John Harrison's “Sea Clocks”
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Bimetallic Strip Worksheet Answers
Bimetallic strip worksheet answers Continue The bimetallic strip consists of two different materials with different expansion ratios that are related to each other. For example, for brass and steel, linear expansion ratios: brass: 19 x 10-6/C steel: 11 x 10-6/C When this bimetallic band is heated, brass expands more than steel and strip curves with brass on the outside. If the band is cooled, it curves with steel on the outside. Bimetallic strips are used as switches in thermostats. Copper and zinc strips are the same length of 20 cm at 20 degrees Celsius (a) What will be the difference in the length of the strips at 100 degrees Celsius? b) The stripes were chained to each other at 20 degrees Celsius and formed the so-called bimetallic strip. Suppose it bends into an arc when heated. Determine which metal will be on the outside of the arc and what will be the arc radius at 100 degrees Celsius. The thickness of each band is 1 mm. t0 - 20 degrees Celsius, in which both strips are equally long l0 and 20 cm, the length of both bands is 0.20 m at t0 t. difference in length of both bands at t d 1 mm and thickness of 1'10-3 m of each band r ? The radius of the curved bimetallic strip From tables No 30-10- 6K-1 ratio of linear thermal zinc expansion NoCu 17'10-6K-1 ratio of linear thermal expansion of copper substances expands when we raise their temperature. Different substances expand in different ways, so there will be a difference in the length of the two bands. -
THE LONDON GAZETTE, JANUARY 28, 1870. 547 Tiie Date of Such Patents, Pursuant to the Act of York, United States of America.—Dated 19Th the 16Th Viet., C
THE LONDON GAZETTE, JANUARY 28, 1870. 547 tiie date of such Patents, pursuant to the Act of York, United States of America.—Dated 19th the 16th Viet., c. 5, sec. 2, for the week ending January, 1867. the 22nd day of January. 1870. 143. William Bull, of Qualit3"-court, Chancery- 115. John Davies, of No. 24, Ludgate-hill, in the lane, in the county of Middlesex, Civil Engineer, city of London, and Arthur Helwig, of No. 73, for an invention of " improvements in glass Old Kent-road, iu the county of Surrey, En- blowing, and in apparatus therefor."—Commu- gineer, for an invention of "improvements in nicated to him from abroad by Leon Bandoux, the permanent way of railways."—Dated 16th of Charleroi, in the Kingdom of Belgium.— January, lb'67. Dated 19th January, 186/1 116. William Howavlh, Dentist, and Mason Pear- 144. Thomas Willis VVilJin, of Clerkenwell-grcon, son, Overlooker, both of Bradford, in the in the county of Middlesex, for an invention of county of York, and John Pearson, of Thorn- '• improvements in the manufacture of watch ton, in the same county, Jaequard Harness cases, and in apparatus employed therein."— Maker, for an invention of " improvements in Dated 19th January, 1867. Jacquard engines." — Dated 17th January, 147. Robert Harlow, of Heaton Norris, in the 1867. county of Lancaster, Brass Founder, for an in- 119. Ernst Silvern, of Halle, in the Kingdom of vention of " improvements in. the construction Prussia, Architect, for an invention of |S an im- of wash-basins and apparutus for supplying hot proved mode of and apparatus for purifying the and cold water to the same, which improvements impure, waters emanating from sugar-factories are also applicable to apparatus for supplying and oilier industrial establishments applicable water to baths and other similar receptacles."— also to the purification of sewage water."— Dated 21st January, 1867. -
Celestial, Flow, and Mechanical Clocks
recalibration Michael A. Lombardi First in a Series on the Evolution of Time Measurement: Celestial, Flow, and Mechanical Clocks ime is elusive. We are comfortable with the concept of us are many centuries older than the first clocks. The first -in time, but in many ways it defies understanding. We struments that we now recognize as clocks could measure T cannot see, hear, or touch time; we can only observe intervals shorter than one day by dividing the day into smaller its effects. Although we are unable to grasp time with our tra- parts. ditional senses, we can clearly “feel” the passage of time as we Most historians credit the Egyptians with being the first civ- watch night turn to day, the seasons change, or a child grow up. ilization to use clocks. Their first clocks were probably nothing We are also aware that we can’t stop or reverse the continuous more than sticks placed in the ground that indicated time by flow of time, a fact that becomes more obvious as we get older. both the length and direction of their shadow. As early as 1500 Defining time seems impossible, and attempts to do so by phi- BC, the Egyptians had developed a more advanced shadow losophers and scientists fall far short of their goal. clock (Fig. 1). This T-shaped instrument was placed in a sun- In spite of its elusiveness, we can measure time exception- lit area on the ground. In the morning, the crosspiece (AA) was ally well. In fact, we can measure time with more resolution set to face east and then rotated in the afternoon to face west. -
Harrison's Wooden Clock At
Harrison’s Wooden Clock at 300 A Visit to Nostell Priory Eve Makepeace o celebrate the 300th birthday of their John Harrison T wooden clock, Nostell Priory, wanted to really put it in the spotlight. They have certainly achieved that and widened its appeal to old and young alike. For many years the clock has stood in a fairly unassuming spot within the Priory where only the eagle-eyed would realise its importance. That has all changed and the clock, one of only three surviving wooden examples by Harrison, is now at the centre of a new exhibition celebrating his skill in the place where he was born. In a custom-made display, the clock is shown without its case to highlight the beautiful wooden parts, lighting drawing the eye to the delicacy of the piece, Figure 1. Alongside the clock, visitors can also watch a specially commissioned film about Harrison and view a series of displays which celebrate his work. These include a rarely seen section of the original case, complete with calculations in Harrison’s own hand, kindly loaned by The Worshipful Company of Clockmakers. In a breakaway from the long-held assumption that National Trust properties are ‘look but don’t touch’, there are the parts of a clock displayed in a way that they can be held, examined and appreciated, Figure 2. Of particular interest to me, especially in these times of questioning ‘Conservation or Preservation?’, there is a board asking for input from visitors on their thoughts regarding the care and preservation Figure 1. of the clock. -
John Harrison (1693-1776) and the Heroics of Longitude
DOI 10.6094/helden.heroes.heros./2014/02/09 Ulrike Zimmermann 119 John Harrison (1693-1776) and the Heroics of Longitude 1. A Symposium and a Rediscovery bestseller, and Dava Sobel embarked on a car eer as a wellknown and respected author of 2 When American journalist Dava Sobel attended popular science books. the Longitude Symposium of Harvard Univer Dava Sobel’s first subject already was his sity at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in November tory, albeit part of an unaccountably hidden or 1993, she did not expect anything decisive to at least underrated history. John Harrison was a come out of either the conference or her attend carpenter and selftaught clockmaker, who was ance. “500 people from seventeen countries” born in Yorkshire and spent his early life in Bar came together to hold “a conference about the rowuponHumber, North Lincolnshire. He would history of finding longitude at sea,” W. H. An prob ably have spent his life in obscur ity had he drewes, curator of the scientific instruments col not solved one of the major techno logical prob lec tion at Harvard, notes in his introduction to lems of his time, the problem of how to determine the conference proceedings (Andrewes, Intro a ship’s eastwest position, its longitude, at sea. duction 1). Despite the sizable number of par Harrison has a firm place in the his tory of navi ticipants, the Longitude Symposium was at first gation, and would have been known amongs t sight a convention of specialists sharing their horologists, clock and watch makers, and nava l knowledge and discussing finer points of their historians. -
Supplemental Background Information
The Quest for Longitude – Supplemental Background Information Local time and time zones The Sun attains its highest elevation during the day when it crosses the local meridian. In the north- ern hemisphere, this is in the south, while in the southern hemisphere, it is north. This is what de- fines local noon. Since the Earth rotates continuously, the apparent position of the Sun changes as well. This means that at any given point in time, ‘local noon’ is actually defined for a single longitude only. However, clocks show a different time. Among other effects, this is mainly due to the time zones (Figure 1). Here, noon happens at many longitudes simultaneously. However, it is obvious that the Sun cannot transit the meridian for all those places at the same time. Therefore, the times pro- vided by common clocks are different from the ‘natural’ local time a sundial shows. Figure 1: World time zones. Instead of the local time, which is based on the apparent path of the Sun in the sky and valid for single longitudes only, the common clocks show a time based on time zones, which apply to many longitudes simul- taneously (Credit: TimeZonesBoy, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_World_Time_Zones.png, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode). Determining longitude With the Earth’s rotational rate, 360° ° 휔 = = 15 24 h h one can determine the longitude if both the time at the Prime Meridian and the local time are known. If one calculates the difference between these times, the longitude can be derived by simply multiplying this number with 15. -
1.1 John Harrison
Name: ___________________________________________ Mapping the Earth Date: __________________________ Period: ___________ The Physical Setting: Earth Science Supplemental: John Harrison Biography John Harrison Biography Nancy Giges - www.asme.org John Harrison (1693 – 1776), English inventor and clockmaker over- came one of the most challenging problems of the 18th century: how to determine the longitude of a ship at sea, saving many lives. In so doing, he had to defy the establishment, fight to collect a huge prize offered by Parliament, and wait for decades before receiving the recognition he deserved. Biographers say Harrison's fascination with watches, clocks, and other timepieces can be traced to age six when he was sick with smallpox, and he entertained himself with a watch his parents placed on his pil- low. Watches in those days were very large, and while not very accu- rate, their works were visible and one could see a relationship between the loud ticking and the watch's mechanical action. Although a carpenter by trade, Harrison's father occasionally repaired clocks, and young John assisted his father in his work as soon as he was old enough. As he grew older, Harrison combined his interest in woodworking and timepieces to begin building clocks and completed his first longcase clock, more commonly called a grandfather clock, in 1713 at the age of 20. It was just a year later that Parliament offered a prize of 20,000 pounds to calculate a ship's precise longitude at sea. Harrison decided to go for it. Sailors knew the principle of calculating longitude: that for every 15 degrees travelled eastward, the local time moved forward one hour. -
The Aqua Torch the L&R Aqua Torch Is Particularly Well Suited Where a High Degree of Cleanliness and Flame Control Are Required
••• Cas-Ker's Spring Book Specials!! The available now! Complete A fine new book tells all about how a person with average skills can make useful and imaginative clocks. Written from a do-it youxselfer's viewpoint, the subject is lightly and skillfully handled. Guide to More than forty clocks are illustrated with many step-by.,;tep photographs. Over three years in the making, with pictures and illustrations by the author. The first really authentic book on the American subject. A book that will not only inform you ... it will delight you. A MUST for the hobbyist, woodworker, rock hound, scavenger, and professional clockmaker. Pocket Watches 1981 by Cooksey Shugart 52 pages Black-and-white photographs and 530 drawings illustrate this over 200 conclusive guide to collectible American pocket watches. adjustment, and gold or silver photos Smart collectors are now content; clear, illustrated des buying vintage American pocket criptions of the internal workings and watches as both a hobby and a of a pocket watch; advice on hedge against inflation. Finally, assembling a collection; col drawings for the more than eighty thou lecting on a limited budget; sand avid pocket watch collec collecting for investment; and tors, here is an illustrated manual much, much more. only $4-95 that includes all the valuable information and current prices Cooksey Shugart is a member every antique buff and collec of the National Association of tor will need. With the "Com Watch and Clock Collectors. Plus $1.00 First plete Guide" both the pro Class postage and fessional and the novice will be 530 illustrations including 8 packing charge. -
The Early History of Chronometers : a Background Study Related to the Voyages of Cook, Bligh, and Vancouver
The Early History of Chronometers : A Background Study Related to the Voyages of Cook, Bligh, and Vancouver SAMUEL L. MAGE Y The purpose of this paper is to outline the historical developments relat ing to the chronometer, which played so crucial a part in the voyages of discovery made by Cook, Bligh and Vancouver. The inventor of the first successful chronometer — a technological marvel of precision watchmak ing — was John Harrison. His most famous model was the prize-winning H4 of 1759. Kendall's copy of this, known as Ki, helped Cook to plot the first charts of New Zealand and Australia. Ki was also used by Van couver, while K2 was once carried by Bligh on the Bounty.1 It is generally well known that in 1714 the British Admiralty offered a prize of twenty thousand pounds (possibly a million dollars in modern terms) for a method that could determine longitude on board a ship to within half a degree (or approximately thirty miles) on a passage to the West Indies. It is, however, less well appreciated how important a part the need for deter mining longitude had already played in the process of developing accurate clocks and watches for use on land as well as on the sea. Commander Waters has pointed out that "By about 1254 the Medi terranean seaman" knew his "direction between places to within less than 30 of arc", as well as his distances; "By about 1275 ... he had also a remarkably accurate sea chart of the whole of the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastlines", together with the sea compass and relevant table.2 Though there are claims that the sea compass was a European inven tion of slightly earlier date, Price feels that the use of the loadstone in navigation was probably of Chinese origin. -
Instruments and Voyages of Discovery
Voyages of Discovery Rob Iliffe Geopolitics • 7 Years War (1756-63) between British and French empires left Britain controlling what is now Canada and some of India. • ‘Defensive imperialism’ saw Britain and France compete for remaining land and ocean, including domains held by Spain. • Pacific Ocean became the chief location for competition between these three nations, and then Russia and US. • Britain sought new colonial outposts following the loss of American colonies in 1783, • and they competed for territory with an equally aggressive French empire. Pacific Ocean The Scientific Background • In mid-eighteenth century, Europeans were increasingly fascinated by exotic flora and fauna, especially to acquire them for gardens or museums • and of knowing other peoples (ethnography/ethnology). • The British East India Company and Dutch/ French equivalents were chief means by which botanical and other information travelled from periphery to European centres. • Astronomers and military forces were interested in acquiring ‘useful’ information, particularly, via surveys, strategic cartographic and geodesic information (latitude and longitude). James Cook’s First Voyage (1768-1771) • Voyage was partly scientific and partly strategic, setting a pattern for all major expeditions in next four decades • Left Plymouth in Aug. 1768 to observe the Transit of Venus in the newly-discovered island of Tahiti; arrived via Cape Horn early 1769. • Observed Transit in summer 1769 and then reached New Zealand (Aotearoa) in September, • with the priest Tupaia (from Ra’iatea in what Europeans called the Society Islands) as expert mapmaker, navigator and translator. • Tupaia was able to converse with New Zealand Maori (which seemed extraordinary to Cook) and remains famous among Maori. -
Redefining Stuttering by John Harrison, Naming Those Experiences and Elements….Helping Me to See All the Different Strands of My Journey As One Interrelated Whole
SHEDDING NEW LIGHT ON A CHALLENGING PROBLEM REDEFINING STUTTERING • What the struggle to A Guide to Recovery speak is really all about • 2011 EDITION by JOHN C. HARRISON National Stuttering Association Now is the time A Guide to Recovery REDEFINING STUTTERING What the struggle to speak is really all about by JOHNby JOHN C. H C.ARRISON HARRISON National Stuttering Association 2011 EDITION WORDS THAT WORK San Francisco Copyright © 2011 by John C. Harrison ISBN 1-929773-08-4 2011 Edition. All rights reserved. This book is available as a free download from several web sites. Simply enter“Redefining Stuttering” in the browser search box. Printed copies are available from Amazon or from The National Stuttering Association, 119 W. 40th Street, 14th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10018. [email protected]. For those who are reading a PDF (electronic) version of this book and would like to turn it into a paperback: The book has been formatted for two-sided printing on any electronic copier capable of printing on both sides of the sheet. It is recommended that you use a heavier, colored paper for the front cover. You may also want to protect the book with a clear vinyl sheet at the front and a colored vinyl sheet at the back. Be what you is, cuz if you be what you ain't, you ain't what you is. Grave marker, Boot Hill Cemetery, Tombstone, Arizona Life goes on, and so must he. From the moment he gives himself up, and to the extent that he does so, all unknowingly he sets about to create and maintain a pseudo-self. -
Design, Fabrication and Thermomechanical Testing of A
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2004 Design, fabrication and thermomechanical testing of a vertical bimorph sensor in the wafer plane Madhulika Sathe Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Sathe, Madhulika, "Design, fabrication and thermomechanical testing of a vertical bimorph sensor in the wafer plane" (2004). LSU Master's Theses. 2620. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2620 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DESIGN, FABRICATION AND THERMOMECHANICAL TESTING OF A VERTICAL BIMORPH SENSOR IN THE WAFER PLANE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in The Department of Mechanical Engineering by Madhulika Sathe B.Tech, Bapatla Engineering College, India, 2000 December 2004 To my husband Akshay and my parents Meera and Dilip Sathe, who always believed in me and were there for me at each and every stage of life ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have learned a lot during the course of completion of my thesis. I have grown both emotionally and intellectually. I undertook more roles than any one around me. I was a tutor for LSU student athletes in the Department of Kinesiology for two semesters and then I worked as a student worker and as graduate assistant at CAMD.