FIELD METHODS FOR CONSERVATION AND POLICY-MAKING
VIEW FROM THE BANGGAI IS., SULAWESI, INDONESIA outline
• Research … Outreach
• knowledge-based policy making
• warning: highly local
• small islands, decentralized, endemism Togean Is. (to the north)
Eastern peninsula, Sulawesi
Banggai Is. (to the south) Peleng I, of the Banggai Is.
Notes:
•Dark green = primary forests •Lighter green= secondary forests Species Global conservation Local status c status b Pearl Oyesters, including Pinctada margaritifera Commercially threatened Present Giant clams, including Tridacna gigas Vulnerable Common in 1991 Coconut crab Birgos latro Data deficient Relatively common in 1991 * Banggai Cardinalfish Pteropogon kauderni --- Relatively common At least two species of chelonid turtles, Endangered Present Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricate o Sula Megapode Megapodius bernsteinii Near threatened Common but declining Bald-faced Rail Gymnocrex rosenbergii Vulnerable Present o Slaty Cuckoo-shrike Coracina schistacea --- Present Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Near threatened Present # Banggai Crow Corvus unicolor Critically Endangered Restricted to western half of Peleng I. o Helmeted Myna Basilornis galeatus Near threatened Common o Henna-tailed Jungle Flycatcher Rhynomias Near threatened Present colonus Red-backed Thrush Zoothera mendeni Proposed to be ‘Near Unknown threatened’ # Peleng Island Cuscus Strigocuscus --- Relatively common pelingensis # Sulawesi tarsier Tarsius spectrum pelingensis --- Common Dugong Dugon dugon Vulnerable Present rich in marine biodiversity
Photo: A. Vagelli
Includes a mouth brooding endemic species, Pterapogon kauderni a.k.a. the Banggai Cardinal Fish Fishes from the forests …. Critically endangered Banggai Crow
• Discovered (109 years ago), – never seen alive by ornithologists hitherto
• 1991 – archipelago-wide searches, a small brownish crow, in moss forest, at c. 600 – 700 m a.s.l. , quite wild
• Confirmed (2004,’06,’07, ‘08) Photo: F. Masala
– the island’s western par only – primarily, a forest bird, lower montane to sub-alpine – on the altitudinal range of 500 – 900 m.a.s.l. – only in 3 sub-districts (Buko, Bulagi, Liang) – specimens, photos, and sound recording for sonograph analysis
• A true point endemic – Re-characterization: good species Leap of faith of the unconverted
Drawing Agus Prijono GOAL
{ Developing local capacities { z communities and government
z conservation and sustainable development
Photo: Frangky Masala ObjectivesObjectives
Community conserved areas
– Especially sacred places in the forests
sacresacredd places = ‘old religion’
Conservation, in exchange for agricultural iimprovementmprovement
– improved livelihoods assistance
– the study tours were paid for by the “Kuyak” Banggai Crow’
District spatial planning Culture
Photos: Frangky Masala
a crucial ancillary that should be considered for conservation and sustainable development. Culture of nature (Lowe 1999)
people: physical, socio-cultural landscapes and seascapes
‘nature’ becoming artifact of culture Approaches • ‘science’; indigenous knowledge
• Anthropology: participants’ observations, FGDs, SsI
• Trade off – Agricultural technical assistance (training, from farmer to farmer) • to alleviate shifting cultivation – Shared learning: Ecotourism study tour to Tangkoko, ‘vertebrates are not mere fishes from the forests’ – Hooking up district governments with more advanced district governments and int’l development agencies
• Engaging the district government – enabling policies ActivitiesActivities
PublicPublic discussionsdiscussions inin thethe villagesvillages
StudyStudy tourtour
– Creating the demand
– of what might have been
Ecotourism vs. bushmeat
Sustainable agriculture vs. Shifting cultivation ActivitiesActivities
EngagingEngaging withwith thethe districtdistrict governmentgovernment ––SpatialSpatial plansplans ––CommunityCommunity protectedprotected areasareas
EngagingEngaging withwith thethe centralcentral (and(and provincial)provincial) government(sgovernment(s))
MediaMedia pressurepressure TheThe initialinitial roadroad show:show: PublicPublic discussionsdiscussions inin situsitu over four different forested villages More than 200 people were talked to religious networks (suspended impacts) continuing the campaign, through the years suspended impacts locally devised conservation slogans
“sodiyo tomisi Kuyak na madaang doi togong Peleng” (let the Kuyak be abundant in Peleng).
Photos: Simson Katiandag EcotourismEcotourism StudyStudy TourTour ((TangkokoTangkoko))
Ecotourists in Tangkoko Nature Reserve
Photos: Frangky Masala
Direct observations interactions Study tour: Discussions
Photo: Frangky Masala studystudy tour:tour: whatwhat thethe islandersislanders saysay
“… as if the tarsiers were holding festivities, and humans came endlessly from all over the world to attend the festival…” Mrs. Dorkas See, the Head of Village of Alul Photo: Frangky Masala
“… it is amazing that an animal as small as tarsiers could elicite so much flow of (tourism) dollars…”.
Mr. Un Madus, farmer and hunter, Tetendeng village studystudy tour:tour: whatwhat thethe islandersislanders saysay
• “… even if the (Tangkoko) guides lacked formal education, they can learn foreign languages (especially English) and lead the visitor groups …‘
Mr. Labi Mopook, farmer, Ginggiok sub-village
“…(Mr. Henry Palamia, local elder) taught us how to fight for the good of environment, for the common people, and not merely expecting outside assistance.. ”
Mr. Reverend Ayub Maleso, Head of village legislature, Tetendeng village StudyStudy tourtour
Photos: Frangky Masala focused group discussion (FGD) on the economic benefits of conservation,
featuring
• a local ecotourism leader,
• an international primate researcher,
• and one int’ television programme BorderlessBorderless learninglearning farmers and hunters presenting local perspectives in university discussion
Photo: Frangky Masala
the spirit of enterprise: formal institutions are not the only sources of knowledge; forest dwellers are also sources of wisdom and knowledge AgriculturalAgricultural studystudy tourtour ((TomohonTomohon),), northnorth SulawesiSulawesi
Farmer to farmer: Learning from the local practicians
in collaboration with
Yayasan Masarang Foundation
Photo: Frangky Masala Tomohon Association of Sugar Palm Growers AgriculturalAgricultural studystudy tourtour ((TomohonTomohon))
For the first time, the islanders learn about
•‘bedeng’ (terracering) • fertilizing the soils •diversification and management of crops •in lieu with seasonality, maintaining productivity of soils •marketing and pricing •cooperatives, and the organization of farmers
Photo: Frangky Masala NonNon--woodwood forestforest productsproducts
International citizens are likely to purchase handicrafts from the Banggai Islands.
Practically no islanders have ever seen nor hold a US Dollar currency before
Photos: Frangky Masala Non-wood forest products, marketing
Heliconia and other pot-plants already found an international market in Europe BioprospectingBioprospecting opportunitiesopportunities
Photos: Frangky Masala applying the pressure NationalNational MediaMedia campaigncampaign rediscovery of Banggai Crow applying the pressure LocalLocal MediaMedia campaigncampaign agriculturalagricultural studystudy tourtour ‘C. Sulawesi farmers trained ‘Banggai Islands farmers in Tomohon ‘ trained in Tomohon’ Engaging district government
report to the Regent • ten-page letter, cc 9 representations of government agencies and community members, in Bahasa Indonesia
response from the district government • dated 25 July 2007; number: 500/02.15/ Bag. Ekon/ 2007, • signed by the District Assistant of Economics and Development • acknowledging the importance of environment development and ecotourism
request for assistance from the district government • dated 31 Jan. 2008; number 500/3583/Bag. Ekon/2007, • signed by the Vice-Regent • to seek structural model for establishment of District Environmental Agency Engaging the provincial government
from this study report, the Head of Provincial Conservation Agency, 10 December 1998, issued a circular (367/BKSDA VI-1/1998), outlining proposals to protect endemic fauna in Central Sulawesi especially those in Banggai and Togean Is. In 2004, Togean was declared a national park
meetings with the Head of Provincial Conservation Agency (18 July and 13 August 2007); agreements need to create demand and process for establishment of nature reserves in Banggai Islands multiple stakeholder meetings are needed collaborations should aim to establish district spatial plans (currently non-existent), and within the district spatial plans community conserved areas can be established through bottom-up procceses Lessons learned 1.a change, biodiversity conservation in the eye of the local people 2.need assessment:
Photo: Frangky Masala minimize assumptions 3.Direct compensations, beyond do no harm
(agriculture vs. conservation) Conservation does not stand alone
– trade off
– from conservation to sustainable development
– research to negotiation
– field to policy Conclusions
•Local government support • especially progressive minds … islands of integrity
-Bottom up planning is possible
-Species mainstreamed into development
-Caveat: for conservation, years of investment
A long way ahead VeryVery manymany thanksthanks
Bundesamt für Naturschutz
The people, village and district government of the Banggai Islands
British Birds Nagao NEF Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense YABSHI – Yayasan Bina Sains Hayati Indonesia ZGAP Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations Indonesian Ornithologists’ Union Celebes Bird Club
Prof. Dr. Pamela Rasmussen Dr. Paul Donald Mr. Roland Wirth Prof. Dr. Soekarja Somadikarta Prof. Dr. Stephen Garnett
Thank you …
Photos: Frangky Masala Drawing Agus Prijono …
Rhynomias colonus faster than ornithologists born in a grave
no parental care
builds mounds of nests
ocean crosser
only in Sula and Banggai
Biology?
‘Kailong’Megapodius bernsteinii another species our team re-discovered in 1991 after more than 70 years ‘lost’ from science For the first time ever through the present endeavour the major types of the forest habitats have been studied
Lowland to sub-alpine forest remnants Lacustrine wetlands … rare in Wallacea Dysphania (Geometridae:Geometrinae).
Identities? Taxonomy? Biology Draco boschmai
F. Masala
Draco boschmai Psammodynastes pulverulentus Tropidolaemus wagleri Psammodynastes pulverulentus Tropidolaemus wagleri
F. Masala F. Masala Neither W & B 1986 nor Coates & Bishop 1998 mentioned that Banggai has a
Rhipudura teijsmanni fantail …
Investigation of this bird as a taxon hitherto unknown to science, in progress and truly cryptic ones…
Otus manadensis mendeni? Otus magicus mendeni?
Otus mendeni?
Need •DNA •Vocal signature Bear-cuscus Ailurops ursinus
Dwarf Cuscus Strigocuscus pelengensis
2 species of Cuscus
One point endemic The little known performing arts …
Traditions rules …
but conservation calls for reason and naturally, the community has the right to know Will the ecoturists come?
and will ecotourism save islands, biodiversity, livelihoods and... people?