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Effect of Simulated Altitude Exposure on Sea Level Performance

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Effect of Simulated Altitude Exposure on Sea Level Performance EFFECT OF SIMULATED ALTITUDE EXPOSURE ON SEA LEVEL PERFORMANCE ERICA A. HINCKSON BSC (BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY) MSC (EXERCISE AND MOVEMENT SCIENCE) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July 2004 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................. II ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP..................................................................................................... VII CO-AUTHORED WORK .......................................................................................................................VIII LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................IX LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................................................... XII PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS FROM THIS PHD THESIS .........XIV ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................................XVI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 1 THESIS RATIONALE ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Choice of subjects.................................................................................................................................. 2 Runners...............................................................................................................................................................3 Rowers................................................................................................................................................................3 Choice of measures................................................................................................................................ 3 Performance........................................................................................................................................................3 Subject characteristics........................................................................................................................................4 Mechanisms........................................................................................................................................................5 Choice of design .................................................................................................................................... 6 Choice of device..................................................................................................................................... 6 Choice of analysis.................................................................................................................................. 8 ORIGINALITY OF THE THESIS ...................................................................................................................... 8 THESIS ORGANISATION ............................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW-THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL AND SIMULATED ALTITUDE EXPOSURE ON SEA LEVEL PERFORMANCE ........................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 12 THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ALTITUDE EXPOSURE ON ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE .................................... 13 Altitude exposure methods................................................................................................................... 13 Living and training at altitude..........................................................................................................................13 Living at altitude (2500 m) and training at lower (~1300 m) altitude ............................................................16 Living at altitude (2500 m) and training at higher (~3000 m) and lower (1300 m) altitude ..........................17 iii Altitude level ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Exposure at low altitude...................................................................................................................................19 Exposure at moderate altitude..........................................................................................................................20 Exposure at high altitude..................................................................................................................................20 Altitude duration.................................................................................................................................. 21 Time course of the effect...................................................................................................................... 21 Subject characteristics......................................................................................................................... 22 Age ...................................................................................................................................................................22 Gender ..............................................................................................................................................................22 Athletic ability..................................................................................................................................................23 Non-athletes ................................................................................................................................................23 Sub-elite athletes.........................................................................................................................................25 Elite athletes................................................................................................................................................25 THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL ALTITUDE EXPOSURE ON SPRINT PERFOMANCE ............................................. 27 Altitude exposure method .................................................................................................................... 27 Living and training at altitude..........................................................................................................................27 Living at altitude and training at sea level.......................................................................................................27 THE EFFECT OF SIMULATED ALTITUTE EXPOSURE ON ENDRUANCE PERFORMANCE ................................. 28 Ways to simulate altitude .................................................................................................................... 30 Nitrogen houses................................................................................................................................................30 Altitude tents ....................................................................................................................................................32 Hypobaric chambers.........................................................................................................................................33 Hypoxic inhalers ..............................................................................................................................................34 Altitude exposure methods................................................................................................................... 35 Living at high altitude and training at low altitude .........................................................................................35 Living at low altitude and training at high altitude .........................................................................................36 Altitude level ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Altitude exposure at low altitude .....................................................................................................................36 Altitude exposure at moderate altitude ............................................................................................................36 Altitude exposure at high altitude....................................................................................................................37 Altitude duration.................................................................................................................................. 37 Time course of the effect...................................................................................................................... 38 Subject characteristics........................................................................................................................
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