BOROUGH PROFILE December 2020

Borough Profile – Contents

Contents Housing 47 Tenure 47 Executive Summary 2 Cost of property 48 Homelessness 51 Population 12 Availability of housing 52 Population growth 12 Affordable Housing 53 Demographics 14 Our residents 17 Health 55 General health 55 Deprivation 20 Children and young people’s health 57 IMD - Overall changes since 2015 20 Adults’ health and lifestyle 61 IMD 2019 Domains 23 Disease and poor health 62 Income Deprivation Affecting Life expectancy and cause of death 66 Children Index (IDACI) 2019 30 Income Deprivation Affecting Social care 69 Older People Index (IDAOPI) 2019 31 Children in need 69 Looked after children 72 Education and skills 32 Adult safeguarding 77 Early Years 32 Adults receiving care 78 School attainment 34 Further education 37 Community safety 82 Crime offences 82 Economy 39 Gang crime and serious youth violence 87 Businesses 39 Hate crime 89 Employment 41 Domestic abuse and sexual violence 93 People out of work 43 Youth offending 95 Youth in education and training 44 16-17 Year Old NEET 44 Environment and transport 99 Apprenticeships 45 Environment 100 Skill levels of adults 45 Transport 101 Fire Services 106 Fly-tipping 106 1

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Borough Profile 2020

Executive Summary

This Borough Profile provides an overview of key information about the London Borough of Croydon. Based on the The information is organised under the following sections: analysis of a range of datasets, some potential challenges  Executive Summary facing the Council have been highlighted alongside some  Population areas where improvements have taken place.  Deprivation It is a good first reference point for intelligence about the  Education and skills Borough which can help those involved in commissioning  Economy and service provision on behalf of the Council.  Housing  Health As data throughout this document is available at different  Social Care times of the year, it is intended that this will be updated at  Community safety least twice a year.  Environment and Transport

Any feedback on this document should be addressed to Edmund Fallon, Senior Corporate Intelligence Officer, Policy & Partnerships, Resources Department.

[email protected]

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Population

 Areas of progress Challenges

The Croydon population One in 4 of Croydon’s population is continues to grow steadily. aged 0-17 years based on ONS MYE 2019. This will add to pressures for education provision and other services for children and younger adults.

Life expectancy at birth is still The Croydon population continues to increasing for both males and grow from long-term international females. migration and 17.1% of the population is made up of non-UK born residents according to ONS 2018 estimates.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Deprivation

 Areas of progress Challenges

There remains geographic inequality in the distribution of deprivation in the borough with Croydon has become relatively less deprived the North and East of the borough remaining compared to other local authorities in more deprived. England between IMD 2015 and IMD 2019.

Since IMD 2015, Croydon has become 1/220 Only one of the 220 LSOAs in Croydon is in relatively more deprived particularly under the top 5% most deprived areas in the the 2 deprivation domains relating to Barriers country under the Health Deprivation and to housing and services and Crime. Disability domain.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Education and skills

 Areas of progress Challenges

Levels of authorised absences and permanent exclusions from Take up of funded hours in Early Years primary and secondary schools in settings is still below regional and national Croydon are lower than both the averages.

regional and national average rates.

Croydon’s attainment 8 scores over the last 5 The percentage of pupils years have been slightly higher than the achieving a good level of KS4 national average but consistently below the

development in Foundation Stage London and Outer London averages.  in Croydon has been improving every year since 2015.

The proportion of pupils achieving grades AAB Attainment at Key Stage 2 is or above at Key Stage 5 in Croydon is

KS2 improving in Croydon but there is KS5 consistently much lower than the regional and still more to do in this area. national averages – and this has been the

position every year since this indicator was first reported. 5

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Economy

 Areas of progress Challenges

The job density rate measures the The number of businesses continues ratio of total jobs to population to grow and survival rates are higher 0.62 aged 16-64 years. The Croydon than in London and nationally. rate is lower than both the London and national rate.

The proportion of 16 and 17 year olds in education or training in The proportion of out of work Croydon has been in line with both claimants has risen by around 5% the regional and national averages since March 2020 – directly as a for the past 3 years. result of the impact of the Covid19 pandemic on the economy.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Housing

 Areas of progress Challenges

Croydon remains one of the more Croydon had 1,657 net additional affordable areas to live in London dwellings in 2019/2020. This is a both to buy and to rent. 42% reduction on the 2016/2017

figure.

For 2019/2020, the number of homeless households in temporary accommodation has come down by For 2019/2020, 7 in 10 homeless 15% on the previous year. households in Croydon were made up of residents from the non-White communities.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Health

 Areas of progress Challenges

The teenage (under 18 years) conception rate in Croydon has Childhood immunisation rates fallen and is now more in line continue to be lower in Croydon than

with the regional and national across London and England.

averages.

The percentage of adult smokers in Croydon has been The estimated dementia diagnosis lower than in London and in rate for 65+ years has been going England for the past 4 years. up every year in Croydon.

The number of injuries due to falls in over 65 year olds Croydon has the 6th highest has been decreasing every proportion of adults (aged 18+) year over the last 4 years. classified as overweight or obese in London.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Social Care

 Areas of progress Challenges

The rates of both the section 47 For 2019, the rate of children in enquiries and the initial child need referrals per 10,000 children protection conferences per has gone down on the previous 10,000 children continue to rise year but is still much higher than in Croydon.

the rates for London and England.

The number of looked after children in Croydon remains the highest in For 2019, the rate of child London. protection referrals per 10,000 children has gone down on the previous year but is still much

higher than the rates for London The Social workers across both and England. Children and Adult care services continue to deal with heavy workloads, reflecting the client base in the Borough.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Community Safety

 Areas of progress Challenges

In Croydon there continues to be a drop in the annual numbers of First Time entrants to the The rate of domestic abuse incidents Youth Justice System aged 10-17 and offences per 1,000 population years. has been increasing over the last few years.

The number of crimes related to criminal damage has been falling every year over the past The total number of notifiable offences in Croydon continues to 3 years. rise every year.

Latest trends show that there has been a drop in the number Knife crime is still a concern with of faith, islamaphobic, anti nearly one in three incidents resulting semitic and transgender hate in injury or death. crimes.

Borough Profile – Executive Summary

Environment and transport

 Areas of progress Challenges

Carbon dioxide emissions Uptake of cycling in Croydon is still continue to fall for the industrial below the averages in London and and commercial and domestic nationally with only 7.6% of sectors with a lower reduction residents estimated to have done rate in the transport sector. cycling once a week during 2016/2017. Across London, Croydon continues to have one of the highest rates for the reuse, recycling and The number of road traffic collisions composting of household waste. and people killed or seriously injured in road traffic accidents is still too

high in Croydon.

Croydon is still one of the more green London boroughs with a lot In 2018/2019, nearly 30% of of Parks and open spaces. Croydon’s municipal waste was sent to landfill which is much higher than the London and national averages.

Borough Profile – Population

Population growth

Population Overview

Croydon’s population is growing. The borough population

recorded in Census 2001 was 330,587 and in the 2011 Overview Census it had increased to 363,378. Based on ONS mid-

This section offers a brief overview of the Croydon year estimates 2019, Croydon is home to 386,710 people population looking at: and this is expected to increase to just under 500,000 by 2050.  Population growth  Demographics Figure 1 – Projected population growth in Croydon  Our residents Croydon Population Croydon Council is the second largest of all the London boroughs in terms of population, with approximately 386,700 500,000 residents (ONS 2019). Nearly a quarter of this figure (24.5%) is made up of young people aged 17 years or under. 400,000 Around one in seven (13.8%) of our residents are aged 65 300,000 years or over. Croydon’s Corporate Plan 2018-2022 outlines the Council’s 200,000 key priorities to ensure no one is left behind, that Croydon’s approach and growth becomes sustainable and Croydon’s 100,000 infrastructure is fit for purpose for the world today. 0 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Source: GLA 2018-based housing-led population projections, released Feb. 2020 12

Borough Profile – Population

Births and deaths Migration

Figure 2 shows the actual number of births and deaths each For 2018, domestic migration in Croydon showed a net loss year from 2010 to 2019. Over the 10 year period to 2019, with 22,897 migrants entering the borough against 27,263 the number of births has averaged around 5,600 a year. The leaving the borough to live in other areas of the UK. number of deaths over the same period has averaged about The reverse was true for international migration. Inflows of 2,450. The last 3 years has seen a reduction in the number of births from 5,761 to 5,304 and an increase in the number migrants from outside the UK coming into Croydon exceeded the number of migrants leaving Croydon for other countries. of deaths from 2,518 to 2,526 in Croydon. For 2018, the ONS has estimated that 17.1% of the Croydon Figure 2 – Births and Deaths in Croydon over the last 10 years population is made up of non-UK born residents.

Figure 3 – International migration flows Births Deaths 8,000 7,000 5,884 5,645 5,832 5,894 6,000 5,536 5,720 5,605 5,761 5,425 5,000 5,304 4,000

3,000 2,497 2,365 2,445 2,287 2,408 2,578 2,424 2,518 2,606 2,000 2,526 1,000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: GLA DataStore (Nov. 2020) and ONS births (July 2020) Source: ONS Local Area Migration Indicators, 2018 13

Borough Profile – Population

Figure 4 provides a picture of the age profile in Croydon. Demographics The latest ONS Mid-year estimate (MYE) indicates that 1 in 4 Croydon residents (24.5%) is aged between 0-17 years. Age and gender

In London there are more people in the 20-39 year age Figure 5 shows that there is a higher proportion of males group compared to Croydon. compared to females in the 0-19 years age band; there is not Figure 4 – Age Profile in Croydon a lot of difference between the proportions of males to females in the 20-39 years and 40-64 years age bands. In the above 65 years age band, there is a higher proportion of women to men. At the national level, the proportion of 65 years and over is much higher than Croydon at 17.0% for males and 19.7% for females.

Figure 5 – Croydon Age and Gender Profile

CROYDON Males CROYDON Females 100%

80%

60% 32.8% 40% 25.3% 27.1%

20% 14.7% 28.0% 26.8% 32.5% 12.7% 0% 0-19 yrs 20-39 yrs 40-64 yrs 65+ yrs

Source: ONS, Mid Year Estimates, 2019 Source: ONS, MYE, 2019 14

Borough Profile – Population

Figure 6 shows that Croydon has the 4th largest proportion of Ethnicity young people in London which has implications on the types of services required to cater for the youth in Croydon. Just like other London boroughs, Croydon has a higher

proportion of residents from the BAME communities Figure 6 – Proportion of 0-17 year olds in London compared to the national average. There was more diversity Barking and Dagenham 29.8% in the younger age group population in Croydon in 2011. Enfield 25.3% Redbridge 25.0% Croydon 24.5% Figure 7 – Ethnic group by age Newham 24.4% Hillingdon 24.1% Waltham Forest 24.1% Ealing 24.0% Hounslow 24.0% Greenwich 24.0% Barnet 23.7% Harrow 23.6% Brent 23.6% Sutton 23.5% Richmond upon Thames 23.2% Bexley 23.0% Merton 23.0% Hackney 22.7% Bromley 22.6% Havering 22.5% Lewisham 22.4% Haringey 22.3% Kingston upon Thames 22.3% Tower Hamlets 22.3% Southwark 20.5% Hammersmith and Fulham 20.0% Wandsworth 19.6% Camden 19.4% Lambeth 19.0% Westminster 18.7% Source: ONS 2011 Census Kensington and Chelsea 18.5% Islington 17.5% City of London 16.7% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%

Source: ONS, Mid Year Estimates, 2019

Borough Profile – Population

Table 1 shows more up to date demographic projections Figure 8 – Religion of Croydon residents from the GLA. Based on these, the proportion of Asian and Black residents in Croydon has been increasing since the 2011 Census. The proportion of White population is predicted to decrease by almost 10% by 2021. It will be interesting to see if the 2021 Census confirms this.

Table 1 – Croydon Ethnic Group Profile

Ethnic Group 2011 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 / Year White 55% 49% 48% 48% 47% 46% Mixed 7% 7% 8% 8% 8% 8% Source: ONS Census 2011 Table KS209EW Asian 16% 19% 19% 19% 19% 20%

Black 20% 23% 23% 23% 24% 24% Other 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Sexual orientation Source: GLA 2016 Housing-led projections by ethnicity. Sexual orientation was not captured by the 2011 Census. Based on ONS estimates, across London it was estimated Religion that 2.6% of the population in 2014 identified themselves as gay, lesbian or bisexual. This was higher than the national

average of 1.6%. Just over half (56.4%) of respondents to the 2011 Census in Croydon stated that they were Christian. About 1 in 5 The ONS produced its Integrated Household Survey for the (20.0%) stated that they had no religion. Significantly 7.6% of calendar year of 2014 with its mid-year population estimates. respondents did not state their religion.

Borough Profile – Population

By applying the London average to the Croydon population it Gender identity was estimated that there were about 9,800 people in Croydon who would have identified as being gay, lesbian or Gender variance is when someone has a belief that s/he is a bisexual. different gender to the one he/she had at birth. The Gender

Identity and Research Society1 has estimated that nationally 1% of the population may be gender variant to some degree, Marital status with 0.2% of the population likely to seek medical treatment, at some stage, to present in the opposite gender. The 2011 Census is the latest data source for marital status. Figure 9 shows that the majority of adults aged over 16 in Croydon were either married or single in 2011.

Figure 9 – Marital status of Croydon residents

Our Residents

Carers

The Census 2011 recorded 9.3% of the Croydon population as providing some form of unpaid care. This was slightly higher than the regional average of 8.5%. Of the 33,683 carers in Croydon, 65.5% provided up to 19 hours of unpaid care a week. However, 20.3%, equating to 6,870 people, provided 50 or more hours of unpaid care a week.

Source: ONS Census 2011 Table KS103EW

1 Gender Identity and Research http://www.gires.org.uk/GID8301.PDF 17

Borough Profile – Population

Proficiency in English

In that same Census 14.5% of people in Croydon had a language other than English recorded as their main Figure 10 – Proportion of Primary and Secondary pupils language. The majority could speak English well but around whose first language is other than English 1 in 6 of this group (17.2%) amounting to 2.5% of the total Croydon population at the time could not speak English well Croydon Primary Croydon Secondary Outer London Primary Outer London Secondary or at all. England Primary England Secondary 100 Only 5.4% of 8 to 9 year olds were unable to speak English or could not speak English well. These children made up 80 only 0.4% of all the 8 to 9 year olds in Croydon. Over half (51.5%) of those aged over 85 years could not speak English 60 47.5 46.8 46.3 45.7 well or were unable to speak English. This older cohort % 44.9 37.9 37.5 37.3 37.0 36.3 36.2 36.2 made up 2.9% of all 85+year olds in Croydon. A higher 40 35.0 27.5 26.8 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.2 24.4 21.2 21.2 20.6 20.1 proportion of females (19.7%) compared to males (14.5%) 19.4 16.9 16.6 16.2 15.7 could not speak English or speak English well. 20 15.0

0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: DfE LAIT Those with first language other than English

Figures 10 shows that Croydon has a smaller proportion of primary and secondary school pupils whose first language is other than English compared to the outer London averages. However, both proportions are greater than the national averages which is around 21% in primary school pupils and 17% in secondary school pupils. 18

Borough Profile – Population

Disability

There is not one comprehensive figure that can give a true picture of the total number of people with a disability in Croydon.

The 2011 Census figures showed that 14.1% of the population in Croydon had their day-to-day activities limited to some extent by a long-term health problem or disability. 22,493 people had their day-to-day activities limited a lot, whilst 28,134 had their day-to-day activities limited a little.

Figure 11 – Proportion of people whose day-to-day activities were limited by a long-term health problem or disability

Source: ONS 2011 Census Table DC3302EW 19

Borough Profile – Deprivation

An example of the important support offered includes Croydon’s Gateway service which has helped thousands of families avoid homelessness and provides critical budgeting Deprivation support to vulnerable people adopting a holistic approach to build resilience in our communities.

Overview

This section looks at the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) IMD 2019 – Overall changes since 2015 and its supplementary indices.

 IMD 2019 – Overall changes since 2015 Introduction  IMD 2019 Domains  Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 allows relative 2019 deprivation levels across the country to be compared. It  Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index comprises seven different deprivation domains which each (IDAOPI) 2019 have a set of different measures to record deprivation scores.

The deprivation domains are as follows: Croydon faces challenges around deprivation and inequalities in regard not only to income but other factors  Income including health, education and housing. The Council is  Employment taking steps to manage these inequalities and to ensure that  Education, skills and training all residents feel the benefits of the borough’s continued  Health deprivation and disability growth.  Crime  Barriers to housing and services  Living environment

Borough Profile – Deprivation

The IMD is a ranking system so it can show how deprivation has changed relative to a previous index. It cannot provide a Each of these domains will be looked at in this section. There measure of how much more deprived an authority has are also two supplementary indices: the Income Deprivation become since the last index or how much more deprived one Affecting Children Index (IDACI) and the Income Deprivation authority is compared to another. Due to data availability Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI). These look at the issues, the majority of measures used for IMD 2019 are proportion of children and older people respectively who are based on 2015/2016 figures with some 2016/2017 figures. income deprived. The rank of average rank is based on the average of the The index is based on data at Lower-layer Super Output ranks for each LSOA in the authority. The extent of Area (LSOA) level. LSOAs were created based on 2011 deprivation is a measure of how widespread the deprivation Census data by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). is across the authority. This is based on how many LSOAs in There are 32,844 LSOAs in the country and of these 220 the area are in the top 30% most deprived LSOAs in the LSOAs are in Croydon. Each one has between 400 and country. The rank of concentration compares the most 1,200 households with between 1,000 and 3,000 people. deprived LSOAs in a local authority against those in other Under each deprivation domain, each LSOA is given a score authorities across the country. and ranked. Rank number 1 signifies the most deprived There are 151 upper tier local authorities which include LSOA in the country. Rank number 32,844 signifies the least county councils, London boroughs, unitary authorities and deprived LSOA. The Local authority scores are based on the metropolitan districts. There are 317 lower tier authorities average score of all the LSOAs in each authority. which include all upper tier authorities plus additional non- metropolitan districts.

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Figures 1 shows that there are 5 neighbourhoods in the borough in the top 10% most deprived areas of the country. Tables 1 and 2 show that Croydon has become relatively less deprived across 3 of the 4 measures from IMD 2015 to Figure 1 – IMD 2019 deciles IMD 2019.

Table 1 – Upper tier authority rankings (out of 151 for IMD2019) Index Measure IMD 2015 IMD 2019

Rank of average rank 64 72 Rank of average score 71 75 Rank of extent of deprivation 73 75 Rank of concentration 95 93 Source:ONS, IMD 2019

Table 2 – Lower tier authority rankings (out of 317 for IMD2019) Index Measure IMD 2015 IMD 2019 Rank of average rank 91 102 Rank of average score 96 108 Rank of extent of deprivation 98 109 Rank of concentration 134 133 Source:ONS, IMD 2019

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

IMD 2019 Domains Figure 2 – Income deciles

Income

The Income domain looks at the proportion of the population who are either out of work or who have low earnings. It is based on a number of measures around people who are in receipt of income based benefits as at 2015.

The score of each LSOA on the income domain contributes towards 22.5% of the LSOA’s overall deprivation score. The overall pattern of income deprivation across the borough mirrors that for overall deprivation.

Croydon has an average score of 0.136 for the income domain, which places it as the 97th most deprived local authority out of the 317 lower tier authority districts in England or 73rd out of 151 upper tier authorities. Croydon is ranked 18th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Figure 2 shows that 41 LSOAs out of the 220 LSOAs in the borough (18.6%) are in the top 20% most deprived LSOAs in the country. These deprived areas are mainly in the north and east of the borough. One neighbourhood area in the ward of West Thornton is in the top 5% most deprived areas in the country. Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Employment Figure 3 – Employment deciles

The Employment domain looks at the proportion of the labour market who are involuntarily excluded from working due to unemployment, sickness or disability, or caring responsibilities. The data for this is based on benefits data for the period 2015-2016 and was adjusted to take into account seasonal variations in the number of claimants.

The average score for the Employment domain was 0.092, placing Croydon as the 143rd most deprived LSOA out of the 317 lower tier districts or 87th out of 151 upper tier districts. Croydon is 15th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Figure 3 shows that Croydon has fewer LSOAs (28) in the top 20% most deprived areas in England for the employment domain than there are for the income domain.

Under the employment domain, only 2 LSOAs, less than 1% of all the LSOAs in Croydon, are in the 5%-10% most deprived areas in England. These 2 areas are located within the wards of West Thornton and New Addington South, as shown on the map.

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Education, skills and training Figure 4 – Education, skills and training deciles

The Education, skills and training domain looks at the lack of skills and attainment in the population. This includes the attainment and absence of pupils at school, the numbers of young people staying in education post-16, and the progression of young people on to higher education. It also includes the proportion of adults with no qualifications and the proportion of adults who are unable to speak English well.

The data on children and young people is based on three years’ worth of data, with the most recent data included dating from 2016/2017. The data on adults is taken from the 2011 Census.

Croydon is in the bottom third of local authorities in the country under this domain; the average score for the borough was 15.577 making it the 220th most deprived borough out of the 317 lower tier districts or 117th out of 151 upper tier authorities. Croydon is 12th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

There are just 3 LSOAs in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas in the country and these areas are in the East of the borough with known historic issues around lower average attainment scores for pupils and a higher proportion of adults with no qualifications. Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Health deprivation and disability Figure 5 – Health deprivation and disability deciles

The Health deprivation and disability is based on the risk of premature death and the impairment of quality of life due to poor mental or physical health. It is based on a range of different indicators covering different time periods. The most recent data used is from 2017.

The average score for Croydon for this domain was -0.174, making it the 165th most deprived lower tier authority out of the 317 or 95th out of 151 upper tier authorities. Croydon is 13th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Less than 0.5% of the Croydon LSOAs under this deprivation domain were in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas in the country.

Figure 5 shows the pattern of health deprivation and disability across the borough. The most deprived areas in Croydon under this domain are scattered around in the wards of Waddon, West Thornton, Selhurst, Thornton Heath, Addiscombe West and New Addington South.

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright) 26

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Crime Figure 6 - Crime deciles

The Crime domain is based on the rates of violence, burglary, theft and criminal damage per 1,000 at-risk population. This at-risk population is the count of the residents in the area plus the number of people who work in the area but are not resident there. The data are based on recorded crimes for 2017/2018.

The average score in Croydon was 0.280 making it the 74th most deprived authority out of the 317 lower tier authorities or 60th out of 151 upper tier authorities. Croydon is 18th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Figure 6 shows that 12 of Croydon’s 220 LSOAs are in the top 10% most deprived in the country and in fact there are three areas in the wards of Fairfield and Selhurst that are in the top 5% most deprived LSOAs in the country.

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Barriers to housing and services Figure 7 - Barriers to housing and services deciles

The barriers to housing and services domain looks at geographical barriers to services and wider barriers. These barriers are based on the average distance to key services such as a GP surgery, primary school, post office, and a general store or supermarket based on data from 2018. The wider barriers include household overcrowding, homelessness and housing affordability.

The average score in Croydon was 33.996, ranking Croydon the 14th most deprived authority out of the 317 lower tier districts or 14th out of 151 upper tier authorities. Croydon is 14th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Figure 7 shows that the distribution of the most deprived LSOAs for this domain are more spread out across the borough. Four in 10 (38%) LSOAs in Croydon were in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas nationally. A third (33%) were not in the top 20% most deprived areas nationally.

N.B. The homelessness indicator used as part of this domain is based on the number of households accepted as homeless. At the time of data collection, Croydon had double the average number of homelessness acceptances and in fact, the 14th highest number compared to the 317 lower tier authorities. This would have affected the scores for certain LSOAs in the borough. Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright) 28

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Living environment Figure 8 – Living environment deciles

The living environment domain looks at both the indoor living environment and the outdoor living environment. The indoor living environment is based on the proportion of houses without central heating (2011) and the proportion of houses that are in poor condition (2015). The outdoor living environment looks at air quality and road traffic accidents that cause injury to pedestrians and cyclists based on 2016 and 2017 data respectively.

Croydon had an average score of 26.027 for the living environment domain, which means the authority was ranked 77th most deprived out of the 317 lower tier districts or 52nd out of 151upper tier districts. Croydon is 24th most deprived out of 33 London boroughs.

Just 6.4% of the LSOAs in Croydon were in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas nationally for this domain. As Figure 8 shows these are predominantly located in the centre of the borough, extending to the north. These areas have high scores both for the indoor and outdoor living environment measures.

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright)

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Income Deprivation Affecting Children Figure 9 – IDACI 2019 deciles Index (IDACI) 2019

The Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index is a supplementary index that looks at the proportion of children in an area that are living in families affected by income deprivation.

At the time the Index was produced, Croydon had 18.5% of its children living in families affected by income deprivation. Croydon was ranked the 95th most deprived authority out of the 317 lower district authorities in England or 70th out of 151 upper tier districts and 14th out of 33 most deprived councils across London.

6.4% of the LSOAs in Croydon were in the top 5%-10% most deprived LSOAs in the country and 20.4% were in the top 20% most deprived LSOAs as can be seen in Figure 9.

It is noticeable that the North and East of the borough are relatively more deprived than the South West of the borough.

The southernmost area in the borough which is within the Old Coulsdon ward also scores high on income deprivation affecting children. The household composition in the well- established Tollers Estate as well as Birchfields and Southlands are probably having an impact on this index of deprivation. Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright) 30

Borough Profile – Deprivation

Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Figure 10 – IDAOPI deciles 2019 Index (IDAOPI) 2019

The second supplementary index is the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index. This is the proportion of the population aged 60 or over who are income deprived.

In Croydon 15.6% of older people were income deprived. This was the 87th highest score out of the 317 lower tier district authorities or 77th out of 151 upper tier authorities and 26th out of 33 most deprived councils across London.

Figure 10 shows that 7.3% of all LSOAs in Croydon were in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas in the country.

These deprived areas are predominantly in the North of the borough within the wards of Norbury Park, West Thornton, Thornton Heath, Broad Green, Selhurst and South Norwood and in the East of the borough within the New Addington North ward.

There were slightly more LSOAs in the top 5%-10% most deprived areas in the country in the IDAOPI compared to the IDACI.

Source: DCLG and Ordnance Survey (Crown Copyright 31

Borough Profile – Education and skills

 The implementation of Croydon’s Early Help Strategy 2018-2020, which sets out how the Council and its Education and skills partners will deliver early help in partnership with children, young people and their families which will improve the life chances of our vulnerable and disadvantaged families.

Overview Early Years

Take up of funded hours Education and skills

 Early Years The last 2 years’ figures show that the take-up of funded early  School attainment education in Croydon has decreased and is now much lower  Further education compared to London and England. The Council has an important duty to support the Figure 1 - The percentage of 2 year olds benefitting from development of talent in Croydon by enabling residents to funded early education places access quality education and attain key skills. One of the priorities in Croydon’s Corporate Plan 2018-2022 is that our Croydon London England children and young people thrive and reach their full potential. 100 The Council, after a disappointing Ofsted judgement in 2017, 82 understands the need to work hard to improve its services and 80 71 72 68 66 68 69 61 has put a number of plans into action to raise standards: 57 58 60 60 53 56 47 49  The ‘Choose Your Future’ Campaign to raise young % people’s aspirations and increase their opportunities. 40  An annual youth congress, put in place to provide 20 opportunities for children and young people to have a greater voice and influence. 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: gov.uk, Education Provision, Table 8LA 32

Borough Profile – Education and skills

In Autumn 2017, the government introduced 30 hours for 3 Figure 3 – Percentage of 3 and 4 year olds taking up some year olds and this has put increasing pressures on places. free early education

Croydon has consistently had a similar take-up rate to London but both these areas have had a lower rate compared to the Croydon Outer London England national picture. 100 95 94 94 93 93 8788 87 87 85 8886 88 85 87 Figure 2 - The percentage of 3 and 4 year olds benefiting from 80 funded early education places % 60

100 95 94 94 93 93 8788 87 87 85 8886 88 85 87 20 80 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 60 % Source: DfE LAIT, data released June 2020. 40

20 Foundation Stage 0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Figure 4 shows that the percentage of pupils achieving a good Source: gov.uk, Education Provision, Table 8LA level of development in Croydon in the Early Years Foundation Stage has been steadily improving, year on year.

Even though the take-up of some free early education The latest results show that Croydon has performed in line amongst 3 and 4 year olds in Croydon remains relatively high with outer London and outperformed the national average for it is still below both the London and England averages as the past 4 years. Figure 3 shows. 33

Borough Profile – Education and skills

Figure 4 – Percentage of pupils achieving a good level of development in Foundation Stage Profile (FSP) School attainment Croydon Outer London England 100 Key Stage 1 74.60 74.50 73.80 73.80 73.40 73.20 71.80

80 71.50 71.50 70.70 70.40 69.30 68.30

66.30 64.70 60 Croydon pupils are performing in line with the outer London average and better than the national average at KS1. % 40 Table 1 - % Pupils achieving KS1 Expected Standard 20 2019 Reading Writing Maths

0 Croydon 77 72 78 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Outer London 77 72 79 England 75 69 76 Source : DfE LAIT, data released September 2019. Source: DfE LAIT, data released October 2019.

Key Stage 2

In Croydon pupil attainment at KS2 level has continued to be better than the national average but slightly below the outer London average as shown in Figure 5.

Borough Profile – Education and skills

Figure 5 – Percentage of pupils reaching the expected standard in Reading, Writing and Mathematics at KS2 The Attainment 8 average score in Croydon has consistently been below the Outer London average and close to the Croydon Outer London England national average. The latest figure for 2019 shows a slight 100 reduction on the previous year.

80 70 71 67 67 67 Figure 6 – Average Attainment 8 scores 64 64 65 59 61 % 60 55 53 Croydon Outer London England 54 52.3 40 51.5 52 50.4 49.9 49.9 50 49.2 20 48.5 48.5 48 47.4 0 45.8 45.5 46 45.1 2016 2017 2018 2019 44.6 44.5 44.7 Source: DfE LAIT, data released September 2019. 44 42 40 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: DfE LAIT, data released November 2019. Key Stage 4

Up until 2016 attainment at Key Stage 4 was measured by the Figure 7 shows that since the introduction of this number of 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE including English measurement in 2016, the proportion of pupils eligible for free and Maths (end of KS4). From 2015 this measure was school meals in Croydon achieving Attainment 8 has been changed to Average Attainment 8 Score per Pupil. Attainment lower than the London average but has been higher than the 8 measures the average achievement of pupils in up to 8 national average. qualifications.

Borough Profile – Education and skills

Figure 7 – KS4 Attainment 8 scores by FSM eligibility background who are attaining higher average scores for this measure.

Croydon Outer London Figure 8 – KS4 Average Attainment 8 scores by ethnic group

0 2016 2017 2018 2019 Croydon Outer London England -0.1 80 68.2 68.4 -0.2 70 64.5

-0.3 60 56.6 50.6 51.1 51.5 48.9 47.7 50 47.1 46.2 45.3 46.4 45.2 -0.4 41.5 40 -0.5 30 -0.6 20

Source: DfE LAIT, data release November 2019. 10 0

White Mixed Asian Black Chinese

Across the country there are variations in the proportions of Source: DfE LAIT, data released January 2020. pupils from different ethnic groups achieving Attainment 8 scores. Since 2015, at local, regional and national levels, there has been a lower proportion of pupils from Black Attendance and exclusions backgrounds achieving Attainment 8 scores. The latest figures for 2019 show that the rates of authorised Figure 8 shows the latest year’s figures for 2019 and contrasts absences from primary schools (2.7%) and secondary schools the other ethnic groups against pupils from a Chinese (3.2%) in Croydon have been lower than the regional and national average rates.

Borough Profile – Education and skills

Rates of unauthorised absences from Croydon primary and Figure 9 – The percentage of pupils achieving AAB grades secondary schools have always tended to be higher than the regional and national figures. In 2019, unauthorised absence from Croydon primary schools was 1.2% and from Croydon secondary schools it was 2.1%.

Croydon has also seen a reduction in permanent exclusions. These are reported as the total number of exclusions as a percentage of the school population. The latest figure for Croydon for 2017/2018 was 0.06% - lower than both the regional average of 0.08% and the national average of 0.1%.

Fixed period exclusions in Croydon had been below 3% in 2013 and 2014 but, since 2015, there have been annual increases. The latest figure for 2018 is 3.8% compared to the regional average of 3.4% and the national average of 5.1%. Source: DfE LAIT, data updated January 2020.

Further education Level 2 qualification by age 19 Key Stage 5 The Department of Education collects data on Level 2 The proportion of pupils in Croydon achieving AAB grades at qualifications achieved with English and Maths by the age of Key Stage 5 has consistently remained significantly below the 19 years of age. regional and national averages. Figure 10 shows that Croydon has performed in line with its Figure 9 shows that Croydon schools have some way to go to statistical neighbours and England over the last 5 years. catch up with the regional and national performance for this measure even though Croydon’s performance in 2019 at 9.7% shows improvement on the previous year’s result of 8.7%. 37

Borough Profile – Education and skills

Figure 10 – The percentage of 19 year olds with a level 2 Figure 11 – The percentage of 19 year olds with a level 3 qualification including English and Maths. qualification including English and Maths.

Croydon Stat Neighbour England Croydon Stat Neighbour England 100 100

80 70.70 80 69.60 69.00 68.91 68.90 68.80 68.80 68.70 68.50 68.00 68.08 67.91 67.70 67.40 66.39 64.60 64.40 63.44 63.21 63.10 63.01 62.74 62.40 62.17 61.10 57.60 57.50 57.40 57.20 60 60 56.90

40% 40%

20 20

0 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: DfE LAIT, data released October 2019. Source: DfE LAIT, data released October 2019.

Level 3 qualification by age 19

Figure 11 shows that Croydon has consistently performed better than the national average and close behind its statistical neighbours in terms of pupils achieving level 3 qualifications including English and Maths by the age of 19.

Borough Profile - Economy Croydon has a quickly expanding technology sector and a large number of start-up businesses. Great potential exists in the borough to benefit everyone. Some key activities around the economy include: Economy  The redevelopment of Croydon town centre to provide new jobs, homes and investment in the heart of Croydon.  The 100 in 100 Apprenticeship campaign, run by Overview Croydon Apprenticeship Academy which has an ongoing aim to get 100 people into apprentices in 100 working days. This section provides a brief overview of the economy in  The Croydon Local Plan 2018 (under review 2019) Croydon looking at: provides an exciting and deliverable vision for Croydon

up to 2036. It notes: “The Council is committed to  Businesses training, work placements and apprenticeships and views  Employment  People out of work them as being a sustainable way to improve employment  Apprenticeships prospects for local people.”  Skill levels of adults

Businesses The Council plans to further develop the borough and to continue to provide exciting opportunities to our residents As at March 2020, there were 14,410 enterprises comprising by creating and maintaining a thriving local economy. A 17,430 local units in Croydon.2 This number of enterprises is priority in the Corporate Plan 2018-2022 is to encourage down by 3.4% on the previous year. There were only 40 of these enterprises (0.26%) that employed in excess of 250 new businesses to move and invest in the borough and to people. The majority (93.1%) were enterprises employing 0-9 enable existing businesses to grow. people.

2 ONS, Inter Departmental Business Register (IDBR). 39 Borough Profile - Economy

Figure 1 shows that the 5 top industries for Croydon, based on The overall number of still active enterprises in Croydon has the employment by the enterprise units are (i) professional, continued to increase every year from 12,560 in 2010 to scientific & technical, (ii) construction, (iii) information & 17,625 in 2019. The proportion of businesses that were communications, (iv) retail and (v) business administration & started in Croydon in 2018 that were still active a year later support services. was 90.3%. This compares with the 87.0% in London and 89.0% in England. Figure 1 – Enterprises by industry in Croydon, 2019

100% Table 1 shows that the survival rates of businesses born in 80% 2016 were higher in Croydon than in London and England but all the survival rates are quite close between the 3 areas. 60%

40% Table 1 – Survival rates of enterprises born in 2015 17.3% 13.8% 20% 12.4% 9.6% 8.8% 1 Year Survival 2 Year Survival 3 Year Survival Rate Rate Rate 0% Croydon 92.3% 69.2% 53.2% London 89.8% 68.5% 52.8% England 91.6% 68.0% 51.5% Source: ONS UK Business Demography, Table 16 Source: ONS Business Demography, Table 5.1c, released Nov.2019

The number of new enterprises or business births in Croydon The ONS business counts now include more Pay As you Earn continued to grow year on year with 1,495 in 2010 peaking to (PAYE) businesses than in previous years which means that 2,905 in 2016. For the last 3 years to 2019 this figure has the data for 2015 is not comparable with the historic figures. In stayed at around 2,465. Over the last 3 years the number of 2015 there were approximately 12,880 enterprises in Croydon, business deaths has exceeded 2,000 every year with 2,130 almost all of these were small to medium enterprises. deaths in 2019.

40 Borough Profile - Economy

Employment Comparing figures 2 and 3, it can be seen that the average gross earnings for male full-time workers is about £6 higher a Nearly 8 in 10 (79.7%) of Croydon residents aged 16-64 years week for those who work in Croydon compared to those who are in employment. This is a higher rate than both London live in Croydon. Female full-time workers in Croydon earn £73 (79.2%) and nationally (79.4%). Both the regional and less a week than those who live and work in Croydon. national employment rates have increased slightly on the previous 12 month rolling figure. However, the Croydon rate has come down from a rate of 81.2%. Figure 2 – Gross weekly earnings by place of work (Croydon workers), 2020 Table 2 – Employment and unemployment in Croydon – Jul 2019-Jun 2020) Male full-time workers Female full-time workers All full-time workers Great Croydon Croydon London Britain £1,000 (nos) (%) (%) (%) Economically active† 207,700 79.7 79.2 79.4 £800 In employment† 203,500 78.0 75.5 76.2 Employees† 171,500 65.9 62.3 65.2 £600 Self-employed† 30,100 11.4 12.8 10.8 £759.40 £716.40 Unemployed (model- £709.00 £675.90 9,300 4.4 4.6 3.9 £400 £670.80 £628.50

based)§ £622.90 £587.10

Source: ONS, Annual Population Survey £544.30 £200

† - numbers are for those aged 16 and over, % are for those aged 16-64 § - numbers and % are for those aged 16 and over. % is a proportion of £0 Economically active Croydon London Great Britain Source: ONS ASHE, resident analysis

The latest job density figure for Croydon is 0.60 (2018). The density figure represents the ratio of total jobs to population aged 16-64. In Croydon, this has been increasing but is still much lower than in London (1.02) and Great Britain (0.86).

41 Borough Profile - Economy

Figure 3 – Gross weekly earnings by place of residence Figure 4 – Top 4 Employee jobs 2020 (Croydon residents), 2020 Croydon (%)

Male full-time workers Female full-time workers All full-time workers 100

80 £1,000 60 £800 40 £600 17.1 20 13

£820.90 9.8 9.8 £760.70 £702.60

£400 £688.20

£655.50 0 £622.90 Wholesale and retail Human health and Education Public administration £586.70 £555.50 £200 £544.00 trade; repair of motor social work activities and defence; vehicles and compulsory social motorcycles security £0 Croydon London Great Britain Source: ONS business register and employment survey Source: ONS ASHE, workplace analysis Over a half (51.0%) of the jobs in Croydon comprise The higher earnings for Croydon residents not working in occupations such as managers, directors, senior officials, Croydon is likely to be linked to the high proportion of professional, associate professional & technical staff. This is residents who commute into central London. not surprising as there are lots of offices, banks, law firms and The number of jobs in Croydon each year, over the past 5 retail outlets in the town Centre. years has averaged at around 120,400 each year. Latest Occupations in the services sector including care, leisure, estimates for 2020 suggest that compared to the London sales and customer services account for 16.3% of the total average, in Croydon there is a much higher proportion of jobs occupations in Croydon. This is higher than in London in the wholesale and retail sectors, health and social work, (13.0%) and the same as the national figure (16.3%). education and public administration and support services.

42 Borough Profile - Economy

Claimant count is calculated as the number of claimants as a Figure 5 – Percentage Employment by Occupation for those proportion of the resident population aged 16-64 years in an aged 16+ years, (Jan 2019 – Dec 2019) area.

% Croydon % London % Great Britain From March 2020, there has been a significant rise in the 40 proportion of people claiming out of work benefits. This is directly as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic which brought 30 26.5 about a national lock-down from the end of March 2020. 22.4 21.4

18.3 Figure 6 shows that the rate in Croydon continues to be

20 16.1 14.6 13.5 greater than both the regional and national rates. 11.7 11.4 10.3 10.1 10 10 9.6 9.1 9.1 8.7 8.7 8 7.2 7.1 7 7

6.2

10 5.8 4.5 3.4 Figure 6 – Proportion of claimants (not all unemployed) 0 Croydon (%) London (%) Great Britain (%) 10.0

8.0

Source: ONS annual population survey 6.0

4.0

People out of work 2.0

The number of people claiming out of work benefits principally 0.0 for the reason of being unemployed is made up of those claiming Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA) and National Insurance Jul-20 Jan-20 Jun-20 Oct-20 Apr-20 Feb-20 Sep-20 Dec-19 Aug-20 Nov-20 credits and those receiving Universal Credit as a result of Mar-20 May-20 being unemployed. Source: ONS claimant count

43 Borough Profile - Economy

Youth in Education or Training 16-17 year old NEET

Local authorities have a responsibility to track young people's Based on the latest figures of 2018, Croydon is in the top participation in education or training. This is done through the quartile compared to other London Councils for having a exchange of information with schools and colleges, other higher proportion of 16-17 year olds not in education, youth services and through direct contact with young people. employment or training (NEET).

The latest figure calculated from the client database, updated There were 6.2 % of young NEET teenagers compared to the in June 2020, shows that Croydon has done better than the London average of 4.8%and the national average of 5.5%. national average and close to its Statistical neighbours for the last 3 years. Figure 8 - The proportion of 16-17 year olds not in education, employment or training (NEET) or whose activity is not known Figure 7 – Percentage of 16 &17 year olds in education or in 2018 training Croydon Statistical Neighbour England

15 14.9 100 10.0 9.9

10 8.8 6.9 6.8 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.5 94.9 3.6 3.5 94.1 3.4 94.0 3.4 93.9 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 93.4

5 3.0 2.9 2.7 92.6 92.5 2.3 92.2 2.1 2.0 92.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 91.4 91.3 91.2 90.6 89.6 0 80 84.4 Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Hackney Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Lewisham Hounslow Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster Wandsworth Cityof London Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Hammersmith and… Kingston upon Thames Barking and Dagenham Kensington and Chelsea 60 Richmond upon Thames 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: DfE LAIT, data released June 2020. Source: PH Outcomes Framework, Wider Determinants of Health, 2018

44 Borough Profile - Economy

Apprenticeships Skill levels of adults

Latest figures show that there were 2,170 new apprenticeship programme starts during 2018/2019. Figure 9 shows that No qualifications Croydon has the highest proportion of new apprenticeship programme starts (5.4%) in London and this rate exceeds the Based on the 2011 Census, 17.6% of adults in Croydon were London average by nearly 2.5%. recorded as having no qualifications and this was in line with the London average. Across England this figure was higher at

22.5%. Figure 9 – Proportion of new apprenticeship starts across London during 2018/2019 by London councils Based on the ONS annual population survey for the calendar year 2017, only 4.7% of Croydon’s resident population aged 16-64 years had no qualification. This proportion was higher

6% 5.4% in London (6.8%) and also higher at the national level (7.7%). 4.5% 4.5% 4.3% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 3.9% 3.9% 3.7% 3.7% 3.6% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.4%

4% 3.3%

3.2% Figure 10 shows that adults from a White ethnic background in 3.2% 3.2% 3.1% 2.5% 2.5%

2.3% Croydon in the 2011 Census were more likely to have no 2.1% 2.0% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7%

2% 1.4% qualifications than adults from any other ethnic background. 0.8%

0% Over a half (51.4%) of the residents from the Asian community Brent

Ealing had level 3 and level 4 qualifications which was the highest Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Basildon Hackney Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Hounslow Lewisham Redbridge Southwark Greenwich proportion compared to the other ethnic communities. Westminster Wandsworth Tower Hamlets Tower Waltham ForestWaltham

Kingston upon Thames upon Kingston Barking andBarking Dagenham Kensington and and Kensington Chelsea Richmond upon ThamesuponRichmond Hammersmith andHammersmith Fulham Source: gov.uk, updated March 2020.

45 Borough Profile - Economy

Figure 10 – Highest level of qualification by ethnic group

Source: ONS 2011 Census Table DC5209EWla

46 Borough Profile - Housing

 Brick by Brick will build 2,000 new homes by 2022, 50% of Housing which will be for shared ownership or affordable rent.  The landlord licensing scheme will be renewed in 2020 to maintain standards in the private rented sector. At least 100 empty homes will be brought back into use every year.

Overview Tenure This section looks at some of the main issues relating to housing in Croydon including: According to the 2011 Census, 60% of all Croydon 145,000  Tenure households were owner occupied, 20% were private rented  Cost of property and 18% were households living in social housing.  Availability of housing  Homelessness The GLA’s report on Housing Characteristics in October 2013,

highlighted that 72.0% of houses in London were owner

Croydon is taking steps to ensure it achieves its Corporate occupied of which owner occupied flats were 28.5%. Social Plan priority to ensure good, decent homes are affordable to rented housing in London was lower than Croydon and only all. The Council is working with partners to create New Homes accounted for 12.8% of all houses. Likewise, private rented for sale and for rent for local people, ensure existing homes are homes in London made up a smaller proportion of the total Quality Homes and provide opportunities for Homes for housing stock at 15.2% compared to Croydon’s 22.1%. Everybody. To these ends, Croydon Council is committed to the following: In the Census 2011, over half (50.8%) of households had a head of household who was aged between 25 and 49 years of  The delivery of 32,890 new homes from 2016 to 2036 age with 35.3% aged 50 to 74 years. There were only 3.6% of (1,645 a year). The strategic target is that 40% will be the households occupied by people aged 24 years or younger and at the other end, 1 in 10 (10.3%) households were headed affordable. (This is likely to increase to 2,949 per year once by a person aged above 75 years. review of Croydon Plan is complete in 2019).

Borough Profile - Housing

Cost of property Figure 1 - Tenure type by age bands in Croydon in 2011

The number of house sales in Croydon has been decreasing annually since 2014 when there were over 6,000 sales. The latest annual figure for 2019 shows that sales have decreased by 30.3% over the 5 years from 2015. This drop in the number of sales may be due to all the uncertainty around Brexit, making people stay put until the future is clearer.

Figure 2 – House sales in Croydon 2015-2019

Number of House Sales 7,000 5,766 6,000 5,312 5,015 Source: ONS, Census 2011, Table DC4201EW. 5,000 4,183 4,017 4,000 Croydon has the largest borough housing stock in London but its social housing stock is smaller than many other London 3,000 boroughs. Social housing in Croydon is mainly concentrated in 2,000 the northern parts and the eastern edge of the borough. 1,000

Census 2011 showed that in the east, the former wards of 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Fieldway, (now New Addington North), and New Addington, (now New Addington South), had the highest proportions of Source: GLA Housing Sales, based on Land Registry data, March 2020. social housing (council homes and other) with 60.6% and 42.2% respectively. N.B. These figures do not include “right to buy” sales or properties sold for less than £1,000 or more than £20 million.

Borough Profile - Housing

In Croydon there is a high proportion of sales of flats and apartments which are quite over-priced and this raises the median cost of properties in the borough. Despite the rising property prices, Croydon has the fourth lowest ratio of average earnings (for full-time workers) to Over the last year, May 2019 to May 2020, average values of average house prices across London so remains one of the detached houses has gone down by 6.5%, semi-detached more affordable boroughs to live in. houses have stayed at a similar level and terraced houses and flats have increased in value by 4%. Overall, property values Figure 4: Ratio of house prices to earnings across all types has gone down by 3.7%. 40 Figure 3 – Change in property asking prices in Croydon over 35 the past year (3 months moving averages) 30 27.99 25 19.71 18.16

20 17.00 16.53 16.29

May 2019 May 2020 15.67 15.48 15.35 15.21 14.81 14.72 14.75 14.64 14.61 14.44 14.39 14.17 14.07 13.86 13.62 13.55 13.56 13.37 13.14 12.86 12.31 12.06 15 12.02 11.82 11.49 11.46 10 £1,000,000 5 £792,472 £800,000 £741,229 0 £499,853

£600,000 £498,325 Brent Ealing Sutton Barnet Bexley Enfield Merton £437,093 Harrow £422,089 Bromley Islington Croydon Camden Lambeth Hackney Newham Havering Haringey Hounslow Hillingdon Lewisham Redbridge Southwark Greenwich £309,847

£400,000 £299,125 Barking and…Barking Wandsworth Westminster Kingstonupon… TowerHamlets Kensington and… Richmondupon… £200,000 Waltham Forest Hammersmith and… £0 Source: GLA Ratio of House Prices to Earnings (full-time workers by place Detached Semi-Detached Terraced Flat of work), to year ending September 2019.

Source: Home.co.uk, May 2020.

Borough Profile - Housing

Using median monthly private rental data from the VOA and Nationally, around 78% of households, where the main median gross monthly salary for 2019 from the ONS, it is reference person is aged over 65 years, are owner occupied homes. On average around 10% of 16-24 year olds own their possible to calculate the private rent over the gross monthly homes. This compares to 38%, 56% and 70% for the age salary. ranges for years 25-34, 35-44 and 45-64 respectively. Figure 6 shows that the median monthly private rent is 38% of the median gross monthly salary in Croydon. This is quite a high Figure 5: Percentage of each age group that are owner occupiers rate but the fourth lowest in London so private renting in Croydon is still relatively affordable compared to other areas of London. 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 Figure 6: Median monthly private rent as a percentage of the 90 79 79 median gross monthly salary 2019 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 80 76 72 71 70 70 69 70

59 100% 57 56 60 55 52 90% 50 80% 41 65.4% 38 38 62.5% 37 37 70% 57.2% 57.0% 40 56.8% 53.0% 52.1% 60% 52.0% 48.9% 48.6% 47.8% 47.8% 46.7% 46.5% 46.4% 45.8% 45.5% 45.6% 45.2% 45.1% 45.1% 44.5% 44.5% 44.3% 44.1%

30 42.5%

50% 40.4% 39.0% 37.8% 36.6% 36.0% 20 40% 35.8% 12 10 9 9

8 30% 10 20% 0 10% 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-64 65-74 75+ 0%

Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Hackney Source: English Housing Survey, Table FC2101, 2019 Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Hounslow Lewisham Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster Wandsworth Tower Hamlets Tower

Forest Waltham

Kingston upon Thames upon Kingston Barking and Dagenham and Barking Kensington and Chelsea and Kensington Thames upon Richmond Fulham and Hammersmith Source: Valuation Office Agency and ONS, ASHE.

Borough Profile - Housing

Homelessness Figure 10 shows the total number of Croydon households over The most common reasons for homelessness is parental the last 5 years that were accepted as homeless. The number evictions, exclusions by relatives and friends and relationship has dropped to the lowest ever figure. breakdowns. Croydon was the first London borough to halve its use of temporary accommodation in line with the target set by government. Figure 10: Croydon Households accepted as homeless

Over the years, by far the highest proportion of accepted 3,500 homeless households in Croydon have been made up of lone 2,918 parents with dependent children.3 3,000 2,449 2,500 Social housing in Croydon is only allocated to people with the 2,005 2,064 most urgent housing need. The Council applies the Localism 2,000 1,796 Act 2011 to fulfil its legal duties by providing accommodation in the private landlord sector to meet the constant housing 1,500 demand. 1,000

Latest figures for 2019/2020 show that more than half (56%) of 500 homeless people in Croydon are in the 25-44 years age band. 0 One in 6 (16%) are aged between 16 and 24 years and one in 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020 4 (23%) are aged 45-64 years. There are very few people aged 65 years and over (2%). Source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, Table A1.

3 Homelessness Review and Strategy 2018. 51

Borough Profile - Housing

Figure 11 shows that there has been a disproportionately high Availability of housing percentage of homeless people from the Black community, both currently and historically. The number of long-term vacant dwellings in Croydon in Figure 11 – Percentage of Homeless households accepted in October 2014 was 741. This has increased, every year since Croydon by Broad Ethnic Group and the latest figure is 1,340 for October 2019. This makes Croydon the borough with the 2nd highest number of long-term vacant dwellings in London behind only Sutton with 1,469.

As a proportion of all the long-term vacant dwellings in London, Croydon accounts for 5.4% of the total vacant stock which is 24,667 units as at October 2019.

Croydon’s local housing market assessment4 (LHMA) has estimated that 22% of all households in Croydon are unsuitably housed, mostly in the north of the borough. For 2010 to 2031, the LHMA is estimating that Croydon will require an extra 27,000 homes made up of 18,000 from market housing, 1,700 from intermediate housing and 7,300 from affordable housing.

With a total of 1,657 net additional dwellings, Croydon has the Source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, Table A8. 9th highest number of net additional dwellings in London in 2019/2020.

Borough Profile - Housing

Figure 7 shows that over the last 10 years, the number of net Figure 8 shows the annual completions of affordable housing in dwellings in Croydon has consistently been higher than the Croydon peaked in 2009/210 (1,037) and 2014/2015 (976), London average. otherwise the trend has been downwards. The latest reported figures for the last 2 years shows a rising trend with 621 Figure 7: Net additional dwellings in Croydon from 2009/2010 completions in 2019/2020. to 2018/2019 Figure 8: Total affordable housing completions in Croydon over London Average Croydon the last 10 years 5,000

4,000 1,200

3,000 1,000 976

800 2,000 761 621 1,000 600 583

400 0 360 427 284 273 200 186 155

Source: DCLG, Table 122, updated November 2020. 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 Source: DCLG, Total Affordable Housing Completions, Table 1011.

Affordable Housing

Over the last 10 years (2010/2011 -2019/2020), Croydon has built 4,626 affordable housing units. In that time, the highest annual figure reached was 1,037 completions in 2009/2010. 53

Borough Profile - Housing

Figure 9 shows the latest affordable housing completions for 2019/2020. Compared to the rest of London, Croydon has the fifth highest number of these completions.

Figure 9: Total affordable housing completions in each London borough, 2019/2020

2,000

1,800 1,676 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 728 669

800 653 621 604 488 600 477 394 388 355 320 306

400 247 228 227 218 214 213 199 190 141 127 124 109 101 95 78 200 68 38 36 20 4 0 Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Hackney Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Lewisham Hounslow Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster Wandsworth City of London City Tower Hamlets Tower Kensington and… Kensington Richmond upon… Richmond Waltham Forest Waltham Hammersmith and… Hammersmith Kingston upon Thames upon Kingston Barking and Dagenham and Barking

Source: DCLG, Total affordable housing completions in each London borough, 2019/2020

Borough Profile - Health

 Delivering a partnership led Borough wide healthy weight action plan.  Implementing a borough wide approach to prevention and early intervention that will strengthen community based Health knowledge and support and through the partnership Early Help offer will support people at the right time and in the right place. Overview  Croydon’s Early Help partnership offer to deliver a range of evidence based programmes including parent support. This section looks at the general health of the population in the  One Croydon Alliance - a Commissioner and provider led borough, focusing on issues relating to Public Health. programme including the council voluntary groups and health partners - is developing patient centred care and  General health promoting independence.  Children and young people’s health  Adults’ health and lifestyle  Disease and poor health General health  Life expectancy and cause of death The 2011 Census asked residents to rate their general health

as very good, good, fair, bad or very bad. In Croydon 83.4% of Within Croydon we are starting to embrace a prevention model, residents had very good or good health. Only 4.6% had bad or working with communities at a locality level to reduce the very bad health. likelihood or impact of a range of issues (Director of Public Health, Annual Report 2018). This new approach and linked This was better than the national average, across England actions are in place to ensure the Council accomplishes its aim where 81.4% of people had very good or good health and 6.7% for people to live long, healthy, happy and independent lives had bad or very bad health. The London figures were also (Corporate Plan 2018-2022). Recent interventions introduced above the national average with 83.8% of Londoners recording include: that they had very good or good health and only 5.0% recording bad or very bad health.  55

Borough Profile - Health

82.2% of females in Croydon said they had very good or good The highest proportion of Croydon residents who reported very health, lower than the 84.8% of males. A higher proportion of good or good health were from mixed or multiple ethnic females had bad or very bad health at 4.9%, compared to only backgrounds. 4.3% of males. Figure 2 shows that a higher proportion of residents from white The younger population in Croydon indicated very good or good ethnic backgrounds reported fair or bad or very bad health. health as shown in Figure 1. Only half of the population aged 65 and over said they had very good or good health. Figure 2 – General health by ethnic group

Figure 1 – General health by age group

Source: ONS Census 2011 Table LC3206EW

Borough Profile - Health

In Croydon, 36.4% of people whose day to day activities were limited a little reported very good or good health which was Croydon residents whose day to day activities were limited by a similar to the national figure of 36.2%. The proportion who long-term illness or disability reported poorer general health reported bad or very bad health was slightly higher at 10.6% than those whose activities were not limited. compared to the national average of 9.2%. The proportion of people whose day to day activities were limited a lot who reported bad or very bad health was slightly lower than the national average at 51.9% compared to 53.2% Children and young people’s health across England. Low birth weight Figure 3 – General health by long term limiting illness or disability Low birth rate is classified as any weight less than 2,500 grams. Figure 4 shows that for 2018, Croydon had a slightly higher rate than both London and nationally at 3.52 compared to 3.07 and 2.86 respectively.

Figure 4 – Low birth weight

Croydon London

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 Source: ONS Census 2011 Table LC3302EW 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: Public Health Profile. 57

Borough Profile - Health

Immunisations Excess weight In 2019/2020, childhood immunisation rates in Croydon remained statistically lower than both the London average and Excess weight in primary school pupils remains a national the England average for all immunisations except the HPV vaccine for young female teenagers. concern. The latest results show that the proportion of Croydon pupils in Year 6 measured as having excess weight was 38.7% for the rolling 3 year average to 2019/2020. This is slightly Table 1 – Coverage of childhood immunisations, 2019/2020 higher than London (38.0%) but 4% higher than England (34.6%). Croydon London England Figure 5 – Excess weight in pupils in Year 6 Dtap/IPV/Hib (1 year old) 87.2% 88.6% 92.6% Dtap/IPV/Hib (2 years old) 89.5% 90.1% 93.8% Croydon London England PCV 87.8% 89.1% 93.2% 100

Hib/MenC booster (2 years old) 82.1% 83.5% 90.5% 80 PCV booster 82.7% 82.9% 90.4% 60 MMR one dose (2 years old) 82.1% 83.6% 90.6% 40 MMR one dose (5 years old) 88.1% 89.8% 94.5% 20 MMR two doses (5 years old) 70.9% 76.9% 86.8%

HPV vaccine – 1 dose (females 0 2010/11 - 2011/12 - 2012/13 - 2013/14 - 2014/15 - 2015/16 - 2016/17 - 2017/18 - 12-13 years old) 88.3% 83.7% 88.0% 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 HPV vaccine – 2 doses (females 13-14 years old) 82.6% 76.6% 83.9% Source: NHS Digital, National Child Measurement programme

Source: PHE Public Health Outcomes, Health Protection.

Borough Profile - Health Teenage conceptions

The proportion of Croydon pupils in Reception year (aged 4-5 Croydon had the fifth highest teenage conception rate per 1,000 years) measured as having excess weight was 22.0% based on girls aged under 18 years across London in 2018, (behind the latest results for the average three years from 2017/2018 to Southwark, Lambeth, Lewisham and Barking & Dagenham). 2019/2020. This is in line with both the London average at Overall there has been a downward trend in teenage 21.8% and the national rate at 22.6% as Figure 6 shows. conceptions over the last 10 years and in fact, since as far back as 1998. Figure 6 – Excess weight in pupils in Reception Figure 7 - Under 18 conception rate Croydon London England Croydon London 100 40

80 35 30 60 25

40 20

15 20 10

0 5 2010/11 - 2011/12 - 2012/13 - 2013/14 - 2014/15 - 2015/16 - 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: NHS Digital, National Child Measurement programme Source: ONS Conception statistics

Borough Profile - Health The maternity rate for under 18s in Croydon was 6.0 per 1,000 Sexually transmitted infections girls aged 15-17 in 2016, a decrease from the rates of 8.5 in 2015 and 10.4 in 2014.5 The rate of abortions increased Croydon continues to have a lower Chlamydia detection rate slightly from 15 abortions per 1,000 girls aged 15-17 in 2015 to than the regional and national averages. In 2018 the rate in 16 in 2016.6 Croydon was 1,447 per 100,000 young people aged 15-24. In 2019, the rate is higher at 1,568 per 100,000. According to the latest ONS Conception statistics for 2016- 2018, Croydon has the second highest rate (3.7 per 1,000) of Figure 9 - New STI diagnoses (exc chlamydia aged <25) / 100,000 under 16 conceptions in London behind Barking and Dagenham (4.0). Despite a downward trend in recent years, the latest Croydon London England result shows an increase in the Croydon rate. 3,000

Figure 8 - Under 16 conception rate 2,500 2,000 9.0 Croydon London England 8.0 1,500 7.0 6.0 1,000 5.0 4.0 500 3.0 0 2.0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1.0 Source: PH Profile, Health Protection section 0.0

Source: ONS Conception statistics

5 ONS, Conception Statistics 6 PHE, Sexual Health Profiles (based on DH abortion statistics) 60

Borough Profile - Health Figure 10 – Proportion of adults with excess weight 2018/2019 Adults’ health and lifestyle

100 Excess Weight % Physical activity 90

80 72.7 66.8 65.9 65.7 63.1 62.9 62.9 70 62.3 60.9 59.8 59.7 59.1 57.6 57.5 57.4 57.4

The Active Lives survey from 2017/2018 suggests that 66.3% of 56.9 55.9 55.8 55.2 55.1 54.8 53.6 52.9 52.5 51.7 60 51.5 50.2 49.5 49.4 48.9 48.7 adults aged 19 and over in Croydon achieved 150 minutes of 48.6 43.8

50 41.7 moderate intensity exercise per week in line with the national 40 guidelines. This is similar to both the national figure of 66.3% 30 and the regional average of 66.4%. All percentages were 20 slightly up on the previous year. 10 0 Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Hackney Croydon Islington Lambeth Haringey Havering LONDON Newham ENGLAND Lewisham Hounslow Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster

Wandsworth City of London City Tower Hamlets Tower Forest Waltham Kingston upon Thames upon Kingston Barking and Dagenham and Barking Kensington and Chelsea and Kensington

Excess weight Thames upon Richmond Hammersmith and Fulham and Hammersmith

The proportion of adults aged 18 plus years classified as Source: PHE Health Profiles overweight or obese in Croydon was approximately 62.9% for the period 2018/2019. This is an increase on the previous year’s figure of 62.7%. The average across London in 2018/2019 was only 55.9% with the national average figure Flu vaccinations 62.3%7 closer to Croydon. Over the last 10 years Croydon coverage of flu vaccinations has been below the national average for those aged over 65 years. In 2019/2020, 64.9% of this age cohort received a flu jab compared to 66.2% in London and 72.4% nationally.

7 PHE, Public Health Profiles (based on the Active Lives survey, Sport England) 61

Borough Profile - Health

Smoking prevalence Disease and poor health

The proportion of adults aged 18 and over in Croydon who were Dementia self-reported smokers, in the 2019 Annual Population Survey, was 12.4%. This was lower than both the regional average of Over the last 3 years of estimation, the rate of dementia 12.9% and the national average of 13.9%. For Croydon it was diagnosis in Croydon has been increasing slightly and is below also a slight increase on the previous year when the proportion was 11.4%. the London average but above the national average.

Figure 11 – Dementia diagnosis rate (65+ years) Wellbeing Croydon London

80 72.6 70.5 69.7 70.8 71.3 The ONS Annual Population Survey asks questions relating to 66.7 67.5 68.7 67.4 personal wellbeing. Participants are asked to score how 70 satisfied they feel with their life overall; to what extent they feel 60 the things they do in their life are worthwhile; how happy and 50 how anxious they felt yesterday. There is a degree of 40 uncertainty in the estimates produced for local authorities due to 30 the sample sizes involved. However, the latest data (2016/2017) suggests that Croydon residents have similar 20 personal wellbeing ratings compared to the regional and 10 8 national averages. 0 2018 2019 2020

Source: NHS Digital

8 ONS, Estimates of Personal Wellbeing (based on the Annual Population Survey, ONS) 62

Borough Profile - Health

Diabetes

Figure 12 shows that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in patients aged 17+ registered in Croydon has been slightly Tuberculosis higher than the regional and national averages over the last 10 Croydon continues to have a lower rate of new reported cases years with the trend showing a very slight rise. of TB than the London average. In 2017-2019, there were an estimated 18.1 new cases of TB per 100,000 population Figure 12 – Diabetes prevalence in 17+ year olds compared to a rate of 19.7 cases across London and 8.6 cases nationally.9 These rates were all down on the previous year.

Croydon London England Figure 13 – Incidence of new cases of TB per 100,000 10 population Croydon London England 8 45.0 40.0 6 35.0 30.0 25.0 4 20.0 15.0 2 10.0 5.0 0.0 0 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2017/2018 2018/2019 2019/2020

Source: PHE Health Profiles

Source: PHE Health Profiles, Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system (ETS)

9 PHE, Public Health Profiles (based on the Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system) 63

Borough Profile - Health

Falls in over 65s Drug treatment

The rate of hospital admissions due to falls in people aged 65 The successful completion of drug treatment for opiate users is and over in Croydon remains consistently higher than the measured by the number of users of opiates that left drug national and regional averages. Since peaking in 2015/2016, treatment successfully (free of drug(s) of dependence) who do the last 3 years has shown a downward trend for Croydon as not then re-present to treatment again within 6 months as a Figure 14 illustrates with drop to 2,276 emergency hospital percentage of the total number of opiate users in treatment. admissions for injuries due to falls per 100,000 people.10

Figure 15 shows that Croydon’s success rate has improved in Figure 14 - Injuries due to falls in over 65s per 100,000 line with London and has been better than the national average.

Croydon London Figure 15 - Successful completion of drug opiate users 4,000 3,500 Croydon London England 15.0 3,000 2,500 2,000 10.0 1,500

1,000 5.0 500 0 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 0.0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: PHE Health Profiles, Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) Source: Calculated by PHE: Knowledge and Intelligence Team (North West) using data from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System

10 PHE, Public Health Outcomes Framework (based on Hospital Episodes Statistics) 64

Borough Profile - Health

Alcohol treatment Substance Misuse The successful completion of alcohol treatment is measured by the number of alcohol users that left structured treatment There were 1,905 adults in treatment for substance misuse successfully (free of alcohol dependence) who do not then re- issues in Croydon in 2018/2019. This is up on the previous year present to treatment within 6 months as a percentage of the as figure 17 shows. total number of alcohol users in structured treatment. Figure 17 - Number of adults in treatment for Substance Misuse Figure 16 shows that historically, Croydon has consistently in Croydon been less successful with alcohol treatment compared to 3500

London and England but the latest trend suggests that Croydon 3000 2955 is improving. 2655 2730 2500 2530 2300 2210 2090 2105 2000 1905 Figure 16 - Successful completion of alcohol treatment 1770 1500

Croydon London England 1000 50 45 500 40 0 35 30 25 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 20 15 Source: NDTMS Profiles 10 5 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Source: Calculated by PHE: Knowledge and Intelligence Team (North West) using data from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System 65

Borough Profile - Health

One in 5 (19.7%) of clients were in treatment for opiate and crack cocaine usage and over a third (36.0%) were in treatment Life expectancy and cause of death for alcohol usage only.11 Life expectancy at birth Table 2 – Patients in treatment for substance misuse in Croydon 2016/2017 – 2018/2019 Life expectancy at birth for men in Croydon was on average

approximately 80.4 years for the period 2017-2019. This is in Substance Use 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 line with the regional average (80.9) and higher than the Opiate and crack cocaine 390 360 375 national average (79.8). The life expectancy for women was Opiate (not crack cocaine) 225 180 175 slightly higher at 83.9 years which is below the London average of 84.7 years, but similar to the England average of 83.4.12 Crack cocaine (not opiate) 65 70 75 Cannabis 335 265 330 Cocaine 190 135 150 Benzodiazepine 60 55 50 Mortality rates Amphetamine (not ecstasy) 30 20 20 Ecstasy 10 10 5 The mortality rate for cardiovascular disease for those aged Mephedrone 5 0 0 under 75 in Croydon has been lower than the regional and NPS 10 10 20 national averages for the past 3 reporting periods. For the Hallucinogen 5 5 5 period 2017-2019 the rate in Croydon was 65.5 compared to Alcohol 760 645 685 the regional rate of 69.1 and the national rate of 70.4 deaths per Other 20 15 15 100,000. Total number in treatment 2,105 1,770 1,905 Source: NDTMS Profiles

11 NDTMS Profiles 66

Borough Profile - Health

Figure 18 shows that the rate of deaths in Croydon from causes Smoking related deaths that were considered preventable has averaged lower than both the regional and national averages over the last 10 years. The rate of smoking related deaths in Croydon remains lower than the national average. For the period 2016-2018 there were Figure 18 – Mortality rate from causes considered preventable approximately 205.8 deaths per 100,000 people in Croydon (standardised rate per 100,000 persons) compared to 218.8 across London and 250.2 nationally.13

Suicide rate

The suicide rate in Croydon for 2017-2019 was 10 deaths per 100,000 which is a higher rate than the 9 deaths for 2016-2018. The national rate has stayed at 10 for both reporting periods and the London rate has stayed at 8.14

Excess winter deaths

Source: PHE Public Health Outcomes Framework, updated Nov. 2019. Excess winter deaths are reported, for the period August to the following July, as the ratio of extra deaths that occur during the winter months compared to the number of expected deaths based on the average number of non-winter deaths.

13 PHE, Local Tobacco Control Profiles (based on ONS mortality data) 14 PHE, Public Health Outcomes Framework (based on ONS mortality data) 67

Borough Profile - Health

The latest calculated figure (2018/2019) for Croydon is 8.8 which is lower than both London (14.3) and England (15.1).

Figure 19 - Excess winter deaths index (%) over last 10 years

Croydon London 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

Source: Office for National Statistics: Public Health England Annual Births and Mortality Extracts

Borough Profile – Social care

and sexual violence. (Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse Strategy 2018-2021).

Social care  The Council is taking proactive steps to combat Modern

Slavery in the borough. Quarterly contract monitoring now

includes a scoring category on Modern Day Slavery which

monitors suppliers’ stances in this area. Overview

This section provides a brief overview of social care clients in  The Council’s work to support unaccompanied asylum- Croydon. It looks at: seeking children has been recognised by UNICEF, the  Children in need Department for Education and the Ministry for  Looked After Children Communities, Housing and Local Government.  Adult safeguarding  Adults receiving care

Children in need Social Care is a significant area that presents the council with a huge number of responsibilities and challenges. Key The most common reason for a child being in need in priorities are focused on safeguarding vulnerable children and Croydon is abuse or neglect and absent parenting. The high adults in the borough. The Council takes its duty to support figures are distorted by the high number of unaccompanied vulnerable individuals incredibly seriously and is committed to asylum seeking children in the borough. doing everything in is power to ensure these people are The Croydon rate of Children in Need is consistently higher protected and supported to have a good quality of life. than the regional and national rates every year. As at 31  The Council has developed a partnership framework for March 2019, the rate was 479.0 children in need for every 10,000 children. This is a reduction on the previous rate of the delivery of services aimed at tackling domestic abuse 548.5 per 10,000 children.

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 1 shows that the rate of referrals to children’s social Figure 2 shows that the rate of section 47 referrals in Croydon care has decreased from the previous year’s rate of 748.10 has not only been increasing since 2013/2014 but has been per 10,000 to 651.10 per 10,000 children but remains above the London and England rates for the last 2 years. The noticeably higher than both the regional and national latest Croydon rate for 2018/2019 is 202.8 per 10,000 averages. children.

Figure 1 – Rate of referrals to children social care services per Figure 2 – Rate of section 47 enquiries per 10,000 children 10,000 children

Source: DfE LAIT, data released Nov.2019.

Source: DfE LAIT, data released Nov. 2019 The rate of initial child protection conferences for 2018/2019 in Croydon has gone up significantly on previous years The number of section 47 enquiries, investigations undertaken reaching 97.6 per 10,000 children. This rate compares with a where there is reasonable cause to suspect that a child is rate of 54.7 in outer London and a national rate of 64.8 per suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm, has been rising 10,000 children. in Croydon since 2013/2014.

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 3 – Rate of initial child protection conferences per 10,000 children Figure 4 – Rate of children subject to a child protection plan as at 31 March

Source: DfE LAIT, data released Nov.2019.

Source: DfE LAIT, data released Nov. 2019

The rate of children subject to Child Protection Conferences

(CPP) in Croydon has been increasing steadily in recent Figure 5 shows that one third (32.3%) of people who were years. Figure 4 shows that over the last 2 years, there has been a marked rise in this rate, moving from 59.9 in the subject to a child protection plan as at 31 March 2019 had an previous year to 73.4 per 10,000 in 2018/2019. This rate is initial category of abuse of neglect. Multiple abuse which noticeably much higher than the rates in London and England. included physical and sexual abuse accounted for about one in six (17.8%) of all abuse categories in Croydon. Four in ten (40.8%) of all the abuse recorded was emotional abuse.

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 5 – Initial category of abuse for children subject to a Figure 6 – Number of Looked After Children in London boroughs child protection plan as at 31 March 2019 as at 31 March 2019

1,000 900 819 800 700 600 487 479 459

500 429 417 405 379 378 354 352 348

400 329 326 313 312 307 299 288 278 247 245 237 300 236 227 209 191 169 157

200 129 115 93 100 20 0 Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Hackney Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Hounslow Lewisham Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster Wandsworth City Of Of London City Tower Hamlets Tower Waltham Forest Waltham and… Hammersmith Kingston Upon Thames Upon Kingston Barking and Dagenham and Barking Kensington and Chelsea and Kensington Source: DfE Characteristics of children in need: 2018-2019, Table D2 Thames Upon Richmond Source: DfE LAIT, data released December 2019

(Note: All numbers rounded to the nearest 5)

Looked After Children

Croydon has the highest number of looked after children of The number of UASC looked after in Croydon fluctuates over any London borough as shown in Figure 6. This is due to the time and is influenced by international events. high numbers of unaccompanied asylum seeking children (UASC) looked after by the borough.

Borough Profile – Social care

The latest figures for 2018/2019 shows that the number of Figure 8 shows that whilst the majority of the indigenous indigenous looked after children has now increased to 554 population are teenagers, around a quarter are now aged which is much higher than the number of UASC LAC and in under 10. In the past 2 years, there has been a significant fact the biggest difference between the 2 cohorts for 5 years. increase in the number of children aged 16 or over.

Figure 7 – Number of indigenous and UASC LAC for Croydon Figure 8 –Croydon’s indigenous LAC by age 2014/2015- (2014/2015 – 2018/2019) 2018/2019

UASC Indigenous 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 700 400 339 600 554 350 323 303 283

300 264

488 263 500 431 412 396 250 400 395 389 200 295 158 375 153 300 265 146 150 110 101

200 100 80 63 63 62 61 56 51 45 43 39 29 100 28

50 18 12 0 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Under 1 year 1 - 4 years 5 - 9 years 10 - 15 years 16+ years

Source: SSDA903, Tables LAA1 & LAA4 Source: SSD903 Extract from CRS

In contrast, Figure 9 shows that over the past 5 years, all of The UASC cohort distorts the demographics of Croydon’s Croydon’s UASC LAC have been aged 10 years or over. looked after children population. Historically, around 70% or more of this cohort have been over 16 years old. It is only in the last 2 years that the The national published figures for looked after children do not proportions of 10-15 years and 16 plus years have moved distinguish between indigenous children and UASC which closer together. makes comparisons with other areas difficult. 73

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 10 – Children looked after at 31 March 2019 by ethnic Figure 9 –Croydon’s UASC by age 2014/15-2018/2019 origin

10 - 15 years 16+ years 2.9% 100% White or White British 90% 13.6% 80% Black or Black British 70% 37.5% 60% Asian or Asian British 17.5% 50% 40% Mixed or dual background 30% 20% Any other ethnic group 10% 28.6% 0% 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 Source: SSDA903, Table LAA8. Source: SSD903 Extract from CRS

Figure 10 shows the breakdown in broad ethnic groups of the The ethnic profile of the indigenous and UASC cohorts is very children looked after as at 31. March 2019. The groupings different in Croydon. Children from White or White British are not as straightforward as they may appear. ethnic backgrounds and from Mixed or Dual ethnic backgrounds are overrepresented amongst the indigenous It should be noted that a high proportion of UASC are looked after children. recorded as being from a White or White British background but are linked to the high number of UASC from Albania. The ethnic profile of UASC changes significantly over time Similarly a high proportion of UASC are recorded as being according to the changing nationalities of children seeking from an Asian or Asian British background where they have asylum. come from Afghanistan.

Borough Profile – Social care

Latest figures show that the majority of indigenous looked orders or Interim care orders. Nearly half (49.1%) were after children in Croydon are looked after because of abuse or detained in the Local Authority. neglect or absent parenting. Abuse or neglect are the most common needs for looked after children nationally. Figure 12 – Indigenous children looked after at 31 March 2019 by legal status

Figure 11 – Indigenous children who started to be looked after 100% during 2018/2019 by category of need 80%

100% 60% 49.1%

80% 40% 30.3% 16.6% 60% 20% 43.2% 0.0% 3.5% 0.5% 0.0% 40% 33.2% 0%

20% 7.3% 9.6% 3.2% 1.5% 2.0% 0.0% 0%

Source: SSDA903, Table LAC3.

Source: SSDA903, Table LAC4. Figure 13 shows that half (49%) of the care leavers from

Croydon were known to be in education, employment or Figure 12 shows the legal statuses of indigenous children who training on 31. March 2019, a similar proportion as the were looked after in Croydon in 2018/2019. Nearly half previous year (50%). The Croydon figure has been below (46.9%) of these children were looked after under full care both the regional and national rates for the past 2 years.

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 13 – Percentage of care leavers (formerly looked after starting to move in line with both the regional and national when they were 16 years old) known to be in education, figures. employment or training Figure 14 - Percentage of care leavers (formerly looked after Croydon London England when they were 16 years old) known to be in suitable 100 accommodation

80 Croydon London England 100 60

60 80 88 55 54 54 85 53 53 53 84 84 52 52 83 83 83 51 82 82 82 50 50 81 81 49 49

40 48 77 77 60 75 20 40 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 20

Source: DfE LAIT - Looked After Children, data released December 2019. 0

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: DfE LAIT - Looked After Children, data released December 2019 Figure 14 shows the proportion of care leavers known to be in suitable accommodation in Croydon, London and England.

The percentage of care leavers in Croydon known to be in suitable accommodation on 31. March 2019 is now 82%. This is a marked increase on the 75% in the previous year and is

Borough Profile – Social care

Adult safeguarding Table 1 shows that, by far the most common type of abuse in all cases that were concluded during 2018/2019 was ‘neglect and acts of omission’ which accounted for 33.0% of all abuse According to the Safeguarding Adults Collection (SAC) in types. The next 3 types of abuse were “financial or material” 2018/2019, there were 2,130 individuals in Croydon involved (17.4%), “physical” (14.7%) and “psychological” (13.8%). in safeguarding concerns. This number was a decrease of 455 on the previous year’s figure of 2,585. Based on past trends, around half of alleged perpetrators of Figure 15 highlights the vulnerability of the very elderly abuse were known to the adult at risk but not related, or were concerning safeguarding issues with nearly 6 in 10 (59.3%) of relatives or family carers. Service providers make up around a all safeguarding enquiries being concerned with those aged third of all the alleged abuse cases. Only around 1 in ten of 85 years and over. the alleged perpetrators were unknown to the individual.

Figure 15 – Individuals involved in Section 42 safeguarding Table 1 - Concluded Section 42 enquiries by type of risk enquiries 2018/2019 Croydon Type of Risk Number % Physical Abuse 80 14.7% 100% Sexual Abuse 30 5.5% 80% Psychological Abuse 75 13.8% 59.3% 60% Financial or Material Abuse 95 17.4% Discriminatory Abuse * 0.0% 40% 27.1% Organisational Abuse 30 5.5% 20% 4.3% 9.2% Neglect and Acts of Omission 180 33.0% 0% Domestic Abuse 30 5.5% 18-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Sexual Exploitation - 0.0% Modern Slavery - 0.0% Age group Self Neglect 25 4.6%

Source: SAC, 2018/2019, Annex C, Table 1 TOTAL 545 100.0% Source: SAC 2018/2019, NHS Digital, Figure 7. 77

Borough Profile – Social care

Adults receiving care

New requests for support

Croydon has the second largest population in London, people Outcomes from requests are living longer yet client needs in Croydon continue to rise.

Figure 16 shows that in the last 3 years the number of new During 2018/2019 there were 2,885 requests for support from clients requesting support has been growing, year on year. new clients aged 18-64 years. This was much higher than the During 2018/2019, there were 7,345 new clients accessing previous year’s figure of 2,185 requests. Figure 17 shows the the adult social care system in Croydon. 5 top outcomes of these requests in their proportions.

Figure 16 – Number of requests for support received from Figure 17 – Top 5 outcomes of requests from new clients new clients in Croydon from 2016/2017 - 2018/2019 aged 18-64 in 2018/2019

2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 100% 9,000 80% 8,000 7,345 6,945 7,000 60% 42.1% 36.4% 6,000 5,345 40% 4,760 5,000 4,460 3,840 20% 4,000 7.8% 5.9% 2,885 5.0% 3,000 2,185 0% 2,000 1,505 Short Term Ongoing Low Universal Short Term Long Term Care: other Level Support Services/ Care: to Care: 1,000 short term Signposted to maximise Community 0 other services independence

18 to 64 65 and over TOTAL Source: Tab10, SALT Collection 2018/2019, STS001, NHS Digital. Source: Tab2, SALT Collection 2018/2019, STS001, NHS Digital. 78

Borough Profile – Social care

Over the same period there were 4,455 requests for support from new clients aged 65 years and over. This was down on Short-term support to maximise independence the previous year’s number at 4,760. Figure 18 shows the 5 top outcomes of these requests. Older people clients with short term support care to maximise their independence made up a quarter (26.0%) of the total.

For new younger adult clients aged 18-64 years, short term Figure 18 – Top 5 outcomes of requests from new clients aged 65 or over in 2018/2019 support to maximise independence accounted for only 5.9% of the total. 100%

80% No services or low level services provided 60% 45.2% There were no services provided to 3.5% of the older aged 40% 26.0% clients (excluding the deceased) whereas every younger adult 20% 10.4% 8.1% received a service of some kind. A significant proportion of 3.5% clients received ongoing low level support – 36.4% for adult 0% Ongoing Low Short Term Universal Long Term No Services clients (18-64 years) and 45.2% for older people (65+ years). Level Support Care: to Services/ Care: Provided maximise Signposted to Community independence other services Long-term support Source: Tab11, SALT Collection 2018/2019, STS001, NHS Digital. During 2018/2019, there were 3,000 clients aged 18-64 years

and 2,955 clients aged 65 and over in receipt of long-term

support in Croydon. Whereas the older client numbers have

stayed at a similar level to the 3,010 of the previous year, the number of younger adults on long-term support has risen from the total of 2,145 in the previous year.

Borough Profile – Social care

Figure 19 shows that ongoing low level support accounts for Figure 20 shows that ongoing low level support accounts for nearly half (45.2%) of the long-term support needs of the 64.3% of the long-term support needs of the clients aged 65 clients in the 18-64 year cohort. Around a quarter (26.0%) of years and over. Those needing physical support and Mental this group rely on short-term care to maximise their Health support amount to around a quarter (23.3%) of this independence. group rely on short-term care to maximise their independence. . Figure 19 – Percentage of clients (18-64 years) accessing long term support at the end of the year, by age band and top Figure 20 - Percentage of clients (65 years +) accessing long 5 primary support reason, 2018-2019. term support at the end of the year, by age band and top 5 primary support reason, 2018-2019.

100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 64.3% 45.2% 60% 40% 26.0% 40% 20% 10.4% 8.1% 3.5% 20% 11.8% 11.5% 0% 4.1% 4.1% Ongoing Low Short Term Universal Long Term No Services Level Support Care: to Services/ Care: Provided 0% maximise Signposted to Community Physical Physical Mental Health Support with Learning independence other services Support Support Support Memory and Disability Personal Care Access and Cognition Support Support Mobility Only Source: Tab37, SALT Collection 2018/2019, LTS001b, NHS Digital Source: Tab37, SALT Collection 2018/2019, LTS001b, NHS Digital

Borough Profile – Social care

Carers and Direct Payments

Only 13.3% of carers15 in Croydon received direct payments in 2018/2019 which was down on the previous year’s figure of 14.5%. The percentages across London (21.8%) and the England (21.4%) were also down on the previous year for London (24.0%) and England (23.4%).

Residential and nursing care

Based on the SALT Data Collection for 2018/2019, there were 40 new clients aged 65 years and over and 10 new clients aged between 18-64 years admitted into long-term residential care. During the same year, there were 50 new admissions of clients aged over 65 years to long-term nursing care and 5 new adult clients aged under 65 years admitted into long-term nursing.

The relatively low number of admissions into care homes illustrates just how much Croydon is doing to provide all types of care services to enable clients to live longer within the community.

15 Tab45, SALT Collection 2018/2019, STS001, NHS Digital. 81

Borough Profile - Crime

importance of creating supportive communities and the need to prevent violence from occurring as well as supporting those who are threatened.

This is reflected in the Council’s new Violence Reduction Network which focuses on tackling root causes of violence as Community Safety well as preventing or mitigating its impact. Other measures put in place to protect our residents and improve community safety include:  The Council’s Hate Crime Action Plan, developed through Overview the Community Engagement and Confidence Programme Board which sits under the Safer Croydon Partnership. Community safety remains a priority in Croydon. This section  The Council’s organised engagement events to improve outlines the issues in the borough for key crime types and fly- social integration including the annual interfaith bike ride tipping. held each summer.  Ongoing work with partners in the police, statutory  Total notifiable offences agencies, business and voluntary and community sector  New Crime Plan to implement Croydon’s Community Safety Strategy  Gang crime and serious youth violence (2017-2020).  Knife crime  Hate crimes  Domestic abuse and sexual violence Crime Offences  Antisocial behaviour  Youth offending  Adult offending Total notifiable offences

There has been a high number of total notifiable offences (TNOs) in Croydon over the years but the borough does have A critical priority for the Council is to ensure the borough’s one of the largest populations in London which means that the residents feel safer in their street, neighbourhood and home overall rate of offences per 1,000 population in Croydon is not (Corporate Plan 2018-2022). The Council recognises the as high as other parts of London. 82

Borough Profile - Crime

Figure 1 shows the overall number of offences committed in Figure 2 – Rate of total notifiable offences per 1,000 resident Croydon over the last 10 years. After a downward trend, the population – the year to 31. March 2020 number of offences has been increasing over the past 3 years. 180 157.4 160 150.6

140 128.0

Figure 1 – Total notifiable offences 123.7 121.1 120.5 113.5 120 113.1 106.1 104.3 102.1 96.9 96.2 95.3 90.5 90.1

50,000 89.6 88.9 88.4 100 87.8 80.2 79.2 78.9 75.2 73.7 72.4 45,000 71.9 69.3 68.4 80 68.2 63.7 40,000 60 35,000 40 30,000 20

25,000 0.0 0 20,000 Brent Ealing Bexley Sutton Barnet Enfield Harrow 15,000 Merton Camden Bromley Croydon Hackney Islington Lambeth Havering Haringey Newham Lewisham Hounslow Hillingdon Redbridge Southwark Greenwich Westminster 10,000 Wandsworth City of London of City Tower Hamlets Tower 5,000 Forest Waltham Hammersmith and… Hammersmith Kingston upon Thames upon Kingston Barking and Dagenham and Barking

0 Chelsea and Kensington Richmond upon Thames upon Richmond Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard

Source: MPS New Crime Plan

Figure 2 shows that Croydon, together with 18 other London In March 2016, the new London Mayor introduced a Crime Councils, has a lower rate of TNOs than the London average. Plan with local policing priorities. Some key crime indicators The majority of inner London councils, except Wandsworth are reported monthly and on a rolling 12 months basis and are and Lewisham, have crime rates above the London average. measured against the average for each rolling 12 month period.

Borough Profile - Crime

For this report, the original MOPAC indicators will continue to be followed. Since April 2018, the crime categories in the Boroughs Dashboard of Crime have changed to match those Figure 4 shows that the number of theft of motor vehicle published by the Home Office and the Office for National offences, whilst starting to increase above both the previous 2 Statistics (ONS). years at the start of the financial year, are now showing a downward trend. For the first 6 months of the year, the total Figure 3 shows that the number of monthly theft from vehicle number of these offences has been 543 which is lower than offences started to increase above last year figures but the the 602 offences during the same 6 month period in the latest months’ numbers are more in line with 2 years ago. The previous year. latest figure for the 6 months to September 2020 shows that there have been 1,389 of these types of offences in Croydon which is lower than the same time period last year (1,418). Figure 4 – Number of Theft of motor vehicle offences The performance will be better than the last financial year if the current trend persists. Current year Last year 2 years ago Figure 3 – Number of Theft from vehicle offences 200

Current year Last year 2 years ago 150 400 100

300 50

200 0

100

Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard 0

Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard 84

Borough Profile - Crime

Figure 5 shows that the number of robbery offences (personal The total number of Burglary offences in Croydon is showing property) in Croydon has averaged at around 86 offences per a downward trend on the previous 2 years. The previous 2 month over the last 36 months. In the current financial year years averaged 235 offences per month. Figure 6 shows that the numbers of these types of offences has been lower than the monthly performance in the last 6 months is averaging just the 3 previous years, as the graph below shows. 169 of these offences a month which bodes well for the year end performance if it stays at this rate.

Figure 5 – Number of Robbery offences Figure 6 – Number of Burglary offences

Current year Last year 2 years ago Current year Last year 2 years ago 150 400

300 100

200 50 100

0 0

Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Figure 7 shows that the number of criminal damage offences The average number of monthly theft from person offences in Croydon has been at 207 offences a month over the has been averaging around 46 per month over the previous 3 previous 2 years. Based on the first 6 months of this financial years. During the first 6 months of this financial year, the year, the monthly average is at a slightly higher rate of 213 average has been around 27 a month but based on the last per month. month, the trend looks likely to rise during the next half-year.

Figure 7 – Number of Criminal damage offences Figure 8 – Number of Theft from person offences

Current year Last year 2 years ago Current year Last year 2 years ago 400 100

300 75

200 50

100 25

0 0

Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Gang crime and serious youth violence Figure 9 shows that the number of common assault offences has been increasing every year. The first 6 months of the current financial year shows that the rising trend for these types of offences is likely to continue and the year-end Gang Crime performance will probably maintain this trend. The number of gang flagged offences for the rolling year to December 2017 has seen a slight rise to 34 in Croydon. Only Figure 9 – Number of Common assault offences the neighbouring boroughs of Lambeth (64) and Southwark (39) have a higher number of these types of offences. Current year Last year 2 years ago 500 Figure 10 - Number of gang flagged offences

400 200 180 300 160 140 120 200 100 80 100 60 40 0 20 0

Jun-13 Jun-14 Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Sep-13 Sep-14 Sep-15 Sep-16 Sep-17 Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15 Dec-16 Dec-17 Source: MPS, Borough Volume and Trends dashboard Mar-13 Mar-14 Mar-15 Mar-16 Mar-17 Source: Mayor of London Gangs dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Serious Youth Violence Knife Crime

Serious youth violence covers offences where serious The Metropolitan Police Recorded Crime data for 2016/2017 violence is committed against a young person. This is an reported that London (excluding the City) accounted for increasing issue in Croydon which has one of the largest around 30% of the recorded knife offences nationally. youth populations in London. Figure 12 shows that during the 12 months to 30. September Figure 11 shows that the number of victims of serious youth 2020, there were 506 knife crimes in Croydon. Of these 186 violence in Croydon has increased slightly in recent years. or 36.6% resulted in injuries. The total number of knife crimes in Croydon has reduced, year on year, over the last 3 financial Figure 11 – Number of victims of serious youth violence years.

Figure 12 – Number of Knife Crimes in Croydon – Rolling 12 months up to 30. September 2020

Knife crimes with injuries Sep-20 176 321 180 323 Jul-20 179 325 181 331 May-20 175 345 168 358 Mar-20 164 377 158 382 Jan-20 163 375 166 365 Nov-19 163 357 Source: Mayor of London Gangs dashboard 166 353 Sep-19 173 353

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Source: Mayor of London Weapon-enabled crime dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Hate crime Figure 13 shows that in Croydon the total number of hate crimes has been increasing year on year over the past 3 years. The current 6 month period shows that the total The Hate Crime dashboard monitors the offending throughout number of these crimes is rising again. the Metropolitan Police Service Boroughs. It includes data on victimisation, perpetrators/offenders identified and the overall The majority of reported hate crimes in Croydon have been public perception and victim satisfaction of those affected by racist and then homophobic hate crimes. Racist hate crime hate crime. has been recorded for longer than others so there is likely to be a better reporting rate for racist crimes. A hate crime is defined as “any incident that is perceived by the victim or any other person to be racist, homophobic, transphobic or due to a person’s religion, belief, gender Figure 13 - Total recorded hate crimes – rolling 12 months identity or disability”.

All hate crime types are reported on a rolling 12 month basis All Hate crime so the monthly figures reported are not separate month Current year Last year 2 years ago figures but a sum of the 12 months up to any given month. 1400 1200 The under-reporting of all types of hate crime remains a 1000 national issue. 800 600 400 200 0

Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Figure 14 shows that the number of race hate crimes continue Figure 15 shows that the number of disability hate crimes in to increase every year. The first 6 months of the current Croydon has averaged around 18 per month over the financial year indicates that the upward trend is likely to previous 24 months. Since April 2020, the average rate has continue and the year-end position is likely to show the been 26 per month which is significant even though the actual highest number of racist hate crimes for 4 years. The average numbers are low. monthly number is 723 so far this year compared to only 585 per month over the previous 36 months. Figure 15 – Disability hate crime

Figure 14 – Total Racist hate crime Disability Racist Current year Last year 2 years ago 50 Current year Last year 2 years ago 1,000 40

800 30

600 20

400 10

0 200

0 Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard

Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

The number of faith hate crimes had been falling in Croydon The numbers of Islamophobia hate crimes started to be during the 2018/2019 period. The first half of the 2019/2020 reported following concerns about an increase in this type of year continued this downward trend until the last 5 months hate crime at the national level. when the numbers rose again. Figure 16 shows that these crimes have gone back to the 2018/2019 levels but the trend There has been a decreasing annual trend over the last 3 line suggests that they may reduce in the coming months to financial years and the first 6 months of the current financial year-end. years suggests that this downward trend may continue as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 16 – Faith hate crime Figure 17 – Islamophobia hate crime Faith Islamophobic Current year Last year 2 years ago 110 Current year Last year 2 years ago 80 90

70 60

50 40 30 20 10

-10 0

Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

BREXIT, even though supposedly concluded, still continues to In Croydon, there continues to be a year on year increase in contribute to the presence of extremist groups and this, in sexual orientation (homophobic) hate crime reported to the turn, has contributed to a rise in the number of anti-semitic MPS. The figures have risen from a base of around 20-30 incidents reported to the Police. crimes in 2012/2013 to an average monthly figure of 67 per month over the 3 years 2017/2018 to 2019/2020. For the first Figure 18 shows that the number of these types of hate crime 6 months of 2020/2021, the monthly average is 104. in Croydon has remained relatively low compared to other parts of London. Figure 19 - Sexual orientation hate crime

Figure 18 – Anti-semitic hate crime Sexual Orientation Current year Last year 2 years ago Anti-Semitic 150 Current year Last year 2 years ago 130

10 110 9 90 8 70 7 6 50 5 30 4 3 10 2 -10 1 0

Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard

Borough Profile - Crime

Croydon has seen an increase in the number of transgender Domestic abuse and sexual violence hate crimes, particularly over the last financial year ending 31. March 2020. Figure 20 shows that for the first half-year of the The Domestic and Sexual Violence dashboard has been current 2020/2021 financial year there is a downward trend for the first time in 3 years. developed from the Mayor’s Violence against Women and Girls Strategy. It monitors the offences across London recorded by the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). Figure 20 – Transgender hate crime

Domestic abuse Transgender Current year Last year 2 years ago Croydon has the fifth highest rate of domestic abuse incidents in London with a rate of 21.5 per 1,000 of population for the 20 18 12 months to 30. September 2020. 16 14 Table 1 – Domestic Abuse - 12 months to 30. Sept. 2020 12 10 Number Rate per 1,000 pop. 8 6 4 Domestic Abuse Incidents 154,842 21.5 2 0 Source: Mayor’s DV and Domestic and Sexual Violence Dashboard

In Croydon, 76% of domestic abuse victims were female. One in 3 (33%) were in the 25-34 year age band. 23% were in the Source: Mayor of London Hate Crime Dashboard 35-44 year band and 18% were in the 18-24 year band. Of the total victims 47% were from the White community, 29% were from the Black community, 9% were from the Asian community and 13% were victims where ethnic origin was unknown. 93

Borough Profile - Crime

Antisocial behaviour Sexual Violence Despite looking as if the number of antisocial behaviour calls The total number of Sexual violence crimes is made up of had plateaued for September 2015 to September 2019, the rape offences (46%) and other sexual offences (54%). latest figures for the 12 months rolling to September 2020 shows that there has been a sharp increase in these calls. The latest figures show that there have been 468 sexual violence (rape) crimes reported in Croydon which equates to a The most common types of antisocial behaviour reported to rate of 1.2 per 1,000 of population. Other sexual offences the Police were rowdy or inconsiderate behaviour and numbered 540 with a rate of 1.4. malicious or nuisance communications. Communal area nuisance and harassment were the most common antisocial Table 2 – Sexual Violence - 12 months to 30. Sept. 2020 behaviour reported to the council.16

Number Rate per 1,000 pop. Figure 21 – Reported ASB calls in Croydon

Rape Offences 468 1.2 ASB calls reported in Croydon Other Sexual Offences 540 1.4 18,000 16,565 16,000 Total Sexual Offences 1,008 2.6 14,000 13,201 Source: Mayor’s DV and Domestic and Sexual Violence Dashboard 12,000 10,687 10,000 8,672 8,152 9,461 8,000 8,689 8,128 Of the total victims of sexual offences in Croydon, 86% were 6,000 female. Over half (53%) were aged under 24 years of age. 4,000 Victims from the White community made up 49% of the total, 2,000 26% were from the Black community, 7% were from the Asian - Sep-13 Sep-14 Sep-15 Sep-16 Sep-17 Sep-18 Sep-19 Sep-20 community and 17% were of unknown ethnic origin. Source: Mayor of London Crime Dashboard

16 Croydon Strategic Assessment 2013 p22-23. 94

Borough Profile - Crime

Youth Offending In Croydon, latest figures show that 87.8% of the youth

offenders are male with a greater proportion of youth Youth Justice Board offenders, aged 10-17 years from BAME backgrounds

(70.4%) compared to BAME offenders in London (65.0%) and The latest data from the Youth Justice Board shows that 294 in England (26.8%). children and young people aged 10-17 years in Croydon received a youth caution or court conviction during the year Figure 22 - Those in the youth justice system who received a ending 31. March 2019. This is a lot lower than the previous youth caution or court conviction for the year ending March year’s figure of 544. 2019

Table 3 below shows that violence against the person is by far Croydon London England the most commonly committed offence. Proven drug-related 100% offences was the second most common followed by theft and handling stolen goods. 80% 70.4% 69.3% 65.0% Table 3 – The number of proven offences committed by 60% children, years ending March 2015 to March 2019

March March March March March 40% 32.1% 26.8% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 24.1% Violence against 20% the person 216 256 273 372 235 5.4% 2.9% 3.9% Drugs 120 142 108 194 106 0% Theft and BAME White Not Known handling stolen Source: Youth Justice Board goods 141 91 77 68 40 Source: Youth Justice Board

Borough Profile - Crime

First Time Youth Offending There continues to be a disproportionately high percentage

(42.5%) of young people from a Black or Black British Compared to London and England, Croydon continues to have a higher proportion of first time entrants into the Youth background amongst the first time entrants in Croydon. Justice System. The latest figure for Croydon is 356 per Compared to its statistical neighbours and the national 100,000 population. picture, Croydon is continuing to have a higher rate of convictions among its 10-17 year old population, even though Figure 23 - First time entrants (10-17 years) to the youth the latest rate is still only 1.3 per 1,000 population. justice system per 100,000 of population Figure 24 - Young People receiving a conviction rate per 1,000 of 10-17 year population Croydon London England 1,400

1,200 Croydon Stats nghbrs England 3.0 1,000

800 2.5

600 2.0 400 1.5 200 1.0 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0.5

Source: Table 2.9, Youth Justice Statistics, released Jan. 2020 0.0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: DfE LAIT, Youth Justice Statistics.

Borough Profile - Crime

Juvenile Re-Offending The proportion of re-offenders aged 10-14 years in Croydon In Croydon, half the number of juvenile offenders re-offend and continues to be greater than Croydon’s statistical neighbours. each re-offender commits another 3 offences. The latest year’s figures show that the number of re-offences as well as the number of offenders has increased to the highest numbers over the last 5 Figure 25 - Re-offending by young offenders (10-14 years old) years.

Croydon Stats nghbrs Table 4 –Juvenile Re-offending in Croydon, 2011/12–2015/16. 100

Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr 2011 to 2012 to 2013 to 2014 to 2015 to 80 Juvenile Re- Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar offending 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Proportion of 60 offenders who % reoffend (%) 49.3 51.9 48.7 48.1 49.2 Average number 40 of re-offences per reoffender 3.64 3.13 3.07 3.68 3.25 Number of re- 20 offences 1,300 1,020 756 783 2,109 Number of 0 reoffenders 357 326 246 213 648 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number of offenders in cohort 724 628 505 443 1,317 Source: DfE LAIT, Proven Re-offending Statistics. Average number of previous offences per offender 4.05 4.72 4.37 3.42 3.45 Source: Ministry of Justice, Proven re-offending overview data tool

Borough Profile - Crime

The latest figures for the last 3 years suggests that Croydon re-offenders aged 15-17 years are keeping in line with Croydon’s statistical neighbours.

Figure 26 - Re-offending by young offenders (15-17 years old)

Croydon Stats nghbrs 100

60 % 40

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Source: DfE LAIT, Proven Re-offending Statistics.

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Environment and transport The principles of sustainability must be considered throughout everything we do including in the building of affordable quality, energy efficient homes, to the improvement of local infrastructure and transport and to encouraging local businesses to provide living wage paying jobs for local people. Overview Some actions the Council has taken to achieve a cleaner, more sustainable Croydon include: This section looks at a range of issues relating to the environment and transport including waste and method of  The School Street Scheme, starting September 2019, travel to work. which prohibits most vehicular transport at the start and end  Environment of the school day to improve air quality around schools and  Transport protect children from the harms of air pollution.  Substance Misuse  A commitment to planting at least 700 trees per year (2018-  Fire Services 2023).  Fly-tipping  The continued work of the award-winning “Don’t Mess with Croydon” campaign which has been responsible for organising hundreds of litter picks in recent years to keep Croydon Council is committed to achieving a cleaner and the borough clean. more sustainable environment for our residents (Corporate  Communicating with partners including Transport for Plan 2018-2022). This commitment is reflected in the London to improve our infrastructure through potentially Council’s declaration in June 2019 and its acknowledgement extending our tram network, improving train lines and that a climate and ecological emergency exists. The Council increasing accessibility. recognises that being sustainable goes beyond simply ‘going green.’

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Environment Figure 2 shows that for 2018/2019, Croydon had the 6th Waste highest rate for reuse, recycling and composting compared to the other London boroughs. Nearly half (47.3%) of household Figure 1 shows that Croydon collected 331.6 kg per person of waste was recycled in Croydon compared to the national household waste in 2018/2019. Croydon has dropped to the average of 43.5% and the London average of 33.4%. In bottom half (20th) of London authorities. 2017/2018, Croydon’s rate was lower at 37.9%.

Figure 2 – Percentage of household waste sent for reuse, Figure 1 – Collected household waste collected per person recycling or composting 2018/2019 (kg) 2018/2019

Source: Defra, Table 3 - Local authority collected waste stats, 2018/2019 Source: Defra, Table 3 - Local authority collected waste statistics, 2018/2019.

100

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Croydon sent 29.4% of its municipal waste to landfill. This is much higher than the London average of 7.0% and the The main methods of transport to work varied between those national average of 10.8%. The national average is influenced who lived and worked in Croydon, those who lived in Croydon by the higher incineration rates in other local authorities. but worked outside of the borough and those who lived outside of the borough but worked in Croydon.

Air quality Most of those people who worked in Croydon and also lived within the borough drove to work in a car or van, caught a bus, Carbon dioxide emissions in Croydon have fallen steadily from minibus, coach or taxi or walked to work, as Figure 3 shows. 5.1 tonnes per person in 2005 to just 2.7 tonnes per person in 2018. In London emissions dropped from 6.3 tonnes per Figure 3 – Method of travel to work for those who lived and person in 2005 to 3.2 tonnes per person in 2018. Across worked in Croydon England emissions fell from 8.5 to 5.0.17 The London Borough of Croydon Air Quality Action Plan predicts that the CO2 emissions will continue to drop beyond 2025.

Transport

Travel to work

According to the 2011 Census, Croydon is a net exporter of workers. 54.8% of the 88,300 people who were recorded as working in Croydon in 2011 also lived in Croydon. However, this cohort only accounted for 34.4% of the 140,600 residents in Croydon who had their place of work recorded. Source: ONS 2011 Census Table WU03UK

17 DECC, UK local authority and regional carbon dioxide emissions national statistics: 2005-2018, updated June 2020. 101

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

The method of travel to work for workers commuting in from Figure 5 shows the main areas of residence for Croydon outside of the borough was slightly different as can be seen workers who lived outside of the borough. These areas from Figure 4. Nearly half of these workers drove to work in a include other London boroughs as well as districts in Surrey car or van. Considerably more workers used trains to and Sussex. commute in and far fewer walked to work. Figure 5 – Main areas of residence for Croydon workers who lived outside of the borough

Figure 4 – Method of travel to work for those who lived outside of the borough but worked in Croydon

Source: ONS 2011 Census Table WU03UK Source: ONS 2011 Census Table WU03UK

102

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

For those Croydon residents who worked outside of the The majority of Croydon residents who work outside of the borough, train was the most common method of transport. borough are commuting to other London boroughs as shown Driving a car or van was less common but was still the main by Figure 7. This may explain the differences in the main method of transport for nearly a third of these residents. mode of transport used by this cohort.

Figure 6 – Method of transport to work for Croydon residents Figure 7 – Main places of work for residents who worked working outside of the borough outside of the borough

Source: ONS 2011 Census Table WU03UK Source: ONS 2011 Census Table WU03UK Please note that Westminster and the City of London were merged by the Office for National Statistics for this dataset.

103

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Walking and cycling households in the 2011 Census were recorded as not having The Department for Transport collects statistics about general a car or van. walking and cycling activity. Latest statistics18 show that although a significant number of Croydon residents who However, there is a clear pattern across London with worked locally walk to work, only a very small number cycle to households in Inner London being less likely to have a car or van than those in Outer London boroughs. It is likely that the work. good public transport links in Croydon influence these figures. In 2014/2015 it was estimated that about 88.8% of residents in Figure 8 – Percentage of households without a car or van Croydon walked for over 10 minutes at least once a month.

This was similar to the London average of 89.0% and the England average of 86.3%.

The proportion of Croydon residents estimated to have cycled at least once a week during 2016/2017 was 7.6% compared to the London average of 12.6% and the national average of 11.9%. The Croydon and London figures are down on the previous year.19

Availability of a car or van

The availability of a car or van in a household is often used as a proxy measure for how well households can access services and their wider community. In Croydon about a third of Source: ONS 2011 Census Table KS404EW

19 DfT Walking and Cycling Statistics, Table CW0302 18 Dft Walking and Cycling (local authority level), Table CW0105 104

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Road Traffic Collisions The number of road users killed or seriously injured (KSI) in The number of road traffic collisions in Croydon has fluctuated Croydon in 2013 numbered 71. The latest figure for 2018 is over the last five years as shown by Figure 9. The latest figure 113 which is one less than the previous year. for 2018 shows that the number of collisions has gone done to a level close to 2015. The majority of these collisions only Figure 10 shows the number of KSI casualties recorded over involve slight injuries. There have been 4 fatalities in Croydon the past five years by the type of road user affected. For 2018 in 2018 which is one less than the previous year. most casualties were pedestrians (40) followed by motor cyclists (38) and then cars (20). Figure 9 – Number of road traffic collisions Figure 10 – Number of KSIs by type of road user

Source: DfT Road casualty statistics Table RAS10016

Source: DfT Road casualty statistics Table RAS30043

105

Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Fly-tipping Fire Services In Croydon, there were 22,184 fly-tipping incidents reported in The number of arson incidents reported in Croydon every 2018/2019 which is an increase on the previous year’s figure June for the past 5 years has averaged around 323. The of 19,198. The annual trends in Croydon are in line with what latest June 2018 number is down on the last 12 months at 332 has been happening across London as Figure 12 illustrates. incidents. Of these, only 1 in 4 (23.2%) were for real fires. Figure 12– Number of fly-tipping incidents reported in Croydon Special services, which include services such as lift rescues, and London between 2012/2013 and 2018/2019 made up 29.8% of all reported arson incidents in Croydon with around a half (47.0%) false alarms, predominantly from automated fire alarm systems.

Figure 11 – Reported Fires in Croydon in the Month of June from 2014-2018

False alarms Real fires Special services 100% 28.8% 26.9% 29.9% 29.8% 80% 40.1%

60% 27.8% 30.3% 24.1% 23.2% 20.8% 40%

20% 43.4% 42.8% 39.2% 45.9% 47.0% Source: DEFRA WasteDataFlow, released November 2019. 0% Jun-14 Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Please note that for 2015/2016, Croydon had reported extremely large numbers in the categories marked ‘other’ for waste type and land type and was unable to Source: LFB provide an accurate figure on the same basis as the other years.

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Borough Profile – Environment and transport

Figure 13 shows that Croydon had the third highest number of reported fly-tipping incidents out of all London boroughs in 2018/2019. In contrast, Barnet which is estimated by the ONS to be the most populous London borough, had the fourth lowest number of reported fly-tipping incidents.

Figure 13– Number of fly-tipping incidents reported 2018/2019

Source: DEFRA WasteDataFlow, released November 2019.

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