.00 o/u. 16.00 2 Surcar y depositar 3 yuntas con gafian a $20.00 semilla KKIBUSMlíX,GCKKXaQS o/u. 60.00 50.0o 3 peones (ayudando) a $3*00 o/u 9*00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO la. limpia 16 tareas a f4.0u o/u. 64.00 2a. limpia 16 tareas a (4.00 o/u. 64.00 100.00 3a. limpia y aterrada Ib tareas a $4.00 o/u. 64,00 D COSECHA 1 Corte 16 Jornales a $8.00 (por tarea) 128.00 50.00 2 Acarreo 10 viajes a $5.00 c/u. 50.00 3 Vareada 5 Jornales a $4.00 o/u. 20.00

TOTAL: $579.00 $ 300.00 Economy -30» 17 3 Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S. A. CHILE -b- Rendimiento garantía: 1 500 K X Ha.

OPERACIÓN DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA CUOTA DE PRÉSTAMO Costo Cuota de Abril Mayo Junio Novbre Préstamo A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS Roza 48.00 60.00 30.00 30.00 Junta y quema 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 60.00 2 Siembra 30.00 80.00 80.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 la. Limpia 48.00 2 2a. Limpia 32.00 D COSECHA 1 1er. Corte 100.00 70.00 70.00 2 Aoarreo 90.00 40.00 40.00 3 2o. Corte 60.00 4 Acarreo 45.00

Total: 543.00 250.00 30.00 30.00 80.00 110.00 Economy -~5i- (TA- Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. -%- CHILE

Operación Herramienta o Imple- Objeto mentoa se emplean

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza Machete Rozar el monte 2 Junta y quema Horquilla y a mano Juntar la hierba y quemar B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla Compra semilla 2 Siembra Espeque Depositar la semilla C SABORES DE CULTIVO 1 la. limpia Azada Destruir la hierba 2 2a. limpia Azada Destruir la hierba D COSECHA 1 1er. Corte A mano Reooleetar fruta 2 Acarreo Camión Aoarreo a sitio eobarq. 3 2o. corte A mano Reooleotar fruta 4 Acarreo Camión Acarrear a sitio embarq. Eoonoroy «^32í- ' 75" Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 3.A. -XOr CHILE

Operación Datos para determinar el costo y la cuota del préstamo*

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS COSTO CUOTA 1 Roza 16 tareas a $3.00 c/u. $48.00 $60.00 2 Junta y quema 10 Jornales a #3.00 o/u* 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 6 kg. a $10.00 o/u. 60.00 2 Siembra 10 Jornales a $3.00 o/u* 30.00 80.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 la. limpia 16 tareas a $3*00 o/u. 4Ü.0U 2 2a. limpia 16 tareas a $2.00 c/u. 32.00 D COSECHA 1 1er. corte 20 peones a $5.00 o/u. 100.00 70.00 2 Acarreo 2 viajes a $.75 bulto (120 bultos) 90.00 40.00 3 2o. corte 15 peones a $4.00 c/u. 60.00^ 4 Acarreo 1 1 viaje a $.7í> bulto (60 bultos) 45.00

TOTAL: $543.00 $250.00 Economy -53- ' 7 6 Betty Starr BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL -riü> Nov. 22, 1949 FRIJOL INVIERNO Rendimiento: 700 K X Ha.

Operación Distribuoion de la ouota de préstamo

Costo Cuota de Ago. Sept. Oot. Nov. Feb. préstamo

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza y quema 64.00 50.00 50.00 2 Barbeon.0 75.00 50.00 50.00 3 Arrastrada 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 20.00 2 Siembra 40.00 50.00 50.00 C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Limpia y aterrada 64*00 50.00 50.00 D COSECHA 1 Arrancada 50.00 2 Vareada 30.00 50.00 50.00 3 Acarreo 30.00

Total: 403.00 250.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 Eoonomy '1"} J54- Betty atarr BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. \> -W- Nov. 22, 1949 PRIJOL INVIERNO

OPERACIÓN Herramienta o Imple- Objeto mentos se emplean

A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza y quema Machete Limpiar la tierra 2 Barbecho Arado y yunta bueyes Voltear la tierra 3 Arrastrada Rastra de clavos Asentar y aplanar la tierra B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla KIKISXXXXIKXXX Compra semilla 2 Siembra Con espeque Sembrar semilla C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Limpia y aterrada Azada Limpiar de yerba y aterrar la planta D COSECHA 1 Arrancada A mano Arranoar la planta 2 Vareada A mano Separar el grano de la vaina 3 Acarreo Carreta o oamion Traerlo del oampo Economy ^55- IT£ Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. -*3- FRIJOL INVIERNO

Operación Datos para determinar el oosto y la cuota del préstamo

COSTO CUOTA A PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS 1 Roza y quema 16 tareas con machete a $4.00 c/u 64.Ou 50.00 2 Barbecho 1 yunta 3 días 75.Ou 50.00 3 Arrastrada 1 yunta 2 días 30.00 B SIEMBRA 1 Semilla 40 Kg. a $.50 c/u. 20.00 2 Siembra 10 peones un día a $4.00 c/u. 40.00 50.Ou C LABORES DE CULTIVO 1 Limpia y aterrada 16 tareas a $4.00 o/u. 64.00 50.00 D COSECHA 1 Arrancada 5 peones en 2 dias a &5.00 o/u. 50.00 2 Vareada 5 peones en 2 días a $3.00 c/u. 30.00 50.00 3 Acarreo 1 viaje oamion 30.00

Total: $403.00 250.00 Economy -3fe- J7CJ Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. -**- TABACO Rendimiento: bOO K X Ha.

Operación Distribución de la Cuota de Préstamo

Costo Cuota de Abril Mayo Junio Ago* Sep. Oct. Nov. Dio. Préstamo

A PREPARACIÓN SEMILLEROS 1 Derrumba y 110.Oü 110.00 110.00 quema - 2 Siembra y semilla 05.00 ÍJ5.00 85.OO B PREPARACIÓN DE TIERRAS Roza y quema 64.00 64.00 64.00 Barbecho 70.00 70.00 70.00 Cruz 50.00 50.00 50.00 Rastreo 30.00 30.00 30.00 Surcada 40.00 40.00 40.00 C SIEMBRA 1 Selección, acarreo y trasplante 60.00 60.00 60.00 D RESIEMBRA Resiembra 20.00 20.00 20.00 Abonada 20.00 20.00 20.00 Importe abono 600.00 400.00 400.00 /- Limpia 100.00 100.00 100.00 Cultivada ao.oo tíO. 00 ao.oo Capada 200.00 200.00 200.00 Deshije 200.00 200.00 100.Oü 100.00 CORTE Corte y acarreo galera 300.00 Trabajos en Gal. beneficio 400.00 Empaque y acarreo 71.00 471.00 Total: $2,500.00 2,000.00 110.00 149.00 500.00 471.00 520.00 70.00 80.00 100.00 Economy Betty Starr NOV. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL -SÍ- TABACO

Operación Herramienta 0 Imple- Objeto mentos ae emplean

A PREPARACIÓN SEMILLEROS 1 Derrumba y quema Hacha y maohete Limpiar de monte la tierra 2 siembra y semilla A mano Siembra y compra de semilla B PREPARACIÓN TIERRAS

Roza y quema Machete Limpiar de yerba Barbecho Arador (tractor) Voltear la tierra Cruz Arado Voltear la tierra Rastreo Rastra Emparejar la tierra Surcada Arado Facilitar la siembra C SIEMBRA

1 Seleooion, acarreo y trasplante A mano Siembra en el terreno de cultivo Resiembra A mano Sembrar en las fallas Abonada A mano Abonar la planta Limpias Azadón Quitar la yerba Cultivada Cultivadora Aterrar la planta Capada A mano Dejar la planta de determinado números de hojas 7 Deshije A mano Quitar hijos a la planta D CORTE

1 Corte y acarreo Tranohete y Cortar y poner a seoar a galera carretas 2 Trabajos en galera A mano Beneficiar el tabaoo 3 Empaque y aoarreo/A mano Empacar 1 Economy -3^. I,T< * » Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, S.A. -ÍÉ- TABACO

Operación Datos para determinar el costo y la cuota del préstamo COSTO CUOTA A PREPARACIÓN SEMILLEROS 1 Derrumbe y quema 16 tareas con machete a $5*00 c/u.í #80.00 2 siembra y 2 hacheros en un día a $15.00 o/u i' 30.00 110.00 semilla 2 tareas a $5.00 c/u. 10.00 Compra de semilla, 15 cajones a $5.00 75.00 b5.ocr B PREPARACIÓN TIERRAS Roza y quema 16 tareas con maohete a $4.00 c/u. 64.00 64.00 Barbeoho Tractor o yunta 70.00 70.00 Cruza Traotor o yunta 50.00 50.00 Rastreo Tractor o yunta 30.00 30.00 Surcada 1 yunta 40.00 40.00 C SIEMBRA >xinnnwifiíyy

TuTAL: $2500.00 $2000.00 Economy -59-/*;*. Betty Starr Nov. 22, 1949 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 3.A. -17- Zona: san Andres Tuxtla.Ver. RESUMEN

Rendimiento Precio Cupta Por Ha. Superf. Importe _ CLASE por Ha. Medio % Apll Importe Probable Préstamo G-arantla cado 82 XMHXMfl .XX&XfifiíHXMJ&X Maíz Verano 700 Kg. 30U.U0T 95 200.00 3 630-00 726 OuO.oo Maíz Invier< 700 Kg. 300.ooT 95 200.00 750-00 150 000.00 Frijol Invierno 700 Kg. 5OU.00T 71 250.00 2 320-00 5üü OuO.oo Arroz 10ÚO Kg. 500.ooT 60 3u0.oo ¿00-00 90 ouO.oo -

Chile 15uO Kg. 300.ooT 55.5 250.00 100-00 25 OOO.oo Tabaco - 800 Kg. Aooo.ooT 62.5 2000.00 loo-oo 200 OOu.uo

1 771 OOO.oo

ÉPOCAS CLASE INICIACIÓN" RECUPERACIONES EFECTIVAS TRABAJOS .FECHA % S/PRYT IMPORTE" Maíz Verano Abril 49 Marzo 50 100 726 000.00

Maiz Invier. Oct. 49 Agst* 50 100 150 000.00 Frijol Inv- ierno Agst. 49 Abril 50 100 580 000.00

Arroz Abril 49 Febr. 50 100 90 OOO.oo Chile Abril 49 Marzo 50 100 25 000.00 Tabaco Abril 49 Abril 50 100 200 000.00

1 771 Ooo.oo i^»^ Betty Starr Economy ' -40a- ,2>JA Nov. 22, 19*9 BANCO NACIONAL DE CRÉDITO EJIDAL, 3.A. Jefatura de Zona en S.A.Tuxtla,Ver. .18a- May0 de 19^9»

MAÍZ VfíRAÑÓ MAlZ INVIERNO FRIJOL INVIERNO Sup. Importe Sup. Importe Sup. Importe

BUENAVISTA 40-00 8,000.00 40-oo 8,000.00 40-00 10,000.00 CALERÍA 200-00 40,000.00 150-00 37,5O0.oo CERRO AMARILLO 80-00 16,000.00 80-00 16,000.00 50-00 12,5ou«oo COMOAPAM 450-00 90,000.oo 300-00 75»OOO.oo OHUILAPAM(TLA) 100-00 20,000.00 75-00 I8,750.od SALTO DE EYIP. 100-00 20,000.00 50-00 10,000.00 8O-00 20,000.00 MAXACAPAM 150-00 30,000.oo 50-00 10,000.00 75-00 18,750.00 MATACAPAM 80-00 16,000.00 80-00 16,000.00 70-00 17»500.oo MILTEPEC 80-00 16,000.00 70-00 17,500.oo RANCHOAPAM 70-00 14,000.00 70-00 17,500.oo OCELOTA 100-00 20,000.00 70-00 17,500.oo SIOUAPAM 120-00 24,00u.oo 150-00 37,500.oo SOYATA- 300-00 60,000.00 lOO-oo 25,000,oo CATEMACO 200-00 40,000.00 lOO-oo 20,000.00 IO0-00 25,000.00 BELEM CHICO 150-00 30,000.00 lOO-oo 20,000.00 70-00 17,500.oo LA VICTORIA 150-00 30,000.00 70-00 17,500.oo ZAPOAPAM lOu-00 20,000.00 50-00 10,000.00 lOO-oo 25,000.00 TEXALPAM 100-00 20,000.00 100-00 20,000.00 60-00 15,000.00 TEPAM CAM íoo-oo 20,euo.oo 100-00 20,000.00 50-00 12,500.00 NOPAIAPAM > 300-00 60,OOO.oo lOO-oo 25,000.00 CUATOTOLAPAM 300-00 60,OU0.00 100-00 25,000.00 SAN LEOPOLDO tiO-00 16,0u0.00 6O-00 15,000.00 JOSÉ MA.MORELOSi 100-00 20,OOU.OO 90-00 22,500.00 EL HUIDERO eo-oó 16,000.00 70-00 17,500.00 LA CANADA 100-00 20.000.00 150-00 37.500.00

TOTAL: 3630-00 726,000.00 750-00 150,000.00 2320-00 580,000.00

QUOTA DE PRÉSTAMO POR HA. Maíz Verano $200.00 Maíz Invierno 200.00 Frijol Invierno 250.00 Arroz 300.00 Chile 250.00 Tabaoo 2,000.00 Betty Starr Eoonomy Nov. 22, 1949

ARROZ CHILE TABACO Sup» Importe Sup. Importe Sup. Importe TOTAL 26,000*00 20-00 6,00u.oo 30-00 60,000.00 143,500.00 20-00 6,0u0.oo 15-00 3,750.00 54,250.00 20-00 40,000.00 205,000.00 38,750.00 50,000.00 5«,750.oo 20-00 6,000.oo 20-00 40,000.00 95,50O.oo 33,500.oo 31,500.00 37,500.oo 20-00 6,000.00 10-00 2,500.00 30-00 60,000.00 130,000.00 85,0o0.oo 85,000.oo 67,500.oo 47,500.oo 55,Oo0.oo 50-00 15,000.oo 70,000.00 25-00 6,250.00 58,750.00 85,qoo.oo 50-00 15,000.00 25-00 6,250.00 106,250.00 31,000.oo 42,500.oo 20-00 6,000.00 39,50o.oo 100-00 30.000.00 25-00 6.250.00 93.750.oo 300-00 90,ou0.oo IOO-00 25,OOO.oo IOO-00 200,000.oo l,771,O00.oo !i .i •' .1 m 1 ••• LOS- TUXTLAS: Field Notes. ->a- Betty Starr

MUNICIPIO DE CATEMACO CABECERA: CATÉMACO

Lugares Cantidad de Ganado

Cateroaco 1200 Maohacaparo 100 La Victoria , 50 Zapoapan 125 Candelaria 30 San Juan Seco 170 Dos Amates 75 Sontecomapa luo El Real 25 Las Palmas 36 Montepío 40- EN LA LAGUNA

El Zapote 12 Cartagena 8 Cuetzalapa 150 Tebanca 40 Teotópec 120 Xocoohapan 125 Pipiapan 220 Arroyo Agrio 170 Súchil 160 Pozolapan 12 Oxochapan 105 Coyame 120 La gente en este Municipio coopera bien» Cantidad aproximada de animales. Bobinos. Porcinos. Caprinos. 3,193 1,361 7 El terreno al Sur se puede trabajar en Jeep en tiempo Qs secas asi como al norte, siendo en bestia en tiempo de lluvias. Las lagunas se inspeccionan en lancha de motor todo el tiempo. El terreno es parte plano y parte montañoso.

Source: Comisión Aftosa. Dec. 10, 1949. Its'

LOS TUXTLAS: Field Notes. Betty Starr

MUNICIPIO: San Andrea Tuxtla. •CABECERA: SAN ANDRES TUXTLA. Alderredor de San Andrea: Cantidades Aprox. de ganado Belem Chico 250 Belem Grande 180 Emiliano Zapata 120 Buenavlata 60 Ranchoapan 75 _ Ranohoapan de Abajo" 50 Seseoapam 45 Io de Mayo 150 Laguna Encantada 4b Agoyota 43 Sta. Rosa 86 Carretera de Santiago. Rancho de Ceja 43 San Rafael 127 Rafael Silva 91 Ocampo (Cuesta del Cerdo) loo Eugenio de la Maza 178 San Matías 125 Chutiapam de arriba 185 Chutlapam de abajo 162 Techalpa 134 Cerro Amarillo 240 Genaro Mateo 56 Norte Buenos Airea 35b El Tular 327 Encino Verde 205 Rio Grande 245 Tepan ca 580 San Simon 12 Abeacomba s 123 Lerdo de Tejada 369 Sueste Carayaca 56 Ce,rro de Iguanas 73 /ft

LOS TUXTIAS; Field Notes. •^3* Betty Starr_

Carretera de Oatemaoo y desviándose al Cantidad de Ganado Sur a la Altura de Slhuapan.

Slhuapan 1ÜO Mataoaparo 75 Turrent 130 Calería 178 Comoapam 450 El Salto de Yipantla 95 El Huldero 60 Lorenzillo de abajo 135 Chuniapam de Arriba lio Chuniapam de abajo 60 Al sur saliendo por Ranchoapam. Turrent 100 Mata de cana 10 Merida — 25 Asoyata 43 Bodegas 65 Suena la Tierra (Ocampo) tíO Cuesta Amarilla 35 Naranjos 50 Tulapan 43 Abrevadero 25 SOBRE LA VIA DEL FERROCARRIL. Hílate peo 43 Ohui\lapan 2t¡5 Benito Juarez 100 Seseoapan 140 Ocelota 100 Jose Hernandez 45 Pizapan . 43 San Leopoldo (estación Axochlo) 143 Axochio 52 Apompo 48 Ahuacapan 23 Masumiapam 285 Apichita 45 La redonda 32 Laurel 250 Rio Tuxtla 24 El Remolino 150 Zapotitan 125 I$7 LOS TUXTLAS; Field Notea. Betty Starr Cantidades de Ganado Laurel viejo 15 Laoohapan 50 La esperanza 110 Galeras 95 El Zapotal (M. de Santiagoi 48 A LA ALTURA DE TI LAP AM POR IA VIA. Tilaparo 400 Oyoltepec 48 Orneapa 30 Mazatan < 25 -^ Los siguientes lugares son del Municipio ^ -^K, de Santiago que nos toca supervicear. Rincón de Zapatero 35 "* 'Rincón de Lucia 43 Ojo de Agua 25 Zapote 185 Boca del Monte 500 Rincón Sosa 281 Francisco I. Madero 207 Soledad 200 La Florida 175 Rancho Guinda 89 Tibernal 450 Chilipilinca , 103 Cruz de Vidária 300 La gente de este municipio coopera bien. Cantidad de Ganado Aproximada". Bovinos Porcinos Ovinos Caprinos 12,131 4,960 23 55 El terreno es en su mayor parte plano, y parte montañoso, siendo muy lodoso en tiempo de lluvias. El trabajo se puede hacer en Jesp y caballo, asi como por la via del Ferrocarril.

Source; Comisión Aftosa Deo. 10, ly49. Iff LOS TUXTLAS: Field Notes Betty Starr

VIDA ECONÓMICA 1.-AGRICULTURA: a) Calidad de las tierras existentes en los tres municipios» Son humoarcillosas grumosas, humoarenosas con grumos, en su mayoría humiferas, geológicamente jóvenes, formadas con la disgregación de las rocas y la materia orgánica producida por la vegetación selvátioa; antes de la intervención del trabajo del hombre estaban totalmente cubiertas de bosque, excepto insignificantes superficies de pastal localizadas en suelos inundables o formados prácticamente de arena pura; La topografía está formada por lomas - de diversas alturas, serranías cuyas pendientes no permiten los cultivos y llanuras pequeras que no son completamente planas, en general el terreno es montañoso. Extensión aproximada en heotáreas que es utilizable en agricultura Extension aproximada utilizada en la actualidad. Tierras de temporal y tierras de regadío. Es de estimarse que puede utilizarse para agricultura un J>0% de la superficie total; en la actualidad se' tienen estimaciones de una., superficie de 12,000 hectáreas en cultivo de temporal, pues aunque el riego sería útil, la irrigación no se ha introducido por la buena distribución de las abundantes lluvias, y las superficies que son irrigadas no son de considerarse. b) Distribución de la tierra (parcelas ejidales, particulares, comunales, latifundios, etc.). Se ha distribuido en pequeña propiedad de superficie variable hasta 200 hectáreas inafeotable^ejldalmente, existen aun latifundios de la antigua distribución que son afectables por ejidos, ambas propiedades particulares, y en paroela ejidal de 8 hectáreas por individuo mayor de años más una superficie • que disfrutan los ejidatarios en oomtín para pasto y monte de , aouerdo con las oabezas de ganado de que disponen en la dotación. Número de centros ejidales existentes. Existen en San Andró9 70 centros ejidales, en Catemacó 12 y en Santiago 65, la mayoría de los cuales ésta dotada y el resto en trámite, las cifras se refieren a expedientes agrarios. El Numero de ejidatarios*

El numero total de-«ejidatarios es de San Andres ( Catemaco . Santiago Tuxtla ; el numero de solicitantes mínimo para establecer un expediente es de de aouerdo oon la Ley de la materia. IB1

LOS TUXTLAS: Field Notes •**.- Betty Starr Proporción de la pequeña parcela familiar con relación a otras formas de la propiedad. La propiedad particular y la ejidal está'n en una relación de 1: Extension y numero de los latifundios existentes en el Municipio. Los principales latifundios que aún existen son los siguientes: sucesiones de Artigas, Caturelli, Cabada...y no se explotan* Es de \ hacerse notar la forma de propiedad transitoria de algunos terrenos de la Nación, ocupados por contrato compra venta por los colonos con la Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería, son lotes inferiores en superficie a 100 hectáreas que serán propiedad particular. c) Cultivos principales y numero de hectáreas que se dedican a cada uno de ellos.• En el orden enunciado maíz, frijol, tabaco, plátano, oana; ocupan la misma tierra siguiendo una rotación de cultivos empírica, después de frijol que ocupa las tierras más^empobrecidas, maíz, . tabaco con abono químico luego plátano o cana, en general estos dos últimos obedecen a los precios del mercado; la superficie total cultivada es de estimarse en 12,000 hectáreas, cifra variable Siguiendo el valor de los productos. Producción de frutales. Las frutales principales son el mango manila, naranja y varios zapotes (chico, mamey y prieto). No existen explotaciones propiamente dichas, el consumo es local y poco sale de la region; los frutales crecen en los patios de las casas, en el frente de las mismas y en algunas calzadas de las propiedades y puede decirse* que se plantaron por su fruta, por su sombra y como objeto de ornato; el mamey y los zapotes se encuentran silvestres. Importancia comercial de la producción agrícola. La región vive de la agricultura primordialmente y muy en 2o. termino de la ganadería; aRfcaxpBKBXt Dificultades de transporte o de otra índole que entorpecen un mejor desarrollo en el comercio de tales productos. Entorpecen la producción el mal servicio del ferrocarril y el raquítico sistema de cródlto con altos intereses, aunados a la falta de caminos vecinales. Carretera... Intervención del Banco de Crédito Ejidal o de otras instituciones en el proceso de producción y distribución. El Banco Ejidal opera únicamente oon ejldatarios con anticipos pagaderos a la cosecha, su sistema no es perfecto. ItO LOS TUXTLAS: Field Notes Betty Starr Participación de los acaparadores, políticos y otros intermediaria en la producción agrícola. // Los acaparadores operan prestando dinero para siembras,^JL'ábores, etc. que incluyen el compromiso de venta de la cosecha a un preolo inferior; otros acaparan siendo a la vez comerciantes que tienen agentes tenderos en las rancherías, quienes dan,;4créditos reducidos en artículos de primera necesidad pagaderos córí&granos, estos pueden considerarse intermediarios; los políticos no tienen influencia notable (políticos de la localidad). d) Trabajos agrícolas y su distribución en el curso del año. Cuidados que han de tenerse con los diversos cultivos. Roza abril mayo, siembra junio julio, deshierbes 2, cosecha octubre noviembre cuando se trata de maíz y frijol llamado de temporal; la siembra de frijol 2a. coseoha se hace en septiembre octubre después de rozar y barbechar en julio agosto, limpias escardas 2, cosecha labor manual enero, febrero y marzo, es ésta la cosecha importante de frijol; 2a. siembra de maíz llamada de tonamile, roza noviembre diciembre d, y barbecho, siembra diciembre, escardas limpias 2, coseoha marzo abril; roza y barbecho septiembre, para tabaco previamente sembrado en almáciga en desmonte nuevo en la montafia, trasplante en octubre, limpias y escardas frecuentes, corte de llema terminal dejando 12 a 14 hojas, corte de nemas axilares (deshijes), cosecha enero y principio de elaboración; para plátano se roza y ó barbecha abril mayo, junio Julio se plantan cabezas pequeras sacadas de otras plataneras, limpias hasta la cosecha a ios 12 meses próximamente, la cosecha es continua hasta mas de 5 años en forma costeable, se continua dando limpias y escardas según las necesidades; para la caña se roza y barbecha en abril y mayo, se siembra usando trozos de cana en Junio Julio, se dan esoardas y limpias las necesarias 2 a 4, y se cosecha una vez por afta en febrero, marzo, abril y mayo, el cultivo dura varios anos costeable; el arroz se cultiva en tierras bajas húmedas pero la producción no es un rengldn de importancia regional. Clase de tierra que corresponde a cada uno de ellos. Para plátano tierras humoarcillosas, prefiriéndolas por.su ubi- cación en relación con el azote de los nortes y sures que lo derriban, para maíz y tabaco se prefieren las más ricas, para caíía las más húmedas y planas, para frijol las más pobres y arenosas, aunque debe especificarse, no existen grandes diferencias entre unos y otros suelos en cuanto a su contextura y composición física. Instrumentos que se utilizan en los diversos trabajos agríoolas. La herramienta manual está oonstituida por el machete (herramienta universal) hacha, coa, espeque (palo con punta) para siembra y- tarpala para deshierbes; estas herramientas son las que producen el may-or volumen de la cosecha regional de granos, a base de trabajo manual agotante; se uaa_al arado y la cultivadora, el arado disco para tractor y él de rejas, pero no se ha generalizado como debiera el uso de dicha ma'qulna, la mayor superficie arada la trabajan los bueyes (las yuntas) LOS TUXTIAS; Field Notes Bejity Starr a los que se suma el trabajo manual, de modo que los tractores trabajan mayor superficie, preferentemente en la propiedad particular* Es de hacerse notar que no se usa la sembradora, se siembra a mano con el espeque o la coa sobre la superficie barbechada y rastreada a veces, y pocos siembran con el arado* Se usa abono qulEqifiOj-- nitrato de potaaio y de-sodio, superfosfato, sulfato amónico y. nitrato chileno-exclusivamente para el oultiyo de tabaco, pues no se abona para ningún otro cultivo, la aplicación se hace manual cogiendo la mezcla con los dedos y depositándola bajo la superficie de la tierra a los lados de la mata cuando alcanza una altura aproximada de 25 crats. La agricultura en general tratándose' de maíz y frijol especialmente, no ha aloanzado el grado de adelanto de la época." Hábitos y horas de trabajo. Los pequeños propietarios usan el sistema de tarea para las labores del campo, en otras se trabajan 8 horas, de las 5 a.m. a lasfc 1 p.m. o de 6 en adelante, Los ejidatarios y demás campesinos que trabajan por propia cuenta en sus propios terrenos, lo hacen de o a 11 próximamente y de 4 a 7 p.m. en tiempo cálido} en apoca menos calurosa trabajan ti a 10 horas continuamente. En el trabajo interviene toda.la familia, dejandos e los trabajos rudos para los hombres ayudados por los hijos varones. Sxiq&araaaübHXKaxKXbcKfcKHXiaxKBfckKXB Ideas y practicas supersticiosas relacionadas con la agricultura* Propiamente no existen practicas supersticiosas, creen algunos en tono festivo que si interviene un banco (nacido después de gemelos) o un cuate en un cultivo de legumbres o frutas, no se cosechan buenas y abundantes, y que HH si asiste una mujer embarazada la cosecJia_s_e^ pierde casi por completo; se refiere a pequeños cultivos de hortalizas, legumbres, sandías, etc.

Source of these notes on agriculture: Ingeniero Agr. Melchor Garay Rios» Date; December 13, 1949. LOS TUXTIAS: TLeía Notes ->Q- Betty Starr Dec. 13, 1949. SYSTEM OF HARVEST-BUYING IN THE REGION OP LOS TUXTIAS

-;ft

Credit moves from A to B to C; maíz and frllol.jns.ve from C to B to A. ]| 113 LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty Starr ECONOMY: 'LABORES PARA LA PREPARACIÓN DEL TERRENO PARA EL CULTIVO ¡

DESMONTE.- Cortar la parte aerea de la vegetación, cuando es el j monte virgen o muy desarrollado cuando es nuevo, desenraizar y "i quitar los troncos; esta labor se hace generalmente con hacha, ¡ machete y pala.

ROZA.- Cortar la vegetación que crece en las tierras de cultivo, durante el período corto que media entre cultivo y cultivo, o mientras estuvieron de descanso.

QUEMA.- "Prender fuego a la maleza cortada en las laborea anteriores, cuando se encuentra seca suficientemente para poder quemarse; esta labor es- fácil y se practica vigilando que el fuego se propague unlformamente a hora y dirección del viento apropiadas.

BARBECHO.- Pasar el arado volteando el suelo, haciéndolo en una dirección; el arado se hala con bueyes o con tractor. CRUZA.- Pasar el arado por el suelo en dirección perpendicular a la anterior, o en cualquiera otra distinta de la del barbecho. RASTREO o "Arrastrada".- Pasar una rastra de dientes para sacar la maleza enterrada que quedo despué's del barbecho o la cruza, con objeto de que la tierra quede limpia y pareja; esta labor se practica tambie'n con rastra de discos - o con una especial de madera fuerte para emparejar el terreno.

"TRILLAR o TRILLADA"* Escardar entre las líneas del cultivo, sea con cultivadora llamada aquí "trilladora", o con arado. Se llama más propiamente escarda.

SIEMBRA.- Depositar la semilla en el suelo para su germinación, generalmente se hace con el espeque en labor manual. ATERRADA.- Juntar tierra al pié de las matas rodeándolas, usando para e'llo, la azada, el arado o la cultivadora. TAPIZCA.- Cosechar el maíz, operación manual. LIMPIA.- Cortar la mala hierba que nace entre el cultivo perjudicándolo; se practica con tarpala, azada, machete o cultivadora.

Dec. 30, 1949. Source: Ing. Agr. Gara y Ríos

* This particular use of this term is peculiar to the region. m LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes -^L- Betty Starr ECONOMY: MADERAS MADERAS BLANCAS -

DURAS BLANDAS Marinero o Jarocho 1 Amate 1 Pochotillo 9 Algodónenlo 1 Yo lo 1 Corpus 1 Rabo Lagarto 1 Palo de Agua 5 Hoja Anoha " 1 Especificaciones: Maderas blandas El amate puede aserrarse perfectamente de 3/4" en adelante; debe empolinarse inmediatamente después de aserrado, porque se mancha presentando color negro, que no perjudica sus cualidades de duración, resistencia, etc Esta variedad seca rápidamente, próximente 10 días. La misma mancha negra se presenta por el mismo motivo en las demás variedades blandará. . Especificaciones: Maderas duras. Por su propia naturaleza de poro cerrado estas maderas no se manchan aunque no se empolinen, son menos expuestas a rajaduras después de aserradas y pueden suministrarse desde pulgada reforzada en adelante. Secan al sol en 10 días.

MADERAS DE COLOR

BLANDAS DL y Súchil Colorado 1 I'/.acaya Laurel Amarillo 5 Sabino Laurel Chilpatillo 1 Doncel la Laurel Prieto 9 Palo Verde Cedrillo 1 Rosa dorada Caobilla 2 Peinecillo Cedro nogal 1 Oca Estas maderas no se manchan aunque no se empolinen, resisten bien la intemperie y las lluvias secan proximamente en 10 días. El Sabino, la Macaya y el Ooú pueden colocarse en condiciones de humedad o bajo el agua y resisten perfectamente. El Sabino presenta ya de naturaleza grietas pequeñas que al secar se abren ma's y llegan a abrir la pieza; aunque es dura con un golpe se rompe por la misma causa de las grietas; sin embargo aserrada en tablunes no ocurre esta circunstancia. -No obstante, al aserrar una troza, puede perfectarrente determinarse la madera sana y la agrietada, pero esta circunstancia hace más caro el costo. El palo verde endurece demasiado al secarse, presentando gran resistencia al clavo; por lo que debe barrenarse previamente a la introducción del mismo. MADERAS PRECIOSAS Caoba Cedro Rojo Primavera

Dec 30, 1949. Source: Ing. Agr. G-aray Rios /9éT LOS TUXTIAS—•Field Notes -Si- Betty Starr

DEFUNCIONES--194-9 Catemaco Causes of death of children under six years of age Alferecía 8 Asfixia 2 Bronconeumonia 2 Bronquitis 9 Calenturas 10 Cólicos 1 Diarrea^ 1 Dolor cólico 1 Fiebre .13 Fiebre de lombrxz h Infección 1 Infección intestinal .... 1 Inflarríwación 1 Intoxicación 1 J Mueso 1 Nacido muerto ...... 18 Parasibosis intestinal. . . 1 Sarampión 3 síncope cardíaco 1 Tétanos .3 Tosferina "5 Dismtería. 1

Jan. 4, 1950 Source; Registro Civil, Catemaco. LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty Starr

DEPUNCIONES--1949 Catemaco

Causes of death of persons six years of age and over: Alferecía 2 Anemia 2 Asfixia por inmersión de agua 1 Ataque cardíaco 1 Calenturas y 2 Carcinoma gástrico 1 Congestión . . 2 Congestión aguda alcohólica . 2 Crisis hypertensiva 1 Dolor cólico 1 Fiebre 25 Fiebre bronquial 1 Fiebre intestinal 1 Fiebre palúdica 1 Fiebre pulmonar . 1 Fiebre tifoidea 1 Grippa i Hemorrag,ia 2 Infección al corazón. . . . . 1 Insuficiencia del corazón . . 1 Lesión - arma de fuego . . . . 2 Lesión - instrumento cortante 2 Lesitín - accidente automóvil! sta 1 Neumonía lobular . . 1 Paludismo .... 1 Paludismo crónico 1 Peritonitis . . . 1 Probable sífilis , 1 Reumas 1 Sincope /jardíaco , 1 Sarampión. . . . 6 Tétanos , 1 Vejez 2 Vómitos 2

Cases of longevity: 90,. 94 and 97 years.

Jan. 4, 1950 Souroe: Registro Civil, Catemaco /97 LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notea -"54- Betty Starr

DEFUNO IONES—1949 San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver. Causea of death of children under six years of age:

Aborto j, 1 Raquitismo ...... 1 Alfereoia 2 Sarampión 2 Apenaicitis aguda 1 Septicemia .2 Asfixia 1 Síncope cardíaco 1 Atrepsia infantil 3 Síncope respiratorio .... 2 Bronconeumonla ...... 23 Sífilis congénita 1 Bronquitis 7 Tétanos 4 Bronquitis capilar 1 Tétanoa umbilical 2 Cause not given 1 Tifoidea 1 Cólera infantil 1 Tosferina 5 Colitis aguda 2 Velano 1 Debilidad congenital. ... 5 Desnutrición de 3o grado. . 2 Distocia fatal 1 Dispepsia atrófica ...... 1 Eclampsia infantil 1 Embolia pulmonar 3 Encefalitis 1 Jan. 2, 1950 Enteritis aguda 3 Source: Registro Civil, Enterocolitis 29 San Andrea Tuxtla Falta de desarrollo .... 3 Fiebre intestinal 2 Fiebre perniciosa 4 Gastroentlritis 5 Gastrorragia 1 Helmintiasis 2 Hemorragia del cordón umbilical 1 Infección por ascárides . . 3 Infección umbilical .... 2 Insecclón viciosa de la placenta 1 Insuficiencia del corazón . 2 Hipoproteinemia 2 Kediocefalia 1 Meningitis 3 Meningitis;enterocolitis * 1 Jlacldo muerto ...... 43 Nefritis .....' 1 Neumonía 1 Oclusión"intestinal ... 3 Paludismo 2 Parálisis intestinal ... 1 Parasitosls intestinal . . 2 Perfigo agudo febril ... 1 Quema de 3o grado. .... 1 Parto distocia 1 LOS TUXTIAS - Field Notes -•55r Betty Starr

DEFUNC IONES—1949 San Andrea Tuxtla, Ver. Cauaea of death of peraons six yeara of age and over:

Acldosis 2 Enteritis crónica 1 Adenitis . .' 1 Enteritis tuberculosa .... 1 Alcoholismo crónico. ... 6 Enterocolitis 17 Anemia ..... 1 Epilepsia 1 Anemia perniciosa 1 Epilepsia; bronconeumonia . . 1 Anemia palustro 1 Esclerosis 9 Anemia por paraaitosia . . 1 Estrechez vital ...... 1 Aortitls . . . / 1 Fiebre intestinal 1 Apendicitis crónica. ... 1 Fiebre palúdica ...... 2 Arteriosclerosis 1 Fiebre perniciosa 3 Ascárides 1 Fiebre puerperal i Asfixia por sumersión . . 1 Fiebre tifoidea 11 Ataque cerebral 1 Fiebre de lombriz 1 Ataque de uremia 1 Gastroduodenal ...... 1 Bloqueo intestinal 1 Gastroenaquina 1 Bronconeumonia 14 Gastroenteritis 3 Bronquitis agudo 1 Hemorragia post-parto .... 1_ Bronquitis capilar .... 1 Hemorragia cerebral ..... r^ Bronquitis crónica .... 5 Hepatitis 1 Bacilosis pulmonar .... 2 Hernia estrangulada 2 Cancer . . . . 1 Hipertensión arterial .... 1 Cancer de la columna Infarto del miocardio .... 1 vertebral 1 Insuficiencia del corazón . . 17 Cancer de la matriz .... 1 Insuficiencia a initial ... 2 Cancer del pulmón .... .1 Infección por ascárides ... 2 Career del higado 1 Insuficiencia hepática .... 2 Cancer visceral 1 Intoxicación por estricnina . 1 Caquexia 1 Insuficiencia del hígado ... 1 Cause not given ..... 10 Lesion--arma de fuego .... 4 Cirrosis alcohólica del Lesión—instrumento cortante . 2 hígado ' 1 Lesión--accldente automovilista4 Cirrosis atrófica 1 Lesión del corazón 1 Cirrosis featica ..... 1 Gangrena 1 Cirrosis hepática. .... b Meningitis tuberculosa . 1 Cólico hepático 1 Miocarditis aguda . . . . 1 Cólico intestinal 3 Nefritia ...... 4 Colitis aguda 1 Neoplasma del hígado . . 1 Coma diabética 1 Neumonía hipostática . . 1 Congestión pulmonar .... 1 Obstrucción intestinal . 1 Demencia 1 Paludismo crónico . . . . 1 Delirium Tremens 1 Paludismo pernicioso . . 6 Difteria 1 Fallecimiento paralítico 1 Eclampsia ...... 1 Peritonitis . 2 Embolia cerebral.. 3 Reuma cardíaca 1 Endocarditis 1 Prostatitis crónica 1 m LOS TUXTLAS - Field Notes -"56- Betty Starr

DEFUNCIONES—1949 San Andre's Tuxtla, Ver. Causes of death of persons six years of age and over Reumatismo 1 - Reumatismo articular .' . . . 2 •••— Senilidad . . 10 ^, Sincope cardíaco 10 Salpingitis * 1 Sincope paralítico .... 1 Tosferina 1 Tétanos t 4 Tetus apoplético '..... 1 Toxi-infecció'n intestinal . 1 Tremor del Mediastino ... 1 Tuberculosis intestinal . . 1 Tuberculosis pulmonar ... 11 Ulcera gástrica ...... 3 Cirrosis por parasitosis . 1 Osis boleo 1 Vena gástrica 1. Distosls uterina 1

Cases of longevity: 95, 98 and \QQ years.

Jan. 2, 1950. Source; Registro Civil, San Andres Tuxtla LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes Betty Starr

DEFUNCIONES—1949 Santiago Tuxtla Causea ofjñeath of children under six years of age: Alferecía 1 Ataque 2 Bronquitis 5 Fiebre 5 Fiebre intestinal .... 1 Fiebre de lombricesi Gaatro enteritis . , Infección T 2 Lesiones 1 Mué so 7 Nacido muerto 12 Paludismo 2 Sarampión 1

Jan. 3, 1950 Source: Registro Civil Santiago Tuxtla LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty Starr

DEFUNC IOilES—1949 Santiago Tuxtla Causes of death of persona six years of age and over: Anemia 9 Asthma 2 Ataque 5 Bronquitis 3 Congestion 1 Consuropción .1 Dolor 6 Fallecimiento del hipado . . 2 Fiebre. 13 Gripa 2 Fiebre viciosa 1 Fiebre intestinal 2 Envenenado 2 Infección 1 Inflamación ,• . 2 .., Insuficiencia del corazón . 1 Lesión - arma de fuego ... 7 Lesion - instrumento cortante .... 6 Mordedura de víbora 1 Neumonía . 1 Paludismo 6 Parto 1 Pasuro 1 Postema • 3* Reumatismo . . .• 4 Senilidad 5 Tuberculosis - pulmonar . . 3 Tumor 4 Vómitos* 1 Cirrosis .... -i--. . . . 1

Longevity: 106 years

Jan. 3, 1950 Source: Registro Civil Santiago Tuxtla 2.ÓJU LOS TUXTIAS—Field Notes Betty Starr

PROGRAMA de las fiestas que se llevarán a cabo* Con motivo de la solemne CONSAGRACIÓN de la CATEDRAL de la Diócesis de Tehuantepec en SAN ANDRES TUXTLA, VER., del 25 de Dioieinbre de 1949 al 9 de Enero de 1950. Del 25 al 31 Solemnes Peregrinaciones que harán para visitar la Santa Iglesia Catedral los poblados circunvecinos de Calería, Siguapam, Matacapam, Comoapam, Ranchoapam, Mlltepec, Buenavista, Tepancam, Texalpam, Cerro Amarillo, etc. A las 11 de la mañana llegada de los Peregrinos que serán recibidos con toda solemnidad, dándoles plática, bendición y despedida. Por la noche.a las b ROSARIO SOLEMNE. Enero.En¡ DÍ Io. A las 7 de la mañana MISA. A las b de la noche recepción a la SOLETE PEREGRINACIÓN del Barrio de SAN JUAN. Punto de reunión Parque de Chichipilco. Mdslca y cohetes en el atrio de la CATEDRAL. DÍa 2o. A las 7 de la mañana MISA. A las tí de la noche recepción a la SOLEMNE PEREGRINACIÓN del Barrio de SAN FRANCISCO y SAN JOSÉ. Punto de reunión La Glorieta. MÓsica y cohetes en el atrio de la Catedral. Dia-3. A las 7 de la mafiana MISA. A las b de la noohe recepción a la SOLEMNE PEREGRINACIÓN del Barrio de SAN PEDRO. Punto de reunión Puente de San Pedro. Música y cohetes en el atrio de la CATEDRAL. DÍa 4. A las 7 de la macana MISA. A las b de la noche recepción a la SOLEMNE PEREGRINACIÓN del Barrio de SAN ANTONIO.y COLONIA ESPERANZA. Punto de reunión Puente de la Avenida Revolucion.J> MÍsica y cohetes en el atrio de la CATEDRAL. D¿a 5. A las 7 de la mañana MISA. A las tí de la noche recepci'on.¿, a la SOLEMNE PEREGRINACIÓN del Barrio de SAN MIGUEL. Punto de reunión entrada de la carretera a Catemaco. Mdsioa y cohetes en el atrio de la'CATEDRAL. via 6, A las 4- de la mañana las campanas de la CATEDRAL tocarán el ALBA anunciando la víspera de la gran fiesta. Mañanitas y dianas muestra de general regocijo. A las 7 de la mañana SOLEMNE MISA CANTADA de la ADORACIÓN PONTIFICIA. A la hora que se anuncie la llegada, GRAN RECEPCIÓN A LOS INSIGNES VISITANTES. A las 12 horas repiques., cohetes y músicas seguirán anunciando las fiestas. A las b de la tarde ALEGRE RAi¿A que recorrerá las calles de la ciudad. (continued) .2.03 LOS TUXTIAS—Field Notes Betty Starr

PROGRAMA, cont. Día 6, A las 8 de la noche recepción a la SOLEÍ/JME PEREGRINACIÓN del cont. Barrio de SAN ANDRES. Punto de reunion plan de Campeche. Ense- guida MAITINES y velación de las SANTAS RELIQUIAS en la ermita colocada en el atrio de la CATEDRAL. D¿a 7. Este memorable día sera saludado degde las 4- de la mañana oon ALBA que las sonoras campanas de la CATEDRAL lanzarán al aire» __ A las 5 de la mafiíana las miísicas entonarán dianas y mañanitas. A las tí solemnísima consagración de la catedral de la Diócesis de Tehuantepec en San Andres Tuxtla, Ver., dedicada al patriarca Señor San José y al Apóstol San Andres, que hará el limo, y Rvmo. Señor Obispo Diocesano Don Jesús Villarreal y_Flerro, con asistencia del Excroo. Señor Delegado Apostólico, del Excmo. Sefjor Arzobispo de Mexico Don Luis María Martínez, de otros Señores Arzobispos, Obispos, Canónigos y Sacerdotes. A las Y de la noche SOLEMNE HDRA SANTA. A las 9 de la noche GRAN DESFILE DE CARROS ALEGÓRICOS acompaña- dos de la sin par mojiganga, toritos e iluminación con antorohas. Finalizará con preciosos fuegos artificiales,•canastillas vola- -ctur'as y bombas de luces.

)ía a. A las 6 de la mañana MISA REZADA. / . A las 10 horas SOLEMNÍSIMA MISA PONTIFICAL en que ocupara la cátedra| Sagrada el Exmo. 3r. Arzobispo de Mexico Dr. Don Luis Maria Martinez. A las 7 de la noche HORA SAITA - TE DEUM. A las 9 GRAK VELADA bajo Programa Especial. Día g, A las O de la mañana MISA DE REQUIEM por todos los cooperadores de la obra ya difuntos.

Los dias >, 7 y tí se quemaran vistosos fuegos artificiales, habrán animados fandangos y Serenatas. LC3 TU XTIAS -- Field Motea Betty Starr Communications Data regarding the oarretera. from ADELANTE. Domingo 3 de Diolambre de 1944. . Ano 1. Num. li • p. 2. Article entitled: NLo que espéranos del nuevo Gobernante". Inoludes letter to the new state Governor, C. Don Adolfo Ruíz Cortones, which says in part»

_ n^—i-o que por ej BOniento es deseo de todos los que vivíaos en esta Region, la oarretera Catemaoo-Lerdo de Tejada, debe constituir un punto ineludible del programa de Actividades de su Gobierno para el próximo afío de 1945." This need was strongly felt, since the region "neoesita seguridad en sus oampos, impulso a la agricultura, fomento de actividades industriales, elevad on del nivel oultural y algo que esta aunado a todo esto: buenos vías de comunicación*" p. 1. The opening editorial oalls attention to the faot that: "En efecto, nuestra agricultura languidece anémica por la in- seguridad que prevaleoe en ciertas localidades de la reglón en donde los amigos de lo ajeno viven a sus anchas en la placidez de la impunidad de que gozan. El oomercio también yace abatido por la falta de aprovechamiento de los pro duo tos agrícolas que se logran recoger; y por las deficiencias de las oonunloaoiones ferroviarias que no permiten el abasto neoesario para la$x el movimiento de carga en general; dificultades de tal magnitud, que en la primavera pasada se perdió mas de un millón de pesos por la fruta que se maduro integra, dentro de los mismos plataneros por la absoluta falta de carros para llevarla a los meroados del exterior; y hoy, comenzando el mes de Diciembre, ya se vislumbra la misma perspectiva para este invierno..."

Domingo 17 de Diciembre de 1944. Ano 1. Num. 3. Editorial, p. 1, and oontinued, headed "Nuestras Comunicaciones".... "Tenemos, el servicio de*coches, camiones y autobuses a Catemaoo (12 kilómetros) en todo tiempo. A Santiago Tuxtla&tenemos el servido de muías de carga, más o menos oontinuo (9 kilómetros} ; y a lleson y Lerdo, lo tenemos eventual en la misma forma." Continues with bad oonditlon of R.R. and plea lor oarretera.

Domingo 24 de Dlclanbre de 1944. Año 1. Num. 4. El Comité Pro-Feria Agrioola, Industrial y Ganadera 1945 writes: of "un estancamiento de las ope radones mercantiles, falta de ingresos B los artesanos, paralización oasi completa del tráfloo en automóviles y camiones, bajos Ingresos en las oficinas exaotoras, pooos medios de arbitrios para nuestra modesta oíase media y una tragedia completa para los trabajadores del campo." ...beoause of la ok of communications. p. 1. LOS TUXTLÓ.S — Field Notes -*• °"sr~-bg,. Betty Starr Communications Data from Adelante — p.2. Domingo 28 de Enero de 1945» p.l. Editorial urging the creation of a permanent Pro-Carretera committee» (There was a temporary committee to fix up the road for the Feria Agrícola) Agua Potable — Santiago Tuxtla Domingo 18 de Febrero de 1945. p. 2. "Se ha planteado en esta Villa la necesidad de introduolr agua potable y al efecto durante la estancia del C. Diputado Alemán en esta lugar fué visitado el manantial que forma el Arroyo de Totooapam, cuya agua se utilizará para tal fin*"

Domingo 18 de Marzo de 1945» p. 6» "El lunes de la semana que acaba de pasar, pudo hacer su primer viaje desde Santiago Tuxtla hasta esta, el camion de pasajeros, "Corsario"; hecho que pone de manifiesto que ya puede transitarse en vehículos hasta la referida Villa; habiendo así mas probabilidades de mejor comunicación para salir a Lerdo de Tejada, aunque hay noticias de que solo puede llegarse en camiones y coches hasta el Paso de Tecolapan, y hasta que sea bien reparado el puente, que sera durante la semana que oomienza, se podra Intensificar el transito de aquí a Lerdo*" Domingo 8 de Abril de 1945* p. 1* Comité Central Pro-Carretera: Catemacó-Lerdo de Tejada was organized in Santiago Tuxtla, the last day of March* A meeting was held April 2nd to organize these committees in the places/fcknmxgkxAcxaúx the route to Lerdo will pass* on Domingo 29 de Abril de 1945. p. 1. In Catemaoo,a Comité Pro-Carretera de esta Villa a-Hueyapan de Ooampo. President of this committee said: "La union de Catemaop oon el Puerto de Coatzacoalooa sera un hecho dentro de breves días, pues se o al cu la que para principios del mes de Junio proximo podran llegar al puerto los oamiones y ooohes de este lugar* Es de admirarse la voluntad de los vecinos de Catemacó, y de las oeroanas congregaciones de Maxapan, La Vlotoria y Zapoapan, que después de haber trabajado oada hombre en su correspondiente faena toda la semana, los domingos destinan para traba lar gratuita- mente abriendo la brecha para que puedan pasar los vehículos....." Domingo 17 de Junio de 1945* p. 2* Editorial regarding bad condition of road between San Andrés and Catemaoo, urging cooperative action in remedying this situation* LOS TUXTLAS — Field Notes ^í-JWr Betty Starr Data from Adelante Domingo 15 de Julio de 1945* Los artículos de primera necesidad serán con tro lados por el Estado* p. 1 article* Domingo 12 de Agosto de 1945» Announcement that the state government «111 Issue lu million pesos In bonds as the first quantity necessary, set aside for carreteras. agua potable and drainage—where needed. Domingo 26 de Agosto de 1945» p. 1» The oauses of the Irregular service of the plant for agua potable. The company said because there «as a deorease In the amt. of water which emerged from the manantial—"que en 1921 era de 12 litros por segundo y hoy es de 6 litros* Explanation of this: that so many tress had been cut in the mountains and the water runs off rapidly, etc Domingo 23 de Septiembre de 1945• Escuela de Ninas (Lardero y Cos) — corner stone. Domingo 21 de Octubre de 1945» New servicio aereo a Mexico. D.F. starts tomorrow. The route: Mexico. Jalapa. Huatusoo. Cordoba, San Andrés Tuxtla. Coatzaooaloos, Comaloaloo y Villa Hermosa. Bimotor Condor for 15 passengers and 3 de tripulantes. 30UTH: Mon., Wed. & Fri. at 10:40. NORTH: Tues. Thura. Sat., 9:a.m. Passenger fare: Mexico to San Andres $91.21. Express aereo |l*6l por kilogramo. (apparently there was air service before this. What was it?) X07 LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes -"M- Betty Starr Miscellaneous Notes from Adelante 18 de Pie. 1947. Casino Catemaqueno celebrates $M3L 3rd anniversary. 21 de Pie. 1947» Cía de Luz y Fuerza wants to raise fee from 01.05 por foco de cuarenta wats to $1.50. Compromised on $1.20. 4 de Enero, 1948. 7£ million pesos for the Carretera. "El ano entrante nos comunicaremos con Alvarado". La Seoretaría de Comunicaciones y Obras Publicas. Has 7£ million pesos to spend this year. 8 de Enero. 1948. The banqueta de Campeche. Los vecinos de la Calle Maclovio Herrera y el ayuntamiento — a Joint enterprise. (Del estado) 15 de Enero. 1948. Ley No. 31./ Articulo 111: "En las elecciones municipales participarán las mujeres, en igualdad de condición que los varones, con el derecho de votar y ser votadas." 15 de Enero, 1948. Es urgente luchar contra la plaga del Chamusco en esta Región. Need to buy fumigating equipment. Need for the different associations to cooperate. Says the Gerente de la Asociación Platanera de los Tuxtlas. 15 de Enero, 1948. Se inician los trabajos de la estación experimental para obtener maíz híbrido. 18 de Enero. 1948. Lie. Miguel Alemán, Presidente - en Veracruz. Sent commission to see him to.explain problems of the region. 18 de Enero, 194b. "La producción de Roatán en los Ejidos ha bajado un 90 por ciento. The production of 325 hectáreas registradas mus unas 175 que no son controladas ha descendido al mínimo." Calería, Mata- oapan, Sihuapan, Comoapan, Buena Vista, Ranchoapan, y Miltepeá son las comunidades afectadas. Thus the Banco Ejidal refused to invest money in the enterprise of plátano, p. 4. 25 de Enero, 1948. Ofreció el Presidente Alemán venir a visitarnos cuand la Carretera a Alvarado está concluida. Alemán ofreció también resolver favorablemente los problemas que le fueron planteados: (1) maquinaria para la lucha contra el chamusco (2) amplitud de créditos para los ejidatarios v pequemos agricultores que deseen incrementar la producción de maíz y frijol. /- (3) construcción del Hospital Civil Regional con la aportación de la iniciativa privada • (4) y que ya habia dado ordenes para que la cantidad de $25,000 fuera entregada al Comité Pro-Escuelas. (Escuela: Landero y Cos. ) 25 de Enero, 1948. Se llega a Caballo mas pronto que utilizando los Trenes. "Hoy están haciendo el viaje a caballo de San Andrés o Santiago Tuxtla al pueblecito de El Mesón, Ver., de ahí por oarretera a Villa Lerdo, Ver. (unos 10 kilómetros); de este punto por la vía fluvial a Alvarado y finalmente de este pue-rto al de Veracruz...El total de tiempo...no es mayor de diez horas. Por la via ferroviaria por lo general se requieren quinoe horas para ir de San Andres T. al puerto de Veracruz y, a veces, quince o mas horas. LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes X0^ -"&§*• Betty Starr Note a from Melante, continued. 1 de Febrero. 1948» El primero de Marzo será inaugurado el Servioio de Larga Distanoia. En cuanto al servicio local este tardará posiblemente unos tres meses más. 5 de Febrero. 1948» La Compañía Constructora "UnlóV1 iniciara los trabajos de la Carretera en el presente mes» 8 de Febrero. 1948» Cía. Proveedora de Agua Potablea San Andrea, S.A. San Andres Tuxtla, Ver. Distribución del agua, a la ciudad. Orarlo de los distintos circuitos de la población. b hora circuito del Centro, hasta las 10 horas. 10 horas clrouito Norte, ooroprende de San Francisco, Chichipiloo, Campeche, hasta las 14 horas. 14 horas circuito Sur, Comprende Cementerio, Estaoión y San Pedro hasta la casa de Miranda, hasta las 18 horas. 18 horas nuevamente circuito del Centro, hasta las 20^ioras. 20 horas almacenamiento de agua, hasta las o horas del día siguiente. San Andres Tuxtla, Ver. 9» a 6 de febrero de 1948. Aristeo Turren . ; Gerente 12 de Febrero, ly4ti, p. 1. La electrificación de Los Tuxtlas. An article suggesting the benefits derived from the projected hydroelectric plant benefiting from the waterfall of Eyipantla. 1. Refrigeration of fish and meat. 2. Manufacture of fruit Juices, wines and medical esencias. 3. Textile factory. 4. Ingenio de azúcar. 5. Processing of coffee and rice. 6. Sawmills and furniture factories. 15 de Febrero. 1948. List of organizations signing invitation to the Governor of the state to visit the zone: H. Ayuntamiento Constitucional Banco Nacional de México Cámara de Comercio Corresponsalía Comité Regional de la Liga de Comunidades Banco Mercantil de Veracruz Agrarias del Edo. CNC. Sucursal Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Banco Nacional de Crédito de los Tuxtlas Agrícola, Jefe de Zona-. Banco Naoional de Crédito EJidal Union de Ganaderos Sociedad de ínteres Coleotivó EJidal Sociedad Platanera de S.A.T., Sociedad Platanera de los Tuxtlas Union Regional de Pequeños Plataneros. , Notes from Adelante, continued» XD<1 LOS TUXTIAS—Field Notes -"&«* Betty Starr

19 de Febrero. 1948. Ya comenzó a llegar la maquinarla para la carretera. | Al mismo tiempo se trabajará de aquí a Alvarado y de Alvarado a , | ésta. 19 de Febrero, p.2. Las Zonas de Protección contra la fiebre aftosa. OperationxflMXiltfufBc of the Comisión Contra la Fiebre Aftosa.

Zona "limpia"

Zona de protección (30 kilometers wide— from_one_coast_to the other). Zona de (8e^ra!eRlxlco)

Zona de. protección

Zona "limpia"

The boundaries of the quarantined zone are fixed; those of protection are movable. It is the hope of the Comisión to move these lines closer to the center of Mexico until the epizootia, is conquered. In the South, the line of quarantine runs from Varas on the Pacific to the mouth or the Tonalá River in the Gulf of Mexico, and that of protection from Salina Cruz to Puerto Mexioo. 19 de Febrero. EXTRA. Hoy a las 11 horas se comenzaron los Trabajos de Nuestra Carretera. "Muchas toneladas de tierra fueron removidas rápidamente por una pala meoánloa en el punto de salida a Santiago Tuxtla... una sencilla jpero significativa ceremonia se efectuó ouando la Srita. Concepción Sedas Champion rompió sobre la maquina que estaba trabajando, la tradicional botella de Champaña.... La carretera tendrá nueve metros de ancho y será pavimentada en su totalidad." LOS TUXT1AS—Field Notes 2iO _^_ Betty Starr Notes from Adelante, oontlnued. P^» 19 de Febrero, 1940. Catemaoo: El 75 por ciento de niños en edad escolar no recibe instrucción primaria. / En la pobiaoión de más de 6000 habitantes y con una población escolar apEHxiascdtxaHKt aproximada de 800 alumnos, sólo asisten a la Escuela 200, quedando sin instruoclón aproximadamente el 75 por ciento. . En todos los lugares existe la explotación de los hijos por los padres, ya sea en la agricultura, comercio u otras actividades y este es un motivo por el que la Juventud no asiste a la Escuela. 4 de Marzo, 1948. Se trabaja activamente en la carretera. Dos turnos - 24 horas de labor continua. 7 de Marzo , 1948. Nueva planta de la fábrioa de. hielo EL POLO NORTE. Desde ayer...está produciendo cerca de veinte toneladas de hielo diariamente. - 11 de Marzo , 1948. Catemaco: 5880 habitantes tiene la villa de Gatemaco. sin incluir sus congregaciones. 60$ de analfabetas e igual porcentaje de niños que no reciben instrucción. Fue levantado el censo general de la población. La población escolar..jóvenes de 7 a 14 anos fué de 1106, de los cuales 223 asisten a la escuela oficial, 220 asisten a la escula particular 5^^ y 663 quedan sin recibir instrucción alguna. De la totalidad de habitantes el 60 por ciento son analfabetos contando personas de -C*. ambos sexos y diferentes edades.

14 de Marzo. 1948. Enorme fooo de infección tuberculoso en pleno centro de la Ciudad. Eso es la caree"! Publica Municipal. ...la alarmante cantidad de pacientes tuberculosos arrancados de la prisión, a fuerza de gravedad, para ir a morir..al hospital. , Ninguna clase de medidas para detener ese mal se han tomado alli. (Lists tí who have died) Son más de cien las personas recluidas. (Only given 35 cents a day for food). A source of infection for the whole city.

21 de Marzo, 1948. Causas del analfabetismo en Catemaco. ' ix. Niños de ambos sexos, se ganan la vida de vendedores ambulantes... •'*,*• Otra causa que aumento el número de analfabetas especialmente —lli^ del sexo femenino; y fué cuando se implanto la escuela mixta. ~~~~" Los padres se alarmaron y retiraron a sus hijas de la escuela ofi4ial.3

25 de Marzo, 1948. Es verdaderamente alarmante el exterminio del pescado de la laguna, por individuos que i gozan de impunidad y que ilegalmente usan el clasico "cuete" amenazando aoabar con la especie, ya que destruyen infinidad de peses chicos y en embrión. En varias partes del desagüe y afluentes de la laguna se observan estas irregularidades. LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes *n -**¿r Betty Starr Notea from Adelante, continued. 1 de Abril. 1948. Campana Alfabetizante, p. 1. . "La Seoretaría de Educación Publica atravé's de la Direoci-on de Alfabetización y enseñanza Extraescolar ha girado a los Comité's Estatales, una circular que contine las^bases para la reorganización, conduocion y sostenimiento de la Camparía de Alfabetización y de las cuales este Comité7 da a conocer las dos primeras y que textualmente dicen: 'Primera.- Con apoyo en -lo dispuesto por la Ley de Emergencia del 2 de agosto de 1944 y en los deoretos del 11 de febrero de 1946, del 2 de diciembre de 1947, la Campana Nacional contra el analfabetlsuo - continuara con todo vigor en el presente ano, abarcando: a) A los indlviduous mayores de 6 y menores de 14 arios residentes en el país, que por falta de Esouelas Primarias u otras circunstancias no tengan oportunidad de cursar la Educación Primarla, b) A los individuos mayores de 14 y menores de 40 arios residentes en el país, que no sepan leer y esorlbir. Segunda.- La expresada campana comprenderá: a) La enseñanza de la. lectura y la esoritua. b) La enseñanza de los elementos fundamentales del cálculo aritmético-comprendimlento del conocimiento del sistema métrico decimal.- o) El estudio del medio físico y humano, con vistas a mejorar, en lo posible, las condiciones de vida de los sectores económicamente abatidos y culturaímente retrasados1 ..." Signed by Presidente Municipal. 1 de Abril, 1948. Semana Santa. Catemaco • Miles de peregrinos visitaron este lugar con motivo de la Semana Mayor. Ful una ayalan cha incontenible de gentes deseosas unas de visitar el Templo de San Juan Bautista poseedor de la efigie de Nuestra "Señora del Carmen" patio na de gran parte del Sur de la Repúblioa y otras para recrearse con loa primorosos paisajes... Nunca en muchos anos se había visto el efectivo empleo del camino que conduce a Coatzacoalcos por vehículos de carga y pasaje como en esta tradicional Semana Santa. 76 camiones procedentes de varias partes del Sur y Norte de Veracruz arribaron en conjuntos de tres y hasta diez transportando 30 individuos como mínimo numero de pasajeros...... por las calles, el producto de excreción consecuencia de una necesidad corporal que en abundante cantidad ha quedado depositado a riesgo de convertirse en un foco de contaminación. Ardua labor tienen que desarrollar las Autoridades Municipales sobre todo en las calles adyaoentes a la Escuela, cuyo olor haoe imposible el trabajo escolar. 4 de Abril,, 1948. Desde el Jueves que'dó Inaugurado el servicio á'e la Telefon loa Mexicana. (Desde el, Jueves lo. del actual),. 4 de Abril, 1948. p. 1. Escribe Salvador R. Cabada Isla Refutando a Fernandez Cadena Inexactitudes divulgadas como información turístioa. El "NOVEDADES'", en su Sección de Turismo del sábado 27 del actual. (Quotes article). "Documentos interesatí- slmos que datan del puno y letra de don Hernando Cortes se encuentran en San Andres Tuxtla, ya que al designársele en decreto de 21 de Enero de 1826 se trasladaron los archivos de Santiago Tuxtla, y el egoísmo de los tenedores (no autorizados, pues aprovecharon estancias en el poder municipal para extraerlos, algunos y otros por medios igno- rados) hace que en este honorable VI Congreso de Historia seguramente no se puedan conocer. Aun se perdieron detalles importantes de. estos documentos, al recibir un desaire una comisión compuesta de honorables ciudadanos de Santiago Tuxtla, que se trasladaron a San Andrés con el fin de hacer una copia en calidad de 'souvenir'", (continued) LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notea -bft- Betty Starr Notes from Adelante, continued. 4 de Abril, 1948. continued. Gatada Islams version: "Es necesario decir que la vida muerta la vida escrita de estos hechos, que se enoontraban en los valiosísimos archivos del Palacio Municipal (de Santiago* Tuxtla) fueron quemados por manos ignorantes, estultas y criminales, que seguramente se vanagloriaron en aquella é^oca remota(no tan lejana, pues-el crimen de esa historia mexicana ocurri'ó hace aproximadamente 25 atíos). Esta última versión es seguramente la la auténtica, pues yo..investigué en las viejas familias de San Andres para obtener algunos documentos de la apoca cortesiana y nada logré. Muy pocos documentos históricos tenemos los Sananadresoanos y/creo yo ser poseedor de algunos pergaminos.de verdadero valor, que me legaron mis antepasados, cuyo primer de la Cabada nacido en San Andre's, data del ano 17uu, y no fueron robados de los archivos de origen tuxteco."

Then quotes another passage from Cadena's article: "Existe otra escultura de belleza extraordinaria y de un metro de altara aproximadamente, representando a Santiago de Galicia abatiendo a los moxos, montando un corcel blanco;..es el santo patrono del pueblo, por el cual en una ocasión hubo un altercado entre santiago y san Andrés Tuxtla, pues el segundo lugar, hoy ciudad y cabecera de distrito, en- vidioso (sic) al través de una gran parte de su masa popular, de la belleza del Santo Patrono de Santiago, formó una expedición popular con el fin de arrebatar a la capilla de "San Diego" esa escultura, pero advertidos los locales de esa aventura, pusieron en fuga a los presuntos capturadores, con una nutrida lluvia de piedras y cohetes." Cabada Isla's ideas about this event: "Ignoraba esta expedición de mis paisanos y dudo mucho de su veracidad, pero yo considero que si la hicieron, sufrieron una gran equivocación, pues era a todas luces mas conveniente ir a "robarse" la milagrosa Virgen del Carmen de Catemaco, cuya fama y popularidad nos "hubiera beneficiado mas, que un Señor Santiago de discutibles dotes milagrosas; ya que es innegable que tiene mayor atractivo para los millares de creyentes que año tras año visitan Catemaco, la Virgen del Carmen que el jinete Señor Santiago. 8 de Abril. 194ü. Nadie tiene su contrato de luz al corriente. Apenas el 2% cumple con sus obligaciones. Un 98$ de suscriptores no utilizan los focos de 40 wats conque están registrados, sino que emplean los focos solares que consumen una energía de 250 wats mas planchas, radios, etc.

18 de Abril. 1948. Daniel Fernandez Cadena replies to Cabada. Says his data came from Don Angel Ruiseco; D_ot\ Angel F. Gomez and Don Federico A. Sosa. 22 de Abril. 1948. Cabada Isla replies. Says» "Los documentos que guardo en mi poder, uno de ellos muy importante por ser copia de un decreto de Felipe II, originado por una queja de los indios caciques de San Andrés Tuxtla, fueron publicados por mi, hace algunos anos, en un periódico local, de efímera vida: La Voz de los Tuxtlas. LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notea -TO- Betty Starr 213 Note's from Adelante, continued»

15 de Mayo. 1948. 107 parejas legalizaron au unldn en un matrimonio colectivo. 11 de mayo. Prof. Polioarpo Mendoza Morfín fue organizador. . 20 de Mayo. 194B. 250 mil pesos para combatir al Chamusco., El crédito a los productores lo concedió el Banco Nacional" del Comercio Exterior. 27 de Mayo. 1948. Serios perjuicios por la falta de movimiento de carga local por loa FF.CC. Hay quince carros cargados hace tiempo en Tilapan y no pueden llegar a esta ciudad...perjudicando las existencias que debe haber en el mercado de diferentes artículos que se traen de fuera. También..ha perjudicado la construcción de la carretera a Santiago Tuxtla, pues la Compañía Constructora Union..no ha recibido algunas cosas de suma urgencia, como dinamita... 30 de Mayo, 1948. An ansier to the above, from the R.R. Conductor, saying that only 9 cara were held, and only for 5 or 6 day a, and that at preaent, "no hay un aolo carro cargado en Tilapan, deatinado a esta población". Points to the animosity toward the R.R. on the part of those constructing the carretera.

5 de Junio. 1948. Extraí Ocho Huertos al intentar evadirse de la prisión. La sangre de las victimas corrió en la Sala de Cabildos y el Parque Mpal.

6 de Junio. 1948. Los Tuxtlaa: Su producción espiritual - historia - leyenda. fPedro Hora Berista).

"Algo indudablemente, cierto es la exiatencia y permanencia del Conquistador Hernán Cortes en tierras tuxtlecas, mas posiblemente en Santiago pues es hecho cierto que San Andrea y Catemaco aurgieron poateriorraente a la terrible eruDcion de San Martin (2 de marzo de 1793). "No ae destaca la region en laa Guerras de Independencia, ni en las luchaa con naciones extranjeraa aunque es de auponerae que aquella montañosa región diera au contigente de aangre, .jaotaHxaix... "En la época que ae deataca San Andrea Tuxtla es en la Revolución Agraria de 1906..." Lista the heroes of this time.

20 de Junio. 1948. Fueron 5 laa personaa envenenadas en el miaterioso oaao de Trea Zapotea (13 de Junio). Bottle containing polaon taken from aheif of a cantina in place of habanero. lfl de Julio. 1948» Preparativoa para laa fleataa de la Virgen del Carmen» Serán ceiebradaa del 11 al 16 de eate. Domingo 11, Baile y Huapango en el parque Franci8Co I. Madero ' Lunes 12, Fiesta regional en el parque Martes 13» Carreras a pie, encostalados y de reaiatencla Miércoles 14, Palo enaebado, oarreraa de bicicletas desde la Cruz del Perdón hasta el Palacio Municipal Jueves, 15. Recorrido por la población por la banda; torneo de Cintas, corrida de toroa y baile Viernes 16, regatas de canoaa; corrida de toros; carrera de caballos; en la noche: serenata y fuegos artificlalea. L03 TUXTLAS—Field Notes •>?*<- Betty Starr ¿H Notes from Adelante, continued» 4 de Julio, 1948, Loa carros destinados para San Andrés los utilizan para pina. Son descargados en las estaciones intermedias, ocasionando perjuicios al comercio dé la región. Viene por ahí a un carro con carga local y por determinada cantidad, es descargado y entregado a una de las multiples entidades productoras de pifia...La carga original se deja en cualquier estación.... 8 de Julio. 1948. Dados los aguaceros .-. .se observan los perjuicios que ocasionan las corrientes en Tas calles..pues se recuerda que en una de ellas se ahogó el ano pasado una señora. 22 de Julio, 1948» Con un magnífico programa Santiago Tuxtla celebrará su Fiesta Titular. La programa: 23: Coronación de la reina de las íiestas ' 24: Béisbol, carreras de cabaxios, mojiganga y el Toro de Petate. Canto solemne de vísperas en el Templo de San Diego; baile popular Fuegos artificiales; baile de invitación en el Casino de los Charros» 25: Solemne. Misa Pontificial en el Templo de San Diego. {Domingo) Béisbol; carrera de caballos; Carro Alegórico; Danza de Negros del tesoro folklórico nacional-de rudo sabor cortesiano. Noche mexicana con trajes regionales en el Parque Juárez, con huapangos y baile popular. Se quemará un castillo; diversidad fuegos artificiales. 26: Béisbol; Cochinito ensebado; Torneo de-Cintas; baile popular; baile de invitación. 27: carrera' de encostalados Carrera de gatos Baile popular 25 de Julio, 1948. Fué clausurado un centro clandestino de prostitución. Fué" aprehendido un grupo de mujeres de mala nota que hacían sus escándalos en una casa de la Calle Serapio Rendon...con miembros de la tropa y algunos civiles. (3 mujeres). 8 de Agosto, 1948. Escuela, luz eléctrica y agua potable para Santiago Tuxtla... 8 de Agosto, 1948. Tarifas para el servicio de alumbrado. SERVICIO NOCTURNO: SERVICIO MIXTO DE 23.30 hs Lamps, hasta de 40 Watts c/u $1.50 Lamps, hasta de 40 Watts c/u |2.45 H M 60 lí II 2#25 n .. .. 60 3.40 II II y5 II II 2#b0 " 75 4.15 II ll100 II I. 3#75 ." " "100 5 «50 i» "150 " " 5.60 •i •• »i50 8.20 II II ll ii H200 .i H 7#5o 200 11.00 "300 " " 11.25 " "300 16.45 En lámparas de mayor intensidad, se aplicaran tarifas proporci onales. Cía. de Luz y Fuerza de San Andrés Tuxtla

12 de Agosto, 1948» Venden carne descompuesta en el Tíeroado. (| Carne de tépexcuintle descompuesta y en una fondera, varios "bisteoes en igual estado. Frecuentes quejas. 19 de Agosto . 1948. La Fauna Regional seriamente amenazada. A plea for the establishment of a game reserve. ¡- LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notea -78- Betty Starr Notes from Adelante, continued. 1 de Septiembre, 1948. San Martin Nevé en 1889. An expedition set out to aee this unusual sight (pues los viejos mas viejos de San Andrés en aquel entonces nunca supieron de que San Martin hubiera nevado). Took cohetes with then; to announce their arrival at San Martin to the people of San Andres, who congregated in Belen. Brought snow back by mule and put it on branches of trees. 1 de Septiembre, 194-8.p.1 «Interesantes Datos Histéricos (Tomadosidos del Cuadro Estadístico e Histórico del CanttfnCanton de Los Tuxtlas, formado por el C. Francisco B. G-erezano, Secretario de la Jefatura,^ por disposición del Jefe Político C. Coronel Marcelino González y Fernández, dedicado al C. G-ral, Juan Enriquez, Gobernador del Estado de Véracruz- Llave. Este informe fué rendido el 9 de febrero de lütíü, habiéndonoslo proporcionado el Sr. Carlos A. Isla). SAN ANDRES Los primeros habitantes de esta Cabecera vinieron del pueblo de Ixtla situado al oriente de San Martín a dos leguas de distancia, huyendo de la erupción qu e tuvo lugar el arto de 1664. Este volcán hizo la segunda erupción el 2 de marzo d e 1793> y tomó el nombre de Martin, porque asi se llamaba el soldado e3pano 1 que lo vid primero cuando venían en el buque las tropas que mandaba el conquistador don Hernando Cortés en 1521. Los terrenos dee ste municipio c ..T, stan aproximadamente de 4tí sitios de ganado mayor, 15 comprados por 1 os vecinos al 3r. Coronel Don Luis fiuiz el año de 1837 un o más que les c edio y las 600 varas para el fundo legal. Estos terrenos están divididos entre los vecinos según el aonvenio celebrado en Orizaba el 13 to febrero de» Lü85, por los representantes nonbrados ai efecto, el festc pertenecen a propiedad particular. SI sábado de la semana Mayor del ano de 1750, siendo Virrey Don . Francisco De Guemes y Horcacitas, conde de Kevillagigedo, hubo un motín en esta Cabecera que fue sofocado por ios valientes soldados españoles que estaban al mando del capitán Don Antonio García. Como,di a religioso», los vecinos indígenas se dirigieron a la Hermita que existía entonces con el nombre de Santa Rosa, y eí valiente capitán con anticipación habla muni- cionado la tro>a y dispuesto S.JS columnas de ataque. Al salir la gente de la iglesia sin armas de ninguna especie, puesto ,que salían de un templo a donde habían ido a hocer sus oraciones, el capitán que quiso distinguirse por su valor, suponiéndose que mucha gente lo atacaría, comenzó a hacerle fuego con su-iropa. Los indígenas emprendieron fuga y la tropa los siguió hasta sus casas; hubo muchos muertos-indígenas y ninguno de los valientes soldados porque no tenían enemigo. Concluida la función de armas se entrego la tropa al saqueo. El 28 de febrero de 1872, época en que existía una revolución en el país, 600 hombres mal armados al mando del coronel Don Albino Zamudio, capitán Pedro García Ortiz y otros jefes invitados por el C. Valeriano Obando, vinieron a esta Cabecera, a los que se replegaron el Sr. Comandante Celso Or-îz y adictos para atacar a 50 hombres del Batallón 26 qué mandaba el Capitán permanente Felipe Calderán. Sitiaron la población y á las tres de la madrugada comenzó el, fuego. En este acto el Jefe interino de la plaza Teniente Coronel Don Julián Domínguez, comunicó el suceso por cordillera (asi se llamaban los que conducen pliegos oficiales de un punto a otro del l LOS TOXTLAS—Fiól.d Notes ara» .'. *•'**•• * Betty S4tarr' {"' '*y¿„ ... ^ 2^-" - -, .; 7 Notes± from. Adelante, continued. . , Canton) al' comandante de Batallón -Don José Pinto que estaba en Santiago \ ¡jrffcj Tuxtla ooñ el capitán Casillas, teniente Pérez y subteniente Salazar y 75'"Aí".1 hombres del 16 y 40 naoionales de esta Cabecera a cargo del capitán v'-"*î Có,nrado y Francisco Jerezano,., oficial; luego que reoiblo el parte dispuao' 'V»| su marcha en «uxllio de la fuerza atacada. Llego a esta Villa como á las, "Víj nueve de la mañana y logro desalojar a los rebeldes con su sola presenoiá. Hubieron 27 muertos y algunos heridos.- r , < ; En virtud del "plan dado en OJitlan , Distrito de Tuxtepeo el 10 de J Enero de 1876, y de la revolución general entonces, se oometieron en esta Cabeoera muchos abusos por parte de las autoridades políticas y militares que, ejercieron venganzas personales. "'•-i SANTIAGO TUXTLA ^ Se ignora la elpoca de la fundación de la Villa que . encabeza este párrafo y por tradición se sabe que es una de las poblaciones que existen desde antes de que, don Hernando Cortes el Conquistador, viniera a este -, Continente. El Título de Villa lo adquirió el afip de 1525, cuando se hizo -"•"> la cesión a dicho conquistador de veintidós Villas y 22,000 vasallos, en ,. la. que ,se comprendió Tuxtla. De esta* Villa a la ciudad de Alvarado conduce un-bamiho^conocido con, el nombre de "Camino del Marque's", porque en un . . .punto de el estableció Cortés el primer ingenio de azuoar que existió por 'éstos lugares. En el cerro denominado "Totógal" que existe en este Múnioipio, se enouentran las ruinas «de un edificio antiguo que fué -, - „ ponvento de padres Alcantarinos que permanecieron allí por espacio de 131'""/* anos, 7 meses, 13 días; su ultimo guardián fué" Fray Pedro Migúele San '%'»* P>drjo. En Hueyapam, Congregación de este Municipio, existe una oabeza colosal de piedra, de un metro y centímetros de alto, y se supone que la raza etiope habito el continente americano en épocas muy remotas.. Los § terrenos de este Municipio son una parte del coman del pueblo y la otra propiedad particular. CATEMACO Comenzó^ a fundarse en 1714, por unos indígenas de esta oabecera San Andres—que siguiendo la corriente del río de este nombre por el salto de ^¿ Eyipantla, descubrieron un lago oomo de siete leguas de circunferencia. ., . ¡ La abundanoia de pescado que en el encontraron los determino a estabieoeráe*.,tj allí, construyendo al efecto varios ranohos que. denominaron x "La Pesquería''-; y después Catemaoo. v- • f/M El afto dê 1718 llególa estos lugares Fray Diego á*e Lozada con una. imagen* déla Virgen ,del Carmen colectando limosnas y en.lf26.que /falle o id*, la .dejtí ,""*3 como-regalo a los indígenas; es/tos la opnd'ujeron de San Andrés a Catemaoo. '£¡ y le construyeron una iglesia de*¿aoate ynpalos• - '* ' - '/$ En 1793 ouando hizo laerupqloV el' volcán de San Martin, algunas familias "fueron a'refugiarse allí y fijaron su residenoia'aumentando el censo ai grado que en 1823 fuá elevada la Congregación a la oategoría de pueblo con 1100 habitantes* h * LOS TUXT1AS--Field Notes Betty Starr 2.Z7 Notes from Adelante, continued . En 1823 acopiaron el material para construir la iglesia que hoy tiene el pueblo y cinco aifr'os después la concluyeron. El primer alcalde que tuvo el pueblo fué el español Don José' Antonio Campos, por el término de cinco at)os, sucediéndole Don José Gabriel Guillen, y después Don Domingo García "hasta la caída del General Don Antonio -Lopez de Santa Anna. San Andres Tuxtla, Ver. febrero de 1888 •• ~" .

1 de Septiembre, 194b. P. 2. Fundación de San Andrés, Tuxtla Según el Informe Oficial de la Jefatura Política rendido el día 4 de Junio del ano de 1887, por el entonces Jefe político G. Marcelino González y Fernandez. "3A¡¡ AKDRES TUXTLA. Afirmativamente se ignora la procedencia de los primeros pobladores, pues algunos opinan que vinieron del punto llamado CACHAPA (Debe ser Coxopan, rio de faisanes) situado en^e-1 monte del Marque's, otros que de Montepío, congregación de este municipio situado al norte de la ribera del mar, a siete leguas de distancia detesta cabecera, otros, que procedieron de- Río de Catta situado también por el mismo rumbo entre Punta de Arenas y de Punta Puntillas huyendo de la invasión del pirata Lorencillo, y algunos creen que son originarios de Santiago Tuxtla, pero respecto a este ultimo, se oree que no, porque los apellidos indígenas no tenían ni tienen semejanza con aquellos. Esta población no comenzó a formarse cuando la invasión del pirata Lorencillo porque esta se verifico en el siglo pasado;, tampoco procedieron de Tuxtla porque aunque las costumbres son iguales el dialecto (el acento) eddistinto así como la fisonomía a excepción de algunos que posteriormente 3e han avecinado de esta~"villa en aquella o viceversa y ademas hace poco tiempo según ne sido informado que la clase indígena usaba chamarra larga hasta la rodilla ci'ríéndola a la cintura , costumbre que nadie de esta villa ha tenido antes ni ahora. Con estos datos fácil sera" dar la opinion respecto de los primeros^pobladores de este lugar. ~ Su fundación se dice que da£a_desde 168b y según constancias particulares que se tienen a la vista se cree que aBxEianenxaxia sea desde el ano de 1664 fecha que hizo erupción el volcán de San Martin situado en este municipio. Esta población segtín opiniones estaba al pié de dicho volcán pero la Jefatura tratando de recoger datos más verídicos, solicito de la señora Ana M. de Oulliver de Quíntela los que posee de su finado aeíior. padre el Ingeniero Dn. José y en ellos consta que los vecinos de, San Andre's procedieron del pueblo de Ixtla situado al Oriente del Volcan, a dos leguas de distancia y que a consecuencia de la erupción volcánico que tuvo lugar el ano de 1664 abandonaron la población para fundarla en el valle ,que lleva el nombre de San Andrés. La erección de este Municipio data desde el afío 1718 en virtud de que los habitantes, entonces de esta cabecera, solicitaron y obtuvieron del virrey de^Nueva España erigirlo en pueblo según se ve en la noticia que se acompaña.... Signed... San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver., a 17 de agosto de 1948. Llborio F. Chigo. LOS TUXT1AS—Field Notes Betty Starr

Notes from Adelante, continued.

1 de Septiembre de 1948. Recordando el 1900. Por ^alv ador R. Gatada. P. 2. Recollections of don Ramon Rodríguez, now_ln Cordoba.( "En 19üÚ..San Andres era sacudido por un fuerte temblor que derrumbo varias casas y sembré el espanto entre'los Sanandrescanos.

"En ese principio de siglo, San Andres siguió con una nueva calamidad. Una tromba de agua que cayo en la laguna de Cateraacó inundo todo este pueblo, su desagüe, el río de Comoapam, destruyo el puente de este nombre. • Todas las siembras de sus riberas fueron destrozadas por las turbulentos aguas, asi como los jacales de ios campesinos. Los cerdos, becerros y gallinas aparecieron después subidos a los árboles, a donde fueron arrastrados por la corriente. "La vida, tranquila y monótona del Andres de aquella época; aislado completamente por la falta de comunicación oon el resto de la República, ya que su dnica salida fácil, y eso en tiempo de secas, era por Alonso Lázaro, í'ue^ agitada por el Jefe Político, Faustino Gonzalez, quien, hablando en nombre del progreso y lá civilización, recogió dinero entre nuestros ancestros dé entonces, para instalar una planta eléctrica para proporcionar luz...y don Faustino desapareció' misteriosamente llevándose los pesos porflrianos de plata colectados para este.'fin."

1 de Septiembre de 1948. "Del Tiempo Pasado" - p. 20".

recuerdos de nuestro San Andres de hace cincuenta an os..'.'la era de bonanza de San Andrés que nos dio el tabaco, -que según observadores, llegó' a calcularse su movimiento anual, en seis millones de pesos.

"Solo así pudo justificarse el establecimiento de tres bancos, El Nacional de México; Sucursal del Banco Mercantil de Veraoruz y el Hipotecario de México. "Los dos primeros con sus respectivas oficinas y planta de empleados. El uno con domicilio en el hoy Hotel Fernandez, y el otro en donde actualmente esta el .Centro Social 'Unión', siendo de advertir que aparte del funcionamiento de estos bancos, 'algunas casas comerciales de importancia, operaban oomo si fuesen verdaderos bancos:. "Época en la que llegó' a hablarse de una verdadera orgia de dinero motivada por la importanoia del trabajo y de la, confianza y seguridad tanto en la ciudad como en el campo, que nos hace murmurar: "O témpora. O mores! por aquello de "Todo el tiempo pasado fué mejor". Durante el período bonancible de nuestro tabaco, se manifestaba el interés por la compra de el, por pa¡rte de los compradores, que regularmente desde noviembre de cada año se les veía llegar de Europa y ooncertaban operación con los tabacaleros, cuando aun la planta se hallaba en el campo, deseosas cada quien, de adquirir el mayor numero de arrobas de tabaco." LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes -Té*- Betty Starr Notes from Adelante, continued. 1 de Septiembre dé 1948, p. 10. "E"L primer Cine de San Andres." 189b. Eate primitivo aparato de Cine era accionado a mano y la luz era produoto de gas acetileno. Se cobró a tostón la entrada general. 1 de Septiembre de 1948. p.14 , in article entitled "La Fundación de ''La Palma'"» ~ ~~ '•'"•'/ • • . "Guando se fundo 'La Palma' (189*8) la vía de comunicación existente era la de Alonso Lázaro, la del Palo Herrado, utilizando simulas y carretas para él transporte de pasajeros y BBitmercanciás. Por ahí ealía también el tabaco que se cosecha en esta Zona. "Quienes vimos como se transportaban mercancías y pasajeros en aquel entonces por las vías que se aluden, podemos asegurar que San Andre's nada ha adelantado en comunicaciones terrestres, ya que en tal "época salía uno de esta ciudad a las 4 de la mañana, a Alonso lázaro tomaba uno el vaporclto Eyipantla, el Ca^emaco o el Aivarado y a las 12 estaba uno en el Puerto de Alvarado, allí se embarca uno y a las 4 de la tarde'se estaba llegando a Veracruz. Hoy se embaroa uno en el Ramal a las 4 de la mañana y se ignora la hora de llegada a Veracruz. La carga- cuando mas1 hacia de Veracruz a este lugar tres días. Antes y ahora mismo, el camino mas corto para llegar al puerto Jarrocho es el cemimo abierto por nuestros abuelos y que ahora están utilizando para la carretera/ 26 de Septiembre de 1948. p. 1. "San Andres Tuxtla se muere de.sed". El agua debe ser para el Pueblo y.nó pura los FF.CC. 30 de Septiembre de 1948. p. 1. "Hace falta agua por falta de dinero". Se necesitan 4uo mil pesos para contar con abundante agua, dice la Empresa concesionaria del Servicio. 30 de Septiembre de 1948. p. 1. Las técnicas Freinet aplicándose en San Andrés. Las Técnicas Freinet no son otra cosa que la aplicación de la imprenta en la Escuela. 30 de Septiembre de 1948. p. 4. Catemaoo. "¡*o le han hecho caso al atrio de la Catedral." "Nos habíamos referido al descuido en que se encuentra el atrio de la, iglesia local, en el centro de la población por los futidos olores que despide ya que allí van a hacer muchos sus necesidades corporales así como toda clase de animales: caballos, cerdos", perros y gallinas se encuentran a diario." 3 de Octubre de 1948. Cpmq resolver él problema del*a.gua. Con minima . Inversion pueden captarse los manantiales de Puchuapam, El Amate y Otapam. - •. '• . . ' .-•.'. w /T de Ootubre de 1948» Terminaron los estudios topográficos de la. Hldroeléotrlc a de Gatemaco. Se generaran 100 mil Kva. y Berá una de' las más grandes del País. w •'•',. y ' "Con seguridad el ano entrante ya serán iniciados los trabajos que terminarán con la instalaolon de la primera unidad." , (1949 has come and gone and this work has not been started). JO de Ootubre de 1948. Cátemaco no paga a sus maestros municlpaleé puntual- mente desde hace algdn «tiempo, y que aparte tienen que soportar el . despotismo del Tesorero Municipal. — 2-ZO LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes ¿TU- Betty Starr Notes-from Adelante, continued. 24 de Octubre de 1948. Columnas volantes para detener el abigeato... Una columna de la Policía del Estado. 28 de Octubre de 1948. Hoy salió la columna volante. 31 de Octubre de 1948. KOX No- colaboran los Ganaderos - nadie pudo facilitar caballos. 4 dé*Noviembre de 1948. Interviene la Comisión del Papaloapan en el problema local del Agua Potable. 4 de Noviembre de 1948. • Santiago Tuxtla: Prófugo de la Justicia. 7 de Noviembre de 1948. *w«w- De tres balazos un na<^re asesino a su hijo, (Santiago Tuxtla) 11 "de Noviembre de 1948. ' Enérgica batida contra los que adulteran la leche. 20 de Novlerrbre de 1948. Salvaje que da, seis machetazos a unaTfuJec (Santiago Tuxtla) Una ola. de crímenes.... 25 de Noviembre de 1948. Cátenme o. SQüCKgK Injustos preoios cobran las personas que inyectan. Charge a man who earns $3.00 or $4.00 a day, $30.00 or $35*00 for injections...

ii- i| 2¿) LOS TUXTLAS--Field Note» Batty Starr

MALINTZIN Y IAS TRES IACKJNAS A legend told to Carlos de la Maza by Tío Chope on th« shores of Lake Catemaoo, nany years ago* Printed in Adelante. December 1, iy48. ^La llallnohe o Malintzln).

En las faldas del "San Martin" vivía su Tribu (del primer Tio Chepe), la oasa era abundante» más no así la pesoa y aquella mañana de radiante primavera moitaba a caminar hasta el gran lago (hoy de Catemaoo) en busoa del sabroso Topóte y las mojarras* Deoidido a oumpllr sus deseos desoolgó del poete la atarraya y el arpón tomando el camino del lago, de paso bañóse y bebió agua en la laguna ohloa aquella que deolan era la enoantada, porque era abundante en aguas durante la sequía y esoaza de ellas en tiempos de lluvias. Atardeola ouando llegó hasta la orilla del gran lago y pensándolo bien, decidió oazar los peces al amaneoer, tendiéndose a dormir bajo los Amates rendido de oanaanoio y. al despertarse aun en el olelo parpadeaba incierta la luz curiosa del ultimo luoero. Era el instante en que el horizonte la vista no acierta a definir si es de un matiz lila o violeta. Las hojas y las flores aun dormían entumeoidas cubiertas por el rocío nocturnal, las aves lanzaban ooultas aun en la enramada sus primeros trinos como un grito de Jubilo a la vida, los animales grandes y pequeños torpemente 'daban los primeros pasos en el desperezo matinal, sólo aquel gran lago aún permaneoía dormido, sus aguas quietas, tal parecía que extenuado descansara el coloso aquellos momentos para seguirse azotando oon furia sobre sus playas de ensueño* Suavemente como temiendo herir las ultimas sombras de la noche, fueron ápareoiendo los rosados rayos de luz de la alborada, ei cielo dormilón despojóse de su túnioa de gasas que le formara la neblina y los primeros rayos del sol dando un beso a las aguas del lago, fueron resbalándose hasta perderse en el horizonte* Había amanecido y el lago también despertaban Absorto como estaba contemplando nacer el nuevo día, perdida la vista en el horizonte, sobresaltado volteóse al oír el rumor de unos pasos que turbaban la soledad haolendo orugir las arenas y grande fué su sorpresa al ver da eapaldaa una mujer vaatlda oon telas da raros odores que llevaba un oántaro sobre la oabeza. ?De donto había salido la mujer aquella, puesto que el no habla visto oaserío ni o abatía oeroana muonas leguas a la redonda? Intrigado, quiso darle aloanoe para ver su oara y definir su tribu, más ella apretando el paso no lo dejaba alcanzarla, más aprisa oaminaba el, más rápido oaminaba élia moviendo su ouerpo Juncal, así atravezaron entre la floresta rumbo de Espagolla y atravezando la cañada llegaron ante una laguna pequeña da aguas muy oiaras y ella bajando al oántaro de su oabeza sumergiólo en el agua y al irlo vaciando y llenando repetidas veoes vio que lavaba el nixtamal que llevaba en al oántaro, las aguas antas tan oiaras fueron tomando el oolor amarillento que deja el maíz al lavársele* LOS TUXTLAS—field notes -T9,- Betty Starr

Cuando hubo terminado oolooo nueva»rita el oántaro sobro la oabeza y siguió caminando, corta fué la distancia para encontrar otra lagunlta semejante a la anterior de aguas cristalinas, volvió a desoerifter su oántaro y despojándose de sus vestiduras sumergióse en el agua tomando de las orillas las hojas de Amolé que en abundancia oreelan y restregando con ellas su ouerpo, fue' brotando espuma y el agua de la laguna antes tan olara tomó el oolor verde de las hojas de Amolé* Terminado el baño y cubierta otra vez, siguió su oamino oon el oántaro ahora sobre la olntura. ?Qué era aquella mujer, Diosa o Ángel infernal? ?Porqué a su contaoto cambiaban de oolor las aguas? ?Porqué no podía aun ver su oara? ?porqué sus pasos no le daban aloanoe? Siguió con el fardo de su lnoertldumbre a cuestas tras de ella, perdida la noción de la voluntad y el tiempo cuando apareólo a su vista la tercer laguna, preguntóse cual sería el color de aquellas aguas tan puras y ella al llegar a la orilla tan solo llené de agua su oántaro sin que oolor alguno las matizara y enoendiendo lumbre aoeroó tres piedras a manera de que el oántaro reelDiera el calor sobre ellas, cuando hubo terminado su rara faena el maíz lavado en la primer laguna se había convertido en blanco pozol. Hizole un llamado para que calmara su curiosidad y hambre, al terminar la oomida oon voz que era un susurro diJóle ella: ~lái padre, amo y sefror de Ouazaooaloo ha partido a xas tinieblas eternas, mi tribu me destina ss a ser. la esolava del Conquistador, pero antes como despedida en mi paso por éstos parajes de ensueño donde reina la eterna primavera, he querido dañe nombre y oolor a las pequeñas lagunas, xa pernera se llamará en reouerdo de haber tomado ei oolor al lavar el maíz NIXTAMALAPAN, la segunda donde encontré xa delicia dex baño y que tomé el color del Amolé que aseara mi ouerpo AMULABAN y ésta en la que fue heobo el blanoo y rico pozole que hemos oomldo, FOZOLAPAH y, ahora que se cumpla el destino de la que los hombres llaman Maxintzln. Tal como vino perdióse entre la floresta para ser mas tarde oomo dijera Lépez Velarde RAJA DE CANELA EN EL CHOCOLATE DEL CONQUISTADOR. Córdoba* Ver., a 2ti de octubre de 1948. LOS TUXTLAS-- Field Notas Betty Starr

Monografía de Santiago Tuxtla Esorlbe Foiioarpo MENDOZA M. Especial para "ADELANTE" Io de Dioleobre de 1948

La Villa de Santiago Tuxtxa que se enouentra al sureste del Estado de Veraoruz se halla enclavada dentro de un aesloíroulo aontañoso que sigue una dlreooión de Oeste a Noroeste y que oomprende una oadena de penas Montuosas que uniéndose al San Martín van a desenbooar al Golfo de México: Este Municipio, oabeoera de su mismo nombre está situado 12 kilómetros al N. de San Andres, su poblaolón distribuida dentro de un terreno quebrado y a 288 m. sobre el nivel del mar esta limitada por el norte oon el Golfo de México; por el Este con Tierra colorada, limite Juridiocional con San Andres; por el Sur con el arroyo de Xoteapan y por el Oeste con un ramal del río San Juan que se divide en el potrero llamadas las Isletltas perteneciente a la extinguida hacienda de Bodegas de Otapan, continuando oon otro mas llamado actualmente Alonso Lázaro; siguiendo este mismo curso hacia el Norte se desem- boca en el arroyo de Chunlapan, en el potrero del Tecomate, oontinuando en línea reota tosJrac3tx«x^xK«tsxxxsg^x«xxgaxfsx&sxM«x«s» hasta el panteón de esta misma Ranchería hasta llegar al Meson (hoy Angel R. Cabada) en donde se encuentra una mojonera. De aquí se parte en línea reota hacia el norte hasta llegar al Golfo de México* Hasta la fecha se Ignora la fundación de este lugar, pues los mejores datos que podríamos haber tomado se destruyeron en el incendio de que fue víctima nuestro palacio Municipal el arfo de 191b cuando manos criminales acabaron oon los mejores documentos oon que podríamos haber contado. Sin embargo gracias a la opinion de algunos historiadores looales ya desaparecidos y a los que debemos muoho de los datos que apareoen en este pequeño trabajo como son don Camilo Camino que fué profesor de este lugar hace unos 50 anos; don Antonio Verdejo que oon el mismo cargo laboro allá por el 1900; don Ángel RulseCo, filósofo, escritor, poeta e historiador y don Teodoro A* Diez, de grata memoria para todos nosotros: fue medico, historiador, andariego y un gran humanista que Jamás saco proveoho a su profesión, sabemos que los fundadores de este lugar fueron los Othomíes y que otra tribu aas numerosa y de oaraoter bellooso que residió entre Tiaxcala y Puebla continuamente hacían la guerra a estos habitantes quienes oansados de batallar separadamente se unieron a otras tribus mas numerosas para por medio de las armas arrojar a quienes tanto los perseguían* Estos que salieron vi o to rl osos en varios combates fueron al fin venoldos y des- pojados del terreno que poseían, por lo que acaudillados por su Rey, emprendieron una larga peregrinación hacia el Este llegando a un terreno fértil en donde fundaron COTAXTLA* Pasado algún tiempo y oon la muerte del Rey que los mandaba, lo sustituyó su hijo quien quiso vengar las derrotas sufridas por su padre y recuperar el terreno perdido llevando la guerra nuevamente a sus enemigos* Con tan mala suerte que en el primer oombate los derrotaron xx<+ ¿HI- LOS TUXTLAS—Plold Notes Betty Starr Monografía de Santiago Tuxtla. continuado» persiguiéndolos hasta el pueblo que habían fundado» Cotaxtla, de donde también los arrojaron por lo que oon esperanzas de mejor éxito emprendieron nueva peregrinaolón al Este llegando a un lugar en donde actualmente está: Arroyo Largo donde fundaron otro gran oentro de poblaolón comprendiendo sus dominios los Valles del Este y Oeste del oerro El Vigía por el oual se diseminaron fundando diversas pobiaoiones. Al llegar a la cúspide del mencionado oerro descubrieron la hondonada que inmediatamente poblaron ya que no habría nadie que diera oon ellos pues el humo de sus fogatas nunca podría rebasar las alturas qus los favorecían. Es la épooa en que fundan TOXTLAN o tierra de oonejos, en donde vivieron paoífioamente ocupándose de la agricultura, la alfarería y trabajos tallados en piedra* Esta tribu que debe haber sido inmensamente numerosa dejé vestigios de su paso en los siguientes lugares: Lauohapan, Mazumlapan, El Platanal, y la mayoría de las Congregaciones que perteneoen a este Municipio y quedan al Oeste. Seguramente para recordar el lugar de procedencia perpetuaron su reouerdo con la eonstruooión de tres indios tallados en piedra en la oúspide del Vigía que existían en la siguiente forma: una apuntando al Oeste, otro al Este y el último al Norte, pero que gentes ambiciosas oreyóndolaa con oro en su interior volaron oon dinamita. Consumada la Conquista el Gobierno Colonial declaro a Toxtlán la poblaolón más importante y más antigua de la oosta (se fundo 11 años después que Veraoruz) Cabeoera de Partido, anteponiéndole el nombre de Santiago en memoria del Patrono de España. Su. ultimo Alcalde Mayor fué don Fausto Cerraín persona de vasta instrucción que adquirió oelebridad por el ruidoso litigio que como apoderado de la Cofradía de la Virgen del Rosarlo de esta Villa, sostuvo contra los frailes agustinos de Puebla, duefjos en aquella épooa de la Haoienda El Zapotal que aiín perteneoe a este lugar quien no pudiendo resolver esta controversia en México la elevaron al Rey Carlos IV que fallé en favor de la cofradía menolonada. El Título de Villa fué^ooneedldo por Emperador Carlos V de Alemania y I de España en 1525; formo parte de las 22 Villas que oon 23 mil vasallos regalo el mismo Emperador de España por Real Cédula de 7 de mayo de 1525 al Conquistador Cortés oomo premio a sus servicios agraciándolo ademas, oon el título de Marque's del Valle de Oaxaoa. Digno es de mencionarse que los habitantes de San Andres Tuxtla, fueron hijos de esta Villa, así oomo los de Catemacó y aún la oludad de Tlaootalpan quienes se ooupaban de la pesos y la alfarería y ouyo lugar llevé el nombre de Repáblloa de Indios* Congregaolones que pertenecieron o perteneoen a este Munioiplo: Cruz de Vidana, ojo de Agua, Omeapan, Tlbernal, Tres Zapotes, Plxlxiapan, Meson (hoy Munioiplo de Ángel R. Cabada), San Marcos, Rinoón de Luola, Seseoapam, Sehualaoa, Arroyo Largo, Hueyapan, La Ceroa, La Pitahaya, San Simon, Alonso Lázaro, Bodegas de Otapan, Los Lirios, San Juan de los Reyes, Tapaiapan, Los Saltos, Medellín y Boo a del Monte* jaguar, el tigre, el gato montea. Jabalí, coyote, venado» tejón, mázate, armadillo, tepexoulntie, ardillas, martas, etc, en rapaces tenemos gavilanes, leohuzas, zopilotes, pájaro vaquero, etc», en pájaros hay ruiseñores, olarín, colibrí, oanarlos, primaveras, gorriones* En palomas hay tórtolas, lxoan, pioo raoh, patos de agua, garzas, grullas y otras más* EL RIO TUXTLA O TEPANGO nace de un pequeño desagüe de la laguna de Cuyuapan, (aguas de aouyo) al N.E. de esta villa que existe por las faldas de San Martín» engrosando su volumen los siguientes arroyos: Zlnapan, (agua de carrizo), Tamanlapan (aguas de tamanl), Tataxoteyo (aguas de oaraool), Posolapan (aguas de camarón reoulador), Nanoinapan (aguas de nanohe), Tabanabalapan (aguas de brujo borracho;, Slnagabaxoan (aguas de murciélagos), Ixoababltapan (aguas de palo de algodón) y Tatooapan (aguas de siembra u ziegw* Todos estos arroyos que nacen al N. de este rio que atraviesa esta población aumentan su volumen oon los que nacen al E, NO y O que también le son tributarlos oomo ÁgataJapan (aguas de pulgas), Tepmapan (agua de aootope), Polllnapan (aguas de Jabalí), Xogoyo (aguas de palo canela), Cagabaxdbhllt (afeuas de paxtle) Baxtepec, Fexooyuoan, Zapotapan. Pompono, Totogaloo (aguas de pájaro que oanta) Bagata (arroyo que se seoa). Chachalaoapan, Maxyapan, Seseoapan, Tegagala (aguas de bejuco de ohupabaya), Tetluoa, Xoteapan; Agoyota, Arroyo Hediondo, Tlobaxta, Chlnihiapan, Tataxoteyo, eto* Este rio no puede ser navegable debido ala rapidez de sus corrientes y a la caída da sus aguas* En lagunas tenemos: Laguna Colorada, El Tular, Pixlxiapan, y Zaragoza oontenlendo Julles, róbalos, tortugas, galápagos, lagartos, etc* Existen varias oaidas de agua (oasoadas oomo Xotéoao a s 2 k* al N* de este lugar, oon 7 metros de altura; Aooxapan; Posolapan eon tres metros; Nanoinapan oon 12 metros; Gabalbapan, 3 metros: Moxoovayan (asoledero de Mijes), a 40 metros del puente Zaragoza; La Maquina por el Puente Colón; Tegáltltan, Casa de Piedra, Palenque, Belllapan, Tepetapan. ALGUNOS DATOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS: En la Congregaoion de Tres Zapotes que perténeoe a este Muniolplo existe la Cabeza Colosal; en el mismo lugar dos oabezas más ehioas (la primera pesa 20 toneladas), un guerrero gigantesco y una loza de piedra oon fauoes de tigre* En este mismo lugar y allá por el 1901 estuvo don Pedro del Paso y Ponce, Director del Museo Nacional quien tomó la fotografía de la cabeza eolosai que era H7 LOS TOXTLA3—Field Notas Betty Starr Monografía de Santiago Tuxtla. oont. la ¿nica que se había descubierto. En Cobata, terrenos de don Andrés Fernandez existe una figura tallada en piedra, en forma de butaoa y en la puede sentarse cómodamente. En la Leona, otro terreno del sen7or Fernández, se enouentran las siguientes figuras: un tigre, otro en forma de León, lagartos, y piedras oon geroglífloos. En el mismo Cobata se enouentra un Ídolo de cuerpo entero tallado en piedra rooosa que está señalando el Sur* En Tagala, propiedad de Rodolfo Martínez existen dos monolitos grabados en piedra y en la siguiente forma. 4 figuras diferentes que se antojan (a) oara de perro;(b) un mono; (o) una lagartija y (d) una oara oon reolas oaraeterístioas de un indio de la epooa preoorteslana; y otra figura también representa otro Indio. En este mismo lugar pero distante de los anteriores se enouentra una loza de piedra que mide aproximadamente 3 metros de longitud por dos de ancho oon signos Jeroglíficos. En Totogal descubrí dos figuras, la primera es una oara que tiene la particularidad que de lejos da la Impresión de que despidiera rayos, que hipnotizara, y la segunda otra piedra con signos Jeroglíficos. En este mismo lugar pero unos 4Uü metros mas abajo se enouentran las ruinas de un templo dedicado a San Pedro Alcantara y que, fue oonstruído por orden del conquistador Cortés quien personal- mente eligió el lugar en 1522; allí mismo se ven vestiglos de una calle de piedra sobrepuesta que lleva hasta la cúspide del Vigía. Como dato histórico diremos que en la parroquia de San Diego existe un Cristo que es una verdadera obra de arte, que mide tres metros, cuyo autor fue el esoultor romano DIONIS y que don Hernán Cortes trajo ex- profesamente a este lugar en su segundo viaje a la Nueva España. DANZAS: Existe la Danza de Negros del Tesoro folklórico Naolonal y que se baila ano tras año en las festividades del Santo Patrono; además existen otras como son la de los Líseres que se lnloian el día de San Juan por creer precisamente que en ese día fué ouando hizo erupoIon el San Martín y seguramente los colores que usan reouerdan a los animales y que nos ouenta la tradiolón bajaron a este pueblo huyendo de la erupción y bajaron a este poblado huyendo de las montabas del norte. El brillante torneo de cintas que a la usanza mora se oorre ano oon ano en las fiesta titular de esta Real Villa. PARAJES QUE CIRCUNDAN ESTA MIRIFICA VILLA: Chapuitepeo, Tatooapan» Zapoapan» El Sonado» Agoyota, El Cerrlto (lugar en que se oree vivió Cortés)» El Palenque, Rio arando, Sehualaoa, y otros de incomparable belleza que serla prolijo enumerar. LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes -^SSe Batty Starr -copia- LIGA DE COMUNIDADES AGRARIAS Y SINDICATOS CAMPESINOS DEL ESTADO C. N. C. COMITÉ REGIONAL CAMPESINO SAN ANDRES TUXTLA,VER. enero 17 de 1950* DATOS QUE SE LE PROPORCIONAN A LA SEÑORITA BETTY STARR. SAN ANDRES TUXTIA Comunidades Campesinas que son adherentes a esta Instltuolón 52 olnouenta y dos» del Municipio de 3.A. Tuxtla. Un promedio de OCHO MIL CAMPESINOS EN EL MPIO. MUNICIPIO DE CATEMACO. Nueve Comunidades Campesinas oon un promedio de Tres Mil oampeslnoa, Jefes de fanIlla» SANTIAGO TUXTLA. 34 treinta y ouatro Comunidades Campesinas oon u promedio de CUATRO MIL DOSCIENTOS CINCUENTA CAMPESINOS JEFES de Familia.

Esta Instltuolón tiene un raquítico subsidio del Gobierno del Estado, para su sostenimiento. Los oampeslnoa no pagan ninguna cooperación u cuota para atender sus problemas* Se les ayuda a resolver sus problemas de Eduoaolon: solioltud de Maestros, peticiones, Censos esoolares, etc CUESTIONES AGRARIAS: Solioltud de Ingenieros para las dota- ciones de tierras, deslindes, redeslindes, acomodamiento de ejidatarios, nuevos centros de población, depurador) de Censos, etc CUESTIONES ECONÓMICAS! Gestiones oeroa del Banoo Nao. de Crédito Ejldal, para las Refaoolones de los campesinos, (No han sido refaccionado en el presente dolo agríoola), organización de aoeledades agrícolas, etc. "•"Caminos Veoinales, organlzaolop de personal para tal objeto, Salubridad, y otros beneflelos diversos para los trabajadores del oaapo. LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes Betty Starr -copla- LIGA DE COMUNIDADES AGRARIAS Y SIM)ICATOS CAMPESINOS DEL ESTADO — C.N.C. -2- Ha cooperado para la presentación de conscriptos para sus servidos Militar Nacional Obligatorio, para la Defensa de la Patria. Su posición en el aspecto social y polítloo es genuinanente democrática y está oontra posición oon los seotores comunistas y otros sectores antipatrióticos* Su tema es tierra. Libertad* Eduoación y Trabajo* San Andres Tuxtía, Ver. enero 17 de 1950* Por el Comité" Regional* SECRETARIO GENERAL (Signed) J. MARTIN ANOTTA 2.3 o LOS TÜXTLAS—Field Notes -"8?- Betty Starr The Catemaoo Incident

ocaooDcao A&m?'.' Jb-»Srmei!adesl Madero 20 " irftcc.os-is tropicales y " tiJeriámcD DéLOS wxtiL Q parasitarias Q SaD Andrea Tuxtla Ver, ftVenustiano Carranza núm, "Q Miembro de Periodistas Unidos de América - División Mexicana ?£ Telf. *f San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver. Director-Gerente: Reg, como Art. de 2a. Ciase en !a Adr.:ón. local de ADALBERTO TOTO LINARES Correos el 2 de febrero de i94r>. Año VI Tomo Vil San Andrés I uxtla, Ver., Martes 10 de Enero de 1950 Núm. 449

El Pueblo amotinhdo detuvo al Cura Alvarado para exigirle cuentas Toda la ciudad ayer se conmovió al medio día al tejier noticia de que el pueblo de Gaternaco, dirigido por la Ju#ta Parroquial y un sacerdote que dicen, es cismático, había detenido a la salida de dicho lugar hacia acá, al Cura Diego .Manuel Alvarado y lo había conducido hacia el centro de l%pob!ación, ignorándose su paradero, dado el estado de agitación que reinaba entre los nombres y mujeres que prácticamente lo apresaron. La noticia nos llegó por conducto de uno de los testigos presenciales, el conocido y popular fotógrafo Don juüán Torres, que nos dijo lo siguiente; Serían como las dece y media del día. cuando abordé el carro de "Zancas" (Sr. Rogelio Lar. ) para regresar a esta ciudad, y en él venían el Padre Alvarado y tres persona0 mas, parece qué visitantes e los-que vinieron a la consagración de la Catedral. Observamos a mucha gente reunida en e! parque al sarir el earro y al llegar a la salida, estoba obstruido el camino por un numeroso grupo de personas, mas de 300 armabas de p^los y piedras, hombres^y mujeres, que conmina x- ron al chofer a parar y le obligaron a salir tomando la dirección Gonzalo Aguirrre, al bajar yo. que fui a trabajar allá con mi cámara, seguramente pensaron que iba a tomar alguna fotografía y se abalanzaron sobre mí y me golpearon y destrozaron la cámara (efectiva- mente tuvimos a nuestra vista los pedazos de una cá- mara fotográfica), habiendo reconocido entre ellos a Pedro Ortíz y a. Rieardo Cadena. Satisfechos del des- trozo que me hieieron. vi el coche en que se llevaron al Padre Alvapado y demás personas, entre insultos de la peor clsse. Yo me quedé allí y en el primer coche que pasó me vine para acá, INTERVIENEN LAS AUTORIDADES Algunas personas conocedoras de esto, dieron parte al Ministerio Público del Estado y a la Policía Judi- cial, que pusieron el ci-o en manos de C. Jefe de la Oficina Federal de Hacienda que hace las veces d£ Agente del Ministerio Público Federal C Ignacio Car- vajal Bern»!, quien en unió" délos CC Lie. Raúl Linca j Medellín, Virgilio. Rojas y Lara y Baraquiei Hernández, Ise trasladaron cuno a las cuatro de la tarde a Catema- co. Ya allí estaba el Mayor Julb Villar Rascón, enviado por el Sector de esta ciudad. Afortunadamente, se- gún parece, que fl destacitnento federal de allí intervi- no y el Padre Alvarado fue llevado a la Presidencia Mu nicipal en donde se le protegió. En las afueras en la calle y el Parque Madero es taba congregada una multitud de cerca de mil personas que se congregaron al grito de "se van a llevar a la Vir- gen del Carmen a San Andrés'' -• CARGOS QUE LE HACEN AL PÁRROCO El cargo fundamental que le hae^n al Padre Al- varado es en el sentido de que el Templo de la Virgen del Carmen de Catemaco debería tener una suma superior a 200 mil pesos en valores que al recibir el nuevo párroco no aparecen. El Padre Alvarado, encargido de la Iglesia de Santa Rosa local también oficiaba en Cate- maco, pero indica que allí había un sacristán que se a— pellidaba Taxilaga, que en todo caso ,es el responsable de algún faltante en caso de que lo haya. Así Jpoco máe o menos era el tenor de un acta que se lnvantó en la Presidencia, cuando llegaron las Autoridades Judiciales y se avocaron alconocimiento de los hechos. Allí algunas personas hirieron constar su descontento y el Sr. Carvajal, les hizo ver cual era el procedimiento que con- forme a las Ieyeá deberían hab r segujdo. Se levantaron coqstancias^.y regresaron por h tarde ya con el Padre [!Alya3t»¿Ío!'*5erá en el transcurso de las diligencias que se ¡están efectuando, para determinar ios delitos q je se ha- iyan de perseguir en este sensacional asunto. 2-3J LOS TUXTIA3—Field Notes Betty Starr The Catemaoo Incident

Aproveche la ^SaSEES.- F" ATENCIÓN Gran Rebaja dt pre- FUMADORES f cios en sin Departa- Ya llegaron susexquisi- L mentos J| s tos Cigarros, de KOPA Y || fl -DELICADOS- U Desde una cajetilla has CALZADO * ta un paquete; principalmente Cómprelos a . 8 LA ESTRELLA tlferiádico délos mxtlas JOSE MUNIZ ALVAREZ Miembro de Periodistas Unidos de América - División Mexican. San Andrés Tuxtla Ver. Director-Gerente. ADALBERTO TOTO LINARES Reg, como Art. de 2a. Clase en la Admón- local de v Correos el 2 de febrero de i94ü. San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver„ Jueve¡ 12 de Enero de 1950 Núm, 450 Responsable la Junta Se sigue afirmando que eiios arroqni fueron ios que instigaron al pueblo para presionar al Padre Alvarado. Querían pegarle al Arzobispo Monseñor Martínez, si hubiera ido a Catemaeo. En relación con los hechosjs.ucedidos el lunes Ó del actual en la Villa de Catemaeo, en el que el pueblo asuzado, según se dice con mucha insisten cia por la Junta Parroquial 7 el Cura Joaquín Qon zález, detuvo al Párroco Diego Manuel Alvarado. De este eso informamos ya a nuestros lectores el martes lO y por ello, boy íes llevamos las impre- siones del sacerdote que.aquí se encuentra al frente de la Parroquia de Santa Rosa. Nos recibe en su casa de la calle Guillermo Prieto, y a preguntas nos dice lo siguiente: " El principal autor del asalto de que fui objeto lo es el St. Ricardo Cadena quien, como ya es dei dominio público, instó al pueblo rara que este me hiciera entregar por la fuerza la Iglesia de ese lugar al Padre Joaquín González, radicado actualmente alií.Lo* hechos acaecieron -nos sigue di ciendo nuestro entrevistado- poco despu¿s del medio día del lunes 9 cuando después de haber acom- pañado a una familia visitante, ent;e la que se encontraba el Padre Lie, León G. Carmona de Otati- ^— ' niuiiyi»*"-" •" A3¿ LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty Starr The Catemaco Inoldent

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viene de la Responsable la | Junta... 1a. plana clan, para qu? conociera las bellezasde Catémaco, y nos disponíamos al regreso, al pasar por el Par- - que Madero, observamos gran cantidad reunida en el atrio de la Parroquia y al ver el coche en que ve níamos trataron de obstaculizarnos el paso, por lo qu* recomendé al chofer Sr. Rogelio Lara que ace- lerara la maquina, pero llegando al Rodeo en el lu gar denominado "El Jobito'", una gran multitud estaba allíjasí como un camión y un yip a media carretera impidiéndonos el paso, viéndonos precisa dos a detenernos. Entonces el Sr. Ricardo Cadena, dirigiéndose a mí, me dijo: 'El pueblo lo único q. quiere es que entregue Ud. la Iglesia al Párroco González" ja lo que acepté -viéndome en la situa- ción en qué me encontraba, por lo que aquel se in- trodujo en el coche tomando el volante el Sr. Gon- zalo Águirre y nos regresaron al centro de la po— blación. En el trayecto el Sr. Cadena me manifes- tó: "Sabíamos que ayer venia el Sr. Arzobispo de México y si hubiera venido, yo le hubiera dado sus cachetadas". (El Sr. Cadena parece ser el diri- gente de la Junta Parroquial). Tal vez esta expre- sión se deba a que cuando una Comisión entrevistó a Mons. Martínez en la ciudad de México, con el mismo objeto por el queme detuvieron, él les ma nifestó que no pedía intervenir porque esta no era su Diócesis, sino la del Dr.;Jeslís Villarreal y Fie- rro, Obispo de Tebuantepec. | Una vez en el centro de la población - continúa ¡refiriéndonos el Padre Alvarado— intervinieron las : Autoridades Municipales encabezadas por el C. Co- mandante de la Policía, asi como el destacamento federal ' quienes tuvieron la amabilidad de proporcionarnos to- ! da clase de garantías ya que por ningún motivo consin- tieron que nos llevaran a la Iglesia, ordenando el C. ! Presidente Municipal que se nos mantuviera en la Sala ¡deCabildos mientras las autoridades competentes ha- cían las investigaciones. Me disponía yo a hacer la en| jtrega del templo, cuando aiguien dijo que se confron-f taran los inventarios de ios objetos propiedad de Ja IX Iglesia, a lo que accedí pero manifestando que las llaves i de la caja de alhajas y las alcancías las tenía yo en es- |ta ciudad por lo que de momento no podían ser abiertas, a eso el mismo Cadena dijo: "Para que necesita- mos las llaves si ya están abiertas las cajas", por lo q. en mi representación fué el Padre Carmona, encontrón do que hacían falta muchos objetos de valor, al notar esto, alguien propuso que yo pagara lo que faltaba y fiara el caso levantaron un acta, que me vi obligado; a irmar dadas las condiciones en que me encontraba, con una multitud que'había sido azuzada contra mí. Cuando llegaron las autoridades de esta ciudad, el C Agente del Ministerio Público Federal C J. Ig- nacio Carvajal, hizo ver a los "amotinados" cuál de- bería haber sido el camino legal para el arreglo de estas cosas, y a que actas así levantad^ carecían de valor alguno. Poco después emprendimos el retorno a esta ciudad, no sin antes recibir toda clase de improper- rios y amenazas. Para concluir nos dice el Cura Alvarado- la si- tuación del Padre Joaquín González es irregular, pues está fuera de lo que ordena nuestra Constitución que solo autoriza un sacerdote por cada cien mil habitantes, y además, algo importante dentro de la Iglesia como Institución, está sin autorización del Sr. Obispo de esta Diócesis, que es la máxima autoridad eclesiástica en esta Zona." Hasta aquí las declaraciones del Párroco Alva- rado que se vio envuelto en éste caso» del que resulta- ron perjudicados el fotógrafo Sr. Julián,Torres que re- sultó con su cámara fotográfica destruida, a s í como sus espejuelos y el coche del Sr. Lara cdn un cristal la- teral roto- Por otra, la actitud del Ministerio Público Fede- ral que afirmó el orden que debe imperar para el arre- gló de cualesquier problema, es altamente elogiable, pues de otra manera poco respeto tendríamos para con las leyes que nos rigen y que todos estamos obligados a cumplir. 2.33 LOS TÜXTIAS—Field Notes Betty Starr The Catemaco Incident

"i. Nuevamente "el Mixto" a sus órdenes con los Plaza éel Mercado procedimientosraás modernos en el PERMANENTE I Prefiéralo en sus com Ondulado Sin Electricidad E pras. Recibirá ateación Precios bajos y Mercedes Spíndolaj Artículos ée Calidad. Dr. Bernardo Peña s-n vurl*l Li feriánicone Los luxtlus J A. GONZALEZ ta del Casino SanandrescaDol Miembro de Periodistas Unidos de Amóriea - División Mexicana 8. A. Tuxtla, Ver. Director-Gerente: Res, como Art. de 2a. Clase en la Admón. local de Hacaie:' J>B — - *e=» J ADALBERTO TOTO LINARES ..Correos el 2 de febrero de i94R. Año VI Tomo Vil San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver., Sibado 14 de Enero de 1950 Núm. 451 "Yo defendí al Párroco Dice el Presbítero González que aconsejó al pueblo que no lo atropellára Mala administración en nueve años que decidirán los Tribunales. Señor Don Adalberto Toto Linares Director del Trisemanario "ADELANTE" San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver., Estimado Señor Con referencia a lo .publicado en el Trisemanario "Adelante" número 450 dte fecha 12 de loa corrientes, me veo ante la ineludible obligación de salir a la defensa de ln verdad de los'hechos, para conocimiento del culto pú- blico Sanandrescano y lugares circunvecinos. Como base fundamental,' debo decir, es incierto, es 3falso, que el suscrito incitara al Pueblo de Catemaco para liBetener al Pbro Al varado. Lo único que hice-en mi c»rác- Ste.r de Párroco en Catemaco fue, aconsejar a las maltitu» jdes a que no cometieran atropello Jalguno.\ Por medio de las columnas de este gran Trisemana- rio, quiero testimoniar mi agradecimiento, al Pbro. Alva- rado, que después de salvarle de la situación peligrosa qae él'mismo se buscó, me recompense con un latigazo de in- gratitud, i ASI ES LA HUMANIDAD Y ALGUNOS DEL CLE RO TAMBIÉN! Pero, dir&alguno, ¿cuál fué el motivo o razón para que el Pueblo noble, cristiano, morigerado y culto de Ca- temaco , obrara como lo hizo. c*n el Pbro. Alvarado el * nes 9 de los corrientes? ; A esto solo cabe responder una cosa, es decir, la in dignación del Pueblo entero p o r la mala administración de dicho Pbro, durante los NUEVE ANOS que tuvo a su car go la Parroquia de esta población- Si es o nó culpable de los delitos que se le atribu— yen, es cosa que deberán resolver los Tribunales compe— rentes al emitir su fallo final en este sonado litigio. Cabe agregar que contra lo prescrito por la Ley Fe- deral de cultos, faltan muchas cosas en la Parroquia de Catemaco, de acuerdo con al inventario de fecha 2 de Oc- tubre de 1940. Más todavía, durante el lapso de nueve a— ños, no exisgejiingún objeto, ni prenda ni dinero que los devotos ofrecen a la imagen Taumaturga de Ntra. Sra. uel Carmen en este-lugar. ^ • Cuando fueron abiertas las alcancías del Templo an te la fé Judicial del C. Juez Mixto Municipal de la H. Jun fa Parroquial y del auserito. con asombro de muchos, nos dimos cuenta de que no existía nada de los objetos men cionados en el párrafo anterior. Para mejor ilustración de los que conooon yá este a- aunto. me permito Orientar sobre lo dispuesto por el ar- tículo 13t de la Ley reglamentaria de culto , en el cual. I rohibe terminantemente la disipación de loa BIENES NACIONALES. * Por este motivo, el Pueblo de Catemaco cuando se dio cuenta de que el Pbro. Alvarado se hallaba en esta de incógnito cubierto trac del cojín trasero de un automóvil, sin ser anisado por nadie, sino por I» fé.ó ideal propio, se alarmó JUSTIFICADA MENTE a fin de inquirir con el Señor Alvarado sobre el para— dero de los MlLES de pesos que entraron en las arcas de la Igle- sia durante los NUEVE años que estuvo administrando el tantas i veces mencionado Pbro. Alvaradq, y es incierto y falso -repito- que yo haya anisado al Pueblo para el fin que pretendían con el Sr. Alvarado, pues me encontraba en mi domicilio particular, el Sr. Alvarado. tendría toda clase de apoyo y garantías y se com cuando fui llamado por las Autoridades Municipales de este lugar prometía en esos momentos a responder por cualquier atropello qae por voz del Secretario del H. Ayuntamiento Sañor Antonio L. que resultara en su persona. Y ME CONSTA QUE, NO ESTUVO Cadena, me dieron a conocer el texto del Oficio número 42 de fe- PRESO como lo asienta en la información a que me refiero. Eso cha 2 de los corrientes, del Departamento de Gobernación, por fue todo, y creo en mi opinión, QUE CON TODA JUSTICIA Y donde transcribían oficio 8086 de 13 de diciembre del año ante- RAZÓN KL PUEBLO DE CATEMACO, TENIA DERECHO A rior, girado por el C. Secretario de Goberpaeión, a fin de que se SABER LO QUE INJUSTAMENTE SE LE OCULTABA. me prestara toda clase de garantías para el mejor desempeño de Antes de terminar, quiero aclarar, qua no soy irregular en mi misión; cuando fué interrumpido el Señor Secretario, por una ningún eoncepto, ya que tengo pruebas fehacientes del C. Secreta •multitud que venía acompañando al Pbro. Alvarado .Hasta en e- rio de Gobernación para cuidar los intereses Nacionales; y ante sos momentos me di cuenta de los sucesos y fui testigo presencial el Señor Obispo de San Andrés,si nó gozo de total confianza, es de la actitud del 8efior Presidente Munioipsl, quien ordenó inme- debido a causas pueriles e indignas de un Prelado, que por añora diatamente, al ver la gravedad de los sucesos, a la Policía Muni- me reservo. Sirva esto también, para que un tal Sr. de apellido cipal a sus ordenes, que se impartiera toda clase de ' garantías si Torres, no haga caso de loa díceres de gente de criterio opaco, y 'Pbro Alvarado, a quien invitó a pasar al interior del recinto Ofi- no me mésele con un grupo al que no pertenezco • cial del H. Ayuntamiento, en donde varios ciudadanos expresaron Muy agradecido por la atención que se sirva prestar a mis los motivoB que los hablan impulsado para detener al Sr. Alva— aclaraciones, me subscribo de Ud. su amigo atto. y 3.S. rado, a lo que el Señor Presidente después de oír ambas partes, Joaquín González Pbro. ofreció que mientras Be encontrara en el Municipio de Catemaco Parroquia de Catemace. Ver., a 12 de enero de 1950. ¿2>* LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes -"90.- Betty Starr The Catemaco Incident Aclara su actitud el Sr. Cadena Sr, Adalberto Toto Lina- ra conocimiento del pú- res blico me permito mani- t to lUI— festar a quienes esto lean Director del Tiisemana que yo por ningún moti rio. "ADELANTE" ftftl*ra SU aCtiiberiamo. vo traté de insultar ni ul . tivamente San Andrés Tuxtla Ver. trajar al Sr. Cura Alva. b» pues no obstante que¡especial y rada, y suplico al tantas me propuse a que no se celectivo Ruego a ucted tenga a veces mencionado Cura metieran con él éste ahovs cómicas bien dar inserción en su Alvarado que diga la ra pretende echarme lodcódicos de acreditado Periódico es—- verdad y cual fué la ac- resultando .muy ingratonet y dis- tas lineas com* una res— titud mía en los sucesos y falto de valor Civil allista con puesta a los hechos que de referencia, ya q u e la asentar que fué asaltado:. Así mu- se me atribuyen en 1 o s única intervención que por las multitudes, ya q.rectiva'se sucesos en que tuve fué indicarle al Sr. los hechos no sucedieron a FÍguien. se vio mezclado el Pbro. Cura que yo me compro- como el ¡os asienta. stimos al Alvarado y que aparecen metía a responder por su sco en el número 450 de fe- vida, pues una multitud Los hechos oo sucedieron *? Gra- como el los asienta. Deboltusia8,no cha 12 de! presente mas de mujeres enn las que 1 con el rubro "Responsa pedían a gri-tos que salie- aclararle que como tatema *^* ble la Junta Parroquial ra del carro en que viaja queño que soy se responder y el Gura González''. Ra pasa a la 4a. plana por mis setos y cuando la razón lo exige respondo por mi pueblo, pero después de estar en la Sala de Ca— bildos del Ayuntamíento|en donde tras de haber soste- nido una plática el Sr, Cura AlvaraJO y después de ha. ber sido confroatsdo el In- ventario de Octubre de 1940 cOn las prendas que en la actualidad existen y resultando que hacían falta mu- chísimas prendas como le consta al representante del Ayuntamiento que estuvo presente en el recuerdo total, usted prometió que exi- giría responsabilidades a quien correspondiera y una vez esto exigiría la devoln- ción inmediatas de dichas prendas o en su caso el pa yo total de varios de cada luna de ellas, y ahora resulta conque usted firmó esa 'acta por presión que le h¡- ; catóos que vergüenza! y »&%6? del dominio público, fouoca en la historia de éste pueblo había sucedido un oso semejante pero ahora., sucedió porque tenía que suceder, Catemaco tenía que exigir a Ud. cu.ntas de [ su administración durante NUEVE AÑOS de la Igle- sia de éste lugar, ¿adonde se encontrarán los dineros de la Iglesia de Catemaco? esa pregunta toca respon— jderh al Sr. Cura Alvarado espero tener la oportunidad de conversar con eJSr. Cu- ra Alvarado ya que en mi carácter de Presidente de la Junta Pro Conservación de | la Iglesia no descansaré ; hasta saber él paradero de j todos y cada uno de los objetos desaparecidos, ya que I mi personalidad.quedó de- ¡ bid emente comprobada con ¡fecha 5 de octubre del año US' LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty Starr

Produoolop do Pesoado en Catenaco (Adelante. ZL de Julio de 1949) El lago tiene una extension de olnouenta y un Km* de perímetro y una longitud de Ib Km* estando la orilla del lago a 332 mts* sobre el nivel del mar» siendo su profundidad máxima de 17 metros* La produoolón de pesoado en Caten acó es muy variada, pues no en todos los meses es la misma produoolón; no puedo preolsar oon exaoti- tud la cantidad de pe so ado que produce dicho lago, debido a que en tiempos pasados no estaba bien oontrolada la oficina de pesoa, pero según Informes del Sr. Isidro Fouohoulen actual Jefe de la Oflolna de Pesoa. dice: que de enero a mayo hubo una produoolón de 6 a 10 tonelada mensuales y que de Mayo a Octubre ascendió, siendo de 14 a 20 toneladas mensuales registradas, pero considero que como no han de registrar toda la oantldad de pe so ado, oaloulo que sea la produoolón de unas 30 toneladas mensuales«xxmx De toda esta oantldad de pesoado la mayor parte es exportada a San Andres Tuxtla; temblón se exporte a los siguientes lugares: San Juan Sugar, Hueyapam de Ooampo, I Zapoapan, San Juan Evangelista, La Candelaria, Santa Rosa, Los Mangos, Sihuapam, Comoapan, Mataoapan, Calería y Dos Amates* Las redes o calas que obtienen la mayor produoolón debido a su enorme, tamaflo, oon ella se pesoa toda oíase de peoes, lnoluyendo, también algunos lagartos que de vez en cuando suelen oaer, estas oalas van dirigidas por un patrón o sea el que conduce a las zonas donde abunda mas el pesoado y que lleva a su oargo a unos 20 hombres que efectúan la pesoa por medio de este artefacto, oada oala pesoa sobre 300 Kilogramos diarios, la pesoa oon atarraya es menor pero el pesoado es de mejor oalldad. Con ohlnohorros se pesoa también en gran esoala* Los duelos de las oalas son: Elíseo Garoía, y jóse Nolasoo Reyes; estos tienen unas embaroaolones de regular tamafio que las denominan oon oon los nombres Piraguas* El promedio de pesoadores es de unos 200 habiendo registrados un 50JC y el numero de embaroaolones son 43* Desgraciadamente hay Individuos que destruyen oantldad de peoes pequeños dinamitando dloho lago**.. .2.3¿ LOS TUXT1A3—Field Notes ->3- Betty Starr Miscellaneous Note» from Adelante 11 de Agosto de 1949» Para aoabar oon la agricultura llegó la langosta* Hará apenas unos seis días que varios oempesinos descubrieron unas manohas de langosta entre los lugares que limitan esta villa (Catemaoo) y el munloipio de San Andres Tuxtla, entre Mataoapan y Comoapan* Se han reoibldo notiolas de que por el rumbe de Mono Blanoo y Olotepeo han aparecido nuevos brotes* 13 de Agosto de 1949. Se inició la luoha contra la langosta* Ayer mismo* temprano» sallé un grupo de más de 20 hombres para combatirla primitivamente ya que no se ouenta, hasta el momento» oon los elementos necesarios para aoabar oon ese inseoto* 16 de Agosto, de 1949* Excitativa al publico para que coopere en la luoha oontra la langosta* El Banoo Ejidal, la Presidenola munioipal y las organizaciones campesinas, en aooión para oombatir esta plaga. Brigadas de looallzaoion de brotes ds 1 angoatt^ajqrbrigadas de ataque directo en los oitados lugares, consistiendo en rodear los mas afeotados para destruirlos con el fuego* » 25 de Agosto de 1949* Interviene Agrloultura para oombatir la langosta. La Dlrecoion General de la Defensa Agrioola de la Secretaría de Agrloultura y Ganadería, ha enviado una Brigada que se enoargara de oombatir dicha plaga* 30 de Agosto de 1949* El gusano, nueva plaga en la región* Los sembrados que ya están logrados, están siendo destruidos por el gusano* La Brigada esta atacando (a la langosta) oon lanzallamas y exooloruro de benzeno obteniéndose.muy buenos resultados* En ouanto a los huevos de estos animalitos están siendo arados los oampos a fin de reoogerlos mas rápidamente* El punto de ataque ha sido por el UBI rumbo de Mataoapan* Pero hoy v erí oonfabulaoión oon la prolongada sequía que ha sido más intensa que en otros aillos, oon la amenaza de la langosta se ha ido extendiendo otra: el gusano* Este anlmalito de color verde o oafá.principalmente, de unos cinco centímetros de largo y medio de grueso, se oome las hojas dejando solo los tallos y se enouentra extendido desde el Salto de Eylpantla hasta Buenavista* 6 de Septiembre de 1949» Muy lentamente va la campana oontra la langosta* 1. Los aparatos lanzallamas y espolvoreadores (15 de los pr.lmeros y 6 de los segundos) no rinde un trabajo ef lo lente en virtud de que por ser viejos y estar en malas oondiolones ^_ oada rato neoesitan de composturas* 2* Que el procedimiento de ir arriando los saltones hasta las zanjas en donde los matan, es inútil, en virtud de que ^31 LOS TÜXTLA3— Field Notes Betty Starr Fiesta Coat»: CORTE DE CAJA que rinde la Tesorería de la Junta de Mejoramiento Moral, Cívioo y Material de la Villa de Santiago Tuxtla, Ver., de los ingresos y egresos habidos en los Festejos Titulares celebrados del 22 al 27 de Julio* Ingresos Egresos Junio 12 ProProducto Serenata de hoy * 83.95 it 26 63.60 Julio 3 102.4u II 10 57.60 II 17 19.25 II 9 Baile presentaoion de la Reina y su Real Corte 130.80 II 9 Cantina mismo baile 63.50 II 9 por ooleota heoha en oomeroio looal 338.40 II 10 por oonoepto tierra diferentes oo- meroloa 1.475.50 II 11 por instalación Caballitos, Sillas voladoras y diversas distracciones 2,000.00 II 15 por donativo Teodoro V* Diez 10.00 II 15 par donativo Parrooo D. José de Jesús Olvera , 50.00 n 23 Velada de Coronación «28.OU •i 24 .. Serenata de hoy 866.00 M 25 771.00 II 26 148.00 II 2Y 129.00 II 27 Baile ouotas día 26 1,365.00 II 2Y Cantina este baile 119.uu II 13 PajPagado a Alberto Díaz por alquiler salón Charros baile presentación 15.00 n 15 nota Almacenes Isla 52.50 it Ib nota La Regional 40.42 n 20 nota a Jesús Díaz por manufactura 24 argollas para Torneo Cintas 13.00 ii 20 nota de "La Purísima" 20.50 ii 21 Enrique Cadena por dos pegasos para adorno oarro Reina 12.uu ii 22 nota a Esther R. de Castellanos por flores naturales 10.00 n 22 a dos nbzos que trajeron y llevaron Planta Luz a Tapaooyan 20.00 ii 23 a German Espinosa por alquiler ooohe 2.00 ii 23 a José J. Errasquln por 20 oarp. papel orepe 10.00 24 a Emilio Diaz por un Litro de aoeite de olivo 10.00 24 a Gabriel González 30 litros gasolina para oarro mojiganga 13.50 24 por pasajes musióos de San Andres 10.00 25 a Joaquín Díaz por Instalación Parque Juarez 20.00 25 a Pedro Coto por decorad6n oarro 30.00 LOS TUXTLA3—Field Note» Betty Starr Fiesta Cost», oontlnuod. Ingresos torosos Julio 25 Pagado a la Popular del Sr. Calzada por * varlaa notas 805»©0 " 25 "a Daniel A. Díaz por 6 atra. papal „ *:*r¡.'•' •añila 2,40 " 25 " ai Pirotéonioo de la oiudad de Puebla Ángel B. Leal por fuegoa artificiales 1,399*00 " 25 " por gratlfioacidn ai alano 25*00 " 26 " a Juan Ma. González por papal ahina 3*70 " 27 " a Pedro Coto por instalad ón aroo triunfal honor Sr* Gobernador 35*00 " 27 " a D. Rufino P. Somarriba por 5 atra* franela 9*00 " 27 " Caraen V* de González por aeroanoJas 30.15 " 28 " a Galo Gómez por oervezas para banquete 46*10 " 28 " a Rogelio Sosa por ida y vuelta arfaloos Marlaba Estado 80*00 " 28 " a Benjaain Gaaboa por taohuelaa earro 2*25 " 28 " a Enrique Cadena por 3 figuras Bojiganga 75*00 N 28 N a Olegario Villegaa M. por 30 horas aúsloa a #25.00 hora 850*00 " 28 " a José' González por alimentos musióos Marlaba del Estado, San Andrea y Plrote'onioos Puebla 531*95 n 2b N a Miguel Castellanos R* refrescos proporoiono aiísloos Marlaba Edo* 15*75 " 28 " a Galo Gómez por tree oartones oervezas para alanos 43*45 M 28 " a Imprenta America San Andrea s/g* letra por salutación Sr. Gobernador y propaganda Festejos J -i 100*00 " 28 " a José Gladáns por hielo y Sidras Tuxteoas 32*10 N 28 " a Daniel A. Diez s/g* nota por artíouloa varios 129.85 " 29 " De Nioola» y Garoía nota 10 Mtrs. listón Nun. 12 10.00 " 29 " a Gregorio Gutierres por aeroanoías diversas 57*00 " 29 " a José Muniz Alvares por notas oubrio a ooaerolantes San Andrés 400.00 M 29 " a Srta* Nieves Martines según nota 208.85 " 29 " a lap* Aaerloa por invitad ones Baile presentación 30*00 " 29 " a Iaprenta Aaérloa por iapresiones diversas 219*00 N 29 " a Ignaolo Diaz por viajes a san Andres llevando Comisión Junta 38.00 N 30 " a Carlos A. Isla por nota tres anillos para Reina y Prlnoesas 114*00 M 30 " a Srita. Asunolon Erraaquln por duloe eapleadoa en banquete y baile 33*20 "30 " a srita. Luz lia. Gomez por hospedaje 8 personan 96*00 " 30 " a Rodolfo Martinet C por 80 rollos bojuoo 28.00 ' . 30 " a Josefa González por refresoos y oena pro* porolono Banda Guerra de San Andrea Tuxtla 26*00 LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes Betty Starr Fleata posta» continued* Ingresos gyp* Agto. Pagado a Pablo Caetellanoa por hospedaje aúalooa Marimba Estado 145*00 a Alberto Agulrre de Veraoruz e/g. talen flete por rejas mufteooa "solo regreso" 23.95 a Guadalupe Diez por pasteles y trábalo personal , 35.00 a Jose H. sosa por nota presento 9 ntra. y medio franela para trono Reina 17.10 a Gabriel Arnau 9 íboos a fl.?5 o/u* 15.00 por aensajes según recibos 78.80 por Cortina para plaea inauguración Esouela / 28.00 a Esteban Días y Santos Lira por sus servidos proporcionados 20*00 a Julián Sosa por pintar salones Baile día Tolntises 19.25 a un peón ulano trabajo 13.50 por pinturas aiaaa obra 8*70 por dos paquetes lentejuelas para Banda Torneo 6*00 a aozos por trabajos varios banquete y baile 39.00 a Carmela Arana por telaa para auneoo Bojiganga 78.00 a Sra. Ceollia a* de Diez por 48 mtrs. de listón para Torneo de Clntaa 84*00 a Abelardo Carvajal por gastos originó una Ilamota, cediendo nano obra 11*00 a Leobardo Rivaa por nadara para eatrado Reina, cediendo nano de obra 13.35 a José Castellanos Verdejo por viaje eoehe 25*00 a Fab. Sellos Hoaser por dos Sellos 60*00 a lap* Amarica por papel aernbrotado para eata Junta 34.50 por 36 oopaa Naylon aegun comprobante de oompra 32.40 a Caaa Prado a/g* nota 2u Julio 28*25 a Roaario Vldafla trabajo peraonal 5*00 una botella Habanero , 6*00 a Srtta. soaa por gastos erogo en su ooalalón 53.60 Exist en ola en Caja Suaas iguales 18,621.00 8.621.00

Full paga ln Adelanta. 25 de Agoato de 1949. LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes Betty starr

Interview with Sr. Polloarpo Mendoza Morfín, Maestro de la esouela rural federal . Santiago Tuxtla — Nov. 9» 1949*

I arrived In Santiago Tuxtla at 9:30 a.m. and went to Sr. Mendoza Morfín's hone. He had, of oourse, already left for the school and his daughter, about ten years of age, accompanied me to the esouela rural federal, whioh Is on an eJldo nearby (Buena vista}* The aohool is housed In a one-story building with dirt floor, plank walls, and thatohed roof, looated in a settlement of Jacales» Sr* Mendoza Morfín told ne that there are 72 students, of whioh number about 50-55 attend daily. But there are 210 children in surrounding communities* This means that 138 ohlldren don't go to sohool at all. The reason for this is the lack of sufficient teaohers. Formerly this sohool had four grades, but Sr* Mendoza Mor fin oou Id not handle this many ohlldren without assistance, so the sohool now has but two grades—first and seoond* The ohlldren oome from ejidos at Santiago Tuxtla, from Tapalapam, Tierra Colorada, and El Vlgia, and are all children of oampeslnos* Sr. Mendoza Morfín said that he founded this sohool, and that the oampeslnos had built it. The only expense to the government bus been his salary. However, the government has now given them 70 saqulllos of oement, and the sohool is to have a oement floor. It will also have a roof of lamina* The oampeslnos will do the work necessary to improve the sohool building (apparently free of charge). The sohoolroom is furnished with ohalrs and wide desks at whioh sit two or three children. The walls are decorated with large signs, with printing in red ink: IA PATRIA ESTA EN LA ESCUELA, and, LA CAMPANA- ALFABETIZANTE NOS REDIME. AYUDA USTED A ELLA? The ohlldren were olean, well-dressed (that is, not in rags)* The little girls had flowers or ribbons in their hair and some of them wore very elaborate earrings. (Ears are pis roed, of course)* They appeared very lively and alert. They were at the moment working on syllables of CCV, such as tra, tre, trl, etc. Mendoza oalled my attention to a little boy who was writing, at his desk, with his left hand. He then asked the boy to write papa on the blaokboard and the child wrote the word with his right hand* This was beoause the other ohlldren make fun of him when he writes with his left hand* Mendoza then showed me the oolleotion'of arohaeologioal objects whioh the children have brought to him. These are kept in a oablnet at the back of the sohoolroom,gem, withwn,n theins name ofox thewe particular ohlldonua whowag hasn»i brougitorouflu* eaoh objeot. There were many figurines; whistles; rattles made of pottery; animal figurines;es; bits of pottery; a miniature metate, about l" long, made of elay; mortars;rs; a miniature hacha of Jadelte; larger pieoes of oarved stone, eto. There3 is soon to be e reo ted a museum of the archaeology of the region, near the sohool, and people in the various settlements are to be enpouraged to bring more of these objects, whioh they have in their homes, ORÓ- LOS TUXTIA3—Field Note* Betty Starr • Interview «1th Prof. Mendoza Morfin, oontinued. -.a to the museum. Mendoza says these objeots are. found everywhere In the region, in the most lnaooessible places, and he estimates that there must have been around 20,000 Indians living here In anolent times. I asked if the ohlldren oomplete the two grades and Mendoza said they do. They then go to the Esouela Primarla Superior In the oenter of town, for the other four grades of the primary division. He said this posed a serious problem for the ohildren beoause the maestros in the Esouela Primarla Superior look down upon the children beoause they are the ohildren of campesinos. They call the ohlldren derogatory names and sometimes beat them. This happens to the intelligent ohlldren as well as those less bright. Then the parents ooroe to Mendoza and ask, "What am I going to do with my son? He won't stay in school." He told the story of one intelligent youngster who studied for his sixth grade examination so that he could graduate. On examination day he went to the school and the teacher did not ask hint a single question. Therefore, he could not graduate. Most of the ohildren are vivos, intelligent, and apply themselves to their studies energetically. A few are so poor that they can't assimilate knowledge, simply due to lack of adequate nutrition. They never get any milk, for example. Some suffer from poor vision, which oondition oannot be oorreoted beoause the parents are not used to seeing ohildren wearing glasses and also don't want to spend the pesos neoessary .to buy glasses for their ohildren. Mendoza also oonduots a night school, which is likewise a federal school. Fifty men, from 14 to 40 years of age, attend night classes and take their studies very seriously* These are men who have never gone even to primary school, but who have found, in working on the carretera, and other places, that the man who knows how to read and write makes more money. Mendoza teaohes them to read and write, and how to count; he also tells them something of the state of Veraoruz, and of the oountry. I asked him who paid for the students' equipment--notebooks, pen oils, etc, and he said there is a Sociedad de padres de Familia, whloh organization holds meetings and oolleota money for this purpose. In the Esouela Primarla, aocordlng to Mendoza, everything is paid for by the government. The ohildren appeared ^9vy lively and healthy and I remarked about this* Mendoza said there is no paludismo here; the diseases are all of an Intestinal nature—unoinarlasls, etc I asked what oould be done to remedy this situation and he said the people are now beginning to go to dootors, although there are still curanderos mi brujos and some people fo to them. There are two dootors in Santiago, aooording to Mendoza, and, n addition, some medloal students. Santiago TuxtLüj Is to have agua potable very soon* The government has spent 400,000 pesos for this water plant, but so far only 100 persons LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes ->o- Betty Star*. Interview with Prof» Mendoza Mor fin, continued* have paid for the plumbing in their houses. Most of the people don't know that agua potable is better for them than the water from the river, and so they wonH pay for it. "Por oada toma que se hiciera en cada oasa se construirla una tumba menos en el panteón." Mendoza Morfín said that when the oarretara is finished, Santiago Tuxtla will be revolutionized, but that it will take time. New people must come from elsewhere. But plans are afoot now to construot.a new Palaoio Municipal, a hospital, and possibly, to instal a drainage system* Two years ago, before Santiago Tuxtla had the carretera, around 400 mule-loads of maíz went to San Andres daily* Now, some of the people go to Lerdo, although the plaza (market) at Lerdo is not very big. The plaza at Santiago Tuxtla is very poor* One can find there praotioally only oarne de res x ¿£ cerdo* Chayotes, plátanos and tomates are taken to San Andre's. In Santiago Tuxtla, agricultural products are not sold by the kilo but are sold in small containers, for five or ten oentavos* This schoolteacher is an intelligent, sensitive person, with a sinoere love for his country and devotion to the children he teaches. I oould tell, not from anything he said, but by observation, that this devotion is returned by his students. While I was there, he asked them to write fifty words—like mesa, silla. piso. eto.--and they set to work with zest. The first boy to finish brought up his fifty words to show us* I read them, and they were correctly spelled and well written* When this task was finished, Mendoza told the children they oould have a reoess, and, very alegre, they all went out into the schoolyard. Sets of two girls each held hands and twirled. All shouted happily* And Mendoza said to me that one had to use a little psychology with these children. They have so much energy that they have to let it free by playing for a few minutes. Then when they come baok into the schoolroom, they are quiet and willing to work again* I left half an hour before no,on—when school would be out—and later, on my way baok to San Andres, I saw Mendoza Mor fin, with some half dozen of his students, walking home to dinner.

:.<-k ¿13 LC3 TUXTLA3—Field Notas Betty Starr INTERVIEW WITH t Or. Napoleón Ramírez Chacon October 17» 1949 I found Dr. Ramírez Ohaodn in his offioe at the Centro do Salubridad y Aaietenoia de San Andres* He ia a very personable young man» alert and intelligent» and was Tory eager to tell of iba work be is doing* The Centro de Salubridad y Asistencia sarros not only San Andres» but Santiago mat Tuxtla and Catenae o as «ell* Two days each week» Dr. Ramírez Chacón goes to Santiago Tuxtla. The of floe in Santiago Tuxtla is called Oficina Sanitaria Auxiliar and depends» at the present tine, entirely on the Centro de Salubridad of San Andres. This» however, is a temporary situation, sines arrangements are now being nade to hare a doe tor to Santiago Tuxtla* The doctor gave no a breakdown of the functions performed by the Centro de Salubridad y Aslstenoia of San Andres, whieh follows: Control fff arffOiMBi» The doctors in 8an Andres notify Dr. Ramiros Ohaoon at onoe of any sioknesses that are infectious* . ':

In the outlying rancherías, there Is no medical attention. They go to curanderos or o ire by any means possible* than they die» they have to have a medical certificate stating cause of death* This is required by law, and Dr. R.C. is the one who furnishes it* Whan the ranchería is fairly near» he goes there; when it is far away» information la obtained from the family as to whether the man died of fever» cough» etc. LOS TUXTLAS— field notes -101- Betty Starr Interview with Dr. Ramírez Chacon (continued) -2-

Prcmintlal CertlflQatee Required by law* The oouple come to hi» and he takes blood specimens* Theee are eent to laboratories in Jalapa to be analysed. Z asked his if the people oonfarmed to this, and he said the great majority of then do* If the test la wcfMftfcfcme, they oannot be married. bat a few will Join in free union anyway* (¿e. 4untan,).

Food Inaneetlon (Control d¿ Alimentos)i Heat inspection. Inspection of rastros, oarnlmerlaa. pantinas, and the aereado.

At this point, the doetor mwakaxaft made a digression to say that the ays tea is deficient beeause of laek of neoessary personnel* The personnel of the Oentro de Salubridad oonsists of three persons» the doctor, his secretary, who was trained in Jalapa, and one other person. They have to serve a population of KM 26,000 in the nunlelplo of San Andres Tuxtla, as well as 7*000 in Catenaeo municipio, and SOBS 16,000 in the munloiplo of Santiago Tuxtla* I asked bow wan y dos tors there were in San Andres, and he told me 12* These 12 doctor» are all in the ciudad. There is one doctor In Santiago, and none in Oateaaoo* However, one of the doctors of Ban Andres goes to Oateaaoo every afternoon* In addition to the M*D*'s, there are two pasantes de medicina working in outlying districts* The naaantoa de, •ediolna are Medical students who have ooapleted their course work and are required to work for six months in places where there are no doctors* After this, they take their professional examination. Of these two pasante» dj[ medicina. LOS TUXT1A3—PleM Notea -l©fi- Betty Starr Intenrlew with Dr. Raaírez Chao on (oontlnued) -3- oo« is working IB Tllapan and OM In Coaoapan* They work through the Centro do Salubridad of San Andres. In addition* there are two aore paaantoa de —dlolna eoon to ooae to the area» one to Cateaaeo and one to Santiago*

The dootor then continued with hie dleouealon of food lnepeotlont Milk lneneotlon. The allk of the leoheroa le lnepeoted and If It does not ooae up to the atandard, the loohorq la fined* Milk ia not paeteurlzed. There la aleo lneneotlon of the oowa for tuberculin, but laok of adequate peraonnel aakea thla lnapeotlon deflolent* Inapeetlon of oattle ejj ole la nade by the Sanitary Agent of the aunlolplo*

Poultry lnepeoted for diphtheria, eto.

Health Cortlfloatoa. Required for people handling food. Have to be yaoolnated for amallpox, typhoid and paratyphoid*

•lokneaa Oertlfloatea. Publlo eaployeee hare to get a alokneaa oertlfloate when they beooae 111 and are abeent froa their peat ef duty, ao that their aalarlea will eontlnue*

There are eonatant antl-aalarla oaapalgna—eonferenoea, plaearda, bullo tina, ote., urging the people to take paludrlna or ooae other prerentatlve. Ala o antl-heralntloa oaapalgna. in addition to theae oaapalgna. Dr. Raalres Chaoón triea to aeet with a group of eoaadrlnaa or parte rae eaoh week to lnatruot thaa In boa beat to deliver a ahlld with the ruda equipa en t «blah they have. LOS TUXTLAS~Fle Id Note» -103- Betty Starr Xnterrüw with Dr. Raafrez Chaeon (oontlnusd)

In the oaspalgn against intestinal parasites, there are Tar .latas do Control, one of whioh is filled out for eaeh person suffering iron a disease of this sort» The information elioited froa the patient is as follows»

Moabro • . . Idad • • • . • • Sexo Dlreoelon • Oeupaolon Salarlo sensual .... Guantas personas dependen de Vd. eoonoaloaaente*.. Cuántas personas a aás d«l interesado dependen eoonoaloaoente de un alpao individuo? • » • • • VíTO en «asa propia? Usa ssp atos?

1.Habitación• (a) Ntfaero de cuartos de la oasa • • • • (ba) Material de que eatá'n construidos los pisos (o) Patio de tierra suelta? • • •

2* Alejaalento de inaundiolas» (a) Exists drenaje? «•••• (b) Exousado? ••••» (o) Coneotado con el drenaje? (d) Fosa séptica? ..•.*.. (o) Letrina de poso negro? ••»«.... (f) Fosallsao al aire libre? ••• (g) Existe red de distribution de aguas? (h) Ss surte de la red de distribución?

On the bask of the sard is indioated data regarding the examination of the patient* treatment of patient, end spaas for tht dos tor** observations*

In addition to his duties at the Centro de Salubridad j Asísteosla, the dostor is also the ailitary dootor (for the ouartel 1 coated in San Andres) and has bis own prívate 241 LOS TU XT LAS—Field Notes -~104*- Betty Starr

Interview with Dr. Ra* íre t Chacon (continued) -5-

The aboye functions are all oonoerned with Salubridad.

The Aeletenela la oonoerned with free aedloal service for the poor. This consists of daily consultation, diagnosis, treataent and preeorlptlon of sedlolnes. All is free of charge. In the past three •onthe, 731 people have been given this servioe. (P.6) A list of diseases in the area follows,/with an estimate by the doctor as to their frequenoy. (In order to get the exaot number of eases, it would he necessary to go through the of flee records). LOS fcuXTLAS--Field Notes -1Q&- Betty Starr . ¡ ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y PARASITARIAS

Paludismo — frecuente Tosferina — rara Disenterías — frecuente (amlblana)

Sarampión — SI, hay Tifoidea ~ freouente Tifo — 2 oasos en un su o Tuberculosis A.R. — freouente Erisipela — rara Sífilis — rara Viruela — 0 Otras Tuberoulosis — rara Septioemia —- rara Esoarlatina -- rara Tétanos ---'muy' freouente Difteria ._ o Paratifoidea -_ freouente

Trioooefalosis — 3 Disentería amlblana — 4

Asoaridosls — 1 n«tfcÉÉu IMIBIII wi'i§bm "* Unolnariasis — 2 Tubero uioaJjupaüJlímar_. (Anoylostomiasis) . " " " ~

im^ewigt«g*yTyg»wiyMaw^ LOS TUXTIAS--Field Notes Betty Starr

BOLETÍN De la Junta Pro-Construcción de la Catedral

No 1 San Andréf Tuxtla, Ver., Diciembre 27 de 1949 Recopilación tía datos parala historia de la Catedral de San Andrésy San José, desde la lulciaclóu do los trabajos en el auo de 1K70 hasta su consagración Ajada para el día 7 de enero de 1050. l'Oll AMELIA SOLANA DE FKUKROA ¥ HEKMILA SOLANA DE AVEHDAÑO. Kn la primera manzana del ba- mayo de 1886 y ya bajo la direc- rrio de San Andrés, en una loma, ción del maestro albañil Ramón Na- existía una countrucción de madera varrete, según documento que exis- y zacate que Ion habitantes de San te en el archivo del señor Prof. Li* André* Tuxtla, Ver., dedicaban al borio F. Ohigo, copia del original culto. Esta humilde iglesia fue que- depositado en la base del pararra- mada por las tropas porfimtasi que yos de dicha torre, y en el cnal •• mandaba el CorouH Mariano Lazca- menciona la muerte del señor José no. Después, eu el año de 1S70, un María Ovando "quien no pndo ver grupo de veciuoe encabezados por el premiados sus afane»''. También sa señor José Mari-i Ovando y contan- hace mención del señor Gabriel C. do con la ayuda de los «(•ñores Ma- Artigas "como incansable obrero". nuel Palacio y Bonifacio Solana, Este acto fué apadrinado por loa procedieron a lncer Ion cimientos de señores Rafael Lara A. y Marce- la Catedral seguu el plano trazzdo lino González y Fernández, este úl- por el arquitecto italiano Mateo Za- timo Jefe Político del Cantón. pare o Zapare. El documento citado dice en uno Fué el Padre Carvajal quien ben- de sus párrafos: "Nosotros decimos: dijo »>1 tesoro consistente en alh-ijaa desde lo alto de esta torre cien ge- que el pueblo depositó en un cofre neraciones bendigan a los que aman tie metal que sostenía durante esta el progreso y adelanto de los pue- ceremonia la niña Anita Solana que blos. Salud generaciones que nos fungia como imulrina. E*te cofre sucedan si las que vienen pueden fué cerrado y soldado «n presencia dirigirse a los presentes estas vene- de lo9 asistentes y luego n« proce- ran a las pasadas y saludan a las dió a colocarlo en loa cimientos de que vendrán!!. .Que el gran arqui- la parte de atrás o sea donde está tecto del Universo conserve eterna- hoy el altar mayor. Se trabajó in- mente este edificio y derrame sobre tensamente hasta levantar las pare- esto pueblo la prosperidad y bienes- des a la altura de máJ o menos na tar!!... ." a continuación las firmas metro y el día 2 de febrero do 1871 de numerosas personas y la del Pres- ee colocó la primera piedra de la to- bítero Crescendo Buetamante. rre del reloj siempre bajo la direc- Cuatro años después o sea en 1890 ción del ya nombrado arquitecto. llegó a San Andrés el Padre Ramón Esta torre se concluyó el día 2t) de Domínguez Alejandrii quien notn- &Í1 LOS TUXTLAS--Field Notes Betty Starr

Página 2 BOLETÍN BOLETÍN 'agina 3 bró presidenta de una junta de da- ejemplar del programa que se desa- capilla, cosa que provocó alarma; mas, la primera que ae organizaba rrolló con ese motivo. puede lograr ana voluntad puesta en forma, a la señorita Epifanía ésa misma noche, la señorita Con- al servicio de la fé. Las personas Figueroa, directiva en la que forma- "Xa Capilla de San José estuvo en chita Sedas decidió, de acuerdo con que han'tenido algún cargo en la ban parte doña Elena Elias de Ho- servicio del culto hasta el año de las señoritas Hermila Solana y Gra-' directiva en diferentes fechas, son ciela Cabada, acometer de nuevo la lana como Vice-Presidenta, doña A- 1947 en que ya avanzados los traba- laB siguientes: María Turrent Arti- malia Carrere Vdu. de Ibarra, como jos de la actual junta de damas hu- difícil empresa de la construcción, gas, Vice* Presidenta; Teresa Caba- secretan» y doña Elena Menóndez bo necesidad de irla reduciendo po- haciendo el firme propósito de no da, Tesorera; Martha Solana,' Secreí- de Pérez como Tesorera. Esta jun- co a poco, hasta hacerla desapare- cejar en éste empeño hasta verla taria; Beatriz de la Cera, Tesorera: ta contó con la eficaz ayuda de do- cer. Este sagrado recinto, debido a terminada. Aurora Muñiz de la Maza, Pru-SeA ña Rosario Moreno, que sin tener la agitación natural de la época re- cretaria; Magdalena Miravete de_\ El primer paso para arbitrar- Turrent, Tesorera. nombramiento, trabajó siempre con volucionaria, fué en distintas oca- Be fondos fué el de llevar a esce- gran empeño. Cabe citar aquí el siones arrebatada al clero y destina- na una obra teatral: "Madre Ale- nombra de doña Nicolasa Maldona- da a diversos usos: cuartel, cárcel, gría", pero aún no estaba consti- Fué tan grande la actividad desa- ' do, quien desde años anteriores llan- cine y teatro, el pueblo católico tuida una junta. rrollada por la junta que en 1946, ta esas fechas, puede decirse que siempre reclamaba que le fuera de- Monseñor Gregorio Aguilar com- dedicó BU vida a la obra. vuelta. El Padre Aguilar que llegó a prendió la necesidad de aumentar el San Andrés en el año de 1929 con- número de obreros y contrató al Con la llegada del Padre Alajan- Más o menos en el año de 1909 y quistó de inmediato la buena vo- maestro albañil Victoriano-Tlahuix- drit, la construcción recibió un no- estando en San Andrés el Padre An- luntad del pueblo que le tomó ca- tía, que con albañilou y peones o- table impulso, tanto que sn ausen- gel Sánchez, se procedió a la cons- riño y sabiendo que encontrarían riundos de Choluls, trabajó en la cia definitiva, alguno* unos después trucción del atrio y las escalinatas en él, el apoyo necesario partí con- Catedral hasta que se terminó. En fué generalmente sentichrf Sin em- obra qua dirigió don José Canse- tinuar la obra empreudidu, se espe- agosto de este año, u\ darle fin al bargo, debido a la tenacidad y enor- co. Al terminarla quedaron para- ró su regreso de Roma a donde crucero, se cerró la Cúpula y en Di- me cariño que doña Epifanía Figue- lizados los trabajos hasta que en había ido "«Tíiapnós do abandounr ciembre fué trasladudo el Altar Ma- roa ponía ea la labor que se le ha- 1925 siendo Capellán y Vicario Ge- la ciudad a principios del año do yor, de la Capilla interior al Jugar bía encomendado, y habiendo du- neral ei Padre Pedro Castillo, cons- 1939, para notificarle que SH había que ocupa actualmente. Al termi- rante la estancia del Padra Alejnn- truyó en aa año cuatro columnas constituido la junta en la siguinute narse Jas naves t-a 1947, se pudo drit, llegado a enrasir las paredes, interiores. Sin embargo, la suspen- forma: Presidenta, la señorita Con- prescindir de la capilla que fué des- se pensó en construir dentro de las sión de cultos ocurrida en el año chita Sedáis; Secretaria Eugenia Pé- baratada. El lo. de enero de 1948 mismas, una capilla de madera y de 1926 no interrumpió las labo- rez T.; Tesorera, María Fernández se colocó la cruz en la cúpula de la teja para que pudiera empezar el res, pues en la ausencia del Pa- ' da Del Corta. , Taihbión se nombró segunda torre que había sido comen- caito desde luego, ya que no igno- dre Castillo se hizo cargo de con- una junta de Sres., presidida por el zada cinco meses antes. Al mismo raban la cantidad de tiempo y es- tinuarlos la señorita Conchita Se- Sr. Felipe del Corte; Secretario, A- tiempo se reformó pafa igualarlas, la fuerzos requeridos por obra de tal das que leyautó las dos columnas dolfo González y Tesorero, Klíáe Ha- torre del reloj, informando el maes- envergadura. que faltaban para formar la nave dríguez. C»bn citar aquí, la ectiyi- tro Tlahuixtia haber visto el perga- central y unos arcos de la nave dad y el empuño que las colectoras mino depositado en la base del para- izquierda. Fué aproximadamente en el año pusieron desde entonces en sus la- rrayos en el año de 1886 protegido de 1906, cuando se empeló la citada bores, siendo imponible* asentar el por una cubierta de cristal, el cual Nuevamente sufrió una interrup- nombre de todas por temor a come- no fué tocado. Un año después e- capilla, siendo el Padre Fernando ción el trabajo que ge estaba rea- Beltrán quien la bendijo el año de ter omisionen. Los miembros de la xactamente ei lo. de enero de 1949, lizando y fué hasta el mes de a- juuta cambiaron en diferentes oca- fueron bendecidas las'campanas por 1907 y la dedicó al eulto de San JO- goato de 1939 en que mientras, se BO. Para este acto se nombraron eioriHP, poro la Presidencia, desde Monseñor Gregorio Aguilar, y cen impartía la doctrina cristiaua, se entonces a lá fecha, estuvo a cargo ayuda de todo el pueblo, que dio padrinos "de la última teja". En quebró una de las columnas de ma- el archivo de la Catedral existe un do la señorita Sedas, que ha dado grandes muestras de regocijo, e- dera que sostenían los techos de la un admirable ejemplo de lo (que levadas al campanario. Estas

'T? *.£<>

LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes -*«&. Betty Starr >a**!tiTwr>:*{Mweai ***•*«•«+**•+**•+«•#++*•*•+* SSSS588S35pBffWMKMMAMMKHMIMngMAAMatf ****»«+****#+*««*4 LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes Betty atarr

PRUEBAS FINALES DE LAS ESCUELAS PRIMARIA FEDERALES de la XVII Zona Escolar del Estado de Veraoruz INSTRUCTIVO para la resoluoióp de la prueba de LENGUA NACIONAL correspondiente al PRIMER ANO.- 1.- Lee oon voz olara el siguiente trozo* 2,- Pon una oruz en el nombre que corresponde a oada uno de los dibujos* 3*- Pon una oruz a los dibujos que representan femenino y una medita a los que representan masculino. 4*- Escribe sobre la raya el nombre de esos dibujos* 5.- Escribe el aumentativo y el diminutivo sobre la raylta que corresponde a oada dibujo* 6.- Es orí tura al dictado de las siguientes frases: Tengo mi cuaderno •- José fue a la escuela*- El niflo corre por el campo. Nombres propios; Ana, Maura, Petra, Juana, Manuel*—

INSTRUCTIVO para la prueba de Arltmetloa y Geometría.-Primer ano* Toma tu lápiz, mira con mucho cuidado las hojas que te acaban de dar y observa los dibujos que hay en ellas, luego haz lo que se te va a indioar. 1.- Tacha oon una equis el dibujo de las estrellltas que representan muchas estrellas. 2.- De estas sillas taoha dos* >*- De estas oampanas pinta 3 de verde y 2 de rojo* 4.- De este dibujo no pintes cuatro conejos. , 5*- Cuenta las ruedltas que ves y pon a un lado cuantas son* 6*- Sobre las rayitts esorlbe los números romanos que se te indican* 7*- Observa el dibujo del plátano y escribe que representa oada una de las partes en que esta dividido* . 8*- Este oiroulo tiene una parte pintada, esorlbe a un lado que tanto representa del oiroulo* 9»- Escribe sobre las líneas los números ordinales que faltan* 10.- Fíjate en estos- dibujos y pon un 1 a los que nos sirve para medir liquides; un 2 a los que nos sirve para medir el largo de una oalle y un 3 a los que nos sirve para pesar* 11*- Haz las siguientes ouentas. . , . 12*- Observe los dos dibujltos y di cuanto o o ataran loe dos sabiendo que el martillo vale 35 cent* y la taza 25 oent. 13.- Aquí tienes dos monedas, una de 20 oent* y otra de 5 oents. Si de la primera gastas los oinoo centavos, de la de abajo; ?ouanto te quedará? f 14.- Aquí tienes un reloj sin números* Ponle sus números y di que hora están señalando las manecillas. 15*- Estas son varias figuras* Haz lo que se te lndioa: a).- Ponle un 1 al oilindro. b).- Ponle un 2 a las esfera* o)*- Ponle un 3 al oiroulo* d).- Ponle un 4 al oubo. e).- Ponle un 5 a la linea horizontal* JLS2, LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes Betty Starr

Pruebas Finales de las Esouelas Primarla Federales—continued.

INSTRUCTIVO para la resolución de la prueba de ciencias naturales* 1 ano. 1.- Pon sobre las líneas los nombres que corresponden a cada una dé las partes del ouerpo humano* 2.- pon una cruz a lo que nos sirve para ver y una ruedita a lo que nos sirve para oír* 3.- Tacha el animal que vive en las oabezas desaseadas. ' 4.- Pon una oruz a los titiles que necesitas para asearte. 5 «-Pon loe nombres a oada una de las partes de la planta de maíz* 6.- Subraya un fruto que se produzoa en esta region. 7*- Esoribe el nombre de tres cosas que necesita una planta para poder vivir» 8.- Enoierra en un oiroulo el animal que es mamífero* 9.- Pon una oruz al animal que sea doméatloo. 10*- Fíjate en este dibujo y pon su nombre. INSTRUCTIVO para la resolución de la prueba de Historia y Civismo* Primer ano* 1*- Esta es nuestra Bandera, pinta los oolores de la misma. 2.- De estos tres dibujos ponle una cruz al que representa el Esoudo Naoional* 3*- Taoha el dibujo que representa el arma que usaron los primeros pobladores de Mexico. / 4.- Taoha el dibujo que indique como se transportaban de un lugar a otro los primeros pobladores*^ ' 5*- Taoha el dibujo que indique o orno vestían los primeros pobladores* 6.- Taoha el nifío que saluda a la bandera. 7.- Taoha el nombre de las personas que sostienen tu casa. 8.- Taoha la palabra que te indique cómo debes ser con tus padres y maestros. / 9*- Taoha la palabra que indique que debes haoer en la esouela. 10.- De estas fechas, taoha el día en que se oelebra la Independencia de Uexioo. US»...fúN."i >NAL. lor. :¿o. Nombre del ,11 wane lugar y fe-clia l.« *¿'7 LA, c/iiip.iiu. ¡Tan... ¡Tan... }Trm... Inn ooho dan... \ I Los niños corro:!...' ¿;» dónde van? A la Iiliiuela. •• ^ ...... Center.-', os a -st.v\dia*... ^ ...... \s-

2.- \\\> liarais©*»* •t »"\ x .z goto mesa eone.io - hot* C'sa iAd_.^

,*Vt¿'7 polots y -trr PR la / .¿•ato; IAJO lUAiJjAO*«fXMU flVkfl •XJH' iitwjr »

4.-

v-9 ¿J\ -) **. r't~t n

\ • •""""•••""«••-««••••^•-"«••••"«^"-•••"""••"•f-»»«««••- 6.-

fT''^-••'/•'•W,l*.'*WfWii-. '•"-. |!. \ _____ ^^ ¡ 4 IOS, TUXKAS-Fleld Not.. ^**"- Betty starr

Meteoro del. Alumno »_^_ ___-____^ '

^ J" 'V' ^ :&

4.- 5.

>*> ^:.^«^ l • ° '* * «

- • I . - • •• - • • •• • • . . I« , XII_ LOS TÜXTLAS B«tty Starr

a.-

i M^

5o. 7o. lo. lo.

10.- to o —•' <^¿A t_I •—i—t^ e—

6*6 Vr 84 'tt.- 8 24 , 61 12 ,5 * * + X2

Í&££ÉÉj¡g»} ¿S7 LOS TUXTIA8—Field Notas Batty Starr

ft..- -s 35/ 20 i V*

.PJ~ ..liL.

1*.-

15.* ' 1

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¿Miá^^g^.iu^^.,^^ ^w, c^^yíial LOS TUXT1AS—Pleldf Not«g Betty Starr

•"IR/OUSi;

Nombro dol iSlanmo- lugar y ¿oohfl 2.- 1.-

'. ».> . y-i

*tt -o o/< LOS TÜXTL&8--Pltld Notts Batty Starr

6.- . .-,

ñ ' ¿SJ-íKA ' -^ • • / \ M'lKH ' ^ - \V«»^\ ; • ¿Z~~^ ^•'-^"-" .._.••-.

-:'/ ., _ .. •

, t.re Sol :ttabla ncuo nlinoatos. . i / X

9.- b e • ^ N ^ J

\'¿V • J it > \ \ frr^^r 4A^ X V ' ¿'"" ^f A /•/ /;' '

^1 2¿P LOS TUXTIAS--Field Notaa -life. Betty Starr

GEOGRAFÍA. lor, AÍJO. Noubre dol Aluaioa Uigar y focha

It- Tachu con una oruz ol dibujo que ropreootrln ul dio. ( vrv

2.- iJá.osto dibujó y sobre In rdyita oseribo ol noribro dol punto por donde •nlo el Sol. '

&! jvr

3." BU i«to dibujo oscrabo ol ncobro do los punto* onrdim.los

4.- IAB Sstaeionos dol ano aom

b).- T"

>.-;

MERO nsnsRo UARXO ATCL ¿wro JUNIO

-• . ••'.•' ' • • .

' JBU0 VdOBTO aSFTSitMBRB ÜOTUJRE MOYESUBRB DXOXBUBRB

n).- Pon una orut al aos en quo ao eolohra el dia_do In Ustro. b).- Pon uña ruedita «1 noa on quo so celebran kn'fiestos patrias. e).- Pon dea eirueos al oos on quo M oelobra el Din do la Rata*

MMHMB .

^ .

t ^ •a •HíiMÉii xa LOS TUXTLA3—Pleíd Notes Bttty Starr

HISTORIA Y CIVISMO, íor. AfJO. Nombro do! Alunmo^

lugar y fecha m" M;\' 11 >

1.-

•

> "'•"••'^1 a

• "'.'SI

•••V. ••.'•'< ?;•£,,-. \-H ,-í •''-~'A'-V-':---*^ 4 * \

M> cf ^S1 lí / V•il G> 0

rx -\

' O)•'. I' c ^1-" . Tf*Í

V. .< J J i

6.-

El 4 ' i < < *- , if A

U>3 TUXTIAS*~Field Note. .^ Betty gtapr

HISTORIA Y CIVISMO.-!* i» r año.-(Continuaoii6h.) 7,-lfcsstroB Padres /«nigos. . . . -V-~- - 8» -Gtjosero Obediente ifelo. ;

9.-llorar Ralear Estudiar.

10.?lo, do ifoyo 5 da lAyo " 16 de septiembre.

1 k H 1 t» V SL, f> 4} •I, | I jr MI >. vv* ";« - *Sfi S TUXTUS—Field Notts ¡4 Oopla

MONOGRAFÍA HISTÓRICO GEOORAFICA A«, «AN ANDREQ TUXTLA, Ver., que respetuoiaventet presents ANGIL F. TORRES (Director de la ACADEMIA 3ANANDRESCAHAÍ ant* 1* H. SECRETARIA DE EDUCACIÓN PUBLICA — COMISICM DEL PAPALOAPAN, O Os o respuesta a la Convocatoria que en su oportujoldad sé giró* al Magisterio en las diversas oosunidade* de la CuenSa del Papaloapan.

PREAMBÜLO

De acuerdo con la Base I) de la Oo&voeaterl* qut nos ocupa, este estudio debiera referirse ex6lusiva««nt« a la Ciu- dad, de San Andrea Tuxtla, Ver., cono sede de^J,» ACADEMIA VsANANDRESOANA, instltueión Particular de I»*e3*ttS* JMaa* >• (ría y. Conerc^a!,, dirigida por eU autor desde s« funáeolon,

"• !haoe siete IOS < i» *»-¥->' > V, Cono se explicará en el curso de este trabajo, feuajr#i^NMMi circunstancias que estableoen una estrecha intartM ola entre la Ciudad de San Andre's Tu*ti a, j l#V

tro s de población dignos de nen clonarse so e¿ IBIVÍJ del mlanp nombre, j ha? también un* eat? dene la entre este Munlolpio y les advaoeaW* Tuxtla y Oateaaoo, en forma tal qu* sería aa

pretender referirse en forma «x*lu*iva a \tu C4M*í Andres* — En oopeeouensia, nos Tersaos pÚtlÉ! referimos oaal eon atantes ente al mtx~Qm\ét áM* tUs" (los tres Municipios) ¿ojfi oontunfro. »ues el earioter que mantienen geográfica, económica j s*e*f4

a) Orlentaoldq ¿— La Ciudad de San Andrea Tuxtla, Ver., tomando : aowo basa el centro de la base de la Torre Norte de la Cate- dral en construcción, se encuentra situada a 361 ata* aobra el nivel del mar, con Latitud Norte 16° 26' 42", y Longitud 3° 55' 05" Este de la Torre Oriental de la Ciudad de Mexloo, lo que equivale a una Longitud 95° 12' 87" Oeste del Meri- diano de (Jreenwloh.

Esta Longitud motiva una diferencia en tiempo, de 15* 30" 32 o on la Ciudad de México, y de 6 ha. 20* 51" *9 oon la Ciudad de 'Gwaenwloh. H ''"'', ; > . '!

J-; La Daoliôlón ^de la ,AguJajâgnftioa' es H-Tôá! 2a"' 32. •"•.••!. La Ciudad de San Andre's ae encuentra aproxliadmente al centro (en ambas direoolonee) del Municipio de su propio nombre, que a su ves ae extiende de entre loa Paralelos 18°13' y 18°43', y entre los Meridianoa 3°52' y 3°59'. El Muni- cipio se levanta desde el nivel del mar (Montepío, en el Golfo de Me'xioo) basta una altitud media de 700 nts. en su •«tres» sur, por 16 que la altitud de la Ciudad de 8a» An- drés t ambleo resulta media del Municipio»

y *-\ -.:''' *? •*"»•'»«**•» uno de ip, «¿s meridionales dilata»* ift * ^ ,' de vtraoru,, que Xlato 1 nsrt. een el Golfo d. MéWo,

•AJtotf oo« #1 de **w9m, «i 9ar w el 4* Aoayuos», i

? v »¿K LOS TITXTUS—Field Notes

8ur-oeate con el de Oosamaioapan, y al Oeste oon el de Vera- orut. o> limites —— La Ciudad propiamente dicha, se encuentra rodeada •in distanola de por medio, y siguiendo la dlreooión norte» oriente-Sur-poniente, por los siguientes GRUPOS DE EJIBa- TARIOS; Campeche» Belén Chico, Otapan, Belem Grande, Buena Vista yIo de Mayo. líáa haoia la periferia, y siguiendo igual direeoion, están a su alrededor los siguientes C0MI3ARIAD03: Tepanoa, Tonalapa, Uatacapán, Slhuápan, Calería, santa. Rosa, Comoapan, Hülde- ro, Cerro de Las Iguanas, Chumlapari, Cebadilla, Ranohoa- J pan, Tilajpan, Soyata, Teohalpan, Cerr¿> Amarillo y Xotia

i, i -1!. ^ff»^4,j I Í^,f 1) Como oludad - Encontrándose tan inmediata al pie de las estri-y baolones de la sierra de Los Tuxtlaa, también planada del San Martín, constituye]un plano ¡fuegemente inclinado de norte a sur, oon oalles aioidentadas pero que representan una gran ventaja en region tropical: la de evitar enoharoanlen- tos y pantan^rr Todas las aguas llovedizas y de desperdicio^ (pues no hay drenaje)» buscan su rápida salida engrosando los dos arroyos que la atraviesan en su porción central también de norte a sur» ti Jtfpizole que naos en los manantiales de Aveapomat, y al Oeste de él, separado por sólo unas ouantas ouadras, si Fuahuapan originado en los manantiales de igual nombre. Se unen hacia las afueras'd* la oludad* y a inoediaciones de Ranohoapan se^ urnen al desagite de la Laguna a¿7 LOS TÜXTLA8--field Noteé

de Catenaeo, al qué noa referióos enseguida.

2) En el eon Junto — Cono ai tea queda diohp, la, oiudad de San Andre's se encuentra aproximadamente en el centro del Mu- nicipio de su propio nombré} pero oabe la aolaraolon de que la porolo'n sur del Municipio es prácticamente una lla- nura que se inicia al nivel de las tree oabeoeras de Mu- nicipios Santiago, San Andre's y Catenaoo* Este ej» de centros de población en teminos "generales viene a encon- trarse al pie de las estribaciones de la Sierra de Los Tux- tlas, cuya altura principal es el extinto Voloán de San Mar- tín ;(1,764 rnts»), peroi que eon El yig¿a al 3EE y (ierro Prlé-| to *l^Sty. y sus oorresjpoendientes estribaciones, foftaan una r, d, i ^r f 7 i «reglón apntaqoAatafío^a quíqué |L¡tii earo^raotíiíriza por*, su casi total au- l j \MmoXqif poblloión en ¡todaa lal parte norte dé los tres nun i* 'i I \o|.ploe. Las denaV alturas). completamente inmediatas a la íiudad son El Venado, Mono Blanco y Cerro Muerto* Esta ¿adena nontaffosa viene a determinar dos vertientes, de las olíales la del norte •• rápida y corta y"a que algunas de las estribaciones llegan hasta la orilla del aar (El Borrego, Rooa partida, eto.)• En esta vertiente, pusdtft senolañarse / 'Arroyo de Ó«,na, Úoldr Jlftqulna, HualtaJapan, «te* La vertiente sur se oaraetirls* por

'í-é /• / ílr LOS TOXILA3--Fi«ld N0t«i ^flfc.

• •••,. ** :•• En lo que a nuestro estudió corresponde* oonBideraao» los dos arroyuelos que atraviesan la ciudad (aovo antes se dijo), de norte a sur{ elPlpiíoie haola el Este y el Puohuapan haoia el Oeste, separados entre al por solo unas guantas cuadras, se ex- tienden por un oorio treoho para unirse en las goteras de la póJ blaolon (barrio del Rastro) y pronto unir sus aguas a las del detagUe de la Laguna de Catemaoo, *£• abajo del Salto de Kylpan- tla, y así eegáiropn; loa nombre» de RÍo Grande,© de ¿an Andre's que se junta al TtflCILA en las inmediaciones de Laurel.H ••''-••' ,.'•...-•. V •'. • '"--i . •* ; ' \ V QBSEHVABlCteí "v*$n' SiC&j/dejSane er^tioismo, hademos \ notar qua 'esta trayecto aparece totalmente equí- voco en reoriente icapa de la "Cue no a del papal oapan", editado por el Br. \M¡g uel ^aivlllf de las Ca- sas, Impreso «7 los Talleres de "El Dictasen", pues los dos arroyuelos (Pipiable y Puehuapari} en ves de hacerlos oorrer haola el Sureste para unirlos al flan Andre's, se les hace, oorrer haola #1 Sures- te par» unirlos directamente al Tuxtla. Unidos el Tuxtla y San Andre's, siguen haola el, San Juan al que se unen en Barbo», también conocida por "Tres Booms", para tonar una dirección marcadamente nor-occidental, recibiendo las aguas del San Agustín en I ale tilla a para por ultimo engrosar al Papaloapan vas abajo del entronque del Teseohoaoan y ya a Inme- diaciones de la desembocadura en la Laguna de Alvarado* é) Qllaa —• Encontrándose esta reglón haola la parte sur del Estado de Veraertu y oon absoluta proxlaldad al Istmo, su el isa en término* generales se considera de oaraoter tre.plcal, aunque, con paread» , . •041^1^ ciudad de fta» Afires, dada su proximidad a la» . ^ eleraolones ya iM«eíooadM« Pá^i»^j^fá¿eÍo«|^ c}lme ea mas »ar»beda*ente _. tropte»t¿ jbwepoi« de J¿° como máximo, o de 12° "

oiudad de la» órl- 'I -. -. 'mm •Ote'itltuye una ai «rta pro teeeio». Sin embargo,

•'.f-, •$/ •<&¡ L03 TUXILAS—Field Notes XL9 -V no ee lo sufloion tosente cerrada ni alta para nulificar la influencia una de los "nortea" que suelen acotar con cierta rudeza desde Septiembre hasta Enero* Esto tiene oomo consecuencia una ostensible irregularidad en el serví ole aéreo durante e^a tfpooa. A veñudo a continuation de un norte sigue un "sur", con los oon- siguientes perjuicios en la agricultura ante cambios tan bruscos* Fauna y^ora — Aunque al oallfloar, de. tropical esta reglón queda ya r ,. v j < \ sobreentendida el carácter general de-lsu fauna y Plora puede agj*e~

garse que el aspeóte boscoso de su reglón montañosa le haoe campo % propicio para el cazador, dándose cita en ella grupos provenientes de comarcas bastante alejadas y para quienes es suficiente atraotlvo la relativa abundancia de Temazate, anteburro, Rabona, Venado Real, Tigre, Oalaán, Tejón, Mono, Harta, Faisán Real, Cha- chalaca, ete. La asombrosa variedad de Mariposas es digna de mencionarse. La pesoa de agua duloe como de'agua salada, es abundan- tísima, debiendo inolulrse también la tortuga. - Independientemente de la exhube ran ola natural por tratarse de reglón tropical, merecen especial menciónt el plátano, mango, oooo, mamey, zapote domingo, etc; el oedro, ohagani, primavera, rota morada, atíohil, eto• En' cas blo su riqueza en flores ts muy relativa y dttootió'eets oaslpor completo su explotación, 'asegurasente tono eómamoueneia a> aa falta de meroado al «*>toer- .; >dm oómunlóaoione s apropiadas, pues las variedades sí existen,, pero no te- óttltivsn para sxplotacion.

QAP. II - B»|Rj^ür do desarrollarse siquiera oon aceptable precisión, y toda fuente de información adolecerá de la enorme fall» que significa la va-: guedad de sus datos.' - •• -\ •'' ...

En general aceitase como población parala Ciudad de San Andre's el dato dé ,25»000 habitantes; para las Congregaciones cir- cunvecinas, 10,000 habitant es; y otros 10,000/para los centros mas alejados y que oono ya se explico antes, se pueden encontrar salo hacia la parte sur del Municipio» Concretandoj alrededor de 35,000 habitantes para la/oiudad y sus inmediaciones, y una po- blación aproximada de 45,000 habitantes para el Municipio todo. b) Grupos Étnicos — La poblad on en la ciudad es bastante homoge'nea pudiendo clasificarse en la categoría de mestiza, siendo, de cierta \ Cónsideracidb el numero de familias cuyos progenitores por tres y cuatro generaciones se han desarrollado exclusivamente en este medio* Es en ¿pooa de cosechas, o a fines de semana, o principalmente en oo as ion de ferias o festividades religiosas, que aflu- yen grupos de indígenas que acuden a la dudad y aprovechan para hacer sus compra*, etc. °) Bx^rsnJefos — Por lo que a extranjeros toot, puede hacerse la difer- enciación entre loa da reciente llagada y loa de «fíe arraigo» Loe C primeros, casi exclusivamente españoles varona** peslbl emente no. pasen da diea* Los de más arraigo son en mayor numero y en su grupo podran considerarse alrededor de diez familias también de aaoeudenoia hispana* *» Se da haoerae notarla ausencia de otrae'rasaa, a ex* oepolÓD de tres o cuatro Individuos de la rasa amarilla* LOS TUXTLA3—ritld Noto -128- 51*7/ -*8» d) Principales ocupaciones de Itfe habitantes --Fundamentalmente puede decirse que existen dos grupos: los dedicados, a la agricultura (en mayor número), y los dedicados al oomerolo. Fuera de estos grupos, hay la natural indispensabilidad en ciertos oficios pero en todos ellos, de muy escaso numero haoiendosenotar la ausencia de elementos preparados en actividades tan importan tos como la herrería, electricidad, ebanistería, alfarería, etc. e) Dialeotoa que se hablan — Gomo se dijo en el párrafo b), la inmensa mayoría de la población es mestiza y de aquí la ausencia de dialectos pues tiene el carácterde exclusivo el idioma español* Cuando llegan a oírse dialectos, es como también se dijo, cuando hay afluencia de grupos provenientes sobre todo, de la Sierra de Oaxaoa.

CAP. III — A(3SICULTURA Y GANADERÍA a) Métodos de cultivo — Pueden oalifloarse oomo venaderamente primiti- vos lo que es muy de lamentar si se toma en cuenta que es la' -. agricultura la fuente principal y casi exclusiva de riqueza en toda esta amplia reglón* — $i las conseouenolas de esté retraso en métodos do cultivo no son a/a ostensibles «lio on parte so , explioa por la falta de oomunioaolón que apenas da salida a lo quo actualmente so produoe* 91n embargo, «hora quo, •• to »»V próxima la o om un i o ación por carretera para Aivarado y V#*e*ru*» «urge o«B>o neoeaidad indispensable msdífjjoar «at* eituaaioV f seguramente la solución a/* eenaai* ««ría la fundablón de una Escuela Agrio ola que «calenes a formar gene mol opea Beta aptae

para, la debida explotación de tierraa ian prodtíotitají OOSIQ aoñ la* > d« toda «ata tomaroa* ' -* LOS TUXTLA3--Fleia Notes

Como Instrumentos de labranza predominaní el maohete, la huataoa, el rastrillo y el arado de una reja que comunmente lo tiran bueyea» —- La maquinarla agrícola puede decirte que ea nula en todos los alrededores pues el equipo de que pudiere, disponerse por conducto del Banco de Crédito EJldal probablemente por descuido o abandono se encuentra completamente Inutilizado sin que Jamas llegara a dejar -verdadero rendimiento* Por cuanto a loa particulares, probablemente no pasan de tres los tractores en uso; las cultivadoras'grandes, las trilladoras, desgranadoras, fumigadoras, etc., se desconocen* La rotación de cultivos, Injertos* cruzamientos, etc»* también se desconocen y si acaso se concretan a "dejar descansar" las tierras por una temporada. — Los abonos salo Intervienen en moderada escala en lo que se refiere al cultivo del tabaoo. — En general puede afirmarse que se reooge sólo lo que la tierra generosamente da de per ai; sin que en forma alguna se busque una mayor producción, b) Cultivos principales —- El prfmer lugar oerrespon'd* al maíz, del que se levant» dos cosechas ,(una en noviembre o diciembre y otra e-p mayo "o»Juqio.}, alcanzándose una pzpduoolon total qit* sélo < • en 1A eetaoion de 3an Andres Tuxtla', significa un tonelaje embarcado anualmente no menor-*• ooho vil toneladas* Sn segundo, lugar puede considerarse el frijol* también eon dos oo aechas ajbusl's* ,y q^aepor lo que corresponde a la eataeioíi de San Andrea Tuxtla, sign i ¿Loa embarques con un tonelaje anual no menor deVoino^ mil* t¿«*A«4as;. Como caso espéolal a*jclonaremos el pla/baqo que por los ,.- años 43 * 45 alean so un toorelaje anual ambareado no menor d* veinte mil tonelada*, pat» «aportada] en BU mayoría, — LOS TUXTLAS--n«ia Notts A?3 .>50r -to. 31 este renglón ha desoendido considerablemente ello se deba en primer lugar a la insuficiencia de oarroa para su embarque ori- ginando aslf cuantiosas perdidas que han venido a agravarse oen el obamueoo. que nunca entes había asolado setas regiones. Por ouanto al tabaco, los embarques anuales al cansan la elfra de diez mil arrobas en rama siendo de fama mundial la calidad del tabaco 3an and reaten o. La ooseoha de manido reclama al ano de 40 a 50 furgones para su embarque* o) Epooas d» las alea bra's -«* Sor'lo que se refiere a loe cultivos principales, .la primera época de siembra para el maíz es en enero o febrero, llamándose a esta ooseoha la "de sacas"; la otra siembra se hace en Junio considerándose ¿ata como la de "temporal". —En ouanto al frijol la primera siembra se baoe en oetubre o noviembre la "¿e secas", y en mayo o junio la "de aguas"* d) Contingencias -r Los principales trastornos en cosechas se resienten con motivo de los nortes que afsotan al maíz, al tabaoo y al plá- tano principalmente* —- El adelanto o retraso en la llegada de las aguas auale ocasionar serlos trastornos en la ooseoha dt frijol, qué'a vee*s ttmbleV s* ve mermado por la •babilla*. una «lerta espuma #f« ha°« W la vaina no d¿ fruto* • . , ' la Hu*gt?sta llegó' a «tota* **Ué tierras baoe 21 p 22 sfiWy haee unos" lí silos» — La plaga del «us*no también so- brevine nao» ooao «pos diet «Sos. -•»- Lúa1, ultinos das o iré* a$o* h* resentido la oeoseou enoia del ehamueoo -en el pl*ta»t% • '•) ganadría* Dad» H absoluta proximidad dt seta poblad o» a le r**M*B montañosa no jpue(Jé considerarse «orno #jsna*era pues esta actividad1 í - .¿J es oaraeterisUoa de la porción tur del municipio y sobretodo deO, municipio da-9«pUagp TUtUa, aunque muy ab4tidt>* por ,. *7xs%«s- .: pij^oa ou ando,no «s «1 0*40 dé meros *ot}rsndaros" o "yerbateros" > oomo se les ¡Limita en la localidad a lo que áebe «¿regarse 1* muy gen eral I» ád A eostumbre de aoü<ár a loe "brujíw".

y > * 1* ciudad en éL esta libre Áel Bgjfjjl^, »ft6ft|fl «VMi*» * *¥

t--. LOS TÜXTUS—Plaid Notts ¿75" -19a- -Ifi- ralativá altura pero sobretodo a BU aaroado declive que nulifica por completo lag aguas pantanosas y cenagosas» Sin embargo, en le alrededores relativamente inmediatos sí hay mosquito palddloo y las huellas de sus estragos marcan a la inmensa mayoría de la poblaolén. Es también de notarse que la tos ferina no es demasiado abundante en la ciudad, pero en cambio hace tremendos estragos en las Congregaciones. Dada la constante afluencia de individuos que van y vienen de y a la ciudad, oonstltuye uno de los mayores vales que redaman -aten o ion. Debilitado asi el organismo con estas dos tremendas afnociones, restaría considerar la funesta influencia que en cuestiones de salud , significan los trastornos resultantes de toda la escala de pa--, raaitpe Intestinales eomo consecuencia de la pésima condición en que se encuentra el servicie de aguas, que muy lejos está de merecer el calificativo de "potables". Resulta así un o ampo ma's que proploio para la TUBERCULOSIS, otro de los grandes azotes de la reglón. Aunque fUera.de estas cuatro prinolpales enfermedades las devl* no tienen importan o la especial, bastan las indicadas para explicar el coefioiente tan bajo de organismos sanps, J nor tanto la extraordinaria urgencia de mejorar «1 aspecto sanitario d* la comunidad dando pronta y debida atención a la captadÓD y 00n- duoolbn Se aguas verdaderamente potables, —- tomando las medidas del oaso para extara in aren la mayor pro poro Ion posible el mosquiio palúdico, e Intensificar debidamente la educación en el terreno de higiene public-a, tendiente a ausentar simultáneamente las medidas pre- V'.' •.'•• LOS TUXXLafl-.Fiold Moto* *?& -133.- *

ventivas y curativas en lo que a tos ferina y tubérculos i a se refiere» NOTAS — Considerándolo o orno un Ingente necesidad, la ACADEMIA SAN- ANDRE3CANA ti en* presentada ante la H. Srla, de Aa la ten ola Publica y ante la H. Universidad Ve rao ru zana una ln atañóla para lograr el establecimiento de una Escuela de Enfermería rural que con el tiempo venga a ejercer ben^fioo Influjo en esté terreno* CAP. V -— COMUNICACIONES — Cono quedó' Indicado ya en capítulos anteriores, el desenvolvimiento de esta amplia raglán esta supeditado a la resolución de su problema de comunicación que puede, todavía en la actualidad, calificarse de muy deficiente, a) Carreteras -*~ Nos en o on tramos totalmente aislados del resto del pa'íi , en éste aspecto pues splo hasta principios de eate ano comenzó a trabajarse con relativa actividad en la carretera que haya de unirnos al Norte con Alvarado o por lo menos la orilla de la laguna del mismo nombre y que entendemos se proyecta continuar por el sur hasta Minatitlan. — Se están aprovechando en su mayor parte los viejos caminos ya trazados pero que sólo cons id eran se como dé .herradura para tiempos de secas. H&ita «1 momento de esorlblr el presente ototudio las obras de terraoerla abaroan hasta un poco asís adelante de Santiago Tuxtla. por oaróer todavía d» grava j petrslizaoi&t ha bastado la protect• |0B)p©rada do lluvia* , para hacerlo Ifrtrán W¡L% *1aM> m su *afor porcia» *-- ' La conven leñóla do apresurar la róalikao.lóld do esto proyeoto, oo évádonte al oonaldora? quo por opta ruta, bastarían anas ouantag borUa, qulaá no nao do ouatri» « ai no o, para cubrir la distancia do 'aquí A Veraofuz, oow J<> cual ge •siabl obcría un» rapid a salida para tantos productos

"¿í i •";•:' 4 -K.

;. *>„ ^ LOS TUXXLAS—Fleld Notes ^7 -134-

que hasta «1 presente no pueden sacarse por ferrooarril no ad- ío por el faotor económico o por- e% faatoir frJempo, sln_o principalmente por el hecho de no contar ni oon vía ni con el Mate- rial rodante necesario* ' " b) Ferrocarril — El ramal que une a San Andre's Tuxtla con -Rodríguez Clara «n la vlfa troncal del Jtsme o ubre una 41 stand a de 72 kms* que dadas las pésimas oondldones del equipo, se recorren normal mente en un mínimo de cuatro horas, lo que se considera cono "muy buen tiempo" pues es demasiado frecuente el que esa distancia se recorra en ocho, diez, dooe horas o más* Esta es- cueta infforoaclcr) bastaría para explicar como dicho ranal está muy lejos de constituir una salida comercial para cualquier dase de produotos de que se trate* Por cuanto a pasaje es verdaderamente molesto el horario oon salida de esta ciudad a las cuatro de la mart ana de lunes a viernes o a la una de la masaock tarde el sábado para tener que pernoctar en Rodríguez Clara quienes se dirigen al norte. — El pasaje que llega a San Andre's tiene el inconveniente de pernoctar también en Redros/sea, Clara «» oualquiér día d« lupes a viernes, o h&oer la conexión diresta •orno onlod día en sábado, para llegar a San Andres a- «ualojíier ' ' /»fi hora «o la madrugada del domingo, sin eerteaa de ninguna ispéele. ~- Las.aomifraos no hay servíalo en nenguna direoolcéj. -<»'Sl equipo

incluye s^o,mefl¿o c^ryo j9i primera, ,o¿ aje, r &!tJLMa&&** ••günda par* pasajeros. — Cuando hay *xtf«so dm xa ss le maneja en "Jaulas*, lo gué es auy íreouente» „ •) Oblaos, veq^na^ss. — No merecen el nombré d*.ta4e# pues en r*ail*V - . dad sé trata, solsmwnie de veredas que foreésamant# quedan tra- .,

i' *• - LOS *ÜTttIA3--FWM Noto» A?* -EJ6-

-»- . .'.• •->.' zadas oo» el movimiento que ante necesidad inaplaeablé tiene que efectuarse entre unas y otras comunidades. —-' El tra- yeoto de San Andrés Tuxtla a Oatemaoo (11 loas.), que o on polo el intercambió local se justificarla poder hacer en condiciones de relativa comodidad, casi se vuelve intransitable en épocas de lluvias. — Como dato de importancia puede aquí nenoionaree „". el heoho de que dos veoes al afío hay perigrinaoiones al Santuario de Catenaeo que atraen no peños de dies oil visitantes qué forzosa- mente busoan aeoeao por Hueyapan o por San Andrés. b) vías fluviales naVégábleo. --- Son nulas pues cono se dijo, la dues so'lo el prlnoi'plo de la vertiente del sur. o) Numero dé vehículos de motor — Pueden olaaifidarse en la siguiente forma: oo oh es de alquiler 15 particulares 8 oamlonea de oarga 18 ¿éépo y comandos 15 lo que haoe un total de 56 vehículos de motor, " en cuyo numero no hemos inoluído el equipo de la Comisión Nacional de Caminos por su oaráoter ooupletamonte transitorio* ' Sota etóaaez de vehíoulos en pro poro ion a la población total y a ls^|toU^14adea^ftindm»|íh^tles de la f isma-epouentra - su justifioaoioD en-las pésimas otfodlolonés do loe oÉl£peo se- gún qtíeda indicado «a el;plrrafb res$étái»0. lo muy do lamóastarso pues constituye el* prlfeqiplo do verdaderos trastorpot'iD loo caaos do oualquler aglomeraoio/n do oarga (dppoac de ooseoha) o dé extraordinaria afluencia de vi-

•á^?».*^''*'-^" •l^?î¿î*i^-Vs^?iVíî"^-'*ííWv-S:-i"-v' *i'^ft"î'*4*îi¿!S' "i^'^'-i'-i'e." LOS TUXT1AS—n«ia Notes

los ooohea hacen su segundo o teroer viaje al centro de la oiudad» Camones de pasajeros — Existen solamente tres, dos de . los cuales haoen el servicio a Comoapan y uno a Catenaeo, pu- dlendo considerase como un servicio de ¿a* o de 3a. categoría. CAP. VI — CONCEPTO PEL TRABAJO; a) y b) - Organización es obreras y campesinas ——• jlo solamente fto hay grupos antagónicos sino que como en pocas partes, los individuos tomados aisladamente, hasta se confunden reapeoto al grupo a que se supone pertenecen* Hay una marcada desunión y es excepcional el que por uno u otro motivo se logren reunir siquiera den o ciento oinouenta individuos) ni Asambleas ordinarias/ »i Asambleas extraordinarias, ni mítines» ni manifestaciones, etc» Nominalmente existen el grupo de la CTlt, el grupo de la CoCH, «1 FF, el FRI. c) Pedlcaclon de las gentes al trabajo — Como se dijo al hablar del problema agrícola, la tierra da generalmente por si sola, sin que haya un mayor esfuerzo por expotarla y se confirma aquí el prejuicio que suele formarse acerca de las gentes del tropioo y su apatía, su ,. indolencia. En general ti maestro tiene que convencerse a otada pas,o . de falta de asplraoi/n, faltad» dedicación, falta de interés, «te, . lo que se traduce en la neoesldad de extraordinario esfuerao par* ,- llerár, a oabo Cualquier empresa de cierta importancia, »o>Aaporta> de-lo.qyLW.se tr«ts; aotividade* sociales^ actividades ou,lturares, aoUnidades deportivas, y *... hasta reoreailvaeí Cuando de trabajo se trata, «as ostensible es esa indolencia. . •/ ; > ' • ', / . - * 0B3EFVACÍCK —' ti cuadro asi trazado #xpilcará la u' -i ' , • * * • '' '' '

y «i* » LOS TUXTLAS—Fleld NOtaa üjfc -Í59*

Infanta DMiiUidtt tma Tartadara laaor «altara! aay* papal principal indudablaaaDte toaa a la* «MwlMfViirl mr|«it hM«r MUr «ill» 1B«|O fgi n btiti «n «1 MM i« lu MMf daade «rito laialaraa aata oaapafta janimr a* aapírltu da pra- P4a auparaalán, da aaaa aablaloa* . fla». vil ~. «t^Wffltfli n« tA arana^ y M M fflffTTCBtt •J MMfff ti fitltmti — fuada aaa.ldamaa ufe gxipa da traa a aaatro •aaaa «aaaralalaa da priaat» aatafaria, §lraa4a «apitala* «M aaalendan a m alllan 4a paaaa • máa. Tendría a •ootlouaaia» otra fres* «ai elaee a aaia aaaaa «a* tina «• aapltal da aedie alllan da paaoa a a4a, para lata» i*ara a»felUéa*>'-.•],. ':;—"-,..

.."... tanja «*aaa 4a IIMWI 4ue4ar¿a tedavía «a grapa adleieaal, a» eaati4a4 aaaa jauta/ firaada algtaee eea*eaarae «a fellaa o* •»**•• Par eupwaotoreataría «a añafea aerar n«We de oeaüralaataa eetablealdea «en aapital any lafarlor, paro aoaa an paaaa ragle- nee ea Indudable ana la aanUeetaeloa afiela! reapa«te * santa " aenee datoe nay lofarloraa. Oaa» eonftraeeloa de * tie eete aeleale ae aa a^y •aaiyato ..i." ' aanej* •• n«ee* *aa**lbu^ aaata raaai^a» al a^ta ajaa aa «U vMPMta • •fe »ajiajal>a% raias^laarta awaAJto^ v.rSJVi *• ffefe al «maa e> ne^ aea^r ee* eeatr«Ue)^p^ ;a««^.«f;^ /^¡•^siw^ raa«la*aa^ a lea aja* aaaria to a+?e«a* tartilaa da ae»et*iaelén, flan», laa^, p#eti»taa 4* .'••-.if LOS TÜXTLAS—Field Notea ZSi -IJa-

aadaraa, axiíaar, ato* \ a) rrtPfiP^ff llfllltrt*! •*- «««o toaaaauanala de un prablaaa to» earie aaaa ea el de eeauaieaelea, queda explleade «1 INMI aaaere de peqaeftae lnduetrlaa, que «g avie per 1» que ee refiere a granftee ladeetrlaa. B«7 «M f^l«At d« l«4rllU (iMAlMSt* llAMUl* nMlUKj wu lint • g«ia pequefiae fabrleee de purea, des fáuríéaa da aueaiee ea aedeeta eeéala» UM paqueé* látelo de aeealeo, y tm qM wiiiadtr iiw MUflttáti m muadtit t*>t <• IN" toaáU' loatolar «1 aae peeade.

•) nm it in mtitaii nrü — a* ter»*aee geaeraiee» •• íIM* ; eetobleeldo él eletoaa áa reparUeiee de toerr**. par eaacretaele- NI «1 froto a* laa malar esleto el Aféate Muaielpel eeaa Reareeeatonto Dlreete da 1* Autoridad Ol?ll, auaeae en 1* ae- parla de lee eaeee al ^ee^aarleAV ejeree ua papel per la aeaoe toa laeertoato, alende freeuente al eaee eaqua ¿ata ee toae aajaraa atrlbueleaee*

fa* at» a atom etatuaatoaela, la repart&elea ee ha Ue- : §a&e haeto la "tltoleelóa", 7 la 1 ai ana • aa/aría da laa aaai ; fieladoa aeeneueatom todavía ejpeeeto a parear la praptoAad .-.,;,\ que aapa yealde toeaajaate galea per aaaa. :^;-:-^--Cv.V^

J •**•* '.. '7****^T^**%!*''ÍT^J^^ — " ^wajeT^pajpeaaaâaa'a^Bpea?'''aaaaaâaajaAaaBj^BaajanpfâBâv aaaââavaaa>^L» . »rY^> ."'•"._' ,''•' ;.'-"•*,.'. í V**: '-*•'. ^'.¡r ,;' •" >. •-' •" . • >.•' "'''.' V-';,:í • "'•; • •• . ;> •-'.• i.. ,w. •^'••••" '• Y-. i'." .""'. fí/- : '; \ ''.''•;.•'/'.'' •«p» aa; fwaa iad^raato a< aaat aaa rawltfat paipto qaa aa : , freetreato el eaee áa •aapaataaa qa» d# aalaaaia ^*aaa eeapre» >- aetoea toto aw aaaaato aadlwto aattolpaa qaa pata «aa a atoa;;;,-. ;.• aeaMtoeA eeUeltoa p eaUeoto

v*:iví\.-;*i L03 TUXTLAS—Field Note* 38* a f*.

tan njr lajaa da habar aaaatlta&a X* aalwion dal CM» putt mi fanaiaaaalanta adoleee dt fill*» oju* a wood* inaUnan al eup«sino f p«^f«rlr toi^ár «yod* «n le# 9«rU«uU7*»« CAP. yin.. nrv M gwiTww9iffl PI am YTYTWü Ml* an el «entreda la alada*axiatan UMI euatra • «ine* eoattroaelonaa d* dog pl*o** •-- 8* d*M***«* «Ml an la abMlata «1 Up* d* aaaa "aatraM?ada* y 1* «Ml totalidad tlaaaa aa prtaar plM di reatan*at* Ntet *1 auela **n lee Mr rlaa ln**B veniente* fue ei«nlfl*a *4eaá«, al baeoa 4* ejia 1» nayoríjt aaraaan dt pi**, aatanto ray faMrallaada «1 dajarla ual**a*nte de tierra. Fuera del verdadero e entre de la pablfcaloa an fat tí M a*aetaanraa lae paradaa da piedra a ladrilla» an la payaría de lea aaaae la* avraa aan da.nadara aal aaaanblada y aaa fra» eaaaela e*n aapllaa readlja* ¿ntre tasa y aira tabla, fwada dMlraa qa* na •* aeaatuabra aira tipa da taataa «aa na aaa al da taja * léala*, puna eontadíeia** *on laa aaaaa «a* la tienen da bared** la- Maarai •• prafiara la taja da barra y aa* «a axaepalaa exlatan aaaa aaavtaa *a*** MB láalaa da aabaata

ii |«itiil(*t M*|iaM« «a Upt t* nviiau «t ejw a* M áaUbUaa • aayar MnaiM Mte« la^ divaraaa aarvialMi aaaa* eary *ja*iM, é^itariM» ^ ;f*«g|aM^

lea ae**^ atara* nx»*rta*Mr ~ ra la ea«* totalidad da laa aaaipa M naaliaalga • al patu a eeiral/aaaa la pat*aa aria da aataal*> é*aa*tl*ee te eaaén, aa: alaad* axtraáa aa* aiarU aaa*

"13&&&V LOS TÜXTU3—Field Nótaa ¿S3 JSMf- -ia-

vtHwltiM todu MI aaturaiaa f unaatM aaaaaavaaaia* «n la q/M a Mini aa raft ara« - Valo la paaa faaaiaaar «aa ai «ata aay i«R«num» .... la «aataabra dt laa nu «• «ata «n la «.«a a« raft«ra al anidada

4* »T«I «»Mr«i • l« »n«l*, IMT UIIM« tn 1* «ti tM» «1 ' •altiva4» floraa* faapaaa ••*»' My Aaaarrall*4« al «api-

rita 4aa«*tl«o *u« 1M U«r< al ornato 4a su bagar aaa aartl*

aaa, vtillUii ata., aua;taa «laittmtoaavtatabla» 4a la aaj«r aaxiaana «n atraa ra§l«aaa* La «Mina aaal naaaa Uaná ol aaraatar fija «aa an atraa ragioaa« Aal paía ai aaaataaftra, y la ama fraauaat* «a wa fa- gan laprorlaaaa a a«al-flj«, «aa«na*anta para la£a a aaraaa* Laa araaaraa a aataaaaaa aaa harauíaa y fra§*4araa, aapaaui- aaata. «aaatmí&aa para tal ata» aaa aaal iva axa«palaa« Far auanta a aamalaa big laalaaa laa aaa fraauanta «a al maiaa) 4a afana* Laa tafiaa 4a Una a ragajara' tafia aay pata gaaaraliaaaaa y an la aayaría 4a laa «aaaa aa a«««taa tora «i "aaaa a jioaraaaa". — Laa 4«agtiaa 4« ta4a aapaola ':•'•.. fraaaaatt aaa atjrartaaaa al natía a aarr^» a 4«*aaal«rta,

•. aaaaaafta par éamlval «1 arraya* garríala 4a 4raaaja( ara», ' píajaa'ala haalaa^jai aa^a^',4ttairta aaa '.ai ialata» -1"'l? ^lttrtfflffir:4j^'^- Xv.:Haa»a*4a» lnglataa* aáli a» aaajiaWa tiaaa a» Uaat. >g¿r¿g-^

V^VHí'^ a» aaaaata aattaata aaaataUa, •**»*%« aüa 4a rtia- '

la fcaaa laaaaptaala atiaalaalaaaia a» allaaa aoaa aV aaaatra al ao %aa**;#;^téi^

fi LO0 TUXTLaS—Fiold Notoi ZSH- -3*1-

Moor aatar *1 pollgro m» oatrafta ooo ••• roouariaioato do aw- iorlaloo %m laflaaaaloo ooao aon 1» aadora / «1 oola-tox, aa- slat oaaodo M aptavaibia al doaouido al ragloaoat» §M praaiao ftoar doato» do m aalo* do iipm^niiM #wo jitt,

II» a» oooota'•« alagúa itro IIDíW It diToroloa jr olio mtoa atna «MM oaspUoa al fuorto ,IMIHM do boMdaa aloaha- Uta» m Oftabloalaloatoa lagalaonta faaolMaado • aaa a«a, oo oataalaolaloatoo olasdostlaoo. *> ÜtiatlJLJJLIlUi — »• aaáa IMS* •• «ay aingttpa — do Mfta oorta oxloto 1» iitiil^ aflalal dal *• Pa*iaont© para aaa aaalual- •• d#l alaao. — Coaa oaraotor partiaalar funalooa» dos oo- ttttlMI J Oitá O» TÍM Í» aproaarOO la OOMOOlÓa pa?» Ulplar Ma aatlrldadoo «aa aodoata ootaoloa do oada larga* opanrraoiop — Dodo oi paYuo fuaoiooaaioato do ia aaioa flaata do oaorpia olootrloa, U Mjrapáa do 1MM aparatas raooptoros solo paodoo funolosar «M V**- guiador, j M MÍ tu aloanoo oo my liaitado. — HI» axplloa la rolatlra IIMMI do aparatos roooptoros»

n»t— •. > flMjf|; gtttXijTtl — CMO oo dijo on sa opartaaldad, la , ;, afattia rMjaMa ojaa MP aaal aaraatariatiM taaotal M la

M •«!• »MtlA»» MMM aa MMloMtt M J» ppafcto aw «««*»;; %: a*ra lMarú par pa^M to a*MM»*w ap MUPPP pa** toa*ar da : oaMawral Paparla, tMa M sip flp ft* dlfloaltéÉM M I* '':;''

•**; -ar^M"ôp*Maô•J|»•Jp Wj^Pap avT • 'oJPPj^sasapapP^PW»M'.0 ,*JPs> aaMJaw "*WP afc^P». aTwJ^w^^^MPJp^.Mâ..( oWw^^ • paa^f» a^l*a%^ ia* «ailMa^^ LOS TUXTUS--Pi«ld Not»» xt* -3*3-

AaéW» ;péM 3A •rtMisatim *• aulilpU* rnnUí; 4« áivtvt»* •tuipM, jpar* «1 Hfujtvs* pmltaftdo *•? mi ;<«• •»• iuv« fíat yaiwllMTM pw no r«sp«ad«r •• fwnia f^iltfMtorí»

•) l^iw 4a «an ti—y w» Q—ittr>4o» «sao fu»al«v*o4* li^lánrl* ..: Hl* 9nti«$ o#at»rM «vis* «1M», p«ro én tm* fü£tt&JÍ •• la«al«nl*blt «lmiNn «W plants ••t*bl««lal«»tM «¿it taj» 1» fcyftrttMl* d« t«BO«Jt»M d« ItMh» TÍT«» «»•! WlOtAT—>Bt< •«0 •! tráfU* A» lUof* „,•»*'W ugKr ti : •*<*****•»*• «u* *» 1* lMftlUad — «•«•«•••• «X BMÉM *«lffcr #• "••o*-1 mwi tlpM •orrUnte* *• h**»n«w jr ll«t*t§ 9**d**to «•' f

;$&v%' LOS TUXTIA8--finid Notan £l£é ->t$»

ti», flan Andrér ioxtl* y Catan***, »*1* aja*» «•o «1 «lal«t«rl» 90S 8M«r4tt«f. — Hl «M«rtMMnt« ni *n far** «tali* *xi*t* alaguna, ardan r«liflaa*

«X*r*a*r fu* toa ateraa an «nation a* *an pml**g*4o fal- f •í f*r HMM «• Mtl* «lgÍ*# f«VO •* a*la «DlH «Ufc> •M *n«tro • *ln«» asna qn* •• fe* totanalflnai* ana *1 «a- fiiarsa* paalnlaaantn llaga* » taratoaraa «a »1 íHMI ten •á*a*a. »• 1M OMffttMltMi *0 »U*** &««lr** %U« *U*at«* •«• taanl**, pa*a *a (iNrtl •• trata alto *• alanlaa jaaaiaa aén a a*a*a MaaaUaiaaaiaa, anana* l*a nay* Xglaala* ara» aiaaant*, nato Uaná Oataaaaa asa, tanUag* 4*t, y la* 4*náa «a* abatan mU inartllata* a aaá a— a* Iala y »tr* an ••natrnatlan,an R*drígu«s Olera,

•/; > •*•»' niraaxfAfa aat*rl*r, *r*a**t*« a*yn* aal*tatt4M la* .:. "V:; f**tttUa4a«M r*^^ ,/".. • »avl*a»ra jal fauaaa aaa Aaî^)> y to tiaât laata ajaa >- ; aaaaUf ya ana âsnalara far** aanrataá* an •*aala*r*»a atoannto *Vrtal^

¿Tv Ma^^a OJM/ aaw taaMan aa 4i> tan aa$aviarláa4t aa

»a l**aa an nár*r* *• «tos »U» • - .*• A^vVJ

':;r5-'*'- LOS TOJOfLáS— Fi-M NotOi 2&7 -****

a) t^trMHti ni rtita tf \mmíM — ** •lua-d •• ••»••«• dol Muwlolplo, i» AywiMini** — for un* • otra oír» oanotanola oon donmoloda froouonola na toaldo «M fonoioaar «l Oonoojo Kmiolpal. Hoy adonéo m ¿asgado lonor, m Jnsgadn do prlaora xnotanoln» «n agonto dol Minutarlo fnbl loo y una Dolognoion do lo follóla ftdlolol dol Sotado, «na Oflolna roAorol do Haolonda, UH Oflolna do laolonda dol lotodo, «n agonto do la tbononia laolonal, m lupMiUi Fodoral Bnoolor y «na Xno- pooolon looalar dol Sotado* Contribuyo OQ iron sordo «1 roopaldo do ootao A«* torldodon, dontro dol torrono logal» ol 9a Roglnlonto «uo ha tenido o« oodo on dan androo nor apraslnadanonta oolo oaoo. •) í*m ti tJfXltl ti tmtnt ~' *»* tundo por rasan natnral hay aotlTldadoo para lao oualoo no oabo doiogaoión do faoultadoo prlnolpolaonta on ouootlonóo do oaraotor adnlnlotratlTO, pordora ol vio Jo olotona do Jnos do norrio y Jofoo do nanaaaa, oon ono . roopootivoo flooaloo ó ayulantoo* Onda la Minino froouonola oon ««o onto* oarsoi ojoodan on aanoo do iadlvldaoo oaroatoo do .< p-oparMion, fatli oo o^íoaroo la oorU do •nornolldoiM

• 'iV- üAPVXIII — a) lalaolonado no» foo^ndodot roiHlooan. oo tuno la "aarora" toó oonolota oa «• onrro alogarlo» oagwldo .•'

W^n^nWWn ¡p*v ..^JBWnrUPn»' •.-. W. •jMncWowd^,- T^unon; '•^•JrTfWw.; PMP' • woWnWJI^nji' Wow >dol,- •non**/ .''..'•' VK > bornda d»?l* tapora do «na gr* *:

nro, ol 7 do DUiMbM ra YOMO rt^ ooaolonoo ooo oarro na ooaotltnído «na -orladora obra do ar-' ,':"• L03 TtJjqtUS—FiaM Notts *& -M6-

%•, y tv 'aaaaaaa*aU4uyt UN tftllAft abll«aAa it 1* «asi it* balitea At ltt habltaatas an altara aotualaaat* I».It* dJaUl Aa *ÉM fttUvlAaAaa. M tltOt «X 'ifNNN'i •.,.«•• taaaitta a* «a §y«aa At afta* y aaaarltaa, viataaaatata atmaata par la «Más #0 «vajtt At "inAltaa", qat at» flu**

y ataita tniitional van vialtaaAa 1M prlatlpalaa «MM a» aalltltaa At aaaaaraalta para 1* flaata. AajaaAa • aaaala «a pacnaSt taaat.ula Aa flaraa, Aalaaa, frota» ata»

faabta» a* 1M «(ft» Aa ftatlTUaa, pa» 1* rtcttlftr an 1« ta*Aa,, 4*1* «a». aaaparo U*a*4a *Vt Jl*a«taM «it aaaalatt to w* ttajanta At figura* ¿ratattaa. At aaamaa praparalaaaa, «at ataaUtayav t**o altara»*í-nkté, 1* aaAfalllarift, y 4«a par la rtgalarTaa aaanytiiaAat taabitn At Itt tares At aartaa tt* llbtrlsA At "aaaaaUr" •«ala» saawantraa, aaaqa* at raapata* aaaaa, paaa bay uaaa i>ar* banarta y aathasaea, y airea far* alia* y aaaarltaa, aataa llavaAaa par tllaa alaaaa* Hftalft MaTlAftA, tan tsauats Ui "paaaaaa", ttaa a» Varaarui.— Taabiéo at "liara al auartt" ta víapava* *t *•> WMWé y aaaajit k*T «aa «a« aáa a aaaaa ssaaarv* tisrta aaraatsr attaial, aaaaAaa •'• laa:• «aa la ahlfaUlax^a aaaa aar aa aaraia 7 aar* aa araaia

v 1») ItlipaatMfa tiplaa at 1» hay ta rtallAtA, y aaa aaaayatayanat a _ « ajaatai aaajp ajia AaAa al taiiaaa^ irapiaal Aa 1* rafiaa, a*ua> .

j.. v;'!v; Afc^ i^^t;, ArUl y a»ate ps^ rata Aa waaaa, alaaa* aay .

; *M aVaart^»^^ 4, ,ttrU « -r^ i% JajaMtba at aa tta >/y y«tnarta aa-

A»aa*r iiaa%'/i*»; x& aauMpart tajttjiia>|a^ta A^:Stlatt*'' // v

''"vi.'

*•' •':'. :-',!,?f.- ¡m- LOS TÜXTLAS—Fitid Nott» ^'? -^*6^

OAF, ny — miygMA. ma mimfci H étítor, W altado «rl*»** *• «IUI nflraii, la- ; . miin pruno* té* qt* ha t«»lá» +JM y*ayaj»r»»: »miit». 41», 9«M •» «»M «MaltlMMt 7 •« «1 MiMMtl Wm> A» ' . I^MVjt 1» ft» 4» afif»* la ha «id* l*«lfcl« pr*fM»ÉUM> «a : y*»*# |M lstaraiaata yar* tan dlftall A* «*a*rr«llar *a ••* ' W;MÍÍ«> toa» U n««««14*A 4» »*•«*•• «• lavMtifMlé» yar* •(wul y»l >x« i wá> toy writ* Al ninito, Él yr»yl»

.' «éí.w» Mpdlo «¿a aay>U6, #•**• Icé niniii nwtBwV '*»>'-i yllanAa y rafar»*»»* la l»ftr»»aWh»a*a MQ¿ «U^rlá» y •a»yl*«a»«*la a» *tt*n»« a«* »a«»*«rla. : ' ''^:-:; •'•''' m WrslMt

•littad ié fa» Aatréa ftxtla, (i|t|MÍii'rÍM« **»»»f»*ia**

»*»t» »* p*^ yi^la»j*a aw TaráalaTa ftwáaalÉ», yuaaé 4— '.'•• •ir»* f»a M yastaslar IUII 0a»tiaga Ttt&ti*, mpU». flM t«4a •• 4« »**« ayaa* aala»ial y* ayt +»i

' **W*» ^p^pT^^PIW»^pi»»•* ^|^W*'; í.WWNWMP, •^•• . ^WNI»•"a»W#

» -0 aU» a» «I «I*** y**«*». ; »»»%M«* »W*¿ MM TtsAU»- i; TÍ» 41»»»* téW», a*a*t**# «a» M AsV.

*»#»^ •••»*», a* LOS TÜXfU8--*l*a« KÓtt» X9ó -i**v

XA ^MáfitiM vitjft" •• uaa ruin* d« lft «M fut wa ffttolftft A« WlftAfts jr t«ji«M, ««ftltfti fr*n«#ft, «• «i**** l^irUHU, te wntutil* nmNft «M fibrlt* €• Mllftioa 7 **Jí4M 7 tm .*aft» •l», twh^a m i«»iui firmé». 9K U ftiu lt kiitoil» imita, «Mil Mhi <• «Miltio» r «ft l«7«D4a, lM*l«#rt« ll«M4a "tWMjftV «a X* «M

ft Mnute MhMi ••ntlén 4« *•••*•• M««nai4#«t mtlvnrM «• '. vi*fttft«, «t«. •',;•.:

W* «T- FrtWiMTi ••1W## ttitliMlil^U

T**MO*mé* ftftttTtAftiftft t*l#«, ••»• HrtÍMM, • ft»*»** f «•»• fftfftftflftft, «BBMitlO««t, «JÚUbltlOMft •!»—ft»fgáfl»M ftftfftftlÉjftg,

rftftitlkUft, «to., t««*l««t«ft ft !•?«»*•* «1 ftftflmft ftftlftftUfft t» ( ftftW »»»«*, y jln *^^ '

^ II) Xft^Mftft^. «•: »••*>«• IH«ftJ^ ~- Lft - pft^lftftlW ti^^rtftiftAftftftift rfttftiftftftft. Ua l JU* Artftrl4ft*ft* •.

, »il>ft%i%«éf«rr«iftt »• ••« «ft*** *H t****,* iMl«u y tia«ft tu **»

' •& LOS TUXTUS—Fiald Notti *& -H8-

*ltoatot« SI ma táltalt ttattrvaAar tstlaaast ta 80)1 It ft» «i ft* 1* paiattié» «Melar astosslal» rtsalte alrtladtr At

..; . l*trá/»lt»y alataaa Magjrtgatlta Uast t*a«tla -pal*' , Mrlft Superior; ttatolfatosa »•» l«*qui tirata testo «1 4» ata

lnelutlré, 1* ••jroria tl«Mt stUatjitt tsf*( *••» • t,*la¿ tro v aftta «Mí sitapWal tmi*»w d« qí fr«f«««p •« *••««•• »4« xlaai M ftltoa, par «uputato It* at»tr«a to ptUaaléa *• ••- : •'.. rttra d« IMMU nlt «ki«lii«* — la * aAvtUtt IIMIID . «•#•••0 •»«p«i©n, «i afto d« npnww its lltva * tasta* la aatutla, tsto tt tvaAuaa ta va ratara* to atalaalaa milir / para i» tina— altas* 1) I» 1» «jut tot* a It tlataA. fea* u»a sala tsttwla Oficial frlsarl* s«- parlsr para wsata tt» tapa aaxla», tsrssAa» As fulaitatta sliat» aot; bay toa'alaa uaa sala IMWIA Ofltlal frlaarla Saparlar ya- ya alfas «at daraata ti trassavss at Its alUata «tt •its» par rtptntitntt ladisytBsaalat tu sv prtylt lttal as tttodo trato- ¿aato par atalas tortas «al lttal At. * fsaaslá it alias* -..z : :'•' toasts toAt ass* saptasr ajas;*!assvs ato ••lv«rá^ sa praplt .- - lttal at atas aatlat tara p^igutaltiti^t aa aaya» at aatoltattt i \ alwaaa* '^^''-'O-'^^-^A'^-i^-v.' a) gay UisM' aawtrt at la tlalM ttra* salt attatlto Itá^

1 , to^*»- • sa^p ^paapMsaj^ >- aaj^p-.jBjia^^p- _^^aa/ _/a^sjss^p|Sj^SjSjB^s^|saBjsXfH.aaBj „ ^Pa^sr "flBaa^^PaVt.vApAt^tVpVM aa) . .w^Baj^sjsjs*.,' V.. sat t sato tosto satapto • tortar atoa* lar «anlaaÉtila pasto toatrsa para tata iaM» At tlltt «»a jwalatlw ttttlar -;• att^riaav to^auato^ , to* tlataaata para esto croa* At Wajitoiiá^;- •^:^.- LOS TUXTLAS—Fl«ld Notaa z.?¿ '-***•

3) Por la qwa tM» « laa Oaagrafaaíanaa, M aaaara tatal 4a valatldaa, apr«tiUM4aaania 1* auarta parta 4a IUM MUPM* da aaaaalas UM a daa Uaga* &Mta «1 «HATU «Í#| ÚM t«M«Mt parta asraSiaaftaaaaaa llaga feaat* al Ur—r* y laa daaaa aala abaraaa huta «1 aafanda at*, ft» Wralaaa gaaaralta laa ataaalaa 4a aata gruí* aataa aaéaflaaa aaaa UM par «a aala profaaer a do* taso aáxlaa. La paalaaiaa aaaalar apraaiaada par* aata tartar «rapa «nafta áatra all aulalaátaa y "4aa ail aluaaaa aoáa tatal, iaaaaáa an praaadia 4a alan a aiaata vaiaU- alnaa aluaaaa par aaaaala* 4) far la q«« tata a laa aaaualaa partlaalaraa, laa hay aal» 'a*, il MM da la oludad, aa aaaara 4a traa. Laa traa aataraa haata a* afta para aa ptalaalaa aaaalar tatal aa axaadé al aaaara da tSO alaaaaa. 5) fljaaftaa aaaa 5° grapa laa Sardina* 4a Mlaaa a» náaara da aaa t aaa aílalal y uaa partlaalar, aoa paalaalaV tatal aaaalar 4a alraaaaar aa alas árnaaaa. 6) la é* grapa aaaaldaraaaa laa aaaualaa 4a aasaaaaaa gapariar faa tea» Mea an daat la aaaaaaarla Qflalal j U aOAMMTá UMASBUUúiúik aaa aaiaaaata oaaaralal» laaorparadad a la oaivaralaad Yaraarasaaaf aa paalatlaa aaaalar aaa^aata, aa. Uaga a «Unta alaaaaaaa alaaaaa» teala aaiaulaaa aaí aaa paalaaiaa aaaalar af aatlta 4a al- rUadar 4a jjjllgjfcjtt alamaa aa la alaftat jr aaajtfaaaaloaaa «Ir- aaaraalaaar, aa** al aálaala ajaaajgajajr; •••aa aa fciaa aata», 4* «aa aaelaalaa aaaalar aataaata^ ¿a álate all iattvlaaaa aa aaaalar» aaa la aaa raaalta aaal aa $60 ala ataaalaa» LOS IUXTLA3—Flold Not ai Xf 3 .50- t) Llaltaalaa Poluta d* »ri«4l DiiwUdibldimtoiMÉÉitiii. 1* alaaifiaaaioa aaataa* an «1 crup* antarlor arrojaría «a total 4* trainta 7 daa Plaetalaa 4a laa «nal*» la UMUI 'aftyar¿t sarasa» aa lt ttatlaU da mfaaaraa titulados 1 us tato misar* da aataa aaaaalaa «ata an MIM 4a alaaaataa «na aaaaaaaant* kan taraisado aa a* aia 4a laaaaaasa Prímula aaas aalaaa aatadla* a al aaaaa ••» usa o ««Isa daa aaaa ao «1 Iaatltuta Padaral «• GapsaHaalaas aaaaa tai laa aaaualaa toa al» «asar paraooal ti- tulada, ai aaaaa la tlaaaa saperia* aaa un raaasaala statars da aaaa da praotlaa, 7 prabaalaaaata al total da naaatros Utala- das aa rapraaanta alas al diaa a valsaa par aiants «al Parsaaal as sarvlaia, aalaslanda an ua total da to saastraa para laa 32 aaaaalaa.

Msaatra arltari* al rcapaato aa al da ojta a rma^m da «ua sadiaoda al tisap* 7 safuarso asaaamrlaa la H* fapaiia- ridad lajrara pravaar da aufiaianta parsaaal titulad» para laa aaaaalaa axletawtaa, aa ua afea da faailitar usa sajar ataaalaa a dishaa Plántalas aoaa a las fu* urgs sar aasTsalanal* «ua a* : aaaastan aas *u*n4s so aaa aa-aaa aaaa I» sartaaalaa aaaalaU» a« faalllta la aaaaaltaalan 4a laa al asas tas aataalaawla aa s*r» : ..; . víala a 4a ssava isgraaay lialtaada laa 4Ulaslta4aa asa anal» .- flaa al aatual plan 4a sarfaaalaaaaiasta aa al Isailtata faJaral. '.; da Oaásaltaalás 7 asa s saaatra jálala aatfaaa' al a*»¿a »»aa4a« ^ •• • . aa 4a auras* árala* fuara s* sala 4s la aistM s*sa fta 1* raglaa, aaama 41fíail 4* labrar tanta par rasan** IMplsfttltS. »*»• - . n* 4a lp4ala paraaaal aapasialaaat* al tra^ajpaa áa aatfarliaa*

.: '--- P* ***» a*4* ansalatira al priil parpara la* ***** Xa***** LOS TUXTLA3—Fl«ld Note» ^9V -^T -K- toraa radaral y dal Estado aoaa para las UIMIM fartloalaraa, aaa la laavltabla aanaaauaaala 4a aantlauar al praaxaaa aa au- aoata* d) 11 «adía y al tia—a -— n auto?, baja a ala i ítala, as poralta trans- cribir si Qap. 5* titulado "Mayaras aaaaliaaalaaas" ds su asta- 41a "SI Probloaa idusatl*a an Las Tásalas*, praaaatada asta U H> Ualvoroidad faraarasaaa al 84 da Jalla da 1945 y «aa ropro- santa tapsaial latoroa aa la praaaata aaaagjFtfíai •OA?. Ill — Mayaros CaapUoaolcaaa — KL MM0XO y ML TUMfO" Quedaría lajaa da aar ooaploto mastra «atutía si pasajaujap sor alta las das fastaraa ajas aaaabasairaata Capitulo, Al aauaalarlaa y aaalisarlaa aoaaraaonta, tajpssa la hMabco pratandioato XX lograr su doblda y faátaraa «saplota aolaolón par parta da las H.M« Aatsrldadas jdtftlaltt laaalaraa, para as maatro orí tori o t«a todo aafuor- *o taadlonto a aarraglr 1M daftalanalas da uaa la- bar oduoatlva, porioría aatanslbla afaatlvldad si al dssarrallarla aa.ss turlora» aay praaaataa astas das ssrlaa aapaataa. Ba longuaja da Qaialaa laa aa&ojaríaajas al aoaoa osas "faatoroa toatl««a"« •

."' ' afraatar a»a sltuaalaa t»a saa* fastac' datairataaata • •• ;; '' • 9*f BitÚMi* tunara a^laaaaata a la ala** y ¿avsatad ; v aa SM a^stlataa aapaatas par tatrlaaa taa a» ptaaiitaaaa> tummmou ala aabarfa, 1» raalldad as biaa dlatlata paaata «aa al prablaaa así siaplifloado, dlfóllaonta paa>¿ aaaaatraraat la Z9* LOS TUXTLA3—PleM Hotaa -ü%- -*B> alna* y la javaatud m, par asaaaldad, 1» «aa da alias •• basa; — la niñas y la Javantad ae puadaa tañar avia* fsraaalaa; — al aaaportaalanta da la aleas y da la Javantad farsasaaaaía llana su aanllsaalon aa aslaaaa laa dan arftfsa y laa das fama* ;'•..' Uasjaaas así a la trlsts aanalualáa 4a ajaa al tanas*» •ata nuaatra vlata o» prablaaa qua aarasa juatlttsadaaaata al aallflaatlvs da pavaráad» y al taaaasa au« rasoaaaar a la alaas y Juraatad aaaa HTf«a Iffrat IB SIlBlUal»"* •*»** a«a ataiaa aaa raaoaoaar a AX40UR a a ALBO MU aaa» raapsaiasla M QUHHT da asa aaaa* Qalaa paada rsaaltar raapaaaablaf Unieaa psalbllldadaat •y autor* — aa aadalador, — a aaasst Oul¿>ar axalualvaaaata al aviar — IL BOQAJk —, «aria ladaslda HOOARf puaata ajaa aaaa la axsarlaaala la daaaaatra, «aa pronta al asatral aala aa au aayar arado dal bagar, la raapoaaafellldad da la aituaalón final tlaaa 411a v—t^r an al aadalador ~ U BSOUIU. Irataadar sjrtrfar aaa axaluaiva raaaoaaaaillaa* al aadalador — La IlOtBU —, iaaaian naría injuato puaata ' •_, aaa au aatuaaloa suata al- —ñas •—«14»*.»— —••» la «rt—»•> .... xaonUT foraaaiéa «ua al alf a raala* as al assar, adaaaa da aja aa al • aaraa da laa aaaa al aatuaraa aaaiiauala da U lasaala awada • ••""'• tilfvarsa au«ata?ls asta altaati«faaa dal alaaala y^da laa . laaalaaaa ajra al alia raaisa sativa • saalTaaaata aa al aagar* .' LOS TUXTLA3--F1«14 Itotaa ". *»* fia rapartlraa antra aanaa 7 ti raeoaaaaaaa qua laa flantalaa da Enaaííansa supariar raalbaa un JuvantuA lnauflalantaaanta prtparaAa, DUALIDAD na paAaaaa M abatluta juaUaia, Aajar «Mr ••tot allaa taAa «1 paaa da la aulpa ja %u«, AaAa au natural AapanAanala, an raalldaA la aayar parta Aa la aulpa paaa par igual aatoa laa aaabroa Aal HOOAR y da la PMlAJtlA. Far la qua tata al llagar, y AaAa la aoa tañí 11 dad Innata tal aar hanana» aal karíaaaa aa pratanAar alagulariaar paaa «¿la un aaaplata aaalaaatranianta axpllaaria la axalualva raapanaanlllAaA in Aal prapla aogar Aa aa alia* —. tara aoaa ana alia an an laallna» HOGAR? eléa natural buaaa la anaalaaiáY aan ana aaaajaataa} aaaa ata alna «n au Aaaanvalvlalanta natural aatablata aaataata aaa aua aaaajaataa • par aflalan a par aaaaaldaA •, llagaaaa autaaatlaa» •anta a aanalulr qua an 1* faraaafcon da un alia Influya al biffiC pj J^inittiUáS* **** *aa«rallaaAa. aa Aaalrt XMIUIB IL MIDIÓ* la auy Aura tañar fuá raaaaaaarla, para an nuaatra aaia parUaular aaa lafluauala Aal aaAla Haca a puntaa axtraaaa ya qua aaaa la nxpllaan nuaatraa aanalAaraalonaa aunaaauantaa ralatlvaa •L MEDXO al íaatar Unan», al njaj|i aAalaaa aqaí Aa un aúnala da falla* . • atalalaa qua aaa 1» vardaAnr* aauaa Aal pranlana aaaaréta '«na aaa

la*traa taralnaa* qua paAauwa aayarar Aa nuaatra aluna y juvaataA auaaia la falta Aa praparaalna, Aa aAuaaalán, Aa aagiritu •: Aa •aapiraaiian Aa raapanaitnUad. na aaa privativa* Aa la juvantud, alna ana amorata al aaAi» aa¥la*taY • • i aar W ana aarrupalén an ai aaAlaf — Han aa jaaUflaari* LOS TUXTL*Sr-Ft*ld Not** ^7 -154-

.'••' m** •'" a» aatudl* alalada A* prayavaloaaa lsaaaaa* para da jar dabldaaant* aatlafaaha tal pragtfBta. -- Me* oo»arat4rtaaa a on* da 1M faataraa 4*t*rai0a»t** Aa tal aituaaltat IL LaSOO f IMPO Auraut* «1 *oal tad* ••to raflra ha jaaiaanaalAa ., «i «1 «tañí*» MíI *ea)pl*t* m la fit M riflm • f*raa*l*« " - TIM» aaaial, aAuaaalea an «1 •wild» aa* aapll* Aa 1* palabra. — 41 *p 1 ai* 4*1048 Aa*»*** 44 al*t* afiaa «• MÍlfttliM ll i» áfláPttu tAJUHKiBSOim attaaaa «u* jasAam A* «Mites Aa FUntalaa d* lat«»ans* 0op«rlar «•ntaod» o*a DOi, — «ual MFU 14 aituaaloa an *1 an* 4* 1941 «u*a4* tada 1* raglán aaataba — '—_ *ala—Bf . — y 41141 MTU 4B4to4 *£** aá* ttWII.

•4»do Bo frtrtit liman* . '. B« «1«P%4 «tl« •» é»M4« pV4W*)l%4« 14 lt4tl«4 «4T4 lluatraa figura* 40* an f*ni4 4*44*4 y 4*«14i44 participaras *a*l a*Jtra»i«Bt* 4*1 tall» graalaa 4 as* 4aplia praparaaláa aftfulrlfta *B «1 lat*rl*r 4* 14 lUpubllaa y haet* aa al Extrasj«re; - yira taablaa aa *l*rto «u* largoa alias Aa «rlala parítafia paa* aa la R*fl*> alaa la patria tala,: tlalaraa 4 llaltar «afta vas aaV al naaara Aa prlvllaf ladaa *,«• paAlara» ttabltlcaar' tal. •aajaaitaalaa T aaí aa* «naastraaa* Mt«4laaat* - aa aa «aAla a» al ..- au4l, ^ aalva aa»taAfoa*« aa«*p*ian«a/ Auiwota al U^aaaJra^Áa- ' valata a íaiatla^aaé /afo^^*^^ \ aAtodaaaata a ajtlwa* aaa/aaaUa^ toaatltalr 14a '

' S4~aat44 aaaAiaAaaaia» ani4ai aaiaA* aaataa* 14- i»il*t*ala «jia al «aAla f «¿ «¿4a»^^ ' r ;m^4^;:y ^iitaatBÁ.a4^|fltafr s.

•? ,ev "•-':, v'.'

iv-fW.' Lps TUXTLA3— Field Not«i ^% -155- • » «Ji» »• M twite pMt 4» u» piwolcaa %m atearfaa «na sanaraalcn aolaarata* — *• trata da in» ilttiMion fat lMluy* DOS y fRES g«o«rmel«»Mt RéMfNÍ'lt aagrt* tMpUaaaloa fta tata !• tratada ts tl praatata tatadio*"

AÍKML r. TOWtta

OMO opllMlN l^itlalatiiU « lo qu« N raflara «1 latu- dla f aoerafto», M MoijiM ipm aapa ittt •• a* yrafarada asarafaaa para aata aeaagrafla an virtud da eimir, par la «.«# •**««••• «• MM MB«J«»t«t IMMN **•« aapaalal panales 4*1 Mfmrw raalifado par «1 Java» Jftviar rwMM»! aloma i« mwtui ,6* mm da rrlaMvte. qua baja NNirt dlraatla« raallsé la «arar part* 4*1 trajiaja aatavlal *Q« aifUflaa ditma aarta MHiifl».

•AI «am» fumtt ••«••• ««n«ta« 3o *» is*t.

•*nl SLtf LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes -154- Betty Starr

April 25/50. "I have, since I laat wrote to you, found out a few things on BARBASCO. Under this common name are listed and classified various Barbascos, in proper botanical names. Under the vulgar name Barbasco, different plants are designated, such as: Barbasco ... CRACCA TOXICARÍA (Pers.) Kunth. Legumlnosae that "is found in the states of Oaxaoa, Slnaloa and Zacatecas. Barbasco ... DORSTENIA DRAKENA, Linnaeus. Moraceae. Found in the states of Jallsoo, Miohoaoan & Guerrero. Barbasco ... ICHTNYOMETHIA AMERICANA (3. & Moc.) Blake, Legumlnosae found in Michoaoan, Guerrero, Oaxaca it Chiapas. Barbasco ... PAULLINIA PINNATA. Linnaeus. Sapindaceae found in Colima, Guerrero, Miohoacan, Oaxaoa, Tabasco, Veracruz and the Peninsula of Yucatan. Barbasco ... PAULLINIA TOMENTOSA. Jaoquin. Sapindaceae found in" Slnaloa, North Central Mexico and Tamaulipas. Also in Oaxaca, Tabasco and Veracruz. It is known as "Barbaaquillo" in Jalisco. Barbasco ... SERJANIA MEXICANA. V/ilidenow. Sapindaceae found in Colima, Jallsoo, Nayarlt, Slnaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Yuoatan and Veracruz. According to the detailed botanical description of these various "Barbascos" I have, to a oertain extent, been able to identify the one that is being exploited here, with that of the "SerJan la Mexicana". However, I still ignore the exact commercial use of It, and have been unable to looate buyers of this product. People In Catemaoo and places nearby have been selling thia rootlike product at 50 centavos per kilogram ás you state in your letter. They dig up this root in the woods nearby and out it up in slices of more or less 1/4 of an inoh thlok. The second step is to have the sun rays dry it up until it has the texture of a oFHeker. This is what they sellat 50 centavos kilo. I have been able to obtain 60 centavos. However my profit is very small. Endeavoring to deal with the men that buy from the man I sell to, and thereby trying to get a better price; I was able to looate them in Tlaootalpan, Veracruz. But these buyers have given the man in Catemaoo exclusive concession and will not deal with third parties. These people have a pretty tight organization and I am 3( LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes X> -SKr Betty Starr quite certain that they have made real money. To whom they sell this in Mexico City, I atlll ignore. It may be probable that they are exporting this to the U. S» A. I think the variety Serjanla lnebrlana that you state is the same as Serjania Mexioanaj according to the botanical classification and description it is a climbing plant, with a woody "Bejuco" or stem. The important part of this plant so far is the root that has the aspect of a giant sweet potato of irregular form. It may weigh from 1/2 kilo up to 10 or 12 kilos. It is used not only to stun fishes but in treatment against syphilitic and rheumatic affectations, or illness. Also in cases of arthritis and suoh. The buyers of Tlacotalpan send their product to themselves in Mexico City. I mean that the R. R. cars are not delivered to such and such, but are forwarded xa or consigned to themselves. Therefore I had to stop my investigation as far as they are concerned because I have neither the time nor the money. I have, however, had a clue. It seems that an extract is being made of this, and that amongst its uses an hormone is being made or synthetized from it.

PITA FLOJA — (Pineapple family) AECHMEA MAGDALENAE-ANDRE ANANAS MAGDALENAE — Standl BROMELIA MAGDALENAE —.,H. Wright. Pita has been planted experimentally by us but only in very small amounts. We have replanted the small suckers or rizomas and have seen them grow to near mature plants in a period of two years' time. The space neoessary for a pita plantation should be at least 100 hectáreas of pita plants for every deoorticatlng machine. The agricultural labor needed for the exploitation of a 100 hectárea plantation would be that of 20 men. A crew of four to be oonstantly cleaning the field, six to handle the decorticating machinery, two to pack the fiber in bales, and eight men dedicated to cutting the leaves that are to be decorticated by the equipment. Pita does not have a determined harvest time, but nay be out and benefited any month of the year. An hectárea of pita yields 50 tons of leaf per year and this leaf in turn renders 3% in clean fiber; which equals l£ tons of fiber. LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes 3ÓJ -154^ Betty Starr

So far decorticating costa are high due to the fact that very small amounts have been benefited. And* that men who are beginning to work in the various aspeats of the business render lesa efficient and slower work* Deoortlcating costs may come up to one Mexican peso per kilo of fiber. It may be lowered to 60 centavos. There are no pita plantations that I know of in this area, or in any other area. The very small exploitation of it la done by utilizing or using pita in its wild state. However, I plan to invest 20^ of my net profits in replanting this plant in an orderly manner. A plant of pita resembles a very large pineapple plant with very large leaves (from 1-| to 2\ metros long). A plant has between 20 to 40 leaves, fiber Pita/has been tested in silk testing soales, the strands having a breaking strain of from 2.8 to 5»7 Q» per denier. Pita fiber contains 76$ celuloso, which is the highest attained by any other hard fiber.

Pita has been spun lr flax-spinning machinery and fine cloth has been made from it. The durability of a fabric made from this fiber is greater than that of linen." Informant; Ivan J. Paoli Gutierrez LOS TUXTLA3—Field Notes 3oX, -159c Betty Starr

1« Como se llana un habitante de la oabeoera de San Andrea Tuxtla? Un Sanandresoano* 2, Como se llama un habitante del munlolplo de San Andre's Tuxtla» fuera de la oabeoera? No tiene un nombre generalizado, sino que toma el del lugar» congregación o ranchería a que perteneoe, por ejemplo, un habitante de Comcapan, es un^oomoapefto; de Slguapan, un siguapeno; de Tepanean, un tepanqueño; de Teohalpan, un teohalpeño» 3* cerno se llama un habitante de la oabeoera de Santiago Tuxtla? Un tuxteoo. Gramaticalmente, debía ser un tuxtleco, pero es oostumbre llamarlo así, tal vez para diferenciarlo del habitante de la región de los Tuxtlas. 4. Cómo se llama un habitante del municipio de Santiago Tuxtla, fuera de la oabeoera? Igualmente, toma el nombre del lugar o ranchería a que perteneoe, por ejemplo, un habitante de Sehualaoan, es un sehualaquenV* 5» Cómo se llama un habitante de la oabeoera de Catemaoo?. Un oatemaqufeno* 6* Cómo se llama un habitante del municipio de Catemaoo, fuera de la oabeoera? También toma el nombre de la ranchería a que perteneoe, por ejemplo uno de Machacapan, es un machaoapefio, etc. 7* Cómo ae llama un habitante de la región de. los Tuxtlas? Un tuxtleoo. Aquí está* la diferenolaolón de que hablo, entre el habitante de la region de los Tuxtlas en general, a la del habitante de santiago Tuxtla, que es un tuxteoo*

Informan^,! Hermila solana de Ruiseoo, San Andre's Tuxtla, Hay 9, 1950* LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notes B03. -1MW. Betty Starr

1. Ea costumbre de parientes vivir oeroa uno del otro, o en el mismo barrio o congregación? Si» pero hay que hacer notar, que generalmente es la mujer la que sigue al marido* para vivir oeroa de la familia de él. Antiguamente eran los solares tan grandes» que con el aumento de la población ha venido el fraccionamiento de ellos, quedando hasta diez Jacales, en lo que era el patio de uno solo* 2. Por lo general se casan las personas del mismo barrio o congregación? No. absolutamente, de los puntos mas distantes de la regleta se conciertan las bodas, de la manera siguiente: una persona grande, es decir, de muchos aüfos y que es de representación en la ranchería, generalmente la misma siempre y que llaman "Textanini",en español "pedidor" haoe una visita a los padres o tutores de la novia para pedir en casamiento a la muchacha y dice para cuando ma's o menos^ puede ser la boda, donde vivirá la nueva pareja, la ropa que dará el novio para la boda, si le regalará "prendas", es decir, un par de aretes y un collar, cintas para el pelo y pasadores, y sortija si la boda es también por la Iglesia, y si habrá fiesta, para lo cual, ofrece que el novio amarrara en el corral de su casa, donde siempre es la fiesta, un Toro- unos días antes de la fecha fijada, para que todos sepan que habrá "mesa", comida, y que durante el tiempo del noviazgo el muchacho dará "servido", es deoir, que se compromete a llevar cada sábado, determinada cantidad de carne, pan y Jabón, para el mantenimiento de la muchacha. Los padres de la novia dan su consentimiento al "textanini", también llamado "embajador" y se ooroprometen a llevar la cuenta de los servicios, para en caso de desbaratarse el compromiso, devolver al novio lo recibido. Antiguamente, estas cuentas las llevaban los parientes de la novia, en un cordel donde hacían un nudo por cada sábado que pasaba, hoy en día sobre un papel y por medio de rayas (.?). El toro lo matan el día antes de la boda y para ello se rednen los parientes y amigos ma's íntimos, hombres y mujeres, pues estas tienen que preparar el maíz, para las tortillas, el día de la boda, temprano guizan la carne del toro, siempre en la misma forma y a este gulzo, le llaman tatabiguiyayo, oon anterioridad preparan la la bebida, llamada "pinole": de maíz, cacao y canela. Hay que aolarar, que no siempre se casan por la Iglesia y por las leyes civiles, sino que oonoiertan el. casamiento "de entrega" que oonsiste en los siguiente: de un lado se oolooan los padres de la novia, oon esta, del otro lado los padres del novio y el novio- y en medio el "embajador". La muchacha camina de rodillas hasta donde están sus futuros suegros y^despues el muchaoho haoe lo mismo oon los padres de la novia, después se sientan juntos y el embajador habla de las obligaciones que contraen uno oon otro en la nueva unión. 3o LOS TUXTLAS—Field Notea #-161- Betty Starr

3. Cuales personas, parientes, o solo amigos, asisten a una boda; un entierro; un bautizo? A la boda asisten parientes y amigos de ambas partes, pero siempre de la misma esfera social. Es deoir no invitan a sus amistades de las olases superiores o inferiores. Igualmente al entierro, parientes o amigos. Los hombres reúnen a sus amigos o veolnos y vienen al Panteón el día desentierro a abrir la fosa, las mujeres, amigas y parientes acompasan a las dolientes al Panteón y traen flores. Eso solo en las clases bajas. media e india, pues en la oíase alta, las mujeres no van al panteón. En la oíase media e india rezan y cantan los nueve días después de la muerte, y hacen todas las noches velorio, que oonaiste en eso, en rezar y cantar a una Imagen cualquiera^ comen tamales y toman café'. En algunas rancherías, el último dia de los nueve, bailan fandango y toman aguardiente hasta que amanece. Al bautizo, solo asisten el padre, la madre de la criatura y los compadres, estos/tienen la obligación de dar el vestido al nllio, y los padres de el llevan casi siempre de regalo una gallina y , totopostes. Cuando no pueden hacerlo, lo advierten antes del día fijado para el bautizo. 4. Cuales personas, parientes o amigos, ayudan a la construcción de un rancho o Jacal? • / Amigos y parientes, pero mas frecuentemente, los vecinos, a quienes Invita el que va a construir, que ya procura tener los materiales necesarios y el día Domingo se reúnen. El dueño, los atiende dándoles refrescos y aguardiente, también les da de comer. No hay fiesta.

Informant: Hermila solana Rulseoo, San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver» 26 de Julio de 1950. 30S- *

Características de la poblaolon, por munloipios* Salta- san Andrés Santiago barranca Tuxtla Tuxtla CABECERA MUNICIPAL _ iatltud Norte . 18°39 * ís0^' 18°27' Longitud Oeste de _ Oreenwloh 95 31* 95°12« 95018' Altura en metros sobre el nivel del mar 15 361 285 Poblaolon 919 10 154 5 392 sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940, p. 199*

Caraoteristleas de la poblaolon» por munloipios* Ángel R« Catemaoo Lerdo de cabafla , Jomada CABECERA MUNICIPAL Latitud Norte 18°36# 18?25( 18°38« Longitud Oeste de •reenwloh 95°21* 95°07' 95°30é Altura en metroa •obre el nivel del mar • • • • 398 • • • Poblaolon 1 430 5 374 3 494 p»15 p» 50 p* 139 Sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940, pp. as above. s¿>¿ *

Características de la población, por municipios. Población por aexo 3^930 Hombree Ku Jarea Angel R• Cabada •••• •••• •••• Catemaoo 5 107 2 556 2 551 Lerdo de Tejada 4 395 2 167 2 228 Saltabarranoa 1 939 986 953 San Andres Tuxtla 22 639 11 057 11 582 Santiago Tuxtla 19 590 9 661 9 929

cai^B_M_^—«—»——••••——*• Sexto Censo de Población 1940

Características de la pobaolon, por municipios» Población por sexo 1940 Ángel n. Cabada 8 484 4 158 4 326 Catenaoo 7 784 3 947 3 837 Lerdo de Tejada 4 912 2 444 2 468 Saltabarranoa 2 187 1 188 999 San Andrea Tuxtla 27 372 13 682 13 690 Santiago Tuxtla 16 064 8 001 8 063

Sexto Censo de Población 1940 307 >>

Caraoterlstloas de la poblaolon, por municipios. 3uperflele en Densidad de KB2 — 1940 poblaolon, por 1939-8"? — 31940 Ángel R. Cabada 693*00 12.24 Catenaoo 557-00 ,9.17 13.97 Lerdo de Tejada 118,00 37.25 41.63 Saltabarranoa 123.00 15.76 17.78 San Andres Tuxtla 971.00 23.32 28.19 santiago Tuxtla 507.00» 16.33 31.68 * Superno le en Km1—1930; 1 200.00 2>D% Características de la poblaolón de localidades de •aa de 109000 habitantes. Poblaolón por sexo San Andrés Tuxtla 1940 10 154 Hombrea 4 824 Mujeres 5 330 Sexto Censo de Población I940.p«320«

Caraoterlstloas de la población de localidades de ñas de 10,000 habitantes San Andre's yuxtla Lygar de Naolalonto y sexo Nativos de la entidad 9 838 Honores 4 651 Mujeres 5 187 Nativos de las demás entidades 272 Hombres 143 Mujeres 129 Nativos del extranjero 44 Hombres 30 Mujeres 14 Sexto Cenao de Población 1940, p. 320.

Población de 5 anos o más que habla exclusivamente lenguas extranjeras o lenguas Indígenas, por sexo 3an Andres Tuxtla O Sexto Censo de Población 1940, p« 324* oabeoera only Características de la población de localidades de 309 roas de 10,000 habitantes* r,„•, ~ San Andrea Tuxtla ESTADO CIVII* SEXO Y EDAD Menores de edad Hasta 15 anos: Hombres 2 157 Hasta 13 anos: '/ujeres 1 816 3exto Cenao ¿e Población 1940. p. 321.

Características de la población de localidades de ñas de 10,000 habitantes* San Andrea Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO * EDAD

1 919 Hombres 862 Mujeres 1 057 Sexto Censo de Población 1940. p* 321»

Caraoterl8tloaa de la población ds localidades de ñas de 10,000 habitantes* San Andres Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD

Casadgs solo por lo «frll i ^ Hombree 557 Mujeres 623 sexto Censo ¿e. Población 1940„ p* 321

Caraoterlstloaa de 1A población de looulldades ds ñas ds 10,000 habitantes* 3an Andres Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD Unidos solo en matrimonio religioso 1940 373 Honores 178 Mujeres 195 sexto Censo ds Población 1940. • ». 321-- 310 Caraoterletloaa de la poblaolon de looalldades de naa de 10,000 habitantes San ana rea Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD Caaadoa 0lvll j[ religiosamente 894 Hombres 432 Mujeres 462 3extf0 Censo djg población 1940. p. 321

Caraoterletloaa de la poblaolon de localidades de naa de 10,000 habitantes San Andrea Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y k.DAD Uoldosllbrementa 1 149 Hombres 507 Mujeres 642 Sexto Cenao de Poblaolon 1940. p. 321

Características de la poblaolon de localidades de naa de 10,000 habitantes San ^ndres Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y m>D VludOS 1940 634 Hombrea 122 mujeres 512 Sexto Censo de Poblaolon V340. p# 322. 3I¿> Caraoterlatloaa de la población de localidades de ñas de 109000 habitantes 3an andrea Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD

Hombres 432 Mujeres 462 sexto Censo ¿g Población 1940. p. 321

Caraoteristíoas de la poblaolon de localidades de mae de 10,000 habitantes San Andres Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y hiDAD Unidos libremente 1 149 Hombres 507 Mujeres 642 Sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940. p# 321

Caraoteristloaa de la población de localidades de mas de 10,000 habitantes San «ndres Tuxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y ¿¿DAD Viudos 1940 634 Hombres 122 Mujeres 512 Sexto Censo flg Poblaolon 1340. p. 322. si»

Características de la población de localidades de roas de 10,000 habitantes gag Andres lu^a KSTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD

2*®B 26 Hombree 9 Mujeres 17 sexto Censo de Población 1940. p. 322.

•;<

Características de la población de looalldades de mas de 10,000 habitantes 3an Andres luxtla ESTADO CIVIL, SEXO Y EDAD 3e ignora el estado civil 1940 Hombres Mujeres Sexto Censo de Población 1940. p# 322* 3ÍÍ. 7 Alfabetismo de la Población, Edad y sexo Catemaoo san Andrea Santiago Tuxtla Tuxtla loro : Menores de 6 anos 1 491 5 371 2 877 Hombres 784 2 601 1 453 Mujeres 707 2 570 1 424 Sabes leer y escribir 1 722 7 182 2 427 Hombros 985 4 156 1 498 Mujeres 737 3 026 929 De 6 a 9 «nos 65 456 134 Hoabrss 31 256 86 Mujeres 34 200 48 Sexto Censo de Población 1940 pp. 56 (Catemaoo) and 205 (san An. £ sant* T»)

Alfabétlaao de la Poblaolon, Edad y Sexo -- p.2. Cateaaoo San AndWo santiago XWM» Ttfx^la Saben leer y eseribir De 10 a 14 arios 256 1 388 432 Honores 144 771 262 Mujeres 112 617 170 De 15 a 39 anos 996 4 010 1 388 Honores 570 2 368 866 Mujeres 426 1 642 522 Ssxto Osnso de Población 1940 pp. 56 4 205

Alfabétlaao de la Población, Edad y sexo — p* 3. Cateaaso San Andrés Santiago Tuxtla Tuxtla saben leer y esorlblr De 40 o aás anos 405 1 325 472 Hosjbres 240 759 283 Mujeres 165 566 189 Se ignora la edad 3 1 Hombrea 2 1 Mujeres 1 Ssxto Censo ds Población 1940 pp. 5b & 205 313

Alfabetismo de la Población. Edad y Sexo — p* 4« 1940 Catemaoo San Andrea Santiago Soio saben leer •53T Hombrea 133 328 U7 Mujeres 122 294 70 De 6 a 9 anos 122 24 Hombree 26 65 10 Mujeres 18 57 14 Sexto Censo de Población 1940 pp. 56 & 205

Alfabetismo de la Poblaolon. Edad y Sexo — p« 5* Catemaoo San Andres santiago Tuxtla Tuxtla Solo saben leer De 10 a 14 anos 50 137 31 Hombree 27 73 15 Mujeres 23 64 16 De 15 a 39 anoe 113 250 103 Hombres 59 150 74 Mujeres 54 100 29

Sexto Censo de Población 1940 PP. 56 & 205

Alfabetismo de la Poblaolon. Edad y sexo — p. 6 catemaoo San Andrea santiago _£elftfe lafitt», ¿tt•aben leer De 40 o aae anos 48 U3 29 Hombree 21 40 18 Mujeree 27 73 11 se ignora la edad no hubo datoe Sexmo censo de Población 1940 pp. 56 « 205 3j«/ Alfabetlaao da la Poblaolon, Edad y sexo P» 7< Catenaoo san Andree santiago 1940 Tuxtla Tuxtla No eabean io«r ni eaorlblr 4 316 14 197 10 573 Hombraa 2 045 6 397 4 933 Mujerea 2 271 7 800 5 640 Da 6 a 9 anoa 825 2 878 1 945 Hoabrea 433 1 464 997 Jfti Jeras 392 1 414 948 Sexto Canao da Población 1940 pp. 56-7 de 206

Alfabotlaao de la Poblaolon. Edad y Sexo — pm g. Cateaaoo San Andrea Santiago 1940 .„.T»ffV.tla Tuxtla _ No aaben iaar.nl eaorlblr Da 10 a 14 anoa 749 2 029 1 783 Hoabrea 381 1 053 890 l&Jeree 368 976 893 De 15 Q 3y aiíoe 1 856 6 378 4 715 Hombree 823 2 642 2 100 Kujerea 1 033 3 736 2 615 Sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940 pp. 57 4 206

vlfabotlenq de la Poblaolon. Edad y sexo — p. 9* Cateaaoo San Andrea santiago Tuxtla Tuxtla No aaben leer ni eaorlblr De 40 o aáa anoa 886 2 910 2 128 Hoabrea 408 1 238 946 Hujerea 478 1 672 1 182 se Ignora la edad 2 2 Hoabrea uujeree "i *2 sexto Caneo do Poblaolon 1940 pp. 57 * 206 Sur Alfabetismo de la Población, Edad y Sexo «SNORES DE 6 ANOS san Andrés Tuxtla ' 1940 Hombres 891 Mujeres 781 Sexto Censo dg Poblaolon 1940. p, 322,

Alfabetismo de la Poblaolon» ¿.dad y Sexo San And res Tuxtla SABEN LEER Y ESCRIBIR 1940 4 272 Hombres 2 207 Mujeres 2 065 sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940. p. 322.

Alfabetismo de la Poblaolon, Edad y Sexo San nndres Tuxtla SOLO SABEíí LEER 1940 329 Hombres 149 Mujeres 180 sexto Censo de Poblaolon 1940. p. 322.

Alfabetismo de la Poblaolon, Edad y Sexo San Andres Tuxtla NO SABEN Ll-:ER NI ESCRIBIR 1940 3 881 Hombros 1 577 Mujeres 2 304 2£2¿2 ££J£SLd£ poblaron, ±240, p. 322. 3/4 roblaolon per orado religioso r itio Cateaaoo San Andres Santiago 1^2. _1U2Í¿2 IW|l,a CatOlloa 7 164 25 794 15 729 Hombros 3 616 22 827 7 832 MuJares 3 548 12 967 7 897 Protestante 28 75 84 Hombros 15 38 38 Mujeres 13 37 46 Israelita 9 Hombres 6 Mujeres , 3 Sexto Censo de Población 1940 .(Veraerus) pp. 60 & 209

Poblaolon por credo religioso y sexo — p. 2. ftWXtHtVlg*MH«a Catsnaoo San Andres santiago ¿?¿o Otras religiones 49 3 Hombros 32 1 Mujeres 17 2 Ninguna religion 583 i 454 248 Hombres 310 785 130 Mujeres 273 669 118 Sexto Jenao ds Poblaolon 1940 * pp» 6o & 209 (Verzoru7)

Poblaolon por Credo neligloao y Sexo (oabeosra only) „ , ,. San Andres Tux^a Catolloa 9 979 Hombros 4 707 Mujeres 5 272 Protestant* 23 Hombros 13 Mujeres 10 Other religions 11 Hombres 11 MuJoros Ninguna Religion OnoQ&fiO 141 Hombros 93 Mujeres 48 Sexto Censo,eto. 194G, p» 324, 3»7

íft« ÜStW-** January 12. 1950

Hatriaonlos for the three parishes: 300 per year üautlssos for the three parishes: 3000 per year —estlnates—

Source: Bishop Jeous Vlllareal

flan Andres, Tj»tla January 12. 1950

Casaalentos por la Iglesia, 1949a 77 Bautltos: 1,756

3ouroe: Diego Manuel Alvarado, oura of San Andrés* 31%

8an Andrea Tuxtla October 22, 1949 ?lanM"B «ftd.HayyefttPg líate souroe: Horaolo Volensuela Pores» Inepeotor d< Caapo del Baioo EJldal* , 9r9P „ , »ft«" «9f* J12EZSIÜAU2& Arroz Majo e Febrero Mais Verano • 31 de Marco Maíz Invierno Dloleabre 31 de Agpoto Frijol Invierno Ootubre 30 de Abril Plátano oultivo Abril 30 de Junio Tabaoo Ootubre 30 do Abril Ag9f*P „ 3* Ó* «Wo

Andrea Tuztla Deo. 14, 1949 Coaaunlty Sonríe eo: 573 bouaeo have a¿u* potable» Charge: 15¿ per eublo aeter* 1 poso alnlaua for one aonttu Sapeat to have aera eater in Jan* or Fob. through the rjojjreoe hjflrotortooa, (Ooalalon Mazioo•Aaeriaana»; Sovraat Oía de Agua Potable* 3n 7^

V8 TWTJAg Jan. §t l?y> Plooaoe and Hodloal service Catoaaoo. Out of 161 11 for 1949* 123 «ore "«in oertlfloado aedloo". Santiago Tux^la. This aunlolplo «as "sin aslstenola aedlsa* until Nov. 14, 1949. Causee of doath for theee two aunlelpios aro therefore, In largo part, lnexaot. Souroo; Registro Civil, Cateeaoo Santiago Tuxtla

^>g TWff^ff Plooaoe and Modloal Sorv^oo "La region do Loo Tuxtlaa oa la s&s «ana dol our dol Estado. So dlotlnguo on eepeslal ol puoblo do Goaoapan por la «alud do ou poblaelon; taoblon Coteaaoo so dootaoa a ooto roopooto. "Si sayer misero do dofunolonoo qua oo registra en Son Andres tienen su origen en afeeoloneo de la o vías respiratorias» espeelalKonte bronquitis y bronoo* "ya en son Usgo Tuxtla el paludlsao vuelve a ooupar ol prliror lugar entre las enfentedadee» siguiéndolo do oeroa las enfermedades de origen bldrloo» a oausa ds las eontaslnaoloneo que eufre el agua. Entro la poblaelon indígena, eo suy frecuente el boolo, a oausa do la falta de yodo del agua que ooneuaen. Desdi haoe anoo no se presentan en la reglón enferoodades ds tips epldesleo." Pens. Vol. 1. p. 252*3. 3^> n

San Andrea Tuxtla Ootober 17» 1949 DISEASE AND MEDICAL SERVICE* Intarvle» «1th Dr. Napoleon Rao ires Chaoon reoorded separately* Centro do Salubridad y Ael aten ola perforas following fanotlcoa: A. salubridad 1* Control of oontaglouo dlaoaaoa. 2* Issuanoe of doath oertlfioateo In outlying raneherlae «boro thoro la no aadloal attention* 3* Pranuptial oartlfloatoa (roquirod by lav)* 4. Food lnapeotlon. Meat, poultry. «Ilk* 5* Health oertifleatee for poopla handling food. Smallpox vaooination, typhoid and paratyphoid

•oontlnuad*

San Andraa Tuxtla Oetobor 17* 1949 DISEASE AM) MEDICAL SERVICE (oontinuod) -2- lnoealatlons roquirod for pooplo hand ling food* 6* slekness oartlfloatoa fcr publlo employees. 7* Eduoatlonal oaapalgao agalnat «alaria; antl* balainthlo eaapalgne. "Education" of oartoraa* B* Ao la toa ola. Froo aodloal aorrioo Ibr tbo poor* Consultation, diagnosis, troatnant and prooerlptloo of aedlolnos, all froo of ohargo* Hodioinoo aloo froo of oharge. 751 pooplo have boon given tala serví oe vithln last tbroo «oaths* Soars* s Dr. Napoleon Rasire» Chaoon, Con tro do salubridad y Asistencia* 3*/ X

Santiago Tuxtla fan. ?• *95Q VITAL STATISTICS: For the yiar 1949» Naeialentoe 806 Matrlaonios •• 87 Dlvorolos 3 Defunciones • • . . ..••• 145 Causo* of defunciones listed separately. source : Registro Civil. Santiago Tuxtla. The above figures aro for the «unlolplo.

g»»ff*a«g IWftl» Jan. 3, 1950 VITAL STATISTICS: For tbe Tear 1949.

Leso than 1 year •••••••••••• 33 1 year; lees than 2 • •••••...• 8 2 yean; lees than 3 • • • • 4 Í years; lees than 4...... • years; less than 5»****«**«* 1 5 years; less than 6.«...... % Infant aortality under 6 years of age: 48 sourse: Registro Civil» Santiago Tuxtla 3ü, ?$

Oateaaoo fan. 4^ lg§0. VITAL STATISTICS t For the year 1949* Naolaientoa • ••• 481 Ifatrlaonloe ••••• 52 Dlvorolos • • 3 Defuneloneo 161 Causes of dofunolonos listed separately* Souroo: Registro Civil, Cateaaeo* The above figures are for the aunlolplo.

VITAL STATISTICSi For the year 1949» PfflmteMtii iaSstak »rt°eUy.i Less than 1 year •••••••••••• 56 1 yearj lesa than 2 •••••..... 10 2 yearn» less than ^•••••••••» 9 S years; less ti*n #••••• 5 yearsi less than 5 • • • 6 5 years; less than 6«««**.*..« 2 Infant aortal Ity under 6 years of age 88 fiSSggft Registro Civil» Cateaaoo 3^ ~^K&* San Andrea Tuxtla fan,» *• 1950f VITAL 3IATI3TICSI For the Tttf 19»9» Raolalentos 1712 Uatrlaonlos 132 Divorcios ••• 14 Defunciones •••••••••••••• 458 Causes of divorcios and defunoiones listad separately* Souroo t Registro Civil» San Ardrea Tuxtla» Ths above figuras ara for the BunlolDlo.

3*B ¿nflm Tmttft a VITAL STATISTICS» For tea year 1949. JBt&iXOaSBll* iB&ffil l2Cfc£aAIX* Lass than 1 year ••••••• 138 1 yaar; lass than 2 •••••• 31 2 yeare; lass than 3*«»**»«<*«« 12 Íyearsi lass than *•.•.••..... 10 yeare; lass than 5 • • • A 5 years; lass than 6*.«*. ••••.. ,5 Infant mortality under 6 yaars of age 200 ÜSaiS!' Raglatro Civil» san Andres Tuxtla

g»fl Wl4t XVJittft Jan» 1. 1QS0. VITAL STATISTICSi Divorcios 14 Causas of divorces For autuo oonsentlalento • • • 13 Separación lnjuatlfioada dal hogar conyugal per aas ds sals ceses • l

JtOiElts Raglatro Civil, san Andres Tuxtla 3^>

gan Andres Itffitt» (oludad) Oetobor 17» 1949 Coaaunlty Services: Eleetrlolty only at night» Observation• Corn on *t 6 p»s>»

Oooo off at 8 a «a (Sunday) v Qooa off at a»a» (ffeatcdaya) Plant ia at Coaoapan Renato Peres (hydroelectric) Electricity often eo low that of little use. Dootora and others «ho need It, uee "o on travel t"— little transforaors, with fluoraooent lt*"Pf> souroe: Dr» Rene Oetoe Mora

November 30» 1949 Coaoapan (In nunlolplo of san /.ndres) Co—unity Services: Electricity No. of houeee having eleotrlo light - 70 No» of radios - 8 No» of oontrovolts • 8 No» of refrigerators- 0 No» of eleotrlo lrons-1 No» of eleotrlo aotors-4 (4 nollnos de nlxtaaal) (All but oontrovolta have to be registered with the Gla de Luz y Energía)» Souroet Cía de Luz y Energía de San Andres» 3*¿r 5^

Co—unity Siwtem Eleotrlolty No* of houaaa having «1 «otile light - 320 No* of radloa • 50 No* of eontro volt*- 45 (eatlaat*) No* of refrigerator*- 2 (privato homes) No* of rafrlgaratera- 2 (eoraerolal) No* of eleetrlo Iron* - 2 No* of alootrlo motora- 18 Source: Cía da Luz y Energía da San Andre*. All but oontrovolfe* nava to be registered with the Cía da Luz y Energía*

Santiago Tuxtla ffgv* y>. l&B Coa»unity Sarvloaai Bleotrlolty Santiago Tuxtla doe* not have eleotrlolty * Thle a tatas ant la flp¿ true* Santiago Tuxtla doe* hava eleotrlolty. """*

* acure*: Cía d* Luz y Enargla da san Andrea Tuxtla 3XC 2>X

SAM ANDRES, November 30, 1949 Coaaunlty serrloee.- Elootrlalty No» of houaee having «lootrio light - 1*100 No» of radio* - 275 No» of oontrto volts - 250 No» of refrigerator* • 35 (privato homes) No» of refrigerators - 2 (ooanerolal) No» of eleotrlo Irons - 75 Souroe: Cía de Lux y Energía de San Andrea» (All but the oontrovolts have to be registered «lth the da de Luz y Energía)»

gap Anflfft juytt> Hoveaber 30. 19*9

No» of eleetrle Motor* • 62 Uaed fort Molinos de Nix tas; al (10 eollnos) Boabaa da agua Mollnoa para aafe Pabrlaa da hielo Pabrlea da zapatea Fabrloaa da ladrlgaa (2) Fabrleae da aoablaa (2) t Cía de Luz y Energía de San Andrea* ¿•zn ¿K

9¡ap Andrea Tuxtla Fab» 9* 1950 Cao am flaolonnl da Coneroio de loa Tuxtlaa: Nq. of Membera San Andrea Tuxtla 76 Cateaaoo (delegación} 14 santiago Tuxtla 4 Hueyapan da Ooaicpo S5 Total: 119 3ource: Pedro Rodriguez, Pre aid ente.

Sag Andrea Tuxtla Feb. 9. 1950» Casara Nacional de Conerelo de los Tuxtlaa: Rough eatlaatlon of oapltal of menbera; fogljal * of mea bora $1,000 30* 5,000 10,000 15* 30,000-50,000 3t

3ouroe: Pedro Rodrigues, Presidente. 3 *?>*.:

¿sisas* vnt u m? No. Of hOlMO - 1*200 •

No* of houses bj oount - on 1948 map of Coalslon Federal do Eleotrloldadx 1,142» I» Casas de buena vaap o oonoroto ------107 II* Casas d« adobo do primera ------543 III* Casas d« adobe do 2a* o Jaoal ------492

•Souroe: Fres. Mopal* of Caiosaoo* a*f «4

loa Tuxtlaa Novasbar 4, 1949 £SSma¿oa£L2Sl : AUTOTRANSPORTES DE LA REGION DE LOS TUXTLAS Ruta Catasaoo—Vil la Lardo da Tajada Sarvlolo da Segunda Cías* Caslonoa rápidos» eósodoa y ••guroa HORARIOSI Sala da Catasaoo a Villa Lardo a las 4 y a laa 9 da la sanana •••• $4*50 Sala da san Andrés a Lardo a laa 4:50 y a las 9*50 da la sanana ••••••••••••••••• 3.60 Sala da Santiago Tuxtla a Lardo a laa 5:30 y a las 10:30 da la sanana ...... 2,70 sala da Villa Lardo a catasaoo a las 1:30 y a las 5 da la tarda •• 4*50 Sala da Santiago a Catasaoo a las 3:30 da la tarda y a laa 7 da la noohs ••••••••• 1*80 (aontlssod)

Laa Tuxtlas Novanber 4, 1949 qossunlaatlons: AUTOTRANSPORTES DE LA REGIO? DE LOS TUXTLAS (oontlnusd) Sala da San Andrés a Catasaoo a las 4:30 ds la tarda y las 8 da la noohs fO.90 Adosas tsnaaoa un sonriólo looal antro Catasaoo y Santiago Tuxtla, oon salidas do asóos lugaros a Us 8, 11, 14 y 17 horas. Roouardo qua la Region do los Tuxtlaa fué llasado La Sulxa Varaoruaana! — Vloltsla, —sourooi Sign postad in publlo plaoos throughout tho raglon* 3 3o ,^r

a«q wríi mrtí» ostober 17,1949 (feaatmlcatloost J^OOOStt 2 kinds of telephones (different UMI) 1» TtlffW? flt? fFflrtt- Sourss: Of lo lo* dsl Telefono del Estado 30 telephone e la the eiudad. uunlolpio llet on Npurttt sard* 2» T«l«fono Msfloana. soursst Munlolpal offloes 104 telephonee in the oludad* (None in aunlolplí LONG DI3TANCE ON BOTH LINE3

flea Andres TuxtlafMunlnlnlalOstobsr 17» 1949 Csmaunlsstlons: Telephsne Sours* i Offloe of Teléfono dsl Bstsdo Ttstftwt *•* frtf4» \n*\n to? tut fttiAgnw» Jtoan ds Covarrublas Ei Marram Laursi* Husyapan dsl Osaapo Osaoapan* mis Lerdo Ohuilapan* Angsl R. Csbado Lauonapaa* Catsaaso Tllapaa* Santiago Tuxtla Ksasjiiapss) • Those with • in San Andrés Slxuapaa • aunlolpio. Matasapaa • Bay 2tf

ga? Andr^f TV***» Oatobar 17» 1949 Comunloatlonat 1. Carratara to Lardo da Tajada 2. Avion thraa tlaaa a waaks woo.. Wad*, m* Ooaa to Varaarus, atopping at Córdoba* 3* Railroad* Train aanh day* 72 lea* fron San Andraa. Trunk llnat Fanasanloan Ry*

Souroat Fraaldanta

Ban Andraa Tnxtla (oludad) <**• 17 • 1949 Coanunlaatlcnss Souroa: iiuniolpal Offioaa Coobaa 23 Caalonaa ••• 38 Jaapa ••••••

» Notas Thla fisura naada to ba brokan down iurthar; bailara It lnoludaa both buaaaa and truoka* Also* aaong tba aojbjj, abould lndloata tboaa «blob ara ragularly uaad in intar-oofcnunitjr ooaaninloation* ^3*. ^

Cotwunioatlons: Teléfonos del Esftado, No* of telefonoa del Estado In oabeoera: 3 No* of teléfonos del Estado In nunloiplo: O Conneoted by dlreot line «1th San Andres Tuxtla* 3ouroe: Of floe of Tele lb nos del Estado in Cateo aoo*

QNWWQQ lío*. 26. 1949 CooDUQloatloas: No telegraph servio*

(Adelante» sane date) ^33 3<2

COCTunlsattoast Telephone 1 gU&Bfe ML •&£&• oonnsstcd by dlreot 11ns with san AñTrés*In oabaoara»

Soirost Offlos of Tslsfonos del Estado, Santiago Tuxtla.

/"t>

SANTIAGO TJXT1A No». 26, 1949 CorEDiinloatlona: No telegraph servio*

(Adelanta. son» data) 33V ^

San Andrea Tuxtla Dooomber 13. 1949 Comnunloatlons * "El conocido oomroiante don Emilio Días Lopes •• encuentra en «ata Metrópolis atendiendo sue negooios* También nos Manifestó que tiene el pro- yecto de ausentar el niñero de Autotransportes de la Region tan pronto oono la carretera se encuentre en mejores oondloiones." Adelanto. Deo. 13. 1949.

LOS TUXTLA3 February 9» 1950 Oomnunloatlona; Dos oorridas diarias a Veracruz* Serviolo directo* La Cooperativa de Transportes de Pasaje y Carga de Boca del Rio f La Cooperativa Transportes del Istao llegaron a un buen arreglo* Loo vehículos» que en buenas condiciones y que brindan oosodldades al viajero» pues están acojinados y son as pilos y se- guros» partirán As esta dudad a las 7 de la sanana y a las 2 de la tarde (llegadast 12i30 y 19) de en- frente de la casa del sr. Aristeo Tur rent (calle Llave 4) y de Veracruz partirán taablsn a las 7 ds la •anana y a las 2 ds la tarde de 20 de Noviembre 13*E1 precio del pasaje sencillo sera de $10*00 (diez pesos) no habiendo por elv «on en to descuentos en los viajes ds ida y vuelta* , ^ Adelanto. 9 de Febrero» 1950* 33s- >^

W3 TOTfrAg ••»• «• **$

"un nuevo eervlolo do oaalone* do segunda olaee quo dará Inaugurado boy» euando «1 ooderno oaalon sar» •ado eon ol nun* 105 de la llnoa Coatzaooalooe—Vera- oruz, haga au recorrido lnlolal en el traao Cateaaqo- Villa Lerdo* Eeta eooperatlva que tiene la ooneeelón deode Coatsaeoaloos-Veraorus, eatá operando actual* •onto 4 oaalonea de Coatzaeoalooe haola Aoayuoaa y ahora eete de Cateaaoo a Lerdo y ael ee extenderá en la aedlda que la oarretera quedo aeondlelonada. SI horario aera el siguiente: Sale a lao 7 de la •anana para Cateaaoo, regresando a lao 9 horae. Sale a lao 9 y 25 oinutoa de la sanana para Villa Lerdo» a (oontinued)

LOS TUJCTIAS NOV. 15, 1949 ¿cSsma&fis&sBft' "Un nuevo servlolo*..p.2 donde llegara a lao 12 horae* Regresa do Lerdo a lao 13 horoo llegando a esta oludad a lao 3 de la tardo. sigue a Catenaoo a lao 3-30 y regresa a ésta a las o y 15 do la tardo. £1 eotaolonaaiento aqui será frente a la oaoa del 3r. "rlsteo TurrenU La Cooparativa do transporteo del letao saluda desdo m¿ 7SLMÜ" a los pueblos de esta linea y les ofreoe oí la dia oejorar el sonriólo que hoy lnlola." Adelanto. 11/15/49* 3^6 >*

Folltloal Organ 1gatIon i Presidente Hunlolpal - Antonio Araelngual H« Slndloo - Antonio ¿«tina Reg. 1* - JM Ulguel R. Cinta Reg. 2* m JUan Ueoaoga Rig* 3* - Beta or Cusnero Seoretarlo - Evaristo Ooaez Seoretarlo Registro Civil - Ana Joacpilna Cadena Teoorero - Andree Moreno

Soiree: Pros* «opal.

aaffTIAOO TUXTLA Noventoer 4, 1949 Hunlolplo of Angol R. Canada oroatod In 1931* Santiago Tuxtla loot 193 kllooetroe ouadradoo Angol R. Canada bao 693 K» • (Chook this with 1940 Consus figures ) Pona, p. 108. 337 V

October 17» 1949 Poll ti ota Organizations Ll«t of political of floss fro* the slate of the Partido Revolucionarlo Institutional, for the soaiqg elsotlons. No** 6th. President* Municipal Propietario Suplanto Slndloo l/o* 2/*. m Regidor 1/s» 2/o. Vo.

Jan Androo Tuxtla g°ml "En San Andre* Tuxtla, la oaroel dol Distrito tlono oapaoidad para 50 y oontonla ol dla do nuootra visita 110 preaoe, quionos oolo disponen do treinta oentavo* diarios para su aliñentaolon* Esta oaroel tiene dentro do sus «uro» la Esouela "Regañerasión% que proporoiona eneenansa hasta ouarto ano de prlaarla* En un aaplio patio rao!bao los rayos del sol y los benefieloo del bailo* Algunas industrias sanua^es se praotioan por lss presos»" Pens. Vol. I. p* 253* 33Í* 3^

SANTIAGO TUXTIA Ootober 25, 1949

List ofHunlolpal Offlolals

Rodolfo Martinez Proa* Mopal, Vloante Caatallanot Jose L» Pastor Slndloo UDleo Rafaal Montezano Rubon F* Sosa C« Edil Primero Ygnaolo Días B» Felix A. Cadena Edil segundo Noftall F. caalno Antonio Toga B* Edil Teroaro Juan Palagot X« Datadt Jan. 19*7. (Tare of office 3 years) (Eleotlon: NOV.6. 1949) Souroe: Prealdenola Munlolpal de Santiago Tuxtla

SANTIAGO TUXTIA Ootober 25» 19A9 Souroe: Pre Bidente isepal of Santiago Tuxtla lapalapas • Texooohapaa Alonso Lázaro Seseeapan Tres ¿apotos Cru» da Vldana Tapaeoyan Oaeapaa Hedellln Ojo da Agua Sehualaoa Rlnodn de Luola Salto de Agua Booa del Monte llaxyapaa Plxlxlapaa Jose Ha* Morolos La Pitahaya Arroyo Largo Bodegas de Otapa xlgulplllnean San Karoos Xllxotluoan Tlbernal aan Andrea Tuxtla 00t. 12. 1949 337 CMigmaolotni; Ahuasápaa Oeelota Aplxlta Ohullápaa Axoshlo Plxápaa Buena .Viata Ranohoápas Calaría Rosa Partida, salinas Bl Cebollal Siguapas) Carro Amarillo Soyata Coaoápa* Tehuao tepes Cuasia Amarilla Tapansan Eailiano zapata Texalpaa Juan Jaoobo Torraa Texealtítan El Laurel Tllapaa Uasuniapan Xotsápan Montepío Datad: 3an Andrea Tuxtla, Hayo de 1949 (Data froa files In offioe of Hunlelpal President)

3an Andrea Tux^a Oot. 12, 1949

Abessosat Oaleras Abrevadero El Huidero Anahuae José «aria «óralos Baxoaxpaltopoo Laushapan Bebedero La Maquina vieja Bonito Juares Mata de Cana Bezuapaa llatalapam de Abajo Buenoe Aires liatalapaa de Arriba Caravana Loo Herida Cebadilla Chioo Los Naranjos Cebadilla arando Mil tapas Cerro de las Iguanas Paso de Tehuantopeo Cerro de vidrio Platanar Coyoltepequlllo El Reaollno Chunlapaa de Abajo Rio da Tuxtla Ohunlapaa ds Arriba -continuad» R^flftwrtM iffBlt) Salto ds Bylpantla Santa Rosalia Abata San Carlos Sayoltapes San Leopoldo Sesea»pas San Sisan Tierra Colorada Santa clara Tooalapaa Tulápan Datadt San Andrés Tuxtla, Vera*, Hayo de 1949 (Data froa files of offioe of Municipal Prasldsnt) ^¿>3*

San andres Tuxtla Got. 12, 1949 hi ota de loe Jueoee de Barrio de eota Ciudad lioirbrea anteriores Ho-brea aotuales owbroa Juepea 3n« f'iguel 1/a. U. Galvan Pedro Reyes 2/a. " " Carlos kazo 3an ntonlo 1/a, p. ¿";. Valenola ntonlo Velazoo " " 2/a. " " M Francisco r.artlnez San Pedro 1/a. avaro Obrogón ;ligio rartinez vasquea " " 2/a. " " ,.uia .acribano Pereyra 3n. Prancieoo 1/a. .dalberto Tejada .vio,¡andró Cobaxln " " 2/a. " " Pedro xolo (continued)

3fcn >nOreB Tuxtla -2- Oot. 12, 1949 i lata de los Juooea do Barrio <3o cota Ciudad :orbres anteriores oobres actuales ocbro8 Jueces sin José l/a. loo. J. Corono raaroo Villa L. it n 2/a. " " " Carloa Fernán San Juan 1/a. Benito Juárez Modeato í'artlnez H B 2/a. " " -urello Poll to tí* San Andrés 1/a. Juan J. Torrea Hlglnlo uino ii n 2/a. " '• M üaroos oneroso Can: peche Barrio j-«rdo Víctor Muñoz Ixtepan Col» la Esperanza Andres Tito Dated: San Andrés Tuxtla, Ver», febrero 17 de 1949 (Data froit files In of fies of i'unloipal President) 3¥/ H,

EW yyjffi^g Noves ber 4, 1949 DATOS FI3CALÜ3 30BHE ORANDES PR0PIEDADE3 — 19*5 SantiagoSan Andrea Cataaaao .XltffcaS. JCltf&afi. 1000 a 2500 4 oon 6800 2 «on 2300 29501 a 5,000 1 • 3300 3 oon 12600 2 " 7700 5*001 a 10,000 10,001 a 25,000 1 oon 10500 25,001 y aaa souroot Holoas T. da la Pana. VERACRUZ ECONÓMICO. Vol. I* p. 133* Oobiaroo dal Eatado do veraoruz. tie x loo. 1946* 3<¿x as¿

gan Andró* fmtla Pooonbor 7. 1949

Tiendas de ropa y calzado • •••• 13 Ferretería* ••••••••••....••••••••••••••••••• 4 Botlea* ••••••••••••••• •...•••...••...•. 5 tendejones •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59 Cantinas y Billar** ••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 3 Molinos do Nlxtanal ••...... 23 Agarraderos do aadarao ••.••••••••••••••••••• 4 Fabrloa do Ladrillo* ••••••••••• 21 Tiendas de Abarroto* •••••••••••••••••• • 58 Refreaquerla* ••...... •.••••..... •••• 22 Hleoel aneas •••••••• •• 21 -oontlnuedV

San Andró* Tuxtlo pfooobor 7, 1949 Caaa* COBorolalo* -2- Fabrloa do agua* gaseosa* ••••••••••••••••••• 3 Fabrloa do hielo •••••••• 2 Fabrloa* do puro* •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Abonólas do eerveserlas •••••••••••••••••••••• 3 soqrpoi Tooorerla aunlolpal. 3V3^ gap Arrtrea TM^^ pac-bar 7, ^ Buelnees organization: Casara da Agrio • y Comerólo Cámara dol Pequeño Coaerelo Sooiedad de Sooorroa Mutual

Lion* Club (International) - 17 aenbere ffouroo: Rogelio Raaoon, Pree* of Club Leones* ~*W *sa.

Catcaaco P««« 1« *?49 Colonia» ontraaltc (Spelling?) — Thoee lands art not cultivated to tht fullest extent possible* 1* Cojaae 2* Agua callente 3. El Real A. La Pal «a 5» Santeooaapan Terrenos nacional es —These lands not cultivated* ( !• Ojo de agua de vasura •' 2* XK|W zapoapaa (oollndo oon terrenos naoionales) 3* Ojo de Agua Tapaloapaa ...••'•*•< Source: Pros. Mepal. de Cateaaoo,

Catoaaoo poot 3t 19*9 Relación nominal de heotareas pertenecientes a _divereo§. C.oa>sariado,e_EJldalej je_Catejiaoo,c_Ve.r¿ CORlsarlado EJldal de Catesaoo ...... 3»740«10 Coalearlado EJldal de Tebanca •• 288. Dos Aaatec 1,080, sontcooaapaa ••• ••••••• •••• 1*300• La Victoria 1,600* Cartagena •• •• 1,004* La Candelaria • • 1,229- zapoapaa • 1,000, Calería AO*. Ifaxaoapaa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 371» Total t 12,011.10 Source i Presidencia liuniolpal, Catcaaco* A g»B ^rtt xwttt Novoobor 4, 1949 3*¿

1 1 g' i/Vip rffl"' ^' ^ fg" «* B*BP ypyPgRATURAff JEp^Afl 1931*1940 AT» n •T»r\ i JW v7»' mPi^TTf» **> 21 23 24^ 27 28 27 26 • j__g ' jg" 3*' B»B» Vol. I. Molooo T. «o la Pana: VERACRUZ ECOiOMICO/pp.67-8. (Ooblorno dol Estado do Veraoruz. Moxleo. 1946

3an Andrea tuxtlo. Novoobor 4, 1949 StLfi [t flwt agi> £grt Madia 1931-40 35 22 21 29 63 250 Diao oon lluvia 9 5 3 2 7 13 •SB* uodta 1^» » Ifc HI' «I' Sg' g Madia 1931-40 265 235 49a 394 147 60 2013 Dlaa oon llovía 18 17 23 18 14 11 140 «odia 1941-45 155 232 5» 277 151 72 1901 Molooo T. do la Pona: V8RACRUZ ECONÓMICO, Vol* I»p.69. (Ooblorno dol Sotado do Yoraotui. Moxioo. 1946.) —Booouiwronta la ••••

H»l T"rtnW "En loo Tuxtlao la o lluvlao oonudao do novloobro a onoro oon llanadao "aguao tabaoalorao", oujr favor- abloo para ooto oultlvo,..." Pona, V.I, p. 72. Mapot Hap of of San Andre's Tuxtla* Traosd sprint In preft denota •unlolnal of San Andrés Tuxtla*

LQS TUXgLftS Ilapst Map of SI Centro» San And roa. By the author* Shoes loo a tico cf pal apio nunlolpal. parouo» oafdral. prlnolpal business houses» ate.

LOS TUXT1AS Ifaps: Hap of the Market In San Andrés* By the author* Shows location of stalls and type of goods sold at eaoh*

Mapei Rough sap of «ynlolpl^ of Santiago Tuxtla* No soale* Traood fro» nap In possession of prsaUsnola nunlslpal of Santiago Tuxtla* was told this Is the only sap of the •ualololo. (There lo an airplane aap, hoeot/er)* LOS TUXTLAfl Mapas Sketeh aap of the region of Loo Tuxtlae, eopied froa a »ap published in 1903 by tho Seeretarla do Eotado 7 dol Doopaoho do Foaento*

Mapo: 3kotoh sap of a part of Angel F. Torreo* map of the throe aunioipioe.

Mapo: Map of Lake Cateaaoo and en Tiro no. (Traoed). By Coalaioo Federal do Eleotrloidad. 1946*

Mapo: Hop of oabeeera of Cateaaoo* Copied (traoed) fro» oap of Coaliion Federal do Eleotrleldad—19*8, Saoala 1-2000. Shove hoiioe if peo t !• Gaoao de buena aaap o oonoreto II* Caoao do adobe do priaera III* Oaeae do adobe do 2a o Jaoal* Alooj ol nuaero do habliaoionee por oaoa. 34F

Dea. 14, 1949 ¿afee» 1* Especias produotoras da moderas finas» f¥l ar tyg-gcaoba « gástenlatfwtory figfrtilTO aaorophylla „ Cedro Cadrela mexicana Cedro nogal Cadrela dugeeli Primavera Tabebula donell 2» Espades produotoras de maderas corrientes duras* Cooulte lohtbyoaatnla amerieana Chaganl ? Chloosapote Aohraa sapota Oateado Hooobla mexicana Laurel amarillo ? Laurel prieto ? (continued)

LQ3, HftgW Doo. 14, 194y r.'aderaa—>2« uaoaya Andlra galeottlana Palo verde satyrla sp* Pelneolllo Combrstua farlnosum Rosa Morada Xababula pentapaylla Rabo lagarto Aoaola panloulata Sabino Aatlanthua vlatlnalla súchil Pijotería aoutlfolla 3« Eapaolaa produotoras da oaderaa oorrlantee suavas* Amate Floua teoolutevsls Aplpi t Algodonolllo WlMierla confusa Harinero ? Mulato Elaphrlum alaaruba Pooho^lllg 3eleet*d by^ Oaray Ríos from a longer list ln Pana» Vol. I* pp. 7» as treea «tesa wood la Hffjbi* 3^9

?«? Andi^t ami* Novosbor 21. 1949 Eoonoeyi Land Ovnerafrlp, No. of Ejidos (Definitivos hasta si 31 ds Dio. 1948) 57 Superflole on twotarcas: 43*562 Souroe: Sr» Leopoldo Caracas, Haolenda del Estado.

9»TT»M9 Noiresber 21. 194o Economy: Land Ownership No. of ejido» (Definitivos hasta el 31 de Dio. 1948) 10 Superficie en heotareas: 11,840

Souros: Sr. Leopoldo Caracas, Haolenda del Estado

a*nU»K9 TffW Novcnhor 21. 194a

Ho. of Ejidos (Definitivos hasta si 31 de Dio» 1948)

Superflole so heotareas: 19*169

Source: 3r. Leopoldo Oarseas, Haolenda del Estado 3>S"o

£B Santiago Tuxtla Eoonosyt Panado Porcino El cardo se vertió on pié, a "aedlo sebo". 3« nata y lo qua se saoa as la santeoa* Eaplezan a engordar el oerdo de olnoo sesee (deberían hacerlo de un ano) por tenor a qua se •aera y lo •anden a medio rendir ouatro meses des- pués, razón por la eual no da sao de loo a 120 Kgs. en pie, no obstante qjc esta ee la reglón donde hay nao oruza y asi por las malas oosunloaolonea el eaapeslno versero sano se ve obligado a malbaratar sus cerdos* de la Pena, vol. I» pp. 544-5»

3antlago ffuxtjla (fjsss^sajpssjSBst, »>*jcaojsjae •»> zoonoay: Ganado Iorcine De Santiago Tuxtla sacan santeca, hasta 5,000 latas anuales, según lnformee de los ooaerclantss*

de la Pena, vol. I. p. $45* M?g IWWí Dtonber 14, 1949 Froa CENSO GANADERO DE VERACRUZ ANO DE 1940 Uualolplo Caballar. Mular Aenal§ Lanar Cateaaoo ^,* —572 vi * m 4 San Andrea T.10,942 2,770 753 378 23 aaBttaK9 yT 13,219 ¿•272 . J2L 169 52. Munieiplo" v9lM*ttf Cateaaoo -fia: San Andrea T» rn63 6,681ar 104,490^ia 580 106 3.614, 53,?6Q

*4g T^fff ¡*g Deo. 13, 1949

Majority of oattla are orneado; sooe Cobu and soma Holán (tea (llolateln). 3ourca: Ing. Agr. Garay Rloa.

Santiago Tuxtia had oobu ao early aa 1927* (Pena, Vol. I» p« 553*)

LOg ?ÜJgLAS Deoecber 13, 1949» ganado Eplaootlae: 1* Aftoaa 2* liebre earbonona 3. Mal de paleta 4* Fiebre de Texae The laet three are not vary prevalent* (no ataoan auoho) Souroo: Ing. Agr. Oaray Rloe. 3«*

Boonoay» Casas coaorolaloa Tiendas de ropa y oalaado •••••..•••••..••• 4 Botioae • • .••• 1 Tendejones • •• ••••••••••48 Cantinas y Billares • • • •• 3 Iiollnofl de Nlxtaoal • . a Aserraderos de Maderas •••••••••••••••••••• 2 Tiendas de Abarrotes •.••••••••.••••••••••• 5 Refreequerlas •••..••••••••••.••••••••••••• 3 Fabrleas de aguas gaseosas •••••••••••••••• 1 Hoteles 2 souroot Manuel Alvarez» Oflolna de Rentas» Catoaaoo*

gM»H»B9 Imtt» Daosobar 22. 1949. fcttonooy: Casas Come roíalas Tiendas de ropa y saleado y oesilla (mixta).., 3 Ferreterías .«.....••.... •• 0 Boticas • 1 Tendejones •••••••.••••.••••••..••••••...•.•••40 Billar .. 1 •aliños de Mixtas al • 4 Aserraderos de Maderas • 3 Fábrioa de Ladrillos* • 3 Tiendas de Abarrotes ••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 2 Refresquerias ••••••••• •••••.•••••• 3 Fábricas do aguas gaseosas ••• •••••••••• 1 Fábrioa de hielo 1 aourosi Presidenola Munlolpal, santiago Tuxtla* 57 35*3

flan Andrea Tmfr}.a NOV. 19. 1949 fiflgoatjpnt Eaouelae Partioulares (on la olodad) "Lio. Atilano sedas" 3 6 78 "Experimental Frelnet" 3 6 106 "Ao ad em la sanandreaoana" 5 52 "Sao Ana rea " • " 2 33

Souroe: Prof* Arturo M» Vargas, Inapeotor Eaoolar Federal, 17/a. ¿ona Eaoolar Federal del Estado de Veracruz•

3an Andrea Tuartla fl9Yf 19t Jrg»g ¿djoailija: aouelas Federales (en la ciudad) callón Maeatroa Qradoa guanos "Paator Torrea" Barrio Alvaro Obregon i 6 155 "3. Lerdo de Tejada" Barrio Lerdo 97

sourcei Prof. Arturo u- Vargaa, Inapeotor Eaoolar Federal, 17/a. zona Eaoolar Federal del Eetado de Veracruz* San Andrea -ufifrlo tfffTf 1?» \&2 Mifi£^i2B: Eaouelae Federalee (an el municipio) ..«gag Location Maeetroa aradoe iluanoa "Enrique Lopez Oultron" Coooapan 278 "Jaloe Torre» Bodet" Mlltepoo 95 "M. F. Alta* olrano" Texalpan 75 "Eailiano Eailiano c, apata" ..apata 73 "Hilarlo G. 3alae" Calería 115 "Benito Juarez" Ahuaoapan "Lázaro Cardonaa" Ohullapart 158

3an Andrea fu^ja yoyf *?• 19*9 Sduaatlon» Eaouclaa Federate (en el aunialplo) p. 2. Jim*. Location Maeetroa Orado» Alms— "Benito Juarez" Benito Juarez 1 •5 "Enrique C* ROboaaon Ooelota 1 "Crletobal Colee" Feo, X. «adero 1 *I56 "Lazare Oardenae" Da ene nata 2 95 "Potrero del Llano" Tulapao 1 "Aquilea sarda»" Carro Aajarillo 1 62 "Guabutéaoe" Salto da Eylpantla 1 51 "Ignaelo Zaragoza" San Leopoldo 1 45 "E»Lopez Oultron" Azoohio 2 125 "Cuafauteooo" Loo Herido i 70

a»n ABOrtí imtlfi WTt tf • tt»* * II rtitriaf I (•» «* •uoloiplo) p» 1* v««uw , «ftfitiyi gflfcl AoaaMt "Miguel Hidalgo" Flzapan 69 "JÍ0. do Doalaojuoz" J. Jaeobo Torrea 66 "aoMno «asquea" Loo Saranjoe 54 "Hinoo Hereee" Abrevadero "lieolaa Bravo" Cueeta AaeriUe "Enrique L. 8 Buitrón" Buenoe Aireo 76 "J. Va. lforeloe" Horeloo 50 "Día del ttaeetro" Sallnae Roo* Partida 46 "21 do AaooMffeto" «*" Ildro _- -2—, 2±_ sourcet Prof. Arturo tí. Varga»t Inapaotor Eaoolar Federal , 17/a* ¿ona Eaoolar Federal del Eatado da Veraors 3ao Andrea Tuxtla poyenbey §, I9*g Núaero de gnipoe existentes en las Ksouelae del 3$V Estado, correspondientes al Uunlolplo de San Hombre do EsQUfja Oradoi Josefa Ortiz de Dioninguez¿X IT ni TV VI 2 2 1 1 Landero y Cos 2 2 2 2 1 Prlnero de Bayo 1 1 fileardo Flores Cagón 1 1 Jardín de Niños 1 1 20 de Novlonbre 1 1 Ursulo Oalvan 1 1 Mártires de Chioago 1 1 Benito Juárez(Soyata) 1 1 Nioolas Bravo 1 1 l - - Juan Luis Breaont 1 1 Netzahualcóyotl 1 1 l - - Oral. Miguel Aleean 1 1 i - - gaq Andres Ttf^la Mxejü2S£_5iJ£á2 Nunero de gnipos existentes en las Ssouelae deldc Estado» oorrespondlentes al Municipio de san ywFt «SM£ Y Yt, le septiembre i¡ »f*lj t Aaado Menro PrlnitiY© R .Vale no la Vleente Guerrero (El Platanar} Prlnltlvo n.Valenola (Ohullapan) Ricardo Flores üagon (Hat a de Cana) 1 Aplxlta 1 La Corregidora l Llo.Hlguel Alosan l souroe: Barrelro

8fi Agdjft Wrtef Oetober 18, 19*9 IKyfJfr'ifl1 VM«r«l sebeóla lo outlying eeemmltlest Locate* ais Leuehepas) Ríe túsala Ssa Leopoldo •entapio Afuaaapan £1 Cebolla! salinas Source i Prof* Rafael Barrelro Q«, Supcrvleor Eeeolar, 8a» Andrea Tuxtla 3sx 3a" Aff*rtt lM*tt» Novaabar 1, 1949 souroat Angal F. Torras» Dlr», Aoadaala sanandrasoana Enrollaant In tha prlaary aaetlon of tha Aoadaala s «^uagandH: 12itt r; 3 g'g 4FH^n 5 6 1-212--- 1 1 - i Astual Rag.4 2 8 2 5 5 3 3 J-A. 4 2 A» of Saptaabar, 1949* (Totals on aaparata oart)

Novoabar 1» 1949 Sourea: Angal F. Torro», Dlr.» Aoadaala Sanandrasoana Enrollaant ln ti» prlaary gradaa of tha Aoadoala*

Rsgiatarsd Additions (/) Droppod out 6 3 during «onto (-) Aotual no» ln sohool 43 26 17 Aa of ssptaabor, 1949*

San Andrsa Tuxtla Noraabar 1, 1949 Souroat Angol F. Torras» DJr., Aoadaala Sanandraaoana Enrollaant ln tha eoaaarolal saotlon of tha Aoadaala Sanandraaoanat lat 2nd 3rd Thoao following *T* M •I" spoolal oaraar 5 1 ft" Thoaa not following apaolal oaraar 2 2 Total: T^ T^ ^T5^ Total ln ooaaorslal aootlont 28 (Aa of Saptaabar. 1949)* 3ST 3S>

San Andres Tuxtla, ver. Ootober 18, 1949 Education i Escuelas eontroladoa por «1 Estado. Aluanoo inaorlpto• on las Eeeuelao do San Andró» Tuxtla H. M. 1* Eeouela "Joeefa Ortl» da Doslngues"... 93 379 2* " Landaro y Coa •••.••••••••••••• 509 58 3. Jardín do Niños "Adolfo Ruis Cortlnee" 35 22 4. Eeouela "Prlaero do Mayo" ...... 51 44 5* " "ursulo Oalv&n*••••••• •• 69 50 6. " "Mártires do Chicago" • 20 18 7. " "Bonito Juárea" •• 29 29 8. - "Nloolas Bravo" • 51 48 9* " "20 do Kovleabre" ...... 39 39 10* " "Juan Lulo Breaont" 44 39 11. " "Netsabualooyotl 35 18 12, " "tool, lllguol Alosan"» • •• 64 40 -continued*

sito Andró» Tuxtla Ootobar 18« 1949 Beoualae oontroladoo por ol Estado . Aluanos lnoorlpto» on las Escuelas de San Anaroo Tuxtla •2* H 13. Eoouola "16 do SoptlonJbro" ...... 33 37 14. "Asado Ñervo" ...... 32 23 15* "PrlaitlTO R. valonóla" .. 87 60 16. "Vísente Guerrero" ••••••• 25 15 !?• "Estaslsn Ohullapa*...... 26 18* de Mata de Cana •••••••••• 23 *218 19. de Apixlta •••«••••••••••* 43 15 20« "La Corregidora" .....•••• 28 20 21. "Lie ._ Alosan.» , 24 21 22. "Rioardo Flores aseen . 213 iS73 xrar^ Data fron Prof. Rafael Barrelro 0*, Total: fl. * M. Suporvloor Escolar, San Andres Tuxtla* (Prloarjr ooboola only 3ó^&

October 21, 1949 SDUOATIOMt Sources Dr» José Marín, Director de 1* Escuela Secundarla» Ko* of Students ID ths secondary aohool Honores Mu Jars» lot* 1st year 2nd year 20 2 22 3rd year ?9 $ -2fc Totalt 70 15 85 The secondary aohool aupportod by federal» state and Municipal funda* Maestros: 14. 9 hombres, 5 mijares*

Ootobar 21» 1949 EDUCATION» Source: Dr. Josa Marín» Director, la Esouela Secundarla Students In tbe San Andres secondary aohool from other oonaunltlcs: Proís: cateaaoo 7 Santiago 4 Coaoapas 2 Rodrigues Clara 1 Loo» Bonita 1 Total: 15

These students live lo SOD Andres during the week and go hose to their reepeotive oomaunltieo on Saturday, for the weekend* 3¿

g*» ******* TWftl» October 18, 1949 Edueatloni Rural school* In outlying soanunltles controlled by the Stata* Located at: Tepanoan soyata Xotoapan si platanar Buenos Airas Tllapan Ranahoapan El Laurel Mataeapan nata da Cana Balan ehlao Aplxlta " grande Slguapan Sourest Prof* Rafaal Barralro a», Supervisor leoolar» San And rea Tiuctla.

LOS TUXTLA3 íiduoationi "En la antigua zona daolsa cuarta, que solo abarcaba loa aunloiploa de San Andrea y Santiago Tuxtla, Catanaoo y Hueyapan. aa neeaaltan 35 saestros para laa congregación©a que no diaponen da ellos, y «ato aln oontar oon el aumento que requieran laa eeouelaa en actividad. "La eeouela da santiago Tuxtla «a halla dividida entre varios looalea y oaaas de nadara; paro se esta eonatruyando una eaouela «agnlfioa* Haoan falta 3 profesores para la eaouela urbana y uno para una eaouela rural." Pena, y. I., p. 308. 3¿í

•durations sourees Angel F. Torree, Director Aoadeejla sanandreaoana The Aoadeaia Sanandreeoana is a private eobool, eupervlaed by the federal government* The eohool reoeivee 5000 paaoa a year frote the federal government, and 5000 peeoe a year fron the unlvorelty of Veraenis, for lie ealntenanee. The aehool (ooreneroe Motion) le affiliated with the Uhlverelty of Veraorua and entitled to award a degree froa the unlverelty» Thus far—after eight yeara of operation—no unlverelt; degree hae been awarded» There are six gradee In the prlaary divlelon, and three gradee in the ooameree divlelon* Tuitiont 30 peeoe per oonth» Many etudente p*y a part» or none, of thle.

Ban Andrea Turtle. Oetc»»or 37. 1949 Sooreet Angel F. Torree«Dlreetcr Aoadeala Sanandreeoana f Subjeete taught In the oonoerolal divlelon of the Aeadeaia sanandreeoana: Katheaatlee 3 yeore Buslneee oorreeponderiee 2 yn Spanlah 3 " Cooncerelal law 2 year* Englieh 3 • Eoonoalee 1 year Shorthand 2 " Oeography 2 yeara Typing 8 " Hletory 1 year Bookkeeping 3 *

— Three year eoureot 3Ñ£ 36/

SWlá Ootobar 25» 1949 iln the oabeoera: 1 Privarla superior — 6 gradea 1 Eaouela Rural del Estado — 2 gradas X Eaouela Rural Fadaral — %, gradea (on a nearby ejldc}

Sourae: Sr* PoIToarpo Mendosa Mor fin, teaoher of the Eaouela Rural Federal

8AMTIAQO TOXTIA November 14, 19*9 MW»tt«; Eaeuola Prlaiarla superior» 6 Gradea, plus night ae:ebool for aeo—let and 2nd grade only* Iftnber of Pupila in Day School: 1 a 3 4 5 6 H MtH IlH M I H HlH Ml H M 28 34 28 22 28 13 21 11 10 11 6 3 Total Hoabreat 123 * MuJarea: 94 souree: Joae Jurado Castro, Dlreeter* arand total: 217 SUte Sobool. October 25» 1949 gfrf-Mw» Schools located ln the following outlying eooaunitles In>«, ?f *

Santiago Tuxtla Nov. 19, 1949 Eduoatloni Rsouslas Fodoralss Ñas» Location MaestrosMao arados Alusnos "Cuahutcsoe" • Mode "3. Diaz Mirón*- Ejido ds Buona Vista 1 2 72 "Bonito Juarez "-Texooohapan 1 2 55 "J.Chagala Isldor"*Maxyapan 1 3 51 "Feo. X. Madero" Feo. I. Madero 60

Souroe: Prof. Arturo M. JPUSU4 Vargas, Inspeetor Escolar Federal» 17/a. zona Escolar Federal del Estado de Veracruz.

2Í2I-J

Escuelas sostenidas por la Federación (congregaciones pertenecientes a santiago fux.) Maxyapan Texeoobapan Praneisco X. Madero Medellln 1 caeetro to approx* 50 niños 1st, 2nd, ana 3rd grade. Sources Sr. Pollcarpo Mendoza Uorfln, teacher of the Escuda Rural Federal *C3

Ca$eaaoo B9Tt tet 19*9 Kduaatlon t Esouelas Federales OSS* LooaUop L'aostros arodPt Hffqffvi "Miguel Hidalgo" La Victoria 1 53 "Benito Juarez" nan Maxaoapan 1 51 "Oral Miguel Alecan" Santeooaapan 1 38 Souroe: Prof* Arturo Li* Vargas. Inspector Bsoolar Federal, 17/a, zona Escolar Federal del Estado de Veraoruz*

Educations Souroe: Alain Ponsado fiaalres, teaener in the prlaary sohl* of Cateaaoo* No. of studentet 234 No* of teaohere: 6

Tbe prlaary sohool baa six gradas* 2¿y

a ; 9 *?. i!tám um$ Df«f9b«r 20 a.W- Education: Cfn^JPD? df Alfabetización Ü83fe£l£ jfu^erjj Uata d« Cana Belén Grande 31 — Aplxlta 5* •• Tepanoan 13 «M» El Platanar 12 13 Uataoapan 13 3oyeata 12 •» Ranohoapan 8 13 Siguapas 26 22 Tllapan 49 • - Kl Laurel 43 •»• 5 oentros ln San Andres Tuxtla 28 — Sourot: Prof. ¡jarre 1ro. 3¿r

£»*fttttt Kdujajfeioa: Analfabatoa Gatoaaoot 5680 habitant** llena la villa da Cateaaco» oln lnolulr aua oongregaelonaa. ÓOft da analfabatoa • igual poroantaje da nlnoo qua no raeiban Inetruoolon» Fuá lavantado al eanso ganara 1 da la población. La población coóolar..Jovanao da 7 a 14 añoe fué da 1106, da loa oualaa 223 aalitan a la aaouala oflolal, 220 aalatan a la aaouala particular y 663 quadan aln raolblr Inatruoolóo alguna. D* la totalidad da habí* tantea al 6ü por olanto eon analfabatoa oontando paraonaa da a» DO» eoxoe y difarantaa edadee. Takan froa Adelanto. 11 da aarzo, 1940* p«4.

¿¿lusas Education t Analfabfyoj Cauaae dal analfabatlaao on Cateaaoo. Nlrioe da aajfboo eexoe a* ganan la vida da rondadora» aobu- lantee...Otra oauaa qua auaanto ol numero do analfabataa eepeclaleante dol aaxo fatnonlno fué ouando ao implanto la aaouala elxta* Loo padrea ee alomaron y rotiraron a ouo hljaa do la aaouala oflolal* Takan froa Adelanta. 21 do earzo, 1948* 3¿¿ S«SU*fiS_X)Ejy& DoOOObor 22. 194Q EpiffAffiON» ggatroe do Alfabatlzaalop. 3 Centroo da £If abatis aelOB In tin aabeaara- 10 Centro* do Alfabetlsaoion in tie oanareaaalonea.

Doea not know the percentage of . but eaye the aajorlty ara anal fa'¡fiUkfif £f2ÍT¿t ara operating with aoae difficulty* workeraira itirad souroa¡roa; Fraaldonta Munlelpal of Santiago TuxtXl a«m»ffl> mm». pw>fr 22, 1949 Education» Cantroo ¿a Alfabollaaolon* Traa zapotea* 6*14 anoe* Periodo de Febrero a 20 do Horteabre, 19*9« I2i&a ilfiobrji _KyJerjj No* da analfabatoa 2» 151 No» do lnaerlpolon 81 40 "S No* do exaalnadaa 69 3* 35 No* da aprobadoa 50 25 25

Fraaldenola Munlelpal Santiago Tuxtla

Santiago Tuxtla £Uf&*JL22*JU&2* Educaron: Coatroa If Hfaba^izaa^.

!£BfitSZiB« ffi4 ¡Ml M> Mfc fl* ¡ft «Ml^

Ho* do analfabetoa 12 12 Ho* do lneorlpoioo 12 12 No* do exas loado e 10 10 No» do aprobadoa 6 6

Preeldenela Munlelpal Santiago Tuxtla* 3¿7

g"*frW Stgttf Dooaabar 22. 194Q

Bduoatlan Qiton» da Alfab^^i^;m. Toxeoohapan» já§ it.!*, «qy (2 oantroa horo) No* do asalfabotoo 95 35 — No* do lnoorlpolon 26 26 No* do oxaalnadoo 26 26 No* do aprobad»o 16 16

sour—i Proolfclonola Munlolpal 8antlago Turtle

1 santiago Tuxtla gooa^bor ?2, lg4g.

No* do analfabotoa 63 28 95 40 24 16 No* do lnoorlpolon 25 16 9 — — — No* do oxaalnadoa 25 16 9 No* do aprobados 10 6 4

Spjcfoi Tmuifonola Munlolpal Santiago Tuxtla* £6

g«*mW I«tt» DOOO»bor 22- 104ft E&SS^S* £fi!üBft at Alfabatliaaloi»,

No* de analfabeto* 27 — No. da lraorlpoion 6 16 No. da oxaalnadoo 6 13 No» da aprobodoo 4 9

[anola Uuniolpal Santiago Tuxtla

ITTftllff IflnHf Dfoaabar 22, 1949 Eduoatlon» SmÜBO. ¿ft Mff»l>ftt*«9*«l« Buona j£f|a.* MM If \* «wtt ffHf» If Ht Jat Ho. do analfabetos 13 13 — 13 33 Mo. do laaoiipolte 13 13 — 37 37 Ho* do esaalaadoo 13 13 — 33 No. do aprobado* 7 7 — 16 8

sojeoot frosldeiinola Huololpal Santiago Tuxtla aXl VVV^U-

T^eANQA,

To»*L»i SR APP^> pjo. Tifos DP CONSTRUCCIóN

Cans Je b.eha k,ahl 0 J. Coyic-eto '

-TTT Casas de a*/c6 """ ° •/ a c » /

por C4SA. -J

UJ ¡o Ui

UJ hi h

LU O &

MUNICIPIO de SANTIAGO TUXTLA VII TV l( £L CCNTRD" -5ax A.Urft"$ fuxt/a HE THE MARKET San Andres Tuxtla 1 - Yard go oda and clothing 2 - Hardware and staples 3 - Notions 4 - Meat 5 - Fish b - Fruits & vegetables 7 - Bread 8 - Tables 9 - Stoves

cm es CID co en ca

* 3

a. : • ¿ 7 s • B

7 fin 7 2. OD GO QD \33 CX3 oDCDEiicsaaoDcaci] 1

^TNT^ J-» i- MELD NOTES ON SAN ANDRES,TUXTLA 13 Y HETTY STARR MANUSCRIPT NO.33 MICROFILM COLLECTION Or MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOL'OCY SIXTH SERIES MICROFILMED BY LIBRARY DEPARTMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO