DOCSLIB.ORG

Security Council

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Security Council SECURITY COUNCIL Security Council may respond with the Author: Natalia Amortegui, Sofia following actions as stated on the UN Santamaria Luna, Sebastián Gaitán Borja, charter: set forth principles for such an Juan Pablo Grimaldos Olivella y Juan agreement; undertake investigation and Pablo Moreno mediation; dispatch a mission; appoint Time for opening speech: 90 seconds special envoys; or request the Secretary- General to use his good offices to achieve INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE a pacific settlement of the dispute. The The Security Council is one of the six main enforcement measures that the council organs established by the United Nations may opt for achieving international peace Charter in 1945. The primary responsibility include economic sanctions, arms of the council is to maintain international embargoes, financial peace and security.Following the fifth penalties/restrictions, travel bans, chapter of the United Nations Charter, the severance of diplomatic relations, Security Council has four main purposes, blockades and collective military action. which include the preservation of The Security Council is made up of five international peace and security, the permanent members with ten non development of friendly relations among permanent members that change within a nations, the cooperation for solving time of two years. The UN Charter’s most international problems as well as the significant distinction between permanent promotion of respect for human rights and and non permanent members is the veto being a centre for harmonizing the actions power. Based on the article 27.3 of the of nations. The decisions taken by the Charter, all substantive decisions of the Security Council must be accepted and Council must be made with “the carried out by all members of the United concurring votes of the permanent Nations. On the other hand, while the members”. Such members being the Security Council has the power to make United States of America, the French decisions that member states are expected Republic, the United Kingdom of Great to comply with, the other organs can only Britain and Northern Ireland, the Russian make recommendations to member Federation and the People's Republic of states. When a complaint concerning a China. threat to peace is brought to the council, the recommendation presented has the TOPIC A: LIBYAN CONFLICT purpose of reaching a viable agreement between the parties involved through HISTORICAL CONTEXT peaceful methods. When a threat towards The current Libyan conflict is the second international peace is presented the civil war in this country. It is a continuous conflict amongst factions (Tobruk-led Government and Libyan National Army, Government of National Accord, the REPERCUSSIONS United Nations and allies, and lastly the Since February of 2015 the repercussions local forces). The objective of these of the Libyan conflict have been persistent factions is to control the territory and oil and highly detrimental. The most obvious extraction of the country. The historical repercussions are constant electric context dates back to the Arab Spring outages, standstill business, loss of protests in 2011, which led to the first revenues from oil (which surpass the Libyan civil war, also known as the Libyan ninety per cent), and lastly the great loss Revolution. Afterwards a foreign military of life and the fleeing of a large part of the intervention took place and lastly population to Tunisia. Moreover, Muammar Gaddafi was violently killed, according to the UNHCR, around 1.3 leading the country was into a chaotic million people in Libya are in need of scene, with actors such as rebel forces, humanitarian assistance, they lack access revolutionary brigades, post-revolutionary to health care, essential medicines, food, brigades, militias and other armed groups. potable water, shelter, and education. It is This varied belic groups led to the as well necessary to bear in mind the continuous presence of violence and displacement scenario in Libya, 217,002 violation of human rights in the region. people are displaces inside the country Considering this situation, the National and 278,559 are returnees. Transitional Council called for the armed groups to register and unite under the Libyan refugees: Refugees from the Libyan ​ Ministry of Defense, this action legitimized civil war have fled or were expelled from many armed groups by placing them under their homes in Libya. The countries to the approval if the government. which they have mainly emigrated are Tunisia, Egypt, and Chad, and a few On the eleventh of September of 2012, European countries in the mediterranean militants allied with Al-Qaeda attacked the region. According to The Daily Telegraph United States consulate, murdering the US from London, the majority of said refugees ambassador and three other members. are Arabs and Berbers, thigh sub- Saharan This event resulted in a public cry against africans are as well predominantly present the militias that were still operating and amongst these refugees. According to the resulted in the attack to several militia United Nations High Commissioner for bases on behalf of protesters. The Refugees (UNHCR) as of January 2013, escalation of violence transcended into there were 5,252 refugees originating the second Libyan Civil War, which is the from Libya. And according to Le Monde, current Libyan conflict. on may 2014, there were around 600,000 and 1,000,000 Libyan refugees only in Tunisia. Libyan children: According to UNICEF, ​ Egyptian laborers: Egyptian laborers have children in Libya continue to suffer from been and are constantly oppressed and malnutrition, and as well have difficulty harmed in Libya. They are mainly facing accessing basic education. Moreover, the kidnapping and murder. The majority of continuous conflict has caused families to these Egyptian workers have been flee their homes, thus affecting the kidnapped and held by the Islamic State, wellbeing of the children. According to the and the IS constantly publishes reports in IOM and UNICEF, 36,000 migrant children its online magazine Dabiq threatening to are in need of assistance in Libya, there is murder the abductees. According to the as well an approximate of 14,000 children Egyptian Ministry of Labor, around 2 unaccompanied, it is thought that these million Egyptians are facing these children have likely suffered from abuse, strenuous and violent conditions in Libya. exploitation, enslavement and detention. On February 2015 in a video entitled “a blood-signed message to the Nation of the CURRENT SITUATION Cross”, islamic terrorists beheaded 21 International actions: Firstly, the United Egyptian laborers who were kidnapped Nations Security Council on august 27 from the city of Siete. Violent events as 2014, approved resolution 2174 (2014). It the aforementioned have caused an called for an immediate ceasefire and approximate of 800,000 Egyptians to political dialogue. Moreover, it threatened return to Egypt. Nonetheless, from this with the use of sanctions against the number, around 4,000 Egyptian laborers supporters of the militias involved in the decided to return to Libya as they could ongoing conflict. In the year 2019, the not find a proper job. According to the United Nations reported that Jordan, testimony of Adel, a 25 year old Egyptian Turkey and the United Arab Emirates have to the Zenith, in Egypt a construction violated the Libyan arms embargo. laborer earns less than 100 Egyptian pounds, considering as well the difficulty Peace efforts of obtaining a job, whilst in Libya they can In the beginning of 2015, the United earn up to 3,000 pounds monthly. Nations collaborated in negotiations with the objective of establishing peace and However, it is necessary to bear in mind political stability. On the 17 of December alongside the violence towards Egyptians of 2015 delegates from both governments on behalf of terrorists, the violence and signed a peace deal, even though both constant humiliation towards them on sides had significant oppositions. From behalf of their employers, who sometimes said treaty the Government of National even recur to physical violence. Accord was formed, its first meeting has held on January 2 2016. however, on the as on April 5, the Security Council called seventeenth of deceiver of 2017 general upon Haftar to stop all movements of the Khalifa Haftar declared the treaty void by operation. declaring it had no mandate. Afterwards, a meeting named the Libyan National OBJECTIVE OF THE COMMITTEE Conference was planned, with the The delegates are expected to seek not objective of organizing elections and a only a peaceful solution to the issue, but peace process. Said meeting was prepared as well to seek for a solution to the through the length of eighteen months, repercussions of the war. This implies ​ and was planned to take place from the 14 considering the different dimensions of the to the 16 of April of 2019, nonetheless, it conflict, not solely focusing on the issues was postponed due to the military actions regarding terrorism. Moreover, although of the 2019 Western Libya offensive. the Security Council has the power of Considering the aforementioned, a three deciding on legitimate use of force, it is point peace plan was introduced, it highly encouraged for the delegates to consisted of a truce during Eid al- Adha seek for a peaceful and diplomatic (Festival of the Sacrifice), an international solution, considering the United Nations meeting of countries involved in the have constantly sought a peaceful
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of International Journal Euro-Mediterranean Studies
    Euro-Mediterranean University Kidričevo nabrežje 2 SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia International Journal www.ijems.emuni.si [email protected] 1 of Euro-Mediterranean NUMBER Studies VOLUME 1 4 2021 NUMBER 1 2021 EDITORIAL A defining moment: Can we predict the future of higher education? Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry 14 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Security sector reform by intergovernmental organisations in Libya Anna Molnár, Ivett Szászi, Lili Takács VOLUME SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Interpreting the Mediterranean archaeological landscape through stakeholders’ participation – the case of Vrsar, Croatia Kristina Afrić Rakitovac, Nataša Urošević, Nikola Vojnović REVIEW ARTICLE Olive oil tourism in the Euro-Mediterranean area José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón, Elide Di-Clemente, Ana María Campón-Cerro, José Antonio Folgado-Fernández SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE What ever happened to the EU’s ‘science diplomacy’? The long mission of effective EU-Mediterranean cooperation in science and research Jerneja Penca BOOK REVIEW Transnational Islam and regional security: Cooperation and diversity between Europe and North Africa, by Frédéric Volpi (ed.) Georgi Asatryan EVENT REVIEW Capacity building for healthy seas: Summer school on sustainable blue economy in the Euro-Mediterranean Jerneja Penca Abstracts Résumés Povzetki International Journal The International Journal of Euro- EdITOR-IN-CHIEF Advisory board of Euro-Mediterranean Studies Mediterranean Studies is published in Prof. Dr. Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry, Prof. Dr. Samia Kassab-Charfi, English with abstracts in Slovenian, ISSN 1855-3362 (printed) Euro-Mediterranean University, Slovenia University of Tunis, Tunisia French and Arabic language. The Prof. Dr. Abeer Refky, Arab Academy ISSN 2232-6022 (online) journal is free of charge. managing Editor: for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt COPYRIGHT NOTICE Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya Conflict Insight | Feb 2018 | Vol
    ABOUT THE REPORT The purpose of this report is to provide analysis and Libya Conflict recommendations to assist the African Union (AU), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Member States and Development Partners in decision making and in the implementation of peace and security- related instruments. Insight CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mesfin Gebremichael (Editor in Chief) Mr. Alagaw Ababu Kifle Ms. Alem Kidane Mr. Hervé Wendyam Ms. Mahlet Fitiwi Ms. Zaharau S. Shariff Situation analysis EDITING, DESIGN & LAYOUT Libya achieved independence from United Nations (UN) trusteeship in 1951 Michelle Mendi Muita (Editor) as an amalgamation of three former Ottoman provinces, Tripolitania, Mikias Yitbarek (Design & Layout) Cyrenaica and Fezzan under the rule of King Mohammed Idris. In 1969, King Idris was deposed in a coup staged by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He promptly abolished the monarchy, revoked the constitution, and © 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, established the Libya Arab Republic. By 1977, the Republic was transformed Addis Ababa University. All rights reserved. into the leftist-leaning Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the 1970s and 1980s, Libya pursued a “deviant foreign policy”, epitomized February 2018 | Vol. 1 by its radical belligerence towards the West and its endorsement of anti- imperialism. In the late 1990s, Libya began to re-normalize its relations with the West, a development that gradually led to its rehabilitation from the CONTENTS status of a pariah, or a “rogue state.” As part of its rapprochement with the Situation analysis 1 West, Libya abandoned its nuclear weapons programme in 2003, resulting Causes of the conflict 2 in the lifting of UN sanctions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Typology of Conflict Dyads and Instruments of Power in Libya, 2014‐Present
    Demystifying Gray Zone Conflict: A Typology of Conflict Dyads and Instruments of Power in Libya, 2014‐Present Report to DHS S&T Office of University Programs and DoD Strategic Multilayer Assessment Branch November 2016 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Led by the University of Maryland 8400 Baltimore Ave., Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The authors of this report are Rachel A. Gabriel, Researcher, and Mila A. Johns, Researcher, at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). Questions about this report should be directed to Barnett S. Koven at [email protected]. This report is part of START project, “Shadows of Violence: Empirical Assessments of Treats, Coercion and Gray Zones,” led by Amy Pate. This research was supported by a Centers of Excellence Supplemental award from the Department of Homeland Security’s Science and Technology Directorate’s Office of University Programs, with funding provided by the Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) Branch of the Department of Defense through grand award number 2012ST061CS0001‐05 made to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Guide
    Background Guide CAMBRIDGEINTERNATIONALSCHOOL AMRITSAR-MODELUNITEDNATIONS Disarmament and International Security Agency ABOUT CISAMUN We, at CISA, proudly present the launch of the CISAMUN, a venture into the world of Model United Nation. We are just eight years old but we have the precision of winning awards at every MUN we have participated in. And we thought that if we have it then we ought to share it. The sprawling seven acres and the state of the art infrastructure in the charmed city of the Golden Temple, provides us the perfect backdrop to host some of the best schools for an interactive session on global issues. In these last years, we have we have moved on from infancy to maturity. Our main achievements being a 1700 strong student brigade and their guardians as our shareholders, a committed team of teaching and non teaching staff and a management with a vision. Young minds have the freshest ideas. Keeping this in mind, CISAMUN wishes to tap this pool of ideas and contribute to issues that matter, in whatever little way possible. United Nations: as the name suggests, thinks globally and that is exactly what we strive for too. Issues ranging from environment concerns and religious intolerance to terrorism and trade have an impact on all, hence the urgency to start young. We proudly launch the CISAMUN scheduled for the 3rd, 4th and 5th of August 2017. A LETTER FROM THE SECRETARYGENERAL Dear Delegates, Welcome to the first session of the Cambridge International School Amritsar Model United Nations Conference. I am Vansh Aggarwal and I am thrilled to be your Secretary General at CISAMUN '17.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 19 June 2019
    United Nations A/74/6 (Sect. 3)/Add.2 General Assembly Distr.: General 19 June 2019 Original: English Seventy-fourth session Item 137 of the preliminary list* Proposed programme budget for 2020 Proposed programme budget for 2020 Part II Political affairs Section 3 Political affairs Special political missions Thematic cluster I: special and personal envoys, advisers and representatives of the Secretary-General Summary The present report contains the proposed resource requirements for 2020 for 11 special political missions grouped under the thematic cluster of special and personal envoys, advisers and representatives of the Secretary-General. The proposed resource requirements for 2020 for special political missions grouped under this cluster amount to $57,073,400 (net of staff assessment). * A/74/50. 19-10046 (E) 070819 *1910046* A/74/6 (Sect.3)/Add.2 Contents Page I. Financial overview ............................................................. 4 II. Special political missions ........................................................ 5 1. Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus ................... 5 A. Proposed programme plan for 2020 and programme performance for 2018** ..... 8 B. Proposed post and non-post resource requirements for 2020*** ................ 11 2. Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide .. 13 A. Proposed programme plan for 2020 and programme performance for 2018** ..... 18 B. Proposed post and non-post resource requirements for 2020*** ................ 23 3. Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara....................... 25 A. Proposed programme plan for 2020 and programme performance for 2018** ..... 28 B. Proposed post and non-post resource requirements for 2020*** ................ 31 4. Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the implementation of Security Council resolution 1559 (2004) ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • CIG Template
    Country Information and Guidance Yemen: Security and humanitarian situation Version 2.0 April 2016 Preface This document provides country of origin information (COI) and guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the guidance contained with this document; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information The COI within this document has been compiled from a wide range of external information sources (usually) published in English. Consideration has been given to the relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability of the information and wherever possible attempts have been made to corroborate the information used across independent sources, to ensure accuracy. All sources cited have been referenced in footnotes. It has been researched and presented with reference to the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, dated July 2012. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve the guidance and information we provide. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this document, please e-mail us.
    [Show full text]
  • The War in Yemen: 2011-2018: the Elusive Road to Peace
    Working Paper 18-1 By Sonal Marwah and Tom Clark The War in Yemen: 2011-2018 The elusive road to peace November 2018 The War in Yemen: 2011-2018 The elusive road to peace By Sonal Marwah and Tom Clark Working Paper 18-1 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data The War in Yemen: 2011-2018: The elusive road to peace ISBN 978-1-927802-24-3 © 2018 Project Ploughshares First published November 2018 Please direct enquires to: Project Ploughshares 140 Westmount Road North Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G6 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541 Email: [email protected] Editing: Wendy Stocker Design and layout: Tasneem Jamal Table of Contents Glossary of Terms i List of Figures ii Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Acknowledgements v Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Background 4 Participants in the Conflict 6 Major local actors 6 Foreign and regional actors 7 Major arms suppliers 7 Summary of the Conflict (2011-2018) 8 Civil strife breaks out (January 2011 to March 2015) 8 The internationalization of conflict (2015) 10 An influx of weapons and more human-rights abuses (2016) 10 A humanitarian catastrophe (2017- June 2018) 13 The Scale of the Forgotten War 16 Battle-related deaths 17 Forcibly displaced persons 17 Conflict and food insecurity 22 Infrastructural collapse 23 Arming Saudi Arabia 24 Prospects for Peace 26 Regulation of Arms Exports 30 The Path Ahead and the UN 32 Conclusion 33 Authors 34 Endnotes 35 Photo Credits 41 Glossary of Terms Arms Trade Treaty: A multilateral treaty, which entered into force in December 2014, that establishes
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation in Yemen Subject Specialist: Ben Smith
    DEBATE PACK CDP-0069 (2020) | 20 March 2020 Compiled by: Nigel Walker The situation in Yemen Subject specialist: Ben Smith Contents Main Chamber 1. Background 2 2. Press articles 4 Tuesday 24 March 2020 3. Press releases 6 4. PQs 15 General debate 5. Debates 24 6. Statements 25 7. Early Day Motions 29 8. Further reading 32 The proceedings of this debate can be viewed on Parliamentlive.tv. The House of Commons Library prepares a briefing in hard copy and/or online for most non-legislative debates in the Chamber and Westminster Hall other than half-hour debates. Debate Packs are produced quickly after the announcement of parliamentary business. They are intended to provide a summary or overview of the issue being debated and identify relevant briefings and useful documents, including press and parliamentary material. More detailed briefing can be prepared for Members on request to the Library. www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Number CDP-0069, 20 March 2020 1. Background The fighting in Yemen has been going on since the failure in 2011 of a Saudi-backed transition from long-time President Saleh to his deputy Abd Rabbuh Mansour al-Hadi. The rebel Houthi movement, based in the North and deeply hostile to the Saudis, took control of much of the country from the Hadi Government, entering the capital, Sanaa, in late 2014. Saudi Arabia arranged a coalition, whose strongest members were Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, to prop up the Hadi Government. The ensuing conflict produced the world’s worst humanitarian disaster, with millions of people at risk from starvation and rampant disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council
    ER INT NAT W IO O N C A S L O M M O CHURKIN MOSCOW N D I E K L R U U N H INTERNATIONAL C МО Н MODEL UNITED NATIONS ДЕЛЬ ОО ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL EXPERT'S REPORT PROGRAMS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REHABILITATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA AFTER ARMED CONFLICTS CONTENTS VOCABULARY..................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................3 CHAPTER 1. POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES............................5 CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES FOR POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES............................7 CHAPTER 3. EMBARKING ON THE PATH OF RECOVERY..............................................................10 CHAPTER 4. REHABILITATION PROGRAMS: COUNTRY-LEVEL.......................................................14 CHAPTER 5. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BODIES................................................................................18 CONCLUSION................................................................22 LIST OF SOURCES.....................................................23 VOCABULARY Belligerent - an individual, group, country, or other entity that acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) - explosive weapons that did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk of detonation, sometimes many decades after they were used or discarded. Fatalities - deaths incurred in the state-based and non-state conflicts and one-sided violence. For state-based armed conflict and non- state conflict these are defined as battle-related deaths (i.e. the use of armed force between warring parties in a conflict dyad, be it state- based or non-state, resulting in deaths). For one-sided violence these are deaths stemming from attacks carried out by organized actors, targeting unarmed civilians. GNI per capita - the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population. Horizontal inequality - economic, social or other inequality preventing people of similar origin, intelligence, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • S/PV.8642 the Situation in the Middle East 17/10/2019
    United Nations S/ PV.8642 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8642nd meeting Thursday, 17 October 2019, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Matjila ..................................... (South Africa) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Zhang Jun Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Moriko Dominican Republic .............................. Ms. Morrison González Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mrs. Mele Colifa France ........................................ Mr. De Rivière Germany ...................................... Mr. Schulz Indonesia. Mr. Soemirat Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Alotaibi Peru .......................................... Mr. Duclos Poland ........................................ Mr. Lewicki Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Nebenzia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Ms. Pierce United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in the Middle East This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room U-0506 ([email protected]). Corrected records will be reissued electronically on the Official Document System of the United Nations (http://documents.un.org). 19-32147 (E) *1932147* S/PV.8642 The situation in the Middle East 17/10/2019 The meeting was called to order at 10 a.m. rounds of shelling detonated nearby. All four were from the same family. On 23 and 24 September, air strikes Adoption of the agenda killed 22 civilians in a mosque in Amran and a family home in Al-Dhale’e.
    [Show full text]
  • BACKGROUND GUIDE UNSC BBPS – Glengaze – MUN
    BACKGROUND GUIDE UNSC BBPS – Glengaze – MUN Agenda – “Peace Building Measures in Post Conflict Regions with Special Emphasis on Iraq and Libya.” LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD Greetings, We welcome you to the United Nations Security Council, in the capacity of the members of the Executive Board of the said conference. Since this conference shall be a learning experience for all of you, it shall be for us as well. Our only objective shall be to make you all speak and participate in the discussion, and we pledge to give every effort for the same. How to research for the agenda and beyond? There are several things to consider. This background guide shall be different from the background guides you might have come across in other MUNs and will emphasise more on providing you the right Direction where you find matter for your research than to provide you matter itself, because we do not believe in spoon- feeding you, nor do we believe in leaving you to swim in the pond all by yourself. However, we promise that if you read the entire set of documents so provided, you shall be able to cover 70% of your research for the conference. The remaining amount of research depends on how much willing are you to put in your efforts and understand those articles and/or documents. So, in the purest of the language we can say, it is important to read anything and everything whose links are provided in the background guide. What to speak in the committee and in what manner? The basic emphasis of the committee shall not be on how much facts you read and present in the committee but how you explain them in simple and decent language to us and the fellow committee members.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Failures in Countering Islamic Terrorism: a Comparative Analysis on the Strategic Surprises of the 9/11 and the Pa
    Department of Political Science Master’s Degree in International Relations - Global Studies Chair of Geopolitical Scenarios and Political Risk Intelligence Failures in Countering Islamic Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis on the Strategic Surprises of the 9/11 and the Paris Attacks and the Exceptionality of the Italian Case SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE Prof. Giuseppe Scognamiglio Antonella Camerino Student ID: 639472 CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Lorenzo Castellani ACCADEMIC YEAR 2019-2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………5 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………..6 CHAPTER 1: Intelligence: A Theoretical Framework 1.1 – The Intelligence Cycle………………………………………………………………….11 1.2 – Intelligence Failures…………………………………………………………………….19 1.3 – The Strategic Surprises and Surprises Attacks………………………………………….24 1.4 – The Black Swan Theory………………………………………………………………...30 CHAPTER 2: The Case of USA: The Attacks of the 9/11 2.1 – The US Intelligence Community……………………………………………………….35 2.2 – Analysis of a Terrorist Organization: Al-Qaeda………………………………………..43 2.3 – The 9/11 Attacks: Facts, Causes and Consequences……………………………………52 2.4 – The US Involvement in the Middle East: The War on Terror………………………….61 CHAPTER 3: The Case of France: The Paris Attacks of November 13 3.1 – The French Intelligence Community…………………………………………………...73 3.2 – Analysis of a Terrorist Organization: The Islamic State………………………………..80 3.3 – The Paris Attacks of November 13: Facts, Causes and Consequences………………...90 3.4 – The French Involvement in the Middle East: Opération Chammal…………………….98
    [Show full text]