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Launch of an Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft

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Launch of an Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft Master Thesis Launch of an Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft Author: Daan Hurtecant Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME Submitted: 2021-05-26 Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering 2 URN: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18302-aero2021-05-26.013 Associated URLs: https://nbn-resolving.org/html/urn:nbn:de:gbv:18302-aero2021-05-26.013 © This work is protected by copyright The work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License: CC BY-NC-SA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 Any further request may be directed to: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME E-Mail see: http://www.ProfScholz.de This work is part of: Digital Library - Projects & Theses - Prof. Dr. Scholz http://library.ProfScholz.de Published by Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering Hamburg University of Applied Science This report is deposited and archived: Deutsche Nationalbiliothek (https://www.dnb.de) Repository of Leibniz University Hannover (https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de) Internet Archive (https://archive.org) Item: https://archive.org/details/TextHurtecant.pdf This report has associated published data in Harvard Dataverse: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LU5VAZ 3 Abstract Purpose – Introducing an ecolabel for aircraft according to the ISO 14025 standard allowing to compare the environmental impact of different air travel options based on the combination of aircraft type, engine type, and seating configuration. Methodology – The ecolabel considers resource depletion (fuel consumption), global warming (equivalent CO2 emission, including altitude-dependent NOX and aviation induced cloudiness), local air quality (NOX), and finally, noise pollution. The emissions of each impact category are normalized against a group of reference aircraft that account for over 95% of the passenger aircraft flying today. Based on the results from a life cycle assessment (LCA), the impact cate- gories are weighted 20%, 40%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. The four impact categories are combined into one overall rating using the information from the LCA. Seating arrangements in different travel classes are considered based on the cabin floor area occupied by each passenger. Data sources are the aircraft manufacturer's documents for airport planning, the aviation emis- sion calculator from EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, the ICAO Aircraft Engine Emissions Databank, the EASA Certification Noise Levels Database, and the SeatGuru seat map database. Findings – Over 140 ecolabels were calculated and showed the usefulness of the concept. Gen- eral conclusions were drawn about the parameters that yield environmentally friendly air travel. When combining the ecolabels of all the aircraft in an airline's fleet, even the comparison be- tween airlines is possible. Research Limitations – The ecolabel cannot compare travel options that include one or more stopovers at different airports. However, different methods are proposed on how booking sys- tems could be extended to offer a comparison based on the ecolabel approach. Practical Implications – Passengers understand that they should select a flight on the shortest possible route and select the best combination of aircraft and airline based on the ecolabel. Airlines that operate a modern fleet, have tight seating in a single (economy) class, and are known for their high load factor, are better for the environment. Obviously, a ticket in the econ- omy class should be booked if the cabin features more than one class. Social Implications – The ecolabel gives a foundation for a general discussion about different travel options based on neutral scientific methods and data. The impact categories are defined such that a comparison between different modes of transportation is also possible. Originality – So far, an ecolabel has not been defined and applied to this level of detail and scientific rigor. DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Launch of an Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft Task for a Master thesis according to university regulations Background New commercial aircraft are often advertised with many claims about their environmental ad- vantages over reference and competitor models. These advertisement claims are often not ver- ifiable, not based on any reporting standards (often due to a lack of such standards), and gen- erally not backed up by reviewed scientific publications. This published PR information does not help the traveling public to choose the least environmentally damaging flight. Therefore, the concept of the Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft was introduced as part of previous theses. It was found that aviation affects the environment most with the impact categories resource de- pletion and global warming (both due to fuel consumption), local air pollution (due to the ni- trogen oxides emission in the vicinity of airports), and noise pollution. A calculation method was developed for each impact category based solely on official, certified, and publicly avail- able data. To ensure that every parameter is evaluated independent of aircraft size, which al- lows comparison between different aircraft, normalizing factors such as the number of seats, rated thrust, and noise level limits were used. Task The existing Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft should be updated and launched based on the latest available data and design considerations. ISO standards for ecolabels have to be fol- lowed. The overall environmental impact is determined by the weighted contribution of con- sidered impact categories. For each category, a rating scale from A to G has to be updated based on the performance of the aircraft in service today. The scientific and environmental in- formation has to be presented in an easily understandable way on the label, in a flyer, and in complete documentation. The ecolabel itself compares real aircraft in service and as such di- rect flights. Other tools should compare the environmental footprint when traveling between city pairs in more than one leg. It should be linked to information about the environmental footprint of other modes of transportation. The detailed tasks are: Perform a brief literature study on existing and future aircraft labeling schemes. Discuss the ISO standards for environmental labeling and how they are applied to the "Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft". Discuss and improve the existing calculation methods and calculate the environmental im- pact for each category (resource depletion, climate impact, ...) based on the latest available data. Present the environmental information in a meaningful and visually attractive Ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft, based on the EU Energy Label. Update and improve the existing Ecolabel Calculator. Additionally, find a way to present the environmental impact of a flight when one or more stopovers have to be made. Develop a comprehensible document to explain the ecolabel for Passenger Aircraft to the traveling public. The report should be written in English based on international standards on report writing. 6 Table of Contents Page Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 9 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 11 List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................ 12 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 14 List of Definitions .................................................................................................................... 16 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Motivation ........................................................................................................ 17 1.2 Title Terminology ............................................................................................. 18 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Previous Research ............................................................................................. 20 1.5 Structure of the Work ....................................................................................... 21 2 Starting Points ................................................................................................. 22 2.1 EASA Environmental Label ............................................................................. 22 2.2 Flybe Aircraft Ecolabel .................................................................................... 23 3 ISO Standards for Environmental Management ........................................ 25 3.1 General Overview ............................................................................................. 25 3.2 Findings ............................................................................................................ 26 3.3 Type III Environmental Declarations ..............................................................
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