DOCSLIB.ORG

Constitution-Making in Somalia: a Critical Analysis, 1960 –

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Constitution-Making in Somalia: a Critical Analysis, 1960 – CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN SOMALIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, 1960 – 2013 BY ALI HIRSI AHMED R52/83773/2012 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT TO THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (IDIS), UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. SEPTEMBER 2014 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of a degree in any other University. ……………………………………. …………………………………. Ali Hirsi Ahmed Date This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor . ………………………………. ………………………………….. Dr. Ibrahim Farah Date ii DEDICATION To my parents Hirsi Ahmed and Hooyo Fatuma and my wife Habiba Kutubey and children Khalid, Imran, Maida, Farhan, Salwa and Rage for their support, patience, understanding and encouragement. To my friend Abdinasir Mohamud Sheikh for all the unwavering support he extended to me throughout the course. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis would not be possible without the material and moral support from various people. First of all I thank the Almighty God for giving me good health, and guiding me through the entire course. Secondly I am greatly indebted to Dr. Ibrahim Farah who was my supervisor, for his effective supervision, dedication, availability and professional advice. I extend my gratitude to my lecturers who taught me, therefore enriching my research with the learnt knowledge. My final appreciation goes to my classmates, from whom I was richly developed and appreciate their encouragement and positive criticism. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMISOM - African Union Mission in Somalia ANC - African National Congress ARS - Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia AU – African Union CDC - Consultation Draft Constitution COE – Committee of Experts DDR - Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration FCC - Federal Constitution Commission ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICU - Islamic Courts Union IFCC - Independent Federal Constitution Commission IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development KDF – Kenya Defense Forces NCA – National Constituent Assembly NDIIA - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs RECs – Regional Economic Cooperation’s SRC - Supreme Revolutionary Council SRSG - Special Representative of the Secretary-General TFC - Transitional Federal Charter TFG - Transitional Federal Government TFP - Transitional Federal Parliament v UDHR - Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN – United Nations UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ...............................................................................1 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................3 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ...............................................................................5 1.3 Objective of the Study ...................................................................................................7 1.4 Literature Review...........................................................................................................7 1.4.1 Ethos of Constitution-Making.....................................................................................9 1.4.3 ‘Democracy,’ Constitution and Constitution-Making ..............................................12 1.4.4 Legitimate Constitutions: What Counts for a legitimate Process .............................18 1.4.5 Interim Arrangements ...............................................................................................20 1.4.6 Public Participation ...................................................................................................23 1.5 Literature Gap ..............................................................................................................27 1.6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................27 1.7 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................30 1.8 Research Methodology ................................................................................................31 1.9 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................31 vii CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................32 THE MAKING OF THE SOMALIA CONSTITUTION: AN OVERVIEW .............32 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................32 2.2 Contemporary Constitution-Making: An Overview ....................................................33 2.3 The Importance of the Process .....................................................................................38 2.4 Participative Constitution-Making: International Legal Basis ....................................41 2.5 Historic Specificity of Actual Constitution-Making Processes ...................................44 2.6 The Making of the Somalia Constitution .....................................................................44 2.6.1 The Arta Peace Process .............................................................................................44 2.6.2 The Transitional Federal Charter and Institutions (TFC/Is) .....................................45 2.6.3 The Independent Federal Constitution Commission (IFCC) ....................................45 2.6.4 The 2009 Djibouti Peace Process .............................................................................47 2.6.5 The Work of Expanded IFCC ...................................................................................47 2.6.6 Public Consultations and Civic Education ................................................................48 2.6.7 The Kampala Accord ................................................................................................49 2.6.8 Challenges .................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER THREE .........................................................................................................51 CONSTITUTION-MAKING PROCESSES IN SOMALIA: AN ASESSMENT, 1960 - 2013 .................................................................................................................................51 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................51 3.2 Constitution-Making in Somalia: An Assessment .......................................................51 3.2.4 Post-Barre Somalia ...................................................................................................57 3.2.1 The Arta Peace Process: 2000 ...................................................................................62 viii 3.2.2 The Eldoret/Mbagathi Peace Process: 2002 – 2004 .................................................70 3.2.3 Post-Mbagathi Somalia .............................................................................................80 3.2.4 The Kampala Accord and the End of the Transition ................................................82 3.2.5 The 2006 Constitution-Making Process....................................................................85 3.2.6 The Role of the Actors in the Processes ...................................................................86 3.3 Current Debates ...........................................................................................................99 3.3.1 National Peacebuilding Frameworks ........................................................................99 3.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................118 CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................................119 CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN SOMALIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ...............119 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................119 4.2 Emerging Issues .........................................................................................................119 4.2.2 The Federalist Debate in Somalia ...........................................................................119
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Constitution Building: Constitution (2013) a Global Review
    Constitution Building: Constitution Building: A Global Review (2013) A Global Review Constitution Building: A Global Review (2013) Constitution building: A Global Review (2013) provides a review of a series of constitution building processes across the world, highlighting the possible connections between these very complex processes and facilitating a broad understanding of recurring themes. While not attempting to make a comprehensive compendium of each and every constitution building process in 2013, the report focuses on countries where constitutional reform was most central to the national agenda. It reveals that constitution building processes do matter. They are important to the citizens who took part in the popular 2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa seeking social justice and accountability, whose demands would only be met through changing the fundamental rules of state and society. They are important to the politicians and organized interest groups who seek to ensure their group’s place in their nation’s future. Finally, they are important to the international community, as peace and stability in the international order is ever-more dependent on national constitutional frameworks which support moderation in power, inclusive development and fundamental rights. International IDEA Strömsborg, SE-103 34, Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 698 37 00, fax: +46 8 20 24 22 E-mail: [email protected], website: www.idea.int Constitution Building: A Global Review (2013) Constitution Building: A Global Review (2013) Edited by: Sumit
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution Of
    Constitutionalism and Democratic Governance in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa Morris Kiwinda Mbondenyi (LLD, LLM (UNISA), LLB (Moi)) Senior Lecturer in Law, Africa Nazarene University Tom Ojienda (LLD (UNISA), LLM (Kings College), LLB (Nairobi)) Associate Professor of Law, Moi University with the assistance of Thuto Moratuoa Hlalele Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria 2013 Constitutionalism and democratic governance in Africa: Contemporary perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa Published by: Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) The Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) is a publisher at the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa. PULP endeavours to publish and make available innovative, high-quality scholarly texts on law in Africa. PULP also publishes a series of collections of legal documents related to public law in Africa, as well as text books from African countries other than South Africa. This book was peer reviewed prior to publication. For more information on PULP, see www.pulp.up.ac.za Printed and bound by: ABC Press Cape Town To order, contact: PULP Faculty of Law University of Pretoria South Africa 0002 Tel: +27 12 420 4948 Fax: +27 12 362 5125 [email protected] www.pulp.up.ac.za Cover: Yolanda Booyzen, Centre for Human Rights Photograph: ‘Nothing is set in stone’ by O.F.E. on Flickr ISBN: 978-1-920538-14-9 © 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD AND DEDICATION ix CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I: GENERAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Introduction to and overview of constitutionalism
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Constitutions: Peacekeeping and Democracy-Building Tools
    Interim Constitutions Peacekeeping and Democracy-Building Tools PolicyPaper October 2015 International IDEA at a glance What is International IDEA? The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) is an intergovernmental organization with a mission to support sustainable democracy worldwide. The objectives of the Institute are to support stronger democratic institutions and processes, and more sustainable, effective and legitimate democracy. What does International IDEA do? The Institute’s work is organized at global, regional and country level, focusing on the citizen as the driver of change. International IDEA produces comparative knowledge in its key areas of expertise: electoral processes, constitution building, political participation and representation, and democracy and development, as well as on democracy as it relates to gender, diversity, and conflict and security. IDEA brings this knowledge to national and local actors who are working for democratic reform, and facilitates dialogue in support of democratic change. In its work, IDEA aims for: • Increased capacity, legitimacy and credibility of democracy • More inclusive participation and accountable representation • More effective and legitimate democracy cooperation Where does International IDEA work? International IDEA works worldwide. Based in Stockholm, Sweden, the Institute has offices in Africa, the Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. Interim Constitutions Peacekeeping and Democracy-Building Tools Lead author Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher
    [Show full text]
  • 2012Ending the Transition?
    DISCUSSION PAPER 4/2012 SOMALIA Ending the 2012 Transition? Knox Chitiyo and Anna Rader With contributions from Mohamed A Omaar, Fred Mugisha, Ken Menkhaus and Bahsan Ahmed Said Strengthening Africa’s economic performance SOMALIA Ending the 2012 Transition? Contents Abstract .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Political Transition and Transformation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 The Consequences of Failure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 The Challenges of Ending Somalia’s Transition .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Securing Somalia: AMISOM, Piracy and Security Sector Reform ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 AMISOM and Counter-Insurgency in Somalia. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Humanitarian Relief and Recovery. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Marginalisation and Gender-Based Violence in South-Central Somalia ����������������������������������������������������������� 16 Recommendations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Eight Points for Consideration .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 Concluding Remarks ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Endnotes
    [Show full text]
  • UNDP Guidance Note on Constitution-Making Support UNDP Guidance Note on Constitution-Making Support
    United Nations Development Programme UNDP GUIDANCE NOTE ON CONSTITUTION-mAKING SUPPORT UNDP GUIDANCE NOTE ON CONSTITUTION-makiNG SUPPORT UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in more than 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. Copyright © 2014 United Nations Development Programme One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA 2 UNDP GUIDANCE NOTE ON CONSTITUTION-mAKING SUPPORT UNDP GUIDANCE NOTE ON CONSTITUTION-mAKING SUPPORT (2014) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This UNDP Guidance Note brings together good practice experiences and lessons learned from across UNDP and is the result of contributions from UNDP’s staff across the globe. The Guidance Note was drafted and edited by a team from UNDP’s Bureau for Policy and Programme Support (BPPS). The main contributors from BPPS included Charmaine Rodrigues, Shelley Inglis and Shaima Hussein. Additional feedback and input was provided by UNDP personnel at headquarters, regional offices and country offices: Naglaa Arafa, Rouba Beydoun, Gigi Bregadze, Vivek Divan, Rym Hazem, Irakli Kobakhidze, Niall McCann, Jonathan Murphy, Natia Natsvlishvili, Bui Phuong Tra, Olivier Pierre-Louveaux, Geoff Prewitt, Shireen Said, Adam Styp-Rekowski and Davaadulam Tsegmed. We are also grateful to Professor Larry Taman for his support in conceptualizing and drafting the Guidance Note. The Guidance Note was final- ized under the overall guidance of Patrick Keuleers, Eugenia Piza-Lopez and Charles Chauvel. UNDP would like to thank the external reviewers who provided feedback and comments: Jason Gluck (Senior Constitutional Assistance Adviser, Department of Political Affairs – DPA), Christina Murray (DPA Mediation Standby Team Adviser), Sumit Bisarya (Senior Project Manager – Constitution Building, International IDEA) and Susan Stigant (Senior Programme Officer, US Institute for Peace).
    [Show full text]
  • The UN Constitutional.”
    THE UN CONSTITUTIONAL I A Newsletter on United Nations Issue 1 Constitutional Support Winter 2013/2014 FOREWORD IN THIS ISSUE FEATURED ARTICLES (p.2-7) . Interview with Nicholas Fink Haysom (p.2) . Experience from UNDP’s work on Civic Education in Kenya (p.4) . Comments on the Nature and Importance of “Equal Citizenship” for Political Transitions (p.6) UPDATES FROM THE FIELD & HQ (p.8-15) Graffiti for the Constitutional Assembly in Ecuador during the constitutional review process in 2007. Credit: ak.beck/Flickr . Iraq (p.8) . Liberia (p.9) We, the United Nations Department of Political Affairs (DPA) and Department of . Libya (p.10) Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United . Mongolia (p.11) Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and UN Women are pleased to publish this . Nepal (p.11) inaugural issue of “The UN Constitutional.” . Somalia (p.12) The UN, through its field presence and from headquarters, has been providing . Tunisia (p.13) assistance to constitution-making processes in a number of countries, including in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Iraq, Kosovo and Nepal. In an effort to strengthen system- READER’s DIGEST (p.15) wide information sharing, coordination, and partnership in the area of constitutional assistance, DPA, DPKO, OHCHR, UNDP, UNICEF, and UN Women created an internal coordination structure dedicated to making UN constitutional support to Member ANNOUCEMENTS (p.16) States more effective and efficient. To this end, DPA and UNDP conducted joint constitutional assistance missions to Libya, Sierra Leone, and Somalia in 2013. UN Women Database (p.16) Additionally, the six UN entities have undertaken several joint initiatives to improve .
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia: Window of Opportunity for Addressing One of the World's Worst Internal Displacement Crises 9
    SOMALIA: Window of opportunity for addressing one of the world’s worst internal displacement crises A profile of the internal displacement situation 10 January 2006 This Internal Displacement Profile is automatically generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by the IDMC, followed by a compilation of excerpts from relevant reports by a variety of different sources. All headlines as well as the bullet point summaries at the beginning of each chapter were added by the IDMC to facilitate navigation through the Profile. Where dates in brackets are added to headlines, they indicate the publication date of the most recent source used in the respective chapter. The views expressed in the reports compiled in this Profile are not necessarily shared by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating States of Emergency
    PA-X RESEARCH REPORT Negotiating States of Emergency Sean Molloy This research draws on the PA-X Peace Agreements Database (www.peaceagreements.org), a database of all peace agreements at any stage of the peace process from 1990 to 2019. The database is fully searchable and supports both qualitative and quantitative examination of peace agreements. Author: Sean Molloy Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP) Global Justice Academy School of Law Old College The University of Edinburgh South Bridge Edinburgh EH8 9YL Tel. +44 (0)131 651 4566 Fax. +44 (0)131 650 2005 E-mail: [email protected] www.politicalsettlements.org @PolSettlements Acknowledgements: This research is an output from the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP), funded by UK Aid from the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author. Nothing herein constitutes the views of the Department. Any use of this work should acknowledge the author and the Political Settlements Research Programme. For online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the PSRP website. Thanks are due to Christine Bell for peer review and editorial advice, and to the PSRP team for useful feedback on various versions of the draft. Thanks to Harriet Cornell and Rick Smith of Smith Design Agency for proofreading and production work. About the author: Sean Molloy is a Research Associate at Newcastle University Law School and an Associate of the Political Settlements Research Programme. Cover images: All images may be subject to copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • 331 12 - 18 January 2007 16 Pages Rs 30
    #331 12 - 18 January 2007 16 pages Rs 30 Weekly Internet Poll # 331 Q. Is the government addressing basic madhesi grievances? Total votes: 2,339 Weekly Internet Poll # 332. To vote go to: www.nepalitimes.com Q. Were protesters right to disrupt the Prithbi Jayanti celebrations on Thursday? NATIONAL DISUNITY DAY: Supporters of the monarchy marched to the statue of King Prithbi Narayan Shah on Wednesday to prevent it from being defaced by Maoists. KIRAN PANDAY UNMIN, better get used to this Into the fray new acronym ANAGHA NEELAKANTAN under a new secretary general in the spotlight throughout possible 2007 needs a success story after negotiations in 2006 until the light. But it Editorial p2 here’s a name for it now: Rwanda and East Timor, and signing of the peace accord and is also a UN-doing our past UNMIN, the United Nepal may just be it. the tripartite agreement. But the formula that T Nations Mission to Nepal. But if the mission is to help new mission’s mandate will be had to be acceptable to India, The mandate: monitoring ‘arms restore lasting peace it will now restricted by what the seven which didn’t want a management’ and elections to the have to be asked to focus on parties, the Maoists, and Nepal’s precedence for UN peacekeeping constituent assembly. four issues: fighters, not just neighbours want: the almost so close to home. The proposal for UNMIN was weapons, the terms of an obsessive focus on cantonments Full story p4 presented to the Security Council acceptable constituent assembly and containers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Puntland Experience: a Bottom-Up Approach to Peace and State Building
    THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme Haani salka ayeey ka unkantaa A milk container is built from the bottom up The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peace Initiatives in Puntland 1991—2007 Researchers: Hassan Adan Mohamed, Amina Abdulkadir M. Nur Photographs: Muctar Mohamed Hersi, Audio Visual Unit Map: Adapted from Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, peer reviewers, and colleagues at the Puntland Development Research Center, including Abdurahman A. Osman ‘Shuke’ (Director), Ali Farah Ali (Research Coordinator), Mohamed Yassin Essa ‘Ilkoasse’ (Finance Manager), and Muctar Mohamed Hersi (Director Audio-Visual Unit), in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury, Rift Valley Institute Research Consultants: Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Ulf Terlinden Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Series Sub-editor: Janet Oeverland, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates Garowe, Puntland Phone: (+252 5) 84 4480 Thuraya: +88 216 4333 8170 [email protected] www.pdrc.somalia.org This report was produced by Interpeace and the Puntland Development Research Center and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roots of Somali Political Culture
    EXCERPTED FROM The Roots of Somali Political Culture M. J. Fox Copyright © 2015 ISBN: 978-1-62637-204-7 hc FIRSTFORUMPRESS A DIVISION OF LYNNE RIENNER PUBLISHERS, INC. 1800 30th Street, Suite 314 Boulder, CO 80301 USA telephone 303.444.6684 fax 303.444.0824 This excerpt was downloaded from the Lynne Rienner Publishers website www.rienner.com Contents Preface ix 1 A Fragmented State 1 2 Precolonial Foundations 43 3 British Administration in Somaliland 91 4 The Impact of Italian Colonization 131 5 Unifying North and South 165 6 The Legacy of Political Culture 201 Bibliography 219 Index 231 vii 1 A Fragmented State The value of historical evidence, harnessed in focused, within-case comparisons of successive periods of history in a single country, remains relatively untapped.1 The fragmentation of the former Somali Democratic Republic as three distinct political entities constitutes a political and legal phenomenon, the likes of which exists nowhere else in the world today. Most remarkable is the sheer durability of what is now Somaliland, Puntland, and the recently formed Federal Government of Somalia (FGS).2 How they came about and why they have endured for more than twenty years is a complex political puzzle that has engendered a significant body of literature. Yet behind the range of explanations and the more immediate news of Somali political struggles, al-Shabaab’s persistence, humanitar- ian crises and international involvements, there are compelling historical influences that are able to shed some light on present circumstances.3 Some of these influences can be observed in the deep-rooted path of Somalia’s political culture, or rather, the distinctive historical political culture paths of the “three Somalias.” Of these three independently administered regions, Somaliland and Puntland have been and still are relatively peaceful, consensual in character and economically viable, though in their own distinctive ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Puntland at the Polls
    SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES SAFERWORLD REPORT PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES SAFERWORLD PREVENTING VIOLENT CONFLICT. BUILDING SAFER LIVES Puntland at the polls April 2014 Puntland at the polls SAFERWORLD AND PUNSAA APRIL 2014 Acknowledgements Saferworld and PUNSAA would like to acknowledge the following colleagues for their valuable contributions to this report; Kathryn Achilles, George Grayson, Sadik Ahmed Bihi, Mohamed Abdi Elmi and Abdirisak Said Nur. We also thank the United States Institute of Peace (USIP)* for their financial support to this research. Acronyms CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists MAP Media Association of Puntland PDRC Puntland Development Research Centre PUNSAA Puntland Non State Actors Association TPEC Transitional Puntland Election Commission Political Associations Horcad Horseed Midnimo Puntland Democratic Party (PDP) Puntland People’s Party (UDAD) Wadajir © Saferworld, April 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this publication. * The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. Contents Map of Somalia 1 Introduction 1 Methodology 2 Context 2 The electoral process 3 2 Key challenges 5 1. A lack of consultation and consensus building 5 2. A disputed constitution and electoral laws 6 Boundary demarcation 6 3. An electoral body lacking trust and confidence 7 4.
    [Show full text]