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The Fire at Sperry Chalet: a Facilitated Learning Analysis

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The Fire at Sperry Chalet: a Facilitated Learning Analysis National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Division of Fire and Aviation The Fire at Sperry Chalet Facilitated Learning Analysis Glacier National Park - 2017 This page intentionally left blank The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis “Those firefighters are heroes, dammit. Sometimes the fire wins.” Sperry Chalet Coordinator Belton Inc. Contents 1. Executive Summary……………………………………………………… 3 2. The Significance of Sperry Chalet……………………………………… 4 3. The 2017 Fire Season…………………………………………………… 8 4. Sprague Fire Timeline……………………..…………………………….. 9 5. Narrative………………………………………………………………….. 11 A. The Sprague Fire and Fire Behavior………………………… 11 B. August 31 – Sperry Chalet Ignites…………………………… 24 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 29 7. Lessons Shared from the Participants…………………………………. 31 8. Observations and Recommendations…………………………….……. 32 9. The Facilitated Learning Analysis Team……………………………….. 40 Appendices A. Schematic of protection plan from Structure Protection Plan (PDF) B. Fire Investigation Report (PDF) C. Fire Progression Map (JPG) 2 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis 1. Executive Summary On August 10, 2017, a series of dry lightning storms moved across Montana and started several new fires. Among these new fires was the Sprague Fire in Glacier National Park. Over the course of the next few weeks, park management and fire resources would work to suppress the Sprague Fire and protect all threatened structures. Despite extensive protection efforts, on August 31, 2017 the Sperry Dormitory (commonly called the Sperry Chalet), a National Historic Landmark structure, burned when the fire made a hard run up the canyon below the Dormitory. No other structures were lost during this fire, no firefighters were injured or killed protecting the Sperry Chalet, and several other buildings in the Sperry complex were saved. The National Park Service Division of Fire and Aviation Management was notified of the loss and coordinated with the Purpose: To Acting Associate Director, Visitor and Resource Protection, the Develop and Learn Division Chief for Risk Management, and the Director, The primary goal of this Department of Interior Office of Occupational Safety and Health, review is to understand to determine what type of review to do regarding the loss of the decisions that were Sperry Chalet. Ultimately, it was decided to use the Facilitated made based on the Learning Analysis (FLA) process given the nature of the conditions that existed incident. The FLA meets National Park Service policy and is an and to identify and share appropriate response for this incident. lessons learned both A Facilitated Learning Analysis (FLA) Team was mobilized on within the National Park September 17, 2017 to conduct a learning analysis that would Service and interagency address several key areas identified by the Branch Chief of fire community. Wildland Fire for the National Park Service. The direction to the FLA Team was to review the lessons to be learned from both the loss of the Dormitory and the success in preventing the other buildings within the Sperry Chalet complex from burning. This event provides opportunity to learn what was done well and what needs to be corrected or improved. Therefore, the intent of this FLA is to objectively portray the actions taken in protecting the Sperry Chalet complex along with the challenges of protecting the Dormitory and reduce the chances of a similar outcome in the future. 3 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis 2. The Significance of Sperry Chalet Congress created Glacier National Park in 1910, six years before the National Park Service would be established. The Great Northern Railway, under the supervision of its president Louis Hill, started the system of hotels and chalets to develop a tourist industry to boost the use of the railway. A number of hotels and chalets were built throughout the park in the 1910s to promote tourism. They were modeled on Swiss architecture to portray Glacier National Park as “America's Switzerland.” These chalets and hotels, built between 1910 and 1913, included Belton, St. Mary, Going-to-the- Sun, Many Glacier, Two Medicine, Sperry, Granite Park, Cut Bank, and Gunsight Lake. The Great Northern Railway also built the Glacier Park Lodge, adjacent to the park on its east side, as well as the Many Glacier Hotel, located on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake. Combined, these buildings represented the largest collection of Swiss Chalet-style buildings in the United States. While these hotels and chalets never made a monetary profit, they attracted thousands of visitors who came via the Great Northern Railroad. Guest on balcony of Sperry Chalet, circa 1940. Louis Hill personally selected the sites for all of Photo by T. J. Hileman. these buildings, choosing each for their dramatic scenic backdrops and views, including remote backcountry locations accessible only by trail. The Glacier Park Hotel Company managed these properties until selling them to the National Park Service in 1954. The Sperry Chalet The Sperry Chalet Complex is located in the Glacier National Park backcountry seven miles by trail from the Going-to-the-Sun Road near Lake McDonald. It resides below the Sperry Glacier in a grand glacial cirque, surrounded by enormous peaks along the Continental Divide. 4 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis Built in 1913, the Dining Hall and the Dormitory were the two buildings in the complex contributing to the Great Northern Railway Buildings Architecture in the park’s National Historic Landmark multiple property nomination. In addition to the historic Dormitory and the Dining Hall, the complex also includes several non-historic buildings including toilet/washroom facilities, two bunkhouses for National Park Service maintenance and trail crew staff, and a small water treatment building. (See an aerial image of the Sperry Chalet complex on page 6.) The Sperry Chalet Dormitory The Dormitory was the largest and most architecturally impressive structure in the Sperry Chalet complex. The approximately 32-by-90-foot two-story building was covered by a large gable roof adorned with two dormers on the east side and three on the west side. Some dormers sheltered small log- framed balconies. One of the gable ends of the Dormitory had the letters “G.N.Ry.” indicating the Great Northern Railway in lighter colored stone. The Dormitory roofs had log rafters, logged locally, with board sheathing and wood shingles. The heavy random rubble stone masonry of the walls was quarried from the site and laid by Italian masons. The stonework, arched fenestrations with log detailing, gave the building a quality and character of design unique to a backcountry Sperry Chalet and Dining Hall from a distance, circa 1920. structure and provided the stout Photo by T. J. Hileman. construction essential to survive the winds and heavy snows encountered at Sperry. The Dormitory consisted of 22 guest rooms, reached by a first-floor lobby access and interior staircases. Interior partition walls were tongue and groove boards fastened to the structural log framing. Ceilings were comprised with this same material. Floors were wide boards, painted grey. The rustic log railings of the exterior balconies and deck along the west side of the structure were not original. The original balconies had deteriorated badly and had been replaced. There was no electricity or running water within the Dormitory building. 5 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis Aerial Image of the Sperry Chalet Complex Dormitory Trail to Nelson Lake Comfort Station Chlorination Dining Hall Cabin Maintenance Cabin Trails Cabin 6 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis The Sperry Chalet Complex Dining Hall Constructed in 1913, the Dining Hall in the Sperry Chalet Complex is a simpler structure. It was built with considerably smaller stones than those used in the Dormitory. While this structure lacks the Dormitory’s exceptionally fine design quality, it nonetheless successfully serves its aesthetic purpose in its simplicity of design. A single story, the gable roof is low and finished with wood shingles. A small deck around the south and west exterior walls overlooks beautiful views toward Lake McDonald. The window and door openings have the gentle segmental arches, which immediately identify the structure as a Great Northern building. The Sperry Chalet Experience The current 10-year concession contract is held by Belton Chalets, Inc., which is owned by the family who has operated both Sperry and Granite Park chalets for three generations. Glacier National Park’s 2005 Commercial Services Plan identified the Sperry Chalet visitor experience as necessary and appropriate. For some visitors, the Sperry Chalet experience was about conquering a challenging hike to then be celebrated and welcomed into this family-style dining hall where complete strangers sit down as guests to enjoy a home-cooked luxurious meal. Afterwards, people part as friends and companions. Families, disconnected from the chaos of modern influences such as social media (there are no televisions or internet services at Sperry) can relax in the Dining Hall after dinner and engage in long-lost conversations and board games. The view, taken in by sitting in a rocking chair on the porch of the Dormitory, allowed for one to find peace. This has been the essence of the Sperry Chalet experience. 7 The Fire at Sperry Chalet: A Facilitated Learning Analysis 3. The 2017 Fire Season Initially, the 2017 fire season in the Northern Rockies appeared as if it was going to be a typical season. The winter, in general, had been wetter than average and most areas had an above- normal snowpack. Spring brought average rainfall and snowmelt. By the end of June, however, many areas of Montana were receiving record or near-record high temperatures. By mid-July many of the land management units throughout the Northern Rockies were already staffing with “severity resources1.” By the end of August, major fires were burning in southern and northern California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, British Columbia, and Alberta.
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