The Seminary in the Wilderness: a Representative Episode in the Cultural History of Northern New England

The seminary in the wilderness: A representative episode in the cultural history of northern New England

The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters

Citation Williams, George H. 1959. The seminary in the wilderness: A representative episode in the cultural history of northern New England. Harvard Library Bulletin XIII (3), Autumn 1959: 369-400.

Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37363785

Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Seminary in the Wilderness A Representative Episode in tl1e Cultural History of Nor ther11 New E11gland.

ucAL his~oriography, even ,vithout a single episode belonging to general history, often has much more than antiqu~rian and regional interest ,vhci1 seen as a representative action in 2...... h1rger epic. The f ollo,ving narrative is at once the. chronicle of a short-] ived and· forgotten theological sc1ninary and a sketch of the biblical rnotives and aspirations ~fa gcner2tion of Christians ,vho ,verc trying to gc·t their cultural bearings and establish a ne,v pattern of ministerial e

Convention of \¥indso r in 1 8 1 2 1 seven n1onths after the outbreak of ,var , vi th Great Britain.

1 For he]p in prieparing this article the author ,vishes to express at the outset his ap- pn::cfatjnn to his fdlo,\r Giln1:1ntonians·who have joined in the search for n1atcrhls

an cl shared ln the sa ti:sfaction of repossc~liing an eventful p a:st: 1\1r Rj cha rd \r arne y 11 l\1r Harry l\1udgett,. h1rs Florence j\,t Chaffee, l\1rs Pearl Bro\\Tn, i\-ir and 1\-frsCharles Kelleyf and Selectmen Harold hlirchcIJ~ lvlelvin Bunkcri and llff'i.,·ard Lang1ey. Thanks arc al.so due to retired Deans Douglas Horton of I~Iar\~ardDhdnity Schcolt \T~ugh-a.n ] )abncy of Andover J\le,,·ton Thcologic-al School~ and frank Dixon rvJcCloj\ J rj of '''estern Theological Scininctry in Pitts:burgh; to D.r An-'cl Stccce of N orthfon d College, ·v(isc·on.liin; to Prof cssors Dern nrd Baily n and G c orge Kirk of Harvard; to Nliss H~r1·ict ,,r.J\-latr of Springfield, M~s~achusctts; and to the direc- tors or cur:a.tors of rcposi tor j es of ma teri~l b earing upon tho GUma nton Sem 1nary: John A.. l-Jarrcr and Frances Ricker of the Congregational IJisturic:a.lLibrary, Bos- ton; Bradford JVI,Hill of Reference and Research Scr·dccsj Boston Public Lihrary;

Rena D ll rkan of the Ed ,vard Hitch cock A1cn1oria l R oo n11 A rr1herst Co] Iegc; F.d ''-'$.rd Conn er y Lathem of the Di vision of Special Co] leet ion 5i Da rtn •u u th CoH~ge; Dorothy ,v.Rridg\v~ter of Yale. University Ltbrary; PhiHp N. Gny-ol and Gretchen Tobey of the Ne\V Hampshire Historica] Society, Concord; anJ l\1~ry L. Roy of tl)e Ne...,,· Han1pshire State Library, Concord. The author \vhhes also to acknO'\.l-'1cdge his great indebtedness to the Editor of the BuJ~J.F,TIN,\\'hose .indEfatigablc scrutiny of the :study and a ppre cia ti ve in vol vcn1cnt in tra c:king d o,vn disparate sou recs ,Yere a subt1y creative factor in its composition.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 37° Harvard Library B11lleth1 I

THE. EscHAT0LoG1cAL lJi.1:PuLSE IN THR PLANTING oF SEi\11NARIES IN THF. '\ 1ILDERN.ESS 2

On z r Ocrohcr r 812~ an extraordinary council, representing Con- gregational churches from all over Ne\v England,. met at "'\~'indsor, \ 1ern1ont. The issue that had brought together such distinguished and distant de]egates as President Timothy D\vight fron1 Valet Professors Ebenezer Porter, lvloses Stuart, and Leonard ,~roods from Andover Theological Seminary, and Ebenezer Adams (Professor of 1\1.oral Phi]o.sophy), Zephaniah S,vift l\1oore (Professor of Greek)~ and Ros- ,vell Shurtleff (Phillips Professor of Theology) fronl Dartn1outh ,vas n proposal -already much discussed by the Nc\V Han1pshirc nnd Ver- mont associations ofCongregational ministers at their annual 111eetings)

n~uncl)T1 ,vhether northern Ne,v England Congrega.tiona1ismcould unite in the formation of a theological academy for the recruitment and training of n1inisters ,vithout the expense and de)a.y of four y·ears of non-professional college rutclage. In the background of the northern Nc\v England effort to plant :i non-collegiate seminary ,vas the palpable failure of the colonial colleges, including Dartn1outh, to prepare enough farm boys and sons of artisans to supply preachers and p2stors for the expanding settlements of the region .. The Second Great A,vakening and the succession of rcfresh- ings in its ,vakc had, in northern Ne\v England, challenged the ecclesiastical and acadcn1icusages and instin1rionsof the standing order of the older settlements. Could not, the spokesn1cn of the northern frontier \Vere asking, a 1norc professional and less costly training be devised to 1ncet the great need? At al1nost the san1e time V crn1ont, Nc,v Han1p- sl 1ircl and the District of l\1aine ,v ere n1ov ing to an s,vcr th cir questions thcn1sclves h)7 organizing theological acadcn1iesj partly on the model of (post-collegiate) Andover Theological Scrninary, founded in 1 808 1 and partly on that of the much n1ore lin1ited progran1 of the disscnting acaden1icsof Great Britain. In Port1andl' l\1ainc, a Society for Pron1oting Theo logical Education had been formed in 1810.

George Ii. :!2 For the larger settjng of the V/Hderness motif in Clujstfan history, ~ec ''-'illfa.tns, 4Thc \:Vilderncss and Paradise in the History of the Church/ Cburcb J-lfr~ toryt XX\ 7Ill ( J959), 3-24.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The Se111i11aryiJi tbe lf 1 ilder11ess 371 Over jn Vcrn1ont the Orange Association of I\1inistcrsand the Coos or Korthcrn Associ2tion (of both V cr1nont and Nc\v liampshire) had n1et at Pjcrn1ont, Nc,,r I-Ian1pshire (rnid,vay bet,vecn St Johnsbury and [-Ianovcr), on 6 August _1811,and had resolved to undertake the cstab-

Jishment of a 'charitable institution . 4 • for the purpose of educating poor and pious J1ou11gmen for the Gospel 1ninistry-~under the name of 'The Ne\v 1-Jampshjrcand \ 7crtnont Theological Seminary.' s The cul rural and political background of the projected, non-col- legiatc, joint sc1nin ary , vas the co1n1nonConn cc ti cut origin of the Con- gregational sett1ers on either side of the Connecticut River, ,vho after the fall of !vlontreal in I 760 had pushed nord1,vard. In 1778, by the Convention of Cornish, a number of Ne\v Hampshire to,vns h~d boldly· entered into the so-called Eastern Union ,vith the Sovereign Republic of V crmont; and in the V cr1nont legislative assc1nbly· meeting at Cha.rlestov/n (no,v ,vithin the boundaries of Ne\v l-:ln1npshire) in 1781 forty-five Nc\v I--Ian1pshircto\vnsl including Hanover (Dartmouth) and Lebanon~ had been represented h}7 elected deputies4 It ,vas natural that the sense of solidarjty an1ongcitizens of Congre- gationalist background on either side of the river should co~tinuc long after \T ermont 1· confined to the ,vest bank of the Connecticut River~ joined the Federat Union in 1791. An1ong these Connecticut \ 7ulley Congregationalists the Prcsbytcria.nizing trendt constitutionally rein- forced by the PrcsbJrterian-Congrcgational Plan of Union of 1801 t ,vas n1uch stronger than in the older parts of Ne,v Han1pshire and l\1assa~ chusctts; and~ as n consequence, man)r of them ,vcre not indisposed to look to Presbyterian Scotland, espcciall)7 to the seceder groupsi for theological guidance.

Deacon Joseph Focrd of Pierrnont had a son1 John, ,vho in 1811 ,vas studying at a dissenting 2cadenl)" in northern England .. John Foerd had prevjou.sly been studyjng gratis at a Scottish sc1ninary, ,vhich had just failed for \vant of funds; but the young thco!ogue assured~ nun1bcr of correspondents in the nvo states that 'if an institution of the san1c l~ind \Vere established jn Ne\v-England, he ,vou]d obtain don2tions for it in money and books to a considerable amount jn England 2nd Scot- ]and.' The British academ)r ,vas understood to press into four years \vhat Ne,v England Congregationalists \Vith their colonial col]cgcs had thought best to spread over a period of nine years above the con1n1on

Extraca f ro1!1the A1i-nutcs of tbe General Asrociatio1i of l\1.ew-Haulf>Jbire (Bos- to nj 1 8 n ) , pp+4 f,

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 372 H «rvardLibrary Bulletin or parochial schools.4 At the Piermont meeting Deacon F oerd and four other trustees \Vere appointed 2nd a convention ,vas ca.lied to be held in October a.t Nor\vich, Vermont., for the purpose of drafting a constitution for a Scots-English type of rhcologicai acaden1yand of making an ~ppcal for support from the churches/~ The plan of the northerners ,vas thereupon co1n1nunicatcd in a letter from Thctf ordt \ 1ennont, under date of 1 2 August 1811, to the state organizations of both Nc,v Hampshire and,, ermont Congregationa]isn1. The General Convention of Congregational and Presbyte"rian .i\1in- istcrs of V crmontJ meeting at Vergennes in Septen1ber., reccjved the letter concerning the Picrn1ont-Nonvjch proposal and, \Vhile replying favorably, asked that "no decisive n1casl1rcs,be taken until its next state convc ntion ( at Y\t cstminstcr) .0 In contrast, the General Assa ciation of N e,v 1-Iarnpshirc,n1ceting at Dunbarton, on reading the letter con1n1u- nicating the Focrd plan agreed upon locally at Piermont, voted on Scp- ten1ber 17 to send delegates to the drafting session in Nor,vich to be held in the home of Elisha Burton, Esq.7 It is at this point that ,vc 1nay"pause to jntroducc the ,vildcrness 1110ti f in th c seminary n10vcn1cn t, for a bib liea 11y ground cd \ viid erness theology' undergi rded the Nc,v Englanders in their f crvid planning and supplied thcn1 ,vith a distinctivc imager)• ,vhcrcby they expressed their tnillcnnial convictions. 8 Among those chosen to go to N onvich in October ,vas the Reverend Ethan S1nith of Hopkinton, secretary of the Nc"\v I-Iampshire1\1:ission- nf)• Society· (forn1cd at Dunbarton in I 811). It is note\vorthy that this par tici pant in th c discussion about the proj c ctcd ,vilderness scn1in ary had published that very y·ear.,1811 (in Charlcsto\vn, l\Ias~achusctts), a Dissertation011 the Propbecies Relative to Auticbrist and tbe Lnst Ti'lues;Exbibiting tbe Rise, Cbar'1cter-iand Overthro-wof That Terrible

,11 Foe rd 5S experience and assurs nee are recou ntcd by D~ niel Suther bn d j n letter f ron1 Thetf o.rd, \f cr111ont, dated i:z August 1811, :lnd printed jn the Advirer, or Ver-

1uont R'V,·n1gclicalAf rtgazine, 111 (i\-1id,llebury1 1811) s 341. On the Bdtish $.Cade1ny influence sec Gl:!orgeJ·Io,,;,Tc, A Discollrse on Theological Educntion (Ne:,v York, 1844), p. ) 37. Ii Adviser, III, 183 f,

(I Adviser, Ills 341 + 'r E.tt raci s f rotn the Af i 11utcs of tbc Gen era/ Assoclat ion · ( I 8 l 1 ) pp. 4 ff, Sec a1so Extracts fro1n t/Je AfinuteJ' ( Concord, 1813), 11.finutes(Concord, l814 ), 3nd Nathan- iel Bouton, A Counlll!'J}lOT(!tive Discourse ... on tbe Occasion of the Fiftietb An-· n fr,ers«ry of tbe i,.,rcw~H nJnps hire General Asso t iat ion (Concord, N. H. s 1B59)f p. 2-7, 8 O 1iver \:\r. Elsbre c ha~ po in te d to th c esc h atol o gi cal dr h·e in The Rist: of t be A1frrionarySpirit in An1erica 1790-181 s (':\Tilliamsport1 Pa..t 1918). ·

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The Seminary in "tbe Wilderness 373 ' · Power: nnd a Treatise011 tbe Seven Apocalyptic Vials. Thjs substantial "\vork~,vell grounded in history, ,-v-as\videly read in northern Ne,v Eng- land and ,vas endorsed by u nu1nbcr of leading divines. S1nith -anticipated the approach of the end of the age quite possibly in 1866~ holding that the Church of the '''i]derncss (Revelation xii. 6) ,vould be in the ,vil~ dcrness r, 2 60 ( ,vith certain altcrnati ve calculations) days (i.e., years) f ron1 606 ·,vhcn th c usurping Byzantin c Em pcror 'Phocas m2de [the Pope in] Rome universal bishop' and \'1;.,-hcn'1'11lohan11ncd retired to his cave.~~ Smith ,vas, in his interpretation of the cschatological significance -of the l~rcnch Revolution and the .sudden unleashing of infide]ity and error and in his conviction a.bout the true Church in the "\1/ilderness, representative of the n1illennial and n1issionary·n1ood of the Piermont planners. · The delegates at Piermont had been fully ~nvare that but a half cen- tury before their ,,,.holeregion "\yas literally_a ,vildcrncss, and they·had ·therefore ended their appeal to the churches v.rith the decJaration that the projected th~ological seminar}r,vould be the fulfi1In1entof Jsaiah's prophecy· (xxx. 1-2) that ~the\vildcrncss a.ndthe so]itary place shall be glad- and the desert shall rejoice nnd blossom ]ikc the rose.~ Jo Back at the establishment of Dartn1outh CoBcge,in 1769, Dr Eleazar 1.Vheelock had like,visc appealed to this ,vilderness motif in choosing for the college .seal Vox Clau1antisin Deserto. The eschato]ogicalcon- viction that~ sen1inary as the seed bed of proclaimersof the gospel ,vas the God~ordaincd n1cans of building up 'the ,vaste places of Zion1 ,vas everf\vhere stressed in appealing for funds. (\X/astep]aces/ (,vildcrness/ and ~destitution' had in this setting the specific meaning of the areas of social life ,vithout the means o.f grace. '''heelock,s desert im- age , vas in the minds of all \v ho sought a n c,v sc111inaryin the north. '''heelock., like the earlier John Eliot of ltoxbury in ?vlassachusetts,

9 Smith, Disserlationt p. 104+ S1nith's eschatologkal theory ,vorked out in_three hooks is discussed by LeRoy E. Froom., The I'rop!:Jetic Faitb of Our Fatbers ('V::1;sh- ington, D .. C,i 1954)i lV, 190-J 93, In the ~ame vo]un1c there. is an adn,jrab1e account of oth Er New· En gland cschato] o gica1 theorj ~ts, of Dr Asa l\1cFar fond., ·who I 1 1pc d found the Ne,v I-Iampshire 1\1issionarySociety in •811 and ·who delivered a notable scr Jnon on the eschatolog j c.1l u tgency of missions b cfore the Society in 1 8 r i of Dr

Jedidiah 1\1orscof Charlr~to,vn, 1\·Iassachusetts, editor of the I'aJlaplist1 "rho \vrote Signs of the Tinies in 18 ro, and of n1any others (pp. 82~107, 134-2:i 5). There is also sotnc account of Smith jn Charles C. Lord, Life nnd Ti1ner i11Hopki11to11t N. H.

( Concord, N. H.t 1890) i pp. 470 f. Sec furthcr 1 on the social temper at this timei D.1\o-idi\{. Ludlum 1 Social Fern1e11t in Yennont,. 1791-1°8"50(Ncv.1 York, l 939)t ppA 30 f ..! 5 5 ff., 831 134, z 38,. 500. 1 ~ Adviser, III ( 1811 L 184.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 374 Harvard Library Bulletin had been convinced that God n1anifested his displeasure against Ne,v Englander-sfoi- their failure to bring the gospel to the Indians. Hence his great interest in founding a missionary school for them. In n1oving north fron1 his first "rork in J...,ebanonto Hanover on the Connecticut River, '\'hcelock 'dcrjved support from the ex~n1ple of the prophet E]isha [ 2 Kings vi .. 1-7] \vho founded a college, or scl:Joolof the propb- ets in the wilderness of Jord«11..' 11 Precisely in 1811, \Vhen the idc2 of a nc\v sc1ninary v.rasbeing agitated at Piermont and Nor\vich across the river fron1 Dartmouth, the biographers of \?\1hcelock could ,vritc of hin1 and his 111issi onal) 7 schoo], n O\V a 1ea di rig co 11eg c: J-Io", ,vould the good Doctor, like aged Sim [ e] on, ,vith the inf ant Re~ deemer in his arn1s, l1averejoiced to sec our day., ,vhcn the tongue of the dumb sings for joy, 3nd the ,vildcrncss blosson1..sas the rose. Perhaps God designed hin1as the 1non1ing star~ to be the harbinger of this resplendent

light. .. I • TJ 1c roe k s111 i tte n by the hand of faith ,va tcrcd the camp, and su staincd the church of God in her travels throug~1the ,vildcrncss.l 2 The ,v i]derness, as interpreted theo 1ogicall y by all N c,v Englanders, ,va." at once the expcrjence of punitive testing (Exodus) and the provi- dentially prepared environ1ncnt in ,vhich the true but hidden Church (Revelation Aii) could gather strength for a ,vorld n1issionto the pagans near and far.13 Thus the cstablisluncnt of a seminary, a seed plot of preachers and missionaries., in the ,vildcrness or desert after a 'long drought/ sustained by copious (sho,vers of grace/ the revivals., ,vas a n1ark of 'the grand era of n1issions'at hon1c and abroad, setting off the present from 'all former agcs.. t 14

1.1 David J\I IC] u re And Eli; ah Parish I Af eu1oirsof t be Rev.. Eleazer 1V bee 1o ck, F.ou11derand President of Darn;wu.tfJ College and j\Joor's Cbarity Scbool: lVitb a Stnunrary History of the College and School (1"\h!"'buryport! i\1ass.jl I B1 [ ), pp. J 7 and 51+ J\11CJure ~nd Parhh., i\1e111oirsof • . TIT!Jeduck, PP· I 12 ~nd I ?6. u On the dual ineaning of the ..viklerncss in the foundj11g of Dartmouth Colleget see f urthcr \V j Ilia.n1s:i- Cburc b I Ii story, XX\ 7111,J 9-i o and the long note 1 6 3. 0 n the rdated paradisic n1otif in ]]igher educ:itiont sec the. cxcursu~, 'C~urch, Con11non- \Vca] th, =Ind Col lege: Th~ R c1igious Sources of the Ide a of a. Univ crsity ~'it~ H n rva-rd Di·vinity Sc!,ool (Bostoni [954 ), pp. 295-351, and the expansion thereof. in George H. ,:villiams, Tbe Tbeological Idea of a U11h.H2rsity(Ne\v York, I 958).

:l!I Froom 1 Prop/Jette 'Ft!itb, l\7~ 106. The A·1ass::1chusettsAssociation {or 18l i~ sur-

\.Teying the e.ffect of tl1e rcvi va] in the southern pa rt of the state 1 exhorts: 'j\;1a y the sea tter j ng drops be s t1cc cc dcd by copious sh o\vers~ \vhi ch shall satisfy the th j rsty hill

of Zio 111 ' and no ting ccrta in d c \~ iop 1nents in the J\1idd le E.-:tst dee 1~res~ c.1n t I1at

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbe Sentinaryin tbe lf1ilder11ess 375 ,~, e arc not ,vell informed as to ,vhat ,vas agreed upon in the horne of Elisha Burton in Nor\vich, Vern1011t.,,vhcn delegates from Ne,v Hampshire parlt) 7 Cd \Vith the planners of Picr111ont. But the Vern1ont Gen era1 Con vcn tion, n1eeting at \\ 1estn1instcr, Sc ptctnber 1 8 1 2, about a year af tcr,vards, received the Picr1nont-Nor\,,ich (\T ermont-l\ 1c,v Han1pshirc) p]an of a non-collegiate union sen1inar}7 of the north an.cl agreed to authorize delcgarjon!=.'from the constituent associations to join the sponsors :J.t'''indsor on October 21, ,vith a vic,v to proposing 'such arrangements as ,vill render the sen1inary more extensively useful..,~ 6 So 1non1cntous ,v-as the decision to be made theic that it ,vas f clt neces- sary· to s un1rn on reprcsen tati ves f ron1 l\ 1assachus ctts and Conn e c ti cut Congregation -alis,n,and i;iotab]y f ron1 Andover 1~hcological Serninary · and froIJ1 Yale College.. Such then is the background of the Ecclesiastical Convention at "\\lindsor) \ 1ermont, ,vhich brought together representatives not only of both the Vermont and Nc,·v Hampshire state organizations along ,vith the pastors and delegates of the Orange and Coos Associations,vho had originally·sponsored the theological seminary, but also of the state organizations of l\1assachuscttsand Connecticut. President D ..vight set the tone of the Convention jn his opening ser~ n1011on Galatinns i. 8-9 ..H~ I-le defined the gospel as the ,vhole design of both the Old and the Nc,v Tcstan1ents: The Gospel is the rain and sun-shine of heaven npon the moral ,vorld.

\}./herever j ts beams a re sh r d1 and its sho\ve rs fall, th c , v ildcrness blosson1s as the rose, and the desert 2s the garden of God: ,vhiie the lVorld beside is an Arnbian ,vaste, \Vhere no fountains flo\v, and no verdure springst and , vhere Iif c itsclf fad csj Iangujshes, and expires.. In the ,vilderncss of Zion preachers ,vere coming, he declared, like ange]s from heaven, preaching another gospe], Unit~rianst Univcrsalisrs, !Vlethodists,Frcc\vill Baptists., :1.l]thinly veiled behind his charactcriza- tions1 ,vhilc all about ,vere 1nultitudes ,vho did not even pretend to any other conviction than French infidelity~ It ,,ras the clear jmplication of his scrn1011that every 111::111preparing to tenter the desk~,vould have to be. adequatelJ1 fitted intcJ1cctual1y and morally to c~ullenge the angc]s

seems ~.bout to return in maj csty and glory' (repdnted in the A dv-frer1 }\Ts 18r 1-s 3,14 ). :t!. Adviser, IV., 309. 10 Sen110nJ (Ncn· I-I~-,,~cn)1fb.8)i IT, 4, 3-451 - ,dthout indication of ,vherc the sennon ,,·as prcr1chcd, hut ,,·e know D\dght"'s text fro1n the n1inutcs of the Conven:.

tion, fi'or t1u::.sc1ninutcs, see belo,\' 1 n. 20.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harvard Library Bulletin of both heresy and infidelity. Approaching the close of his scrn1onl he picked up again the ,vHdcrncss motif: Every l\1inistcris here con!,tituted by Christ the shepherd of his flock, "'to ,vatch as one that must give an account;!'' to feed them \Vjth the bread of ·life; and to conduct them through this ,vildcrn-essto the regions of cvcrlast- 1ng. rest.' . In the deliberations of the Convention President D\vjght turned directly· to the issue -athand and 'argued eloquently and convincingly upon the crying need of a ljberally cducated n1inistry for the prcscn t and future ,velfare of the churches and the country, deprecating the establishment of schools ,vith a partial and lin1ited course of studies~ even tho11ghthe supply of n1inistcrs might thereby·be increased.'., Thus, at a. critical juncture in the development of Nc,v England theologicaleducation, D\vight headed off the first major 111ovcto establish in America a pattern of professional education ',vith a partial and En1itcdcourse of studies,' even though the supply of competent preachers might be thereby ten1porarily·limited. 18 As a.result of the Conven- tion's deliberations, the original Pierrnont-Nor,vich plan for the Ne'"v .Hampshire and \ 1ermont Theological Sen1inary\vas 1natcrially·varied' and instead of a joint, associated, non-collegjate theological seminary a 'Union 1\cadcrny·"',vas csta.b]ished ,vith special financial and curricular provisions to give ia biblica1 education to indigent and pious y·oung men ,vho design to enter the gospel n1inisrry-.'Its· trustees and teachers :,vere rcqui red to subscribe to the \\_'estminster Assembly's Shorter Ca.tcchisn1. 1 D The Constitution adopted at "\~1indsor forcsa\v students preparing to pass fro1n their Union Acaderny to enter 'any of the three ]o\ver classes in the C~llcgcs uf Ne,v England.J Sonic advanced standing in college of academy·graduates ,vas, in Ne,v England, normal at this tin1c4 Un- ·us11al1ho,vever, ,vas the confident expectation of the Convention, in

l.'J I-firtory of Education in New HanJprhire, ed. George G. Hush (lVashington! D. C.1 1898)1 p. 84. e\V avcni 18.21-22 ), j_~ In D,vight's 1'ravels in N e'l.1J-E11glflndn11d Ne'l.u-York {K I-1 I\T! 302-308. ,vc have from his pen a brief account -a.nd cvala.nion of Nc\\T Engbnd academies and colleges in 18J 2, hut "·lrhout specific reference to the proposal at \Vjndsor. See Rho his A SenJ1on Preacbed at tbe Opci~ing of tl;e Theological lnnitu-

1 :.l tio-n~·1i Andoi er (B~ston 1 1808), and ~Thoughts on the lmporn1.nco of ~rheological Institution/ Panoplisti,HI ( 1807), 314. n £ xtra ct f rou-1the .A-1.inu tes of the General Convention i u V ennont ( i\1idd]e bury, I 81? ) ..

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbe Se111inaryin tbe 1-Vilderness 377 reducing the length of a prospective 1ninistcr1s exposure to college tc1np- ta tions, in tc1 l tcc ua l and n1oral, th at '"\vhen pious )7 0Ung 1n en from the Union Acade1ny become 111cmbersof our Colleges .... they ,vill be a 1ncans of preserving thetn [notably Harvard!] from corruption and of pron1oting their refoITI1ation.,It ,vas.,moreover, clearly anticipated that · the Union Academy ,vould annually increase 'the nun1ber of students in the Djvinity College at Andover and rcn~cr that important I1istitutio·nmote extensively useful.,.20 · In appcali11gfor the .supportof the churches~ the Convenricinreflected the .scr1nonof President D,vight and the eschatological convictions ex- pounded by the Reverend Ethan Smith ,vhcn it urged that ,vithout a pre-collegiate ~se1nina.ry·~or ministerial academy in the north 1our ne,v settlements, , v here thcy ha \re not f aithf ul min istcrs, ,v illbe left 2 prey to sectarian preachers., ,vho disseminate errors~ as ruinous to the· sou], as poison is to the hody; ,vho create divisions,_,vhich ,vcakcn society.' It noted further 'that the millennial state of the church is-not far distant~ and js s\viftl) 7 approaching,' 'that ,ve arc living in the last days of blnsphcn1ousinfidelity, \vhcn the prin·ce of _darknessis 111akinggreat efforts to :r:naintainhjs don1inion over the earth,' and that thcrcf ate· the churches must give 'bountifully' lest the talents of ~the pious but in- dingent' youthf nl recruits for the ministry be 'buried in obscurity ai1d the good they might do in building up Zion"be lost.. Strongly appealing

to the ,vorld mission of the Nc,v England churches-1 the ,vindsor Con- vention declared: '\Ve have reason to conclude, that as soon as the nations of the earth are supplied ,vich Bibles in their O\Vn langu·agc, -accompanied ,vith faithful preachers .... God ,vill pour out his 21 Spirit.' _ In consequence of a liberal donation of the Honor-ableDaniel Kim- ha.111the jointly· sponsored ac-adcmy ,vas established in l 81 3 as the ·hall Union Academy, at his village of l\1erident Ne\Y Hampshire (1nid- \vay bet,veen Hanover and Windsor)~ 22

The praccc:rlings of the Con\.'ention arc identically reported in the Adviser. V ( 1813)~ 18-2 3, and the Panoplirt., IX ( 1813 ), 3 29-3 33. The upp-er-i.lwas prepared by Profc.ssors Adams and 1\.1oorc of Dartmouth and Dr Asa Burton of Thetford. i\·1rs lVjlliam Sb.de of Thetford ]rn.sin preparation :a Hfe of Dr Burton. There ~re four ~ccount.r;: of tlie \Vjnclsor Convention :.tnd its sequc]: Ainos B1anchlrd in Robert F. La:wrcncc., The Ne--w lhunpshire ChurclJes (Claremont) N. H .., I 856 ), pp. 464-466; Eogar-l }"arriJl, 'KimbnH Union Academy. A1eridcn, N~ H./ in 1-Jistory of Educ.ation in New Ha1npshiret cd+ Bushi pp. 83-87; Cyrus

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 3 7 8 I-larvardLibrary Bulletin The Convention of '~'indsor had brought forth a pre-collegiate acndc1ny for prospective candidatesfpr the n1inistry;-but the ,vide~pread itnpulsc to make the academy· tr~ining ter1JJi11nl~nd hence the direct route to the ministry could not be pcrn1ancntly suppressed. The em~ hers of Piem1011tand Nonvich ,vcrc easily blu\vn into flan1e by- the Spirit in .successiverevivals and by the consequent intensity of con- cern for quickl}rand jncxpcnsivcly trained 1ninistcrs and n1issionarie~. Thus the society for Pro1noting Tl1eological Education in the Dis- trict of .r\'Iainc,,vhich had not been represented at the Ne,v England Ecclesiastical Convention at "\Vindsor,proceeded to incorporate in the very year of the Convention, 1812; and!t,vith the same conception of 1ninistcrialeducation as Deacon F oerd of Piermont, secured a charter for their l\ 1uine ·charity Schoo 1 in 1 8 14. Cha ractcr isticall)\ inst cad of lo ~ating their sch oo 1in the ,vcstcrn and 1nore thickly set tied part.s, they determined 'to 1narch to the f rant, and plant it in the midst of those spirjtu al ,vastes , v hich it \ vas in tended to build up. t 25 Their scn1inar y opened at Hampden in con junction ,vith the academy there in 1816. It ,,·as proposed to give the pious young 1ncn t,vo years of classical training in the latter and t\vo years of theology· in the nc,v se1ninary on the 1nodcl of the four-year program of the Scots-English dissenting in- stin1tions. Its first head, Jchudi Ashrnun (later a colonial agent in Li- beria), in a masterly essay designed to .shov.,,-the significance of the seminary of six students rising under his care, ,vrote in the middle of the first ,vinter; 'The Holy G·host, in less than six months after the es~

tablisluncnt of it1 converted the desert spot upon 1;vhich it had been seated>•into a spiritual Eden [Isaiah Ii. 3]; and in less than a year, fron1 the stones of the ,vilderness, reared up a living Church [gathered in l1.an1pden ,vhere before there bad been no 1ninistrations] of more than

Rich~rds, 'I~ istorical Sketc h1 '! Gen era! Cata Iogue of l(bnbal l Uni on A cade111y 18 ls- 188 o (Clarc1nont~ N. H .• 1880), pp. 7-16; Isaac \\lilley, 1Kin11J~llUnion Acc1.dc1ny/ Gr.anite A1ontl1ly, VI ( 18'83) i 195-302, 339-346. On Kimlmll Acadc111y an

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbe Seu1i11aryiu the TVildernesr 379 thirty n1cn1bcrs~into ,vhich the men1bersof the School \Vere i1nme- di2tel y inc orpora tc d.' 2 4 In 1819 the seminary moved llP the Penobscot River a fe,y n1ilcs to Bangor. The 1'1issou~iCon1promise and l\1aincJs ad1nission as a State in 1 820 made Bangor Scn1inary especially conscious of the in1portancc of its double 1nission of sending Puritan frce-soilcrs into the irnpcrilcd yv·est and pastors into the n orcher n ,vi ldcrn css:

The tide of popu1ation is fnst rolling back upon the fores ts at the north4

•• 4 V cry many churches are destitute of the stated means of grace., be- cause ministers cannot be obtnincd. ~fo\vns and plantations are gro,vjng up

in almost every section of the Statc1 ,vhosc n1or~l condition is deplorable almost beyond description - and if .suffered to rctnain destitute as they no,v are, nnother generation \vill find then1 sunk in the n1ost hopeless kind

of hcathcnisn1+ 4 ... The caH is Joud and thrilling 1 and is ,vaftcd to our ears Ly every ,v.ind that blo,vs .. \V c arc told of n1ulrin1desof children and youth ,v ho are g ro,vi n g 11p in ignorance of th cir high est in tcrestst ,v hil e vice and error of every name are fastening upon thcn1 the hands and cords of a n1ost degrading servitude~ \:\lhat shall be done? . . We ~annot obtain them

[preachers] from Auburn, or Princeton, or Ne,v Haven. Andover 1 hereto- forc1 has not sent us on an average more than n:vo annually ..... The trumpet .is sounding an alann jn the valley of the A1ississippiiand every young man ,vho can he pressed into the scrvjce 11111stgo thither. And ,vhile we rejoice jn these efforts to save the ,vestcrn country, ,ve can readily per- ceive that their tendency is to prevent young men in our Tl1eologicalSem- i n a rics from turning their attention to the East. \Ve must th cref ore have a Seminary of our o,vn?ri

The recurrent thcn1c of the se1ninary as the fulfi]lmcntof Isaiah's prophecy of the garden in the ,vilderness a.nd of the rccrnitn1ent of a nc,v covenant people (xliii. 18-2 r) is alluded to in a despairing cry for n1orc funds: \Ve, ,vho sit under the droppings of the snnctunry, and whose hearts are d ail}'~ch ccrcd ,v ith the ho pcs n n d pron1ises and consolations of the Gospel - shall ,ve tell them [the faithful] that the Fountaint from ,vhencc they have expected streams to gladden the desolate places around thern, is dried up? That no more sons of con.so]a6on ,vjll ever go forth fro1n this Semi- nary? ... This Institution must be sust2incda ..... Many Christians, scat- tered abroad in the ,vilderness, have been cheered and strcngthened- 1nany poor, guilty 1vandcrcrs fron1 God, have been turned from. the error

u The manuscript essay .so charactcrj1,ed is quoted by R-3lph R. Curl1:::y,Life of Jebudi ArJJn1un (Nc,v l,.ork, 1939 ), p. 3 i. A Surve:;r of the Theological Senlinary at Bangor, .A1aine (Bangor, J830), p. 11.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harr/JardLi bi- ary B11Uetiu of their ,vays- and many desolate rcgion·s have been rrmqcto rejoice nnd hi ossoln as th c rose, by the instru n1en tali ty of this Ins tiru cion. ~0

The eschatological tone of this message \vas clear to all ,vho read the

ap pea 11 co111b ini ng as it do cs phrases in all 11sion to th c fountain of the heavenly Jerusalem (Revelation xxi. 6) that issues from under the sancruary of the nc,v Zion (Ezekiel xlvii. 12) to m~ke glad the desert in the \vilderncss round about Zion (Isaiah xxxv. 1). · By 1 8 2 7 the trustees and faculty separnted the chissicalde partmcnt fron1 the theological and raised the terms of admission to the latter to a level ideally comparable ,vith Andover. B)7 the autumn of 1834, out of a class of nineteen~ seven ,vcrc college graduates (all of Bo,,.:r~oin). Vi'ith the e]evation of the standards of admission at Bangor there \Vas a stirring in the church and to\vn of Plym_onth, 1\re,v Hampshir_e,in 183; and 1836 to increase the scope of the local acadcn1y (founded in 1 808) and to rcna1nc it the Plymouth Literary and Theo logical Semi- nary on the basis of a ne,v legislative uct that authorjzed a theological department. The latter ,vas designed to tra1n "a class of n1cn fo11ndin many of our Churches of sound understanding, and enlightened and active piety and of good report, ,vho are so far advanced in life,.or arc embarrassed by families . ." . as to render it inexpedient for then1 to undertake -a protracted and thorough course of acaden1ical~col]egiate., and theological training, and to a.ftord them the advantages of one, t,vo, or three )rears study, ·,vi th dircc t ref erenee to the du ties of th c n1in:.. istry4, 21 There ,vas only one member of the projected departtnent., ,vho headed the faculty list as 'professor of n1oral and mental philosophy and the-ology.' The catalogue of 183 8 announced unobtrusively that (the original designof 1naking theology prominent has, on acco:unt

of circumstances [.secbelo,v 1 pp. 391~394], been modified/ The Baptists and !\1cthodists in northern Ne,v England \Vere not under the same restraint of the collegiate tradition as the Congrcgntion- nlists; antj. they ,vere in any event not affected by· the decjsion of the · Convention of \\ 7indsor. The Calvinlstic ~aptists of Ne1,vIian1pshire in 182 5 accepted responsibility· for an -academyfounded privatcl)r a fe,v years before in Nc,v Hatnpton,. u dozen n1iles south of Plyn1outh~ calling it the Ac2dcmical and Theological Institotion. Nut until 1831

:.'!I Survey i p. 1 4. · · For an unsy mpathctic trea tmcnt of this h rief episo dei sec Ezra Stearnst 11i story of I'l;y1uoutb, New Han1ps!Jire (Cambridge., 1906), I, 303~305,

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The Sen1inarjtin tbe Wilderness

,vas a fulJ three-year course ,vorked Ollt in the theological dcpartment. 2~ In r 839 five or six young n1cn in the l\1ethodist acaden1y at Ne,vbury, \T ern1ont.,2 D petitioned their principal for a class in 'mental philosophy.t that gre\V into the Nc\vbury Biblical Institute (also ca1lcd after 1840 the "\VesleyanTheological Institute) and in 1846 n1crged in Concord ,vi th th c i\1c tho dist General Bib lica.I Inst itu tc, chart ered in 1 8 4 7and the ancestor of the Bos~onUniversity School of Thco]ogy.ao It has been observed that the interest taken by the people of Ne,v 1-lnrnpshirein the establishment of local academies -in large number of to,vns and their interest in converting some of thcn1 into seminaries for preachers ,vas, proportionatc1y·to the populationt "apparently,vithout a·parallel in any other State of the Union/ 81

GtL!\1ANTON AcADE1\-1Y AND THEOLOGICAL SE1'11NARY

It is against the background of the efforts to -recruit and train a northern ministry c1nbodicdjn pre-collegiate Kimball Union Academy ( 18 r 3), originally non- ·collegiate Ba·ngor· Theologic~I Seminary ( 1 B1 6), non-~ol legiate (Baptist) N c,v I-Ian1ptonAcadcn1ical and The- ological Institution ( 1825) t and the abortive Ply1nouth_Jjterary and Theological Sen1inar}r( 183 5), that Giltnanton A.cade.my( 1794) and Sen1inary ( I 835) are to be understood. · ·

::!i.'j There is some account of the early history in James U pha mi A Direour se De- livered (J t the ~uneral Of E Ii B l~T'llbtJ1n Sndt b.,.D .DI ( Beno,vs FA11 s! \ 1 t '! I 8 6 I ) ' PP· 10 :ff. In 185 3: the Institution re moved to Fairfax! V ermonti preserving its name and its th cological d epartm ent~ Th c ctnpty build ing.s with a n c,v ch ~rtcr ·were thereupon taken over by the Free ·wiH Baptists and renamE:d the Nc\V Hampton Literary and Biblical lnstitudon. Its bibljcal or theological schoo] "'as detached in 1870 to join

Bates Colh::ge in Le,vistonj l'tfa1nct as the C.obb Divinity School1 v.~hich has since be.en excinguish~d~ Sec ·'f.,lewHan1pton Literary and Iliblical lnrtitutio11 .... :t Rs3-1903., ed~ Fr~nk lV. Preston (New Hamptoni 1905). pp. 9 ff~ ro It vlgs called u ~seminary~gnd had been chartered in l 8!3 as a result of the joint cff o rts of N C\V' • Ham pshi.re ~nd v· crn1ont ~1e thodjsts. I ts J1istory is given by Frederic P. \Vel1s; H istoty of Newbury~ Ve nnont ( St Jo hns1Jury\ 1 90:2) pp.. io 8-. 23:2r

to The history of the Concord Institute 1847--671 be£ ore it remo,Tcd to Rostoni js rec·ountcd by John C. Ordway- in History of Concord~New Ha111psbire1:ed. James

O~Lyford (Cancord 1 [ ryo3)1 I It I 317-13 2 r. ;Y This. is the obscn~ation of George G .. Bush, ,vho edited se,Teral st~tc l1istories of education for the Bureau of Educalion in \V·ashingtoni :.unong them The History of Education in N e-wH mnpxhire., a]re~clycited; sec therein, p. 8.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harvard Library Bu!leti11 The designers of the Gihnanton Scn1inary, the principal subject of the present exposition, ,verc undaunted by·the ten1porary rivalry of Ply1nouth to the north and unhan1pcrcd by the earlier de]iberations of the Convention of '''indsor in 181 2 None of the framers of the Gil- n1anton Acaden1y· or Sen1inary had been present at that Convention.3~ It is therefore significant that the Giln1antonia.ns,vere by· the middle of the 183o's able to persuade the professors of Andover, ,vho 1vith Prcsi~ dent D\vight at "\~·'indsorin 18 c2 had opposed any relaxation of collegiate standards, to endorse the Gilmanton plan for a three-year 5cn1inary open to hotb college 2nd non-college 1,hc trustees of Gil~ n1-a.ntonaspired indeed to make their institution a northern replica of And over in piety and j ntel lectua l disci p line but '\.Vi th realistic acco mm o-

."l:i It may be noted, ho\,·cvcr! that !Jr Isaac Smith of Gj1manton had preached the installation sermon for Ethfln Smith, a m~jor figure in the original pla.nning for a joint Ne\v Hampshire \ 1ern\ont Theological Scnlinary ( 1811 )t ,vhen S1nith ,vas settled over the church of Hopk1nton in 1800. L1 The principal surviving sources for this account are the follo,ving: 1) The p:1pers of I\ ir Rich~rd \Ta rnoy of Gil 1nantoot ,vi \O served as one of the last t ru stccs nf th~ Gilmanton A ca dcrn y before it ,v as ta "kcn over by the G i ln I anton ]j oa rd of Education; an10 ng the \ 7 :nney papers] ,vhich ,vcre pres entcd this year to the To'\vn of Gilmanton Archives (no\\' housed in a recently constn1cted fireproof annex to the To,vn H~ll in Gil man ton Iron Works:)~ are the origina r Ch artcr of the A c:.1d- e my nf 1794 3!nd the voJume of nmnuscript Records of Gilmanton TheologJcal Setn- inary (hereafter d tetl a~ Re cords) .

2.) The papers of Mr P:;1ul I-Ioag, former Gilmanton nntiquarfon 1 ,.vho :acquired them mostly from Curtis T-lidden Page,. Harvard A.B. 1890, Ph.D~ 1894, Professor of EngUsh at ] )3 l' r111ourht w·hose house A.1r Ho~ g bought; tl1e Hoag pap er:s re no,v owned by the 1.~o\vn of Gilm~nton ~nd induded Jn the A rchive.s. 3) The con tents of the lead en box pl aced in t11ecor ncrstonc of the Scmin ary I-I:a 11

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The Se'lninnryiu the Tf1ilder11ess 3 8 3 The To,vn of GihnantonJ ,vhich looks-north to the. Belknap H.:ange and ,vhich once included Governor's Island in I~akc ,\ 7innipc.saukce, js today sn1aller and n1uch Ies~ populous than in the days of its Scn1i- nal)'•a4 '''ith its three (present) ccnterst Centre Village (or the Corner), the Iron ,v·orks, and l ...o,ver Giln1anton~notorious in the eyes of some as the adopted ho1nc of the authoress of Peyton Place, G·iltnan- ton had a better repntatjon in another novel~ Look to tbe A101111tain (Chocorua), by J... c(;rand Cannon, Jr, \Vhercin the fashionable ladies of Giln1anton are several times referred to us setting the sty]e for the ,vhole regiona Its ...'\cadcrn)r ,vas rcno,vned. The courts of the then tnuch larger Strafford County ( no,v Belknap, Carro 11,and Strafford) con- vened jn the Acadc1ny building for many years fron1 1799. Gi]n1anton ,vas one of the largest and n1ostirnportant to\vns of New Hanlpshiret con1prising an ~rea of 63,000 acres ,vith an agricultural production ex~ cecding that of 2ny other tO-\\rn in the state and lY·ith a population

( 31 8 1 6) slightly in excess of that of the capital a.t the time our account of the Seminary opens. Gilmanton ,v~s the residence of "\Villia111Bad- ger, governor of Ne\v I-Iampshirc ( 1834~36) ut the tin1c of the found~ j n g of th c Se1ni nary· and prcsen tl y president of its boa.rd of trustees. His 1nansion is still irnpressivc.8~ The Seminary· I,all, the cornerstone of \Vhich ,vas laid jn 1839, stood across the Prov1nce Road (to L-aconia)

in 1839 and rescued by l'vlr Varney after the burning of the building in 1893; for a cl assific~tion and en u n1cration of the con tents see b dow i at footnotes 1 1 5- r I 9; the p~pcrs thus rescued .. together ,vjth the Charter, hlvc hccu phccd on deposit in the Harv~u;d CoHegc Library~ subject to rec-all at ~ny time. by the Board of Selectmen of GiJn1a nton. 4) A b O:( of mi terfals on th~ Seminary Le]on gi 11g to the N evt H mpshj re His- tork r-1.lSo cicty p1us the student notebook of the Re vcrcn d l-} ~race \Vo otlt G i1manton Theo logica1 Scmin s.ry '3 8, preserved in the library of the Sod ety :.lt Concord (cited as NHHS).

5) T be New H t1111prhire Reposiurr y i con d11 cted by I' rest dent 1-Villia m Cogsw-ell, Vo]umes I-Ht October 1845-January 1847 (aH published; cited as NHR). 6) Danie] Lancastcrt 1,he HitttJr}' of Gil1nanton ( Gilnl:1nton, 1845 ), ,\'hich con- tains the fa 11est account of the Seminary (pp. 169-1 'J8; cited as fl G ) , The And over- ITJa rva rd Library possesses a copy presented to Andover Theological School by the author in August 1855, In I 786 there v..rere1,639 inhabitants., and by 1830) ,~816a Today the.re 9.FC 754~ The inans:ion and the Badger fanlily are described by Fred l\.ifyronColby~ ,·rhc Badger I-Jomcstcad,~Gra1Jitc A1outbly. \ 71 ( 1883), 76-84, ...fhc nJansion is located in th~ e~stcrn p:art of Bel n1on t (for merJ y the F ~ctory \ 1iJ Li g c section of Gil rn3.nto n) . The scenic \\-Tallpaper is: rnentioned by N:lncy .i\1cClc11:ind,Historic JJTall-Papers (Philadelphfo., 19i4 )t p. 303+ Sec ::1.lso,for the genera] background~ J. E. Fullerton! ~Glimpses of 01d GHmanton,' Granite Alont/:Jly, III ( 1880 ) .. 304-310.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harvard Library Rulledn

fro1n the Academy. A general vic,v of Gilmanton 1 .sho,ving,fron1 left

to right, the Acadcnl) 7 , th~ !vieetinghouset·and the Seminary, js reproduced in Plate Ila.a.a

a. Fro1n A cadeu1yto Se111i11ar:y17!)4-18 3 5 ln chronicling the rise of the Acaden1y si and Semin~ry, one be~ conics at once a,vare of the large vision ·shared by the earl)T builders of Gilmanton (reflected jn the architecture of their stately houses surviving at Centre Village) and of the cxaltc d sense of providential purpose thnt generated ,vhat the)r ,vcre pleased to call 'the great design.' The_Charter of the Gi1mantonAcade1ny (Plate I),ss among the first to be granted by the state, ,vas signed by Governor John T. Gilman on 20 June 1794 .. An intere~ting feature,· shared by a fe\V other academics (in V crmont); ,va..sthe excmptjon of its preceptors and studeilts fron1 scrv i cc in th c n1ilit ia and raxati on on the ground th at higher e d nca tion ,vas so i1nportant for ~theencouragement of free government' that every possible cffort shaul d be n1ade to protect its precious gro \Yth... Since this provision echoes the privileges and immunities of the Harvard charter of 1650, perpetuating in turn grants b)7 pope and emperor to· the n1ediacva 1 universities and by the an cieilt Roman Empire to higher

schoo]s, it should be quoted: 'and the Preceptor1 and Preceptors1 and all others cn1ploycd in the business of instruction and teaching at said Acadc111y,and the students _d~ercof,shallt for the titn_e bejng [so cn-

311 Fiom a copy of Ar1nounce1uentr of Gihuanton Acadeniy, GU111anton.N .. H .., for tbe Sc!Jool Year 1888-89 (Laconia, N~ H.! 1888),. the property of Selectman Ho,v- -ard Langley, The br j ck cd i.ficc next the Sem innry H -J.11on the extreme rig ht is the beautiful l\'lethodist Ch,1rch built on Academy Iand in r 8i6. It u.·as fater taken do,vn -and the mater fa1 s used in a const.ructi on in L-aconia. 3'1 The first Academy uui1d ing \Vas erect-cd in 1 796 on ] and dona tcd hr Joseph

Badger ( II ) . D estrore d by :fire in . 1 8oBI it "~as re plac cd vtitli cxtraord inary speed by the second structurci ,vhich burned do\vn in I 871. The present structure lS tl1e third. In r908 the Acr1den1y dis:1ppe:ued ..is a corporn.tE entity, and the third edifice on the sitet still cal lcd locally cthe Academy,., nov.r -acco mmod ates only pupils through

the 1ower grades 1 the To\vn paying the tuition for its older pupi]s in the high :schools of surrounding to,vnsr There is no complete history of the Gilmanton Acadcn1y, hut it is mentioned in /JG! ppr 148-169; vtith i11ustrations,in Dr Albion lrl. Frcnchi 10 l d Giln1a11ton i\1atters: Historical 1\1e,noranda and llj og ra pl1i c;al N otcs!' G ran.Jte i\1ont/Jly, XLI. ( 1909) .. :249-2:65; "J.nd in i\1~rr, New England A ctulen1ies,,p. 1 r and pas~im. The \ 7arney and Hoag pupers and NJ:-II-IS preserve materials on the Acad-

c1ny~ A1.r.sPearl Bro,vnt i\·lrs i\·lary De\vare 1 i\1r and l\1rs Charles l(cllcyi and l\-irs Le-on Schultz of Gilman ton also have n1atcri~ Is, 0-':IReproduced from the ~rigj nal at present on dc posit in the H arva.rd Co]lege Li- bra f}I", Tim Ch artcr is printed in f uH in HG.. pp. ·r 4~ I 51.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The Se·minnryin the. ll1i!der11esr gaged], be exempt, and f rec from poll--taxes~-and military duty; and all 9 the cstate, cither real~or personalt shali be f rce fro tn taxation. i a I 1n mu- ·n1 ty from taxation -a-ndmilitary service ,vns not vouchsafed in the royal charter to Dartmouth in r769i or in the act of incorporation of Ne,v Han1pshirc'soldest acadcn1y, Phillips Exeter, in 178I (though the structure :and phrasing of the latter are other,v is e quite c]osc to the Gilman- ton Charter in the corresponding paragraph) .4 [) -The Gilmanton Charter nan1esas the orjgina1 trustee-s among others, the Reverend Dr Isaac Sn1ith ( r 744~I 817) 41 and General Joseph Bad- ger ( 17i :z-1803), grandfather of the future govcrnor.42 l\lorc than .all}' others these t\vo men, rc]atcd by n1arriagc., conceived the high de- .sign of the Academy that became the foundation of the Scn1inary. , Isaac Sn1ith was a graduate of Princeton_in 1 770, one class behind

ariThe Harvard ch a.rtcr 111a y h c re odi]y consulr::cd for com pai-j son in Sa111 ucl Eliot

Moris-oni H.(lrvardCollege in t!Je Seve11tee11tbCentury ( Can1bridgc., 1936)5 Jj 8+ Under l\1assachusctts la,vs of 169i, 1693, and 1699 tcadtcrs- in general ,v~rc ex- empted f roi:n t~xes. military duty, and the watch; see Dav j d Spence Hill, Control of Tax-Supported 1-Iigbcr Educatio11 in the United States (Ne\\'- York, 1934), p. 157. ·The State Constitution of M aisachusc tts con fir med in 17Bo the i tn1nu ni tics of H :ar-

.v.a rd instructorsj "Ylitliou t 5 ho,vc ,itcr, specifying taxation and military service. On 16 July 18 2 o the l cgi slatu re ex tcndc(l tl l c pri vi Icgc to the stud cnts but- not to the inst ru c-

.tors in the incorporated a c~ule eni es ( General Laws of 1\1~s s-ac butetts, Boston 1 181 3, 'Ifl 53 g) • n For the. [?a rnnoutb charter see Ed \Vard C. El] ion and l\.·1erri n 1\.1. Ch~m b ers, eds., Cbu.rters and Basic Laws of Selected AulCriCa'IIU11iversities and Colleger (Ne,v York, 1934) t pp. 17 6-- cS7. The Exeter cha rtc.r is accessible for con1pariso u jn Lfl u r-

e:nc Crosbie, 1 'JJe P billi ps Exeter 4 end e-n1y: A History ( l\,.or\voo d:t l\1~ss . 1 x9i 3 ) , pp. 3 c c-3 lJ .. l'hc fir.st complete paragraph on p+ 313 corresponds to that of HG. p. l 5 l , 1 ...hc clause is $.1 so lacking in the a ct of inc or p oration of the Andover Theolog- ical Se1ninary'!Il780 (printed jn Leonard 11/oods, His-tory of Andover TfJeological Sentinary, Boston, I 8851 pp. ::zI 3-117), 0 rher N e\v England co] le ges and a cad c:mies '-Vithimrnuniti cs s.i111 i lar to tb osc of Harvard and Giln1a.nton ,i.)erc Bur Jingc:on ( the Univ crsity. of Ve nnont 179 1 ) • .i\·Hd-

shire) confined the irn mo nity to taxa ri on. Cf. A1arr 1 · N e-w Engl and A cad t1ni es, p, 92. o. The most complete account of his life ls that in 1-lG, pp. 207-213, 181~192.

· G Badger's son, also called General or the Honorable Joseph Badger ( r 746-- I 809) 1 .father of Governor Badger., w·as also one of the· original trust~es of the Acadctn}'"4 1--ie took a lea ding part ju obtaining the Cha l' tcr, gave the land on ,.._,hie l l the A cad-

c1ny ,vas bui1t 5 superv j scd its c rec ti on, and hcl(l cd the subscri Jnion 1ist. The f u 11est acco\1n t of the Badgers:is that: of Colon-clJ oscp h Badgcr, M.A. ( son of the governor)~ •i\-1 enloj r of the I·I on.. Joscph Badger [IT],i Collectio 11s of t be New H mnp.rhj re Ii ir- to ricaJ Society., \ 71 (Concord, J 850) i n4-r 3-l, See also HG., pp.. 2 34-2 36 on J osegh Badger (I) and pp. 24i-i43 on Joseph Badger (11). ·

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) fl arrvardl--1ibrary B11lletin

Jan1es j\if adison and Samuel Spring (Inter., Dr Spring of Nc,vbU1) 7 portt the principal spokesn1anof the Hopkinsians in the consun1111ationof the And over Semin ar}r) . Smith ,vas fluent in th c classical 1angu ages of theology and had studied under Dr Joseph Bellamy before being settled over the Fir:st Church of Giln1anton. He 1narried the daughter of General Badger and although she died af tcr her six~h child and Dr Smith ren1arricd, he and the general rc111gincd,Tcry close. General Badger as a Demo era tic Republican ,vas op posed to ccnain parts of the Constitution as proposed for adoption to the thirteen statest for exmnplc, the laying of direct taxes and a standing army in tirne of peace; and., ,vhcn he failed to enlist through intensive ont~of-statc corre- spondence and local parley· substantial sentiment for modifications.,he gave his vote against the adopti9n of the Constitution in the state con-

vcn tion of clcl e ga tcs. Af tcr its ad op rion, h o\v ever -i he urged a11 to sub .. 1nit to the Federal Government. It js a p]ausible inference fron1 these kno,vn convictions th-at he had ~n in1portant part jn inserting jn the Charter of the Acaden1y the clause exempting faculty and students fron1 taxation and military servjce. Dr Smith likc,visc sho\ved in a ,vcJl-kno,vn episode 43 in his career a simi1ar interest in clerical i111muni- ties1 n1aking it plausible to assun1e that he too ,vould l1ave been con- e ern ed to extend these imn1 uni ti cs to t enchers and students in th c Academy·. In any eventt there is evjdence of recognitiont in the records of the action of the To,vn relative to the Acade1ny, that the Charter ,v~s 'dif- fcrant [sic] from any other grant of this kind, kno,vn jn the Union.' H

4~Frorn 18'10 to 1815 no n1inistcria1tax ,vas 1nad~ out by the: To\vn of Gilmanton, b.rgeJ y bee au~e of the strong u ppusi tion front th c c~1vin isti c n d tl1e Free,i.' j 11Ba p- tists numerous there. ( Gilman tun ,.,•asone o( the t\\'O original hearths of the Free- ,vfll Baptist movemerit ..) The separation of church ;lnd st~te ,,·as not nrnde constitutional in Ne"T Hampshire untiJ I Su) .. Dr Sn)ith opened suit against _the To,vn for back salary but ·had to content hirnse]f ,vj tf 1 11artfa.1 co 1npensu ti on and \Tolun tary su u.scrip-

tion th r rr a f tcr. 1\1:oreovet i the T o,vn voted in J 8 16 to tnx his property like that of any other citizen. I-IG, pp. [90-19:2:. H See the copy of tho letter of Francis Cugs"tcl I print('.d '1long "\\'ith otl1er 1n:ltcrfals · jn Town Papers. l)ocu111ent.sRefoting to To-wns in ·;-..te-w Ha111psbirc,ed. Is:rnc \\r~

Hammond (No,,, I-la1n pshj re. Pro,Ti ncfo.J a r\ d SrHo P~ pers 1 XI-XIII; Concord~ 18 82 - 84 ), II, 14-17. Th~ sped fie reference of the \\'Iitcr <3uotc

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbe Se111in11ryiu the lf 1ilderness The Ch:irter fllrther stipulated that the Acndc111}r should pro1note 'virtue and piety'; and the Constitution of the Acadcn1y·, fran1cd by Dr S1nith and adopted 3 October 1794t mude this stipulation 1nore pre-

cise in ho]ding the institution prepared to ctcach _ a • the princip]es of Natural lteligion, and a]so the Doctrines of Revealed Truth' to those of jts students ,vho might "in.the process of tin1e, be devoted to the sacred \Vor k of the gospel fvlinistry.' .-; 1 "hc G ihnant on Clu1.~ter, ·vas in this respect very n1uch like those of the Phillips Acadc1nies in both Exeter and Andovcr. 4 n Thus the Gilmanton Theologica] Se1ninary ,vas a natural outgro,vth of the Acadcn1y, first ns a dcparttnent, then as a scn1i-graduateschool; and the originators of the Seminary cxprcss]y clain1cd that they \Vere acting \Vithjn the terms of the original Charter of 1794, although, of course, in the n1cantimechurch and state had bccon1c constitutionally separated ( 1819). The in1tncdiatcimpetus for the founding of the Scn1inary in Giln1an- ton came from the loca] intensification of cvangc]ical fervor. The years 1 827 and 183 I ,verc seasons of special revival and about eighty con- verts , 1/e1·c added to the First Church under the 1ninistry of Daniel Lane aster (Dart1nouth College, 1 81 2 ; Andover Theo logic-alSen1inary 1824) .-:17 The ref rcshings of the revivals ,verc like sho,vers upon the desert; and the burgeoning Giln1anton Sen1inary, like the ear]ier in- stitutions surveyed J ,vas q u itc vj vidl y understood us the seed bed in the \l 7 il

p1·incipll archjtccrs of the 1grcat dcsignt 1n;1y,vcll h11ve been cognizant of the col- lcgfate jn1plications of the chi.use on jmmunitiesa . f!; Con rtf tutio 11 and L a-wsof G ilnurnton T f;col ogi cal S euiinary (Gilmanton~ 1 88 4) , p. 3. The phrase purports to co1ne from the or jg ina. l Cha rtcr but the Co nstitu tio n of the Academy of O cto her 3 is meant~ for the p!,r::lSC ab out the ministry docs not ar·

pea:r in the Ch~rter. The source i~ correctly stated in HG 1 p. 169~

~e For the Exeter -and Andover charters sc-c:note 40 1 above. n G i Im11nton Archi vest cxccr pt f rotn d Ie extraordinary eig ht-Yolun1 e ~Autog ra.ph

History of Gilnrnnton,' edited by Governor Badger's son 1 Colonel J oscph n~

,,, oods's History of Andover Sentinffry I p. 56,.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 1-larvard Library·Bulletin and the existing Seminaries ,vere unable to supply the demand.' 49 There ,verc n1orc than a. hundred to" 1ns in Ne,vHampshire ,vithou·t ~ongregarional ministers and more than fifty"Congregational churches \vithout pastors at the time the Sen1inarybegan. Nathaniel Bouton! pastor of the Concord First Church ( 1824-66) and eventually trustee ( 1836-41) of the Gilmanton Academy and Semi~ nary, had in Andover Seminary.Theen the first ( 182 5) to suggest the entire idea of a non-sectarian~nationall) 7 oriented An1erican I-Ion1el\1is- sionary Society. The ideal had found further and eloquent expression in John 1\1laltby's paper read before fello,v Andoverians~ (The Connex- ion b et,veen Domestic 1\1issionsand the Politi cal Prospects of Our Country/ ,vhich called for the unification of allthe resources 'of phil- 8nthropy, patriotism and Christian sympathy throughout our country 1 into one vast reservoir, fron1 \vhich a stream ,viH flo,v to Georgiat to Louisi-a.na,to 1\1issouri,and to l\1aine,fertilizing every barren spot and causing 01.1r,vhole country to flourish like th~_garden of the Lord.' ;iO It ,vas natural for Dou ton fron1 his ne\v base in Concord and for other ·Andover pastors in Ne\v Hampshire to be concerned ,vith the barren spots nearby._In their minds revivalism and the creation of a ne,v seminary ,vere clo scl y linked. Congregat1onalistsin Ne\v H2mp~hire had co1ne to regard the annual ·meeting of their General A~.soci2rion (founded in 1809) 'as the ban- quet of our Zion,~as Nathaniel Bouton exclaimed) 'nnd, like the ancient tribes going up to Jerusalem, they" [ the ministers 2nd delegates to the

Association meetings] flocked to the entcrt2in1ncnt ,vith ho1)7 joy!, .fi] It ,vas an occasion of high revival preaching ·. Fresh ,vuvcs of local quick- cnings follo\vcd in the ,vakc of the annual meetings. Typical ,vas the ·great revival in Concord in 1831 ,vhcrc the General Association met to

'~ P1ofessor Hetnan Rood, quoted in Edward P. Cro·wdl .. Afe;uarfol of the Rev. Aaron lVorner (Amhcrstl l 884), pa 35..

On Bou ton -and l\1altby snd the origins of the . Home 1\.1i i dea 1 see

Collin Brummit Good yk:oontz1 H 0'1}18.Atirsio11.s on the A 1neri can Fro 1u!er with Par- ticular Reference to the A·nu:ricanH 01J1e Missioncary Society (Cald,ve]l, Idaho, 1939 )t p. 176. Sec alsn Bouton~s o,vn account of tho orjgin of the Society in Autobiogn1pby «nd Tri bu us to 1-Iis klen1ory. c

t;]. Bouton, Co1111Hc11wrativcDiscourse, p. 4i,

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) PLATI~ I THF. CIIARTF.R OF GTL:\lANTON ACADE.:\'JY, JUNE J 794

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) PLATE lJa

TH r. ..,'\C.'\DEi\ I Y TH l·: i\ 1l E-~'l'I l\" GHOU.SE 1 AND Tl IE SEi\ I 1~-A RY t GI Lj'\-l AN "I'O:"{

_ ___.._ ____ ...... _...... -- ...... - ...... """'T""""l'--rl.-"l'..--.rl' -· -·-- ... ------

L PLATE IIb Pr.Arrr..Ile PROFESso It H Ei\'l Ai'{ noon PROFr.SSOR AA RO~ ,vAHNER

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 0 • • •:~ _. : .. • • • •• : .. ,•. I • The S en1inary: 'iri "t be lV i Ider11 es s hca r several sermons and 111issionary progress reports as-usua1 and this ti1nc also to participate in a comn1union service: On the last day~ the great day of the feast, God revealed himself, by his Spirit, to the hearts of the unconverted. The administrntion of the Lord's Supper to about eight hundred and .fifty comn1unicantson the Jo,vcr floor, in the presence of near four hundred non-communicants, ,vho stood jn sol- emn -and tear f u] .silcn cc in the gallery, prod uccd an a, v f u 1 impression, as- socin ted \Vith the idea of final_separations at the judgn1entl ~2 At the annual n1eeting of the Association in Amherst in 1832, 'a n1issionnry spirit broke out and pervaded the great congregation., and such a scene ,vas opened as never before \Vas ,vitnesscd in Ne,v Hamp- shire.' 'Old Testa1ncnt times seemed to have returned/ Nathaniel Bouton"sac~ount continues.,'\vhcn they came, both men and ,vo1nen,' ,vith money and je,velry for the cause of the l\1issionarySocicty .. ua It ,vas also reported that 'in 111oreinstances than ..· .. ever ... hereto- fore ... have the n1orc hopeless, the abandoned, the profligate~the 1111iversalist,and the infide1,been compell~d to come in.? M When the rninisters 2nd delegates returned to their local confcrcnccs and parishes, the hnpulscs of the annual assembly ,vith its highpreaching reverberated throughout the season. Then~ at the annual n1ceting of the General Association in Keene in 1833~it ,vas resolved 'to search out all the n1cmbers of our churches! ~f suitable age, talents and prospects of usefulncss., and encourage them to turn their attention to the ,vork of the Christian n1inistry~, fi5 Dr Bouton closes 11isaccount of the great rcfrcshings at this titne ,vith the hymn: Sa.vjour, visit thy plantation; Grant us i Lord, n gracious rain; All ,vill come to dcso1ationt · Unless thou return again.

Ii!! Bouton~ Dfrcourset 43 f.

i53 Dfrcourse~ 45 t .A-li11utesof tl:JeG enerlll Assocfotion of Ne-w-Hnm.prhir~ (Concord, 1832 )t p. 10. Italics 1ninc, ev Ai hulfcs of tbc Gen era] A ssocin ti on of ·t-,,rew-H cunpshire ( \ ~r ore ester, /\1.ass. 1833), p. 5. Concurrently the New-Ha'Jl1p:,bireObserver carded 8 series of articles suggesdng that theological training should be connected i.vith 'the cstabli~hn1cnt of l n1~nnal labor school in some centr(!1 part of the state. 1 This series is referred to in

the Obser-.;er1 X\ 7Ill ( c4 OctoLrr r 836 ), l 65 ( co1. :2). The ·writer of the series .sjgns hin1:self "A. P./ i.TcryUkely the pious and enterprising printer Alfrc(l Prescott of Gil- m::1ntunT

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 390 Harvard Library Bulletin Lord, re vive us:t AU our help must come fron1 thee! ~0 A bracketed sentence notes that this h)rmn ,vas 'sung by the congregation ,vi th sub li n1e elf ect.' Such ,vas the in11ncdiate background of the digging of a ne,v seed p 1ot of n1issionar ics and preachers, this ti1ne , vithin th c f ran1 c of the G·i1inantonAcademy Charter4 For in this year, r 833, the trustees of the Academy·,11ndcr the in1p-a.ctof the revival, agreed that the first and principal end and design of the Academy, according to its Constitu- tion, not only ad1nitted but even required a theological department. They thereupon authorized one of their nutnber, on 20 February 1833, to go over the Jands originally granted to the Academyby· the state ,vith a vie\v to selecting parcels for sale to finance the ne,v program~ A1cetingon 7 Ju])r 183 5, the full board of trustees of the Academy-, n an1 cl y., Stephen l\.11o o dy· ( I-Iarv a.rd College, r 79 o, th c first practicing

la,v)'"er,vithin the present limits of Belknap Co11nty)1 John I~atn (Dart-

mouth College, 17971 la,vyer),m Stephen L. Greely (merchant and n1agistratc), Jcrcmiah ':\'ilson ( colonel in the n1ilitia,n1agistratc, a11d

b11si ness111 an)., Peter L. F o !son1 ( D arunou th Col Icgc, 1 796, teacher 1 n1crchant, n1agjstratc), Andre,v A1ack (Dartmouth College, 1808~ teacher and magistrate), 58 '''iJlian1 Patrick (Y\1illiams College~ r 7 99, pastor in ncighborjng Canterbury·), 69 Francis Cogs,vell, EslJ; (Dart-

1nouth College, 1822, la.\vycr and n1anufa.cturer of Dover and 1 after 1 841, of Andover, lvlassachusetts,a brother of the later president of the Sc111inary)/ 0 Governor 1:'\'illia.n1Badger, and Daniel L~ancastcr, authorized the Jatter -asthe minister of the Centre Parish to advise the Christian community at large of the conten1p]ationof the trustees 'to connect a. Theological Department ,vith this School.' 61 Before discussing, ho\\~ever, the 1natura tion of their pl ans, , v e

613 p. 47 .. .t, I-IG., pp. 1 i 3 ~nd :214.

'-3 1-IG., pp. 1,1-7-:249. ro HG:t p. 16i. ro Hiograph y and picture in Sket c/Jes of Sur.cessful N e-wJi antps /Jir e Afen ( T\1an- c hester., 1882-)., p. 177. A portrait of Francis Cogs,veH ls prcscnTe:d at Darnnouth C.,ol1cgc. ~1 Records, under date. A copy of the vot~ \vas deposited in the curncntonc uf th~ Scn1in-J.ry H :i 11;sec n. 1 I 5, be1o,v. The background of the vote is:provj de d i r1 the N e'U.,'-Htrn1psbireObserver., XVIII ( 14 October 1836), c65 ( co1. 2.); a copy of this j ssuc ,.,T~!?: Ekc,visc placed in the cornerstone.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbc Se111i11aryin the TVilder-11ess 39 1 1nust take note of the short-lived rivalry ( 183 5-38) het\Veen the co1n- pering seminary- project of the church and to,vn of Giln1anton and, thirty miles to the north, that of the church ~nd to,vn of Ply·111outh (outlined above at the end of Part I). This rivalry rhro,vs into relief an inherent ,vcakncss in Nc,v England congregational polity as its propo- nents groped for n nc,v strategy in recruiting and training n1inistcrs no,v that their churches had been constitutionally severed fron1 that direct support of a con grega tio n a1 ist1nagistra cy enjoyed by· co 1o ni a 1Puritan- isn1. (The Congregationalists fron1 Connecticut, i\tassachusctts 1 and Nc,v Han1pshirt at the Convention of '''indsor in 1812 ,verc still ac- quainted ,vith the privileges of the standing order.) U ndoubtcdly, the presence of the governor of Nc,v Han1pshirc as a n1ember of the board of Gihnanton's trustees perpetuated the sem- blance and the ethos of former times and obscured in the eyes of 111ost of the pron1oters of the Giln1anton Seminary· the constitutional and ccc]es1ologicallimits of their project. ldealJy, of course, a Ne"\"1{ Han1p- shirc seminary ,vould have been conceived by -and located suitably to the needs of all the churches by a vote of the state association of 1nin- jsters or at the least by a county conf erenee of Congregational chu re hes; but in the case both of Gilmanton and Plymouth in the spring and sum1ner of 1 835 the jniriativc ,vas being taken by local bodies; and the en th usias 111 generated for th c rival en tcrp riscs in cvitab l y d rc,v up on pride of place and the cultural and n1ercantile a111bitionsof the leading n1cn1bers of the churches of these t,vo to,vns. (As late as the fall of 1836 the con1mittce of the General Association to ,vhich the subject of theological sen1inarics had been referred., and ,vhich ,vas made up son1c,vhat tendentiously - of Governor Badger and the Reverend Daniel Lancaster, both of Gi]n1anton> and the Reverend Nathaniel Bouton of Concord, a trustee of the Gihnanton Academ}r, fc]t obliged to present prominently to the public the G-iln1anto11side of the con- troversy in the Ne-w~Ha111psbireObserver) .G 2 The constitutional anomaly of an academ)7 -bascd seminary ,vithin the fran1c\vork of congregational polity that ,vas at the heart of the G i n1a1 n ton-Pl yn1on th alrcrcati on n1 ust b c 5een at stil I c 1 o ser range. "\\lithin the Ref orn1cd tradition generally an academy or it~ equivalent ,vas t11eindicated organ or institutionalization of the teaching function

'Statement of the Board of Trustees of Gil111c1ntonAcadc,ny/ X\ 7 111 ( 14 OctO· bcr r 836)~ 165 (~115 cols.).

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 39 2 1--Iarvard Library B·ulletin

of the Church and of the do ct oral office of the 1ninist ry·,t1 3 ,v hil e tn ore specifically ,vithin the Nc,v England strca1n of that tradition an acad- en1y,vas the natural extension of the doctoral responsibility of the local chtirch and its n1inistcr, ari institution that happened also to ans,'"·erto the higher educacionnl aspirations of the to,vn and parish as a ,vholc 2nd that could therefore call upon aU to,vnspcople, irrespective of religious profession, for support. But a theological scn1inary for the training of ministers for all the (Congrcgadonal) churches ,va~, for a local church, a constitutionally spurious outgro,vth4 The insistence of the fiamers of 'the great design, of Gi]n1anton that their plan ,vas a Jegitunate extension or impien1cntation of their unusual Acaden1 y Charter of 1794, ,vhich at one point grants a privilege like that accorded Iia.rvard Col- lege by the god]y magistracy of J\1assachusettsin 1650/ 1 further obscured in the eyes of the promoters the constitutional ano1naly of a parish-based~acadcn1y-based seminary. Especially ,vas this true _of,villiam Badger~trustee of the Acadcn1y f ron1 1804 and soon to be president of the board. 6~ Son of the Honor- able Joseph Badger (IJ) and grandson of General Joseph Badger (I), he ,vast ,vhile deliberating ,vith his fcllo,v trustees, as governor engaged in the tense actions <;Onsequcnt upon defending American clain1s against Great Britain over the tc1nporarily autonomous 1ndian Stream Terrjtory. 06 The ·po\vcrful threc-hnndred~pound squire ,-vi11not have been ovcrly scnsi tive to the neo-Congrcgation al distinctions b ct,v een

See Robert Henderson, 'TJ1c Doctoral i\i1inistryjn the Reformed Tradition/ Ph.D~ thesjst Harvard 1959.

~j Sec p. 385, ~bovc:. a:; He ,va s e1ccred president 1 1 August 18 38 (Record.~), and rcn1a i ncd j n office

until hjs dca th in l 8s i.. 1 ~here are t\,·o portraits of \Vil Liam Bad gcr; onc1 painted

dur j ng his governorshi p 1 hangs in th E: Sta tc Hn use, Co11cord ( rcprod u ced in the

Granite .A{ontbl:l, X\TJJ 1 1894., ·.q8); the other 1 together ,vith one 'of his wife, h-angs- in the Bchnon.t ( Nc,v l-la n1pshire) Public Library. M The territory ,,..-estof the Conn e cti cut Lakes, not c lead y assigned to eith ~r

country by the boundaries in the Tre:ity of Pilris, 17831 had b~coine autonomous d urj ng th 1: persi s:tence of the d is:putc f o] lo\Vj ng l Jntc. h Ki 11g ,,,1111am' s unheeded ( by- Americans) adjudication in 1 R17, nd in deed prc.sm ncd tu b~ a repub1ict '-Vj th a president, fro.n1 1 8 32 to 18 36+ Final sett] c rncnt of the dispute did not co inc un ti] 1841, ,vith the signing of the ''-'cbstcr-Ashburton Treaty. For Gm,Ternor B-Jdger~s role, sec Roger Hamilton Bro\vn, The Stn1ggle for t1Je Indian Strcau1 ~Territory

(ClevclJJ.nd 1 1955), pp. 64 ff. The part played by the Harvard Library ~nd its long struggle to regain key maps lent by it to the F c dcra] Government a re d escri bed Ly Kiinhall C. Elkins, 'The H-arvard Lihn1ry ~nd the· Northeastern Boundlry ])ispute/ I-lARVARD LrnR..11,.ln.-IluLl.ETlN., VI ( 1951), 255-i.63~ See ho n. 1591 below~

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Tbe Se1ni11aryin tbe Tf'ilder11ess 393 academ)\ sen1inary.,church, state, and co1nn1unity in vic,v of his o,vn 1nu1tiplerole 2s governor, trustee., leading Ne\v Hampshire farmer and factory promoter/ 1 husband successive!y of the

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 394 Harvard l.ibrary Bulletin cause and-progress of truth.' R. N .. den1anded not only a ~converted' ministry (the parole of the Ed\vardcan Great A\vakening) 70 but even a 'converted' trusteeship! Mustering the Giln1anton board, not by nan1c but b} 7 occupation, he ,vas in little doubt about the sn1all percent- age an1ong the1n of ~professors of rcligiont qualified to be guardians.of the theological education of the future pastors in Zion: Look at G. The ""riter has 1itt1epersonal kno,vledge of the men composing the bo~rd. But he kno,vs ,vhat js said and probably said truly. The Hon~ late chief 1nagistratc of the State 71 j5 a u1c1nbcrof the board; there arc t\VO 1ninistcrs; three 1a,vycrs, one of ,vhon1 on Iy, is bc]icvcd •to he a professor of religion; one merchant) not a professor of religion; one farn1cr) not -a professor of religion; one Tayerner, and one Gentlen1:an. The ,vriter has not the least un pleasant re.flection to n1ake respet ting the ch ara cte r of any of . these men. llut he sin1ply asks, nre these the men best qunlified in all re- sp~cts to direct Theologjcal Educrrtion? -nre these tnen taken together, ,v-ho1nthe n1inistcrs and Churches in N~ H. ,-vou]d select to direct the training of her f u rure 111inistry? 'j 2 In yje,v of this kind of criticism, the Gi]n1anton board ,vcrc doubtless glad of the cndorsc111cnt of their project, on 14 July 18 35, by-the Deerfield Association ( the rcgiona l grouping of Congrcgationa 1 1nin- isters to ,vhich those in G1ln1antonbelonged); 7i and they thereafter ,verc at pains to secure as n1lich general support as possihlc through region al nn d state nssociations and, prescn t Iy, thron gh the insti tu ti on of a hoard of visitors to represent the Christian co1ntnunicy at large. Confident that everytl1ing ,v.a.sbeing done to g:ain general support nnd particularly to placate the promoters of Plymouth by encouraging thc111 to think that the1,rmight reconceive their project as a teacher's se1ninary and collaborntc v.rithGilmanton, and further assured h)r ,vhat. they construed to be a 'providential indication that God had been preparing the ,vay·[in the ,vilderness] before thctn,' the hoard of the Gil- 1nanton Academy at their annual n1eeting on l4 August 183 5 2u-

One of the con~cqucnccs of the revh-alistic theology ('Ne\\-' Engfond~ or Hop- ktn sian th oology) was to con st rue. the con ·version of the 'hope fu lI y pious~ pro spec- ti ·ve recruit ( \\·-ith merely 1=.:t speculative bdicf ju Christianity') for the ministry ~s much more j m porta n t tl lJ n ] l is subscq u cn t ordination. See I el ned mate.rial in con- nection v.·ith the nuru1re of children bclo\v, st n. 144. n R. r,...r."'s l tncr ,vas w ri ttc nj it \Vil 1be 1·ecalled, at the end r:1ther than at the outset of the Gilmanton-Plymouth contrO\"'crsy -and B.1.dger \Vas no longer governor. R. N. 1s characterizations 1nay be coU-atcd,~:ith the actual names and occupa- tions of the Gilmanton tru.stee:s given above+ '<'iiObsen1ert X\ 1111,166 ( co]. 3)

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) T/Je Se1ninaryin tbc lViJder11ess 395 thorizcd a special committee to secure a professor of theology at an annual salary of $400 to be paid quarterly and ,vith such perquisites as he 1night obtain f ro1n .sabbath preaching4 H~ ,vas expected to lecture upon Bib1ical Excgcsjs., Church Historyj Systematic Theology, the co1npositiori and delivery of Sermons and Pastontl duties; together \Vith such preparatory Intcl1ccrual and metaphysical studies as 1nay be pursued by th c Theo logical Students; varying 11is in strllctio ns according to th c Tc rn1

of o nc i t\ v0 1 or three yea rs ,vhich they nuiy .spend in the I nstitu tio n. H c ,vill also for the present have the 1)rincipal charge of those scholars belong- jog to the Institution ,vho 1nay be studying the Ladn and Greek langnages. He \Villlikc,vjsc instruct any young 111enin Hebre,v ,v-ho may ,vish to com~ n1cncc that Ja.nguage previou~ly to entering the higher 1"'heo1ogicalSchools in our country. It is expected further, that he ,vill occns,ionally ]ccturc before the ,vhole School on n1orals, the evidences of natural and revealed religiont and on the doctdnes and duties of Christianity gcncraUy.74 At this stage, the Gilmanton p1nn ,vas no 111orcun1bitious (except for the provision for Hebre,v) than that of 1-Ianlpden-Bangor( 1816) and Ply111outh ( r 8 35); b11tit did not expressly co11sjder tbe proposed tbe- ologicaltraini11g as ter111inal.

ln ]ecturing to the ,vhole Acadctll) 7 , the professor of theology ,vas expet:ted to in1plen1entan in1portant provision of the Ch3rtcr nnd the Constirution of 1794. The trustees also stipulated that the lectures in theology ,vould be open to students of all ( evangelical) ~eno1ninations (free fro111Tuition.' 'i~ Three committees ,vere appointed, one to draft the regulations and prospectus/Gone to bring the cause of the ne,-vde-· pa.rtn1cnt before the Congregational General Association at the next n1eeting,and one to revise the h) 7 la\Ys to accon1modatethe ne,v department in the Academy. A men1ber of a]l three of these con1mittecs,vas Daniel J... ancaster, graduate of Dartmouth and Ando,rer, minister ( 182 5~52) successive- "' Records, under date of 14 August 1835. .t\ copy of this ,·otc \Vas deposited in the cornerstone. The account in the Observer ( col. 3) n1istakenly says 1; August. 7 .. The unitil·c charactf:!r of the s:emjnary mon:~n1cnt ,vith its cschatoiogica1 sense of the. ,vodd mi~.sion~ry assignment laid upon Atncdcans 'con1i11gup out of the ,vilderne.s~' ls indicated in the already cited ,vurk uf Professor George I-Jo\\7-C of Colun1bfa Seminary in Sol.lth Carolin-a ( another daughter of A~ dover), \\'ho in his VircourJe of 1844 spoke easily -and naturilly of 'the American Church'; cf. n. 4, -above.

'jij Rcco rd s. La.ncaster ·was ]so a pp oin tcd ch c1.irn1anof a corn m Lttec to draft the regulations ~nd c~use the same to be pnb1ishcdfor three "'eeks: in the N elv Hampshire

I' atr lot} St ate nun 111 0 bser-Je rt and o th c r pap cr.s thought d v j s:;ible. The prospectus ,vas pub] ish c-d in Gilmanton as :l cir cu lar'I A ugu.!it r 8 J 5-

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harvard Library B1~/letin 1y of the First Church and the Centre Church (in 1832., after the tri- section of the original parish). A major pro1noter of the Seminary and

Ja tcr historian of the To-,vn 1 hc also gave expression to his devotion to the cause of Christia11 cd u cati on j n gen era l by pub Iishin.g th c first of four excl\1S1 vel y religious journals ( see ·P] ate VI) to b c cdi ted and prjntcd in Gilmanton ,,rithin the ensuing decade. His \Vas a scn1i~ monthly entitled the Sahbatb S cbool Advocate., ,vhich ,vas publjshed from 1 1\1ay183 5 to 1 1'1ay·r 8 3 9. 7r The second of the three ad hoc con1n1ittees of ,vhich Lancaster ,vas a membert appointed by the Acadc1ny board at its a.nnual n1eeting in August 183 5., \V2s unable to gain the-support of the General Associa- tion in Septen1ber, ,vhich, 111eetingas it happened precisely in the rival tO-\vn of Plyn1outh~ dec]ared that it ,·vas "jnexpedient' for that body to adopt any resolution respecting the 'laudable' efforts of both Ply1nouth and Giln1anton. 78

b. First Phaseof tbe Sen1i11ary18 3 5-18 43 D cspi te disa p poin ttn en t in the G·cncral Asso ci-a.tion' s evasion of a clear·directive., the ne,vly authorized departtnent at Gil.tnanton had, Lan caste t 's role as e(li tor is not in di ~Atcd in the p crio dicl1; for the fact of his: edkorshi p ·weare

ton. HG :i- p. 1 2 91 supplies the inclu~dve dates of publica tio n. Fol lo.... ving its ternl ina- tion1 A 1frcd Prescott, the pu h lish er of the A dvo cat e (and printer to th·e SE:mina ry-) exp]:1 insi in an ngry but reasoned letter to th c c di tor of the Christi an Panoply, n. s., I ( Cuncurd., r z July 1839 ), i., the background of the opposition to the printing of th is county pap er: jealousy of Gilmanton 1s cu 1tur:al prc-cnlin ence+ Phttc VI ,vjll accon1pany the condudiag installment of this artide., in the ensuing issue of the RuLLETIN~ The fasue of the Sabbnth Sebool Advocate sho,vn, \ 7ot IIIJ

No. 10 1 for 17 Scpt~n1he1· 183 7, js reproduced fron1 the copy deposited in the corn er- st-one oi th c Sc:1nin ary - th c only !l ctu ::1-lcopy thn~ fir traced of any i~~uc suh.,cCJ. l1cn t to \Toi. 11 (an incotnplctc run of \ 1o1s. lrll is hdd by the A1ncrican Antiquarian Soci~ty and of \Toi. I by NHHS)+ Lancaster \Vas for nvel \'e years secretary of the N e\V Ha n1psh ire Bible Society; for nine years scribe of the Deerfield Assodation of Congregationa] i\1inisters; for seven yc~r s the sc er ctn ry and for :six years the moderator of th~ Strafford County Conf crcncc; for three ycat·s in c:a~h ca·ganization .secretary of the Straffot·d County Dtble H on1e 1\1issio nary Soci.cty -gnd the Stra.fford County Ed uc::i.=::ionSoc ictr~ and for nine years a trustee of the l\1c,v Jla.n1pshirc l'\·1"ission;lrySndcty~ On Lancaster, .see

f u rth e.r 11G 1 pp, 2-41-i 49 1 and n. r 87,. L d O\V. L~ncnstcr \;; irnn1t.dh1. te pr-cdecessor in the 1ninistry of the Ffrst Parish ,vas the father of Ains\vorth Rgnd Spofford., Li- brarian of Con grc5s ( l 864""""9 7), \V ho ,,T::1.horn in Gi hn~ nton in ·l fh s+ ,..3 Af inutes of tl1e General Association . in Ply1noutlJ · (Concord, 1835 ). lVith t11~Reverend Sa1nod I--l:a.11at its hcidi P1yn1outh Ac~den1y ( 1 SoS) spccblized in te~c her- training ( 1 8 37) ; and out of it grew· the first 1'.1eiv Ham psl 1ire no rn1tl l sch oo] (J87l)+

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) The SC111inaryin the TVi/deruess 397 by· the opening of the fall term in October 1 8 3 5, called back as pro- f cssor from Nc,v A1ilford.,Connecticut., Hcn1an Rood (see Plate Ilb), first pastor of the Centre Church ( 1826-30) ;rn Born in Jericho, , 1cr- rnont, J 795, he had been graduated from l\1iddlebury College ( 1819) and Andover Theological Scn1inary ( 182 5). Before coming to Gil- manton as pastor he had served in j\1ontpelier Academy and l\lid- d Je bury Co Hegc as pre cc ptor and tutor rcspcc ti vcl y. I-Ie , v as d est ined to remain as professor of theology and scripture at Gilmanton for eight ..years . Professor Rood taught seven students in the course of the .first ter[n in 'a convenient lecture roo1n1 and ,vith a theologica1 library room con- taining about nine hundred volumes.80 So great ,·vas the response of the Christian community in Ne ,v Hampshire and 1\1assachu setts that even before the end of the opening term the trustees decided to enlarge the clepartn1ent -:is::1. seminary apart .. Ily the opc1ung of the spring term Rood ,vas joined by· the Reverend Aaron ,v-arncr as professor of sacred rhetoric (sec Plate IIc)~ ,vho served untjl the financial exigencies of the Seminary·obliged them both to resign in the fall of 1843. The llood-"\\ 1arner period ( r 835-43) constitutes the first and Jongcst phase in th c hr icf history of the Sen1inary-. Like Rood an Andovcr·scn1inarian ( 1819), \Varner had been graduated fron1 1'Tilliun1sCo]lcge in 1 813 .61 Born in Northampton~· 1\-1assa-

ch usctts 1 he brought to th c Sein in a r}7 a great int crest in the practice and in the thcol ogy of the revival. Af tcr his graduation f ron1 And over he had become a city missionary in Char 1cston South Carolina, and :vas

til At the ordination of Rood, just out of .Andover., ;ls pa.sr:or of the nc,,•Jy f orrncd Centre Churchi jc ,vas Dr Ed,vards of Ando\~er ·who preached (HG, pp. :z l9 f., 3 96)

Plate II t.,.is ccpro

fl:; This ,vas the ntunber of ,Tolumesat the end of the :first term 1 according to the Records. By the end of the second term, is August I 8 3 6, the Iibra ry had Le en in-

c rca sed to 1,100 vo]umes. (Ne-w-Haui.pshireOhservert XVIII 1 1651 col. 4). ~1 Su rviv j ng 1na terfo ls on or by Aaron ,,, arn er a re prese iTed in the Ed ·ward

Hjtchcock /'\1emorial Room 1 Amherst College, \vhcre he serred as professor I S-44-53..

The pdndpaI account of hi~ life is the alrc1tdy cited ninety-page Af1.unorial1 pre-

pared by his son-in-faw Edw~td P .. Cro·wc1l1 D.l).i professor at Anlhcrst 1 C!mpter VI being d~Totcd to "\Varncr,s Gilm~nton c:=i:rccr, The An1hcrst coBccdon indudes among other ,vdciC1g,'iby V.. /arncr a. printed artic]e on Mrs Haa.rrict Nc'i."cH 0£ the A mer j c~ n Boa rd of Coinm ission~rs for Foreign /\1 issions; a printc d scr 111011 ddi vcrc d. at th~ C) rd inatj on of Jeremi~.l1 · Bfo. ke! Gil man ton Theo logical Semin :1r,r '3 8; h a1f n dozen man us:cript sermons; :and three letters. 111ate I le is re prod Liced, ,vith l.:jnd per- missioni from s photograph of a f u] 1-leng th portrait of 1¥ arner hanging in the An1- hers t Co]lcge Libr.1ry.

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) Harvard I-ribraryBulletin subsequently ordained an evangelist to preach in Salem and 1\1edford, l\1~ssa.chusetts,and then ngain in the South. It \Vas ,vhile on a preaching visit in Gilmanton that he ,vas recognized as the appropriate can- didate for the nc,v chair in rhetoric ..8 ~ He assumed his duties on June 1~ and a1read) 7 his prospective presence had moved the trustees to dra,v up n.suhst~ntinl, tbeologically grounded Constitution {on ,vhich 1norc presently) and to prepare another circular for the solicin1tionof addi- tional fun

dorse1ncnt of the. hold nc,v .ceffort t i • to build up the ,vastc places of Zion in 011r country\ by increasing the nun1ber of able and faithful 1ninisters of the gospe1./ The enthusiastic Andover professors ,vere Leonard "'\1/oodsii\1oscs Stuart~ and Tustin Ed\vards. The first t"ro had been present ,vith President Tjn1otl1.y D\vight at the Convention of \!\ 7indsor in 18 1 2.. From Boston came another endorsemcnti like,vjse printed in the circular, from \\'illian1 CogS'\vellisecretary of the Ameri-

can Education Society nnd future president of the Scn1inar)7 , \vho expressed hi.c;,vi~hes and prayers for n benevolent public and ~the blessings of the Great Head of the Church, in order that Giln1anton might he 'instrun1cntal in doing much to supply the destitution of n1inisters in that State, andJ ultinuitcly in sending forth many faithful heralds of the cross to other 1ands.' In July~the Sen1inary rejoiced in the receipt of $ r~ooo from the es- tate of San1uel Stone, f~q ., of To,vnscnd~ l\1assachusctts.. By the close of the second term and at the anniversary celebration (a public cxhihi-

E2 He received hi~ appointtnent ·while in Gilmantont l 8 February J 836. He accepted on April i 7i and his orjgin'J.1 appointrrlent \Vas retroactively snncdoncd ~t the annual meet log of the board) 19 August 1S36~ HG nlistakcnly s::1y5.,,p. 12oi the ilp- pointmcnt c;~wc on r 8 February _I S-35.. See Records, !3 Copies of the d rcular are the Gi Im anton A re hivcs, I ts asscrnh led Hatcn1 c:n ts, including g strong cndor£e1nent signed Ly three professors of .t\ndo,~cr 'Theological Sern inaty arc v:i.riousl y dated from i\-1:are h 7 to Juno 1 o.

1 836J ,vhen Professor \Varner ,vas inaugurated 1 the Sc1ninary could boast of a student body· of tenJ a prospective .student body of t\venty- for the faH tern1, and a library of 1,2 oo volumes, over half of ,vhich had been_ added by the n1nnificcnce-of donors in Boston and particular- l)r in Ne,v York. Frotn the printed progra1ns for the anniversary ex- ercjscs of August 2 5-,,vc learn the nature of the parts de]ivered by· the students at the public examination st at ,vhich a-committee of three

visitors appointed by the trustees ,vere present 1 and on ,vhich tl1ey gave their judgn1ent in a forn1al report to the trustees, stating that the Gil- manton thcoJogucs \voul d not suffer in con1 parison ,vith the Students of other Theo] o gi cal Scn1 i narics~' .s!J Among the first th rce yj sito rs , vas Dr '''illiam Cogs\vell. At the annual 1necting in the follo,ving August~ 1837, the board voted to request that the con11nittee of visitors make a ne\v appeal -at the forthcon1ing sessions at Claremont of the General Association of Jvlinisters 111Nc,v I1a1npshirc for statc,vide endorsen1cnt of the Gil- n1anton Seminary46FlAnd a fe,v days later the much desired approbation 87 ,vas granted. Thercu pon the board voted 1 9 October 1 8 37, 'that the General Association of l\1inister.sin Nc\v Ila.n1pshire have authority to appoint a Board of \ 1isitors to look into the exercises of the Theological Scn1inary41 ~s Thus an itnportant ccclc.siologicaland· constitutjonal in1pcrfcction in the origi~1aldesign of the Scn1inary ,vas rectified. At the n1ceting of the Strafford County Home l\1issionnr) 7 Society the

folJo,vjng June, 18381 Daniel Lancaster, ,vithout speaking directly of his beloved Seminary, could jubi]untly report~

{1-t John Foste:r of Bcvcr1y~l\·1assachus-ettst for (u.:-gmplejspoke on ~The l\.1inistry for the Firs.t T,vo Cc:nturics Con1pared ,vith That of the Present Day" (Nl-IHS)T f.:i The report of the first three visitors is printed in the Ob1erver, XVIII, 165 f.. Re cords~ under date of An gust 1 6. f:? A1inutes of tbe General Association of "t-lew-II mups-hirent Their Aleeting in Cltrreniont, August 1&37 { Gi]nlanton 1 1837 ), p. 16::: 'The Thcologjca1 Seminary at Gilmanton~ is yet in it~ iof nncy,. but is prrt~pcrous; and if sustai11c:d by the prayers and ]ibcra1ity of the churchesj as ,vc hope it \'.-"illbe,. it ,·viii doubtless: be the 1nr::i.ns of grc~ t good to the State -and the \VOr1 d. The en do1·sc1ncnt w r.s so n1u ch c ovc.ted that (l copy of the Ati'Jltttes ,va:s indudctl in the smaH hox placed in the Scn1inary corn crstone. e~ }tee ord s., under date ..

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) 400 -Har-vatdLibrary B11lleti11. The ,vild erness bas become as the garden of God, and th c 1noral desert bl os- .soms as the rose .... 0 there is a luxury in the thoughtt that by our agcncyt tl1c hearts of God)s people· in 1nany a dr)' and tbirst~y spot, have been refresh cd and com for tcd. 8~ GE-ORGR H~ \, 7naiLTA1VfS ( To be concluded)

E-11A n11iver rn ries of Strafford C o'ln1ty (Gilman ton, 18 38), pp. :13 f. A copy of A11nfr.•erscaries,·vas fater placed in the cornerstone,

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959) List of Con tri bu tors

H F.kilF.R'f Ilu·r-n-:1t.F1 r;Ltl, , 7ice~Chrince1lor of the University of Can1bridgc, J\1astcr of PeterhouseJ and Profes~or of j\iJodern History G. L. HuxLEY, Fello\v of All Sou]i, Oxford

D !\NIEL L. l\1:cCuE.,JR., Assi~tnn t Professor of Eng 1is h, Boston Co 11cg c

G EOl~GE H "'\VltLlA 1\1s., lV j n n Prof cssor of Ecc] esiastic:al 1-listory., Ha rY nrd Uni- ,Ters1ty+

Ho\VARDl\1u1\JFORD Jo~r.s~ Professor of Eng1ish~Harvard University

Sru ART A TK1Ns 1 Prof cssor of G crm ani Harvard Uni vcr.sity

j\1ADJSON C. BATES, Professor of Eng 1is h., En1cr j n1s,R utg c::rsUn ivcrsi cy J\11r.AbASou~~OVAi Siav-jc Divjsioni Harvard CollegeJ_.ibrary

\V1LLL\t\1 A. JACKSON., Professor of Bjbiiography 1 I-larva.rd University., and Li- brarian of the 1--Ioughton Library of the 1-Iarvard Co1IegeLibrary

Forthcomi11g Articles

Second Horblit Lecture on the History of Science JAl\! ES 11. CONANT L' Ar Jenice: An Un kno\vn Eng 1ish Edition of Ra can's J_..es-berge:ri es JEAN PA RRJSH ANP \ Vl J,J.. IA 1' l A, JACKSON

The i1:nib li ot he ca Re USSi an a ad 8 ellun1 Tr j cenn e at ll arvard FRITZ R f.DLlCH

Pattern.) of Reference in Srnartis Jubilate Agno ,v. J\•I. 1--.1ERCHANT

A Co]onial \:Vriting l\ifaster's Collection of Eng]ish Copybooks RAY ~ASH The Sc mi nary in the Vlildcrnc.ss: A Re pres en to.rive Epjsod e in the Cultural Fiistory of Northern Nc\v England (concluded) GEORGE H, \V 1LLJ Ai\'lS

Charley J""ongfello\\' Goes to '"Tar A"KDRE"\V HILEN The Finest Secret: Etnotional Currents in the Life of Etnily Dickinson after z8 65 THD)I>OR A , VARD Some Stray Fragr~nce of an Idc:al: Henry J:11nc..s"sImagery for Youth's Disco\."'ery of Evil 1.orus SNo,v

Early Edjtions of Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago JOHK A. RIGGS 483

Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIII, Number 3 (Autumn 1959)