History
A Woman At War: The Life And Times Of Dr Phoebe Chapple MM (1879-1967), An Australian Doctor On The Western Front
Susan J Neuhaus, MBBS, PhD, FRACS1, Sharon Mascall-Dare MA (Oxon)2
Introduction • Dr Phoebe Chapple was one of 15 Australian women doctors who undertook overseas military service during World War I. • She was the first Australian, and the only female doctor, to receive the Military Medal – awarded for gallantry in the field. • Despite multiple foreign awards, the military service of these women has been largely overlooked by their own country. • The only other Australian female doctor to have been so honoured is Carol Vaughan-Evans who was awarded the Medal for Gallantry following the Rwandan Kibheo massacre in 2005.
Background doctors who undertook military service on the Western Front and elsewhere in Europe, has been overlooked At the outbreak of World War I (WWI) female doctors in the official histories of WWI. were not universally accepted within the profession. The Australian Army, and initially the British War Early Years Office, saw no role for female medical officers and refused to entertain the idea of medical women serving Phoebe Chapple was born in Adelaide on 31 March in military hospitals. The Australian Army did not 1879, and entered the University of Adelaide aged appoint a female medical officer until 1943. 16, graduatingIMAGE with bachelors degrees in science, 2 Dr Phoebe Chappel, Graduation photograph (courtesy of the State surgery and medicinep1. She came from a privileged Quite undeterred however, and determined to prove background; her father was the headmaster at Prince their medical skills, at least 15 of the 129 female Alfred College, Adelaide, and five of her seven brothersLibrary of South Australia) doctors in Australia at the time found their way to European theatres of war. These women served with the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) and with a variety of “All Women Medical Units” including the War Office-funded Endell Street Military Hospital in London and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals for Foreign Service1. They served in France, Belgium, Greece, the Balkans and Egypt. They worked under harsh conditions, receiving casualties directly from the frontline. The conditions of their service and their prospects of recognition were however, quite different from those of their male counterparts. This paper will discuss the wartime contribution of Dr Pheobe Chapple MM, the only Australian and the only woman doctor to be awarded a medal for gallantry during WWI. Her experiences reflect the social and historical circumstances of Australian and British society at the time. Despite numerous foreign awards, Figure 1. Dr Phoebe Chappel, Graduation photograph the service of Dr Chapple and other Australian women (courtesy of the State Library of South Australia).
Page 40 Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health
IMAGE 3 Members of Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC), marching from No. 2 Stationary Hospital at 1.45 p.m. in the funeral procession of their comrades, who were killed in the air raid, on the night ... (oai:awm.gov.au:E02355)
IMAGE 4 Dr Phoebe Chapple returns. Adelaide Advertiser, Monday 18th October 1937, p6
History
and sisters held university degrees. After qualifying to consider this step when the armistice was signed.”4 as a doctor, Phoebe sometimes visited her patients in Later, she was attached to Queen Mary’s Army a phaeton, driven by a liveried coachman2. Despite Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC). As members of the QMAAC, this privilege, her career showed a determination women doctors examined the recruits, ran invaliding for hard work ; she frequently treated the poor and boards and were in charge of the health of serving disadvantaged, charging only minimal amounts. women. Their uniforms were those of the nurses and Dr Chapple was actively involved in women’s health many found it galling, resenting the fact that they issues and was appointed to the committee of the were not gazetted with the RAMC. It is for this reason South Australian [Women’s] Refuge in November that Phoebe’s service, along with that of some other 1912. In January 1917, Dr Chapple was called to women doctors, has incorrectly been reported as give evidence in a coronial enquiry into the death nursing service. of Eva Brokensha, a 33- year-old woman who had By late 1917, Britain accepted the need to send women died of septicaemia following an illegal abortion by (a to the Front. “In her hour of need, England accepted notorious and unregistered) Mr Francis Sheridan3. the offer of her women, and it was found that five The Brokensha case brought Dr Chapple into the women were equal to four men as regarded work,”5. public limelight and revealed a defining trait ; Phoebe It was never intended that women should go into the was untiring in her work, and entirely professional in actual fighting line, but the boundaries between bases the face of public scrutiny. and battle zones soon became blurred. Outbreak of WWI Britain was also struggling to provide medical manpower to the Front and opened a route for women When war broke out in 1914, there were calls for to serve in the European theatres. Chapple was one of volunteers, including appeals in the Medical Journal the first two women doctors sent to the front, which of Australia for doctors at the front. Phoebe wanted to she “regarded as an honor [sic] for Australia”.2 contribute, but the Australian Army refused to appoint women as doctors. As a result, if Phoebe wanted to be In November 1917, Phoebe arrived in France and an army doctor and serve with the Allies, she had to found herself in the “centre of the battle zone”. The go to Britain. “It was an anxiety, leaving my father and war was at a “terrible pitch”, she recalled, with the mother, but they, unselfishly, urged me to go – and threat of air raids every night. “They were the worst I felt that the larger duty did call me overseas,”4 she proposition, we felt so helpless to protect the wounded said. patients from such attacks. The women all behaved splendidly throughout that awful three months By February 1917, 40,000 Australians had already in 1918, when nearly every night bombs would be died on the Western Front; many thousands more dropped somewhere in the locality.”4 would die in the Battles of Bullecourt, Messines and Passchendaele that year. Frustrated with the Bombardment and gallantry Australian Army’s refusal to appoint women doctors, On 29 May 1918, Chapple was inspecting a QMAAC she travelled at her own expense to England that Camp near Abbeville in France when it came under month to enlist in the Royal Army Medical Corps a German aerial bombing attack. Her actions that (RAMC) where she was appointed as house surgeon night were recognised with the award of the Military to Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot with the Medal (MM). Chapple was the first woman doctor and honorary rank of Captain. the first Australian woman to receive such an honour: “It was a tremendous experience,” she said of her time “For gallantry and devotion to duty during an enemy in Aldershot. “I was in the surgical wards in charge of [action]”. 2 every variety of war ailment and wound. The convoys At the time of the bombardment, she was almost arrived continually from France, and more than 1,000 eighteen months into her wartime service. Earlier patients were accommodated at this busy centre.”4 that day, German planes had been seen overhead. Phoebe’s work soon gained recognition and she was the QMAAC Camp 1 accommodated women serving with first woman surgeon in the hospital to receive equal the Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps, who were status to the men. As a doctor, Phoebe was entitled working at the British hospital in Abbeville, closely to officer status, although the British Army did not located to the 3rd Australian General Hospital (3AGH). gazette her rank formally. This situation was common to all of the women doctors during WWI and would According to one historian, a lorry was set on fire, have significant consequences for recognition of their close to the camp and “by the light of the flames the service in years to come. As Phoebe noted, “The old Germans were able to drop three bombs.”6 It is unclear country is very conservative, and was only beginning whether the lorry was set on fire deliberately, or was
Volume 21 Number 3; August 2013 Page 41 History
hit in an earlier raid, but the impact of the three bombs was devastating: one hit a trench where the women were sheltering. In her account of the night, more than two and a half years later, Phoebe emphasised the practical over the personal. “I think when there are suffering and death at hand, fear absents itself,” she said. “Fortunately, the construction of the trench was zig-zag, so the missile was limited in its effect… Out of 40 women, nine were killed outright and a number injured. There was much work to be done then, with limited means, to relieve the sufferers. Even telephone communication with headquarters was temporarily cut off. There were lots more raids, too.”4 Eight of the nine women died outright; one died later of her wounds. Hampered by darkness and difficulty, and subject to yet more raids, Phoebe worked her way through the trench, tending to the wounded. Figure 2. Dr Phoebe Chappel’s Medals including the Military Medal (courtesy of the Australian War Memorial). Finally, at 2 o’clock in the morning, the administrator in charge of the section, a Miss E. Cross, called out This award was initially intended only for men but the roll. A QMAAC historian wrote: “No-one who was a supplementary warrant for the MM was quickly there will ever forget the silence that was only broken issued to recognise women three months later, by a little gasping sob from someone when a name was “under exceptional circumstances, on the special called and not answered”6 recommendation of a Commander-in-Chief in the Phoebe was one of the fortunate. She had survived. Field”. 2 In the supplementary warrant no restriction was Recognition for Gallantry made by nationality or service and the award was Her actions that night, during and after the air raid, IMAGE made open to foreign women. 2 Dr Phoebe Chappel, Graduation photograph (courtesy of the State were soon recognised. She was awarded a Military A colleague of Chapple’s from Adelaide, Dr Helen Mayo, Medal (MM) and was the first woman doctor to receive was so incensed at what she saw as discrimination itp2. The citation reads: “For gallantry and devotion to Library of South Australia) that she noted, many years later, that: “Had [Chapple] duty during an enemy air raid. While the raid was in been an officer (and a man) she would have received progress Doctor Chapple attended to the needs of the the Military Cross.”2 Dr Mayo was herself a doctor and wounded regardless of her own safety.” educator, specialising in infant health. Like Phoebe, While Phoebe expressed her surprise at the award, she also pursued her career in Adelaide and sought and sought to play down her involvement (“I had never to advance the status of women in terms of education, looked at my work in that light”4), others became equality and opportunity. concerned, and even angry at the discrimination they For the entire period of WWI approximately 150,000 felt she had received in not being awarded a Military MMs have been awarded – women represent just 0.1% Cross, which would have been more usual for an of that total, making them one of the most exclusive Officer. groups within the whole Honours system. The Military The issue of Military Medals for female gallantry Cross was not awarded to a woman until 2006 when was contentious in WWI. Some felt that the Military British Army medic Private Michelle Norris was Cross (MC) was appropriate but it was not agreed to recognised for acts of gallantry in the Middle East. as women did not hold commissions and were never formally gazetted as Officers. The award of Member Post bombardment of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire After the events at the QMAAC camp, Phoebe went on (MBE) was also considered for women but the criteria to serve as a doctor with the Women’s Auxiliary Army were broad and did not specifically recognise acts Corps in Rouen and Le Havre (now with rank of Major) of gallantry. As a result, the relatively new Military until the end of the war. She returned to Adelaide in Medal (MM) - instituted in 1916 - was agreed upon 1919 and resumed practice. as an appropriate award for women who displayed “bravery and devotion under fire”.7
Page 42 Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health IMAGE 3 Members of Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC), marching from No. 2 Stationary Hospital at 1.45 p.m. in the funeral procession of their comrades, who were killed in the air raid, on the night ... (oai:awm.gov.au:E02355)
IMAGE 4 Dr Phoebe Chapple returns. Adelaide Advertiser, Monday 18th October 1937, p6
I ? it was first Horsewomen CINCE introduced to And ; the public, Race ovcr 1S yea? ago, doctors and nurses 1 W/ VVI have unanimously recommended Vincent's A.P.C. to stop colds, 'flu and com- i^?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^— rheumatic plaints in their early stages. Even in severe Enthusiasts BPI^pHH cases ?^H mm H Vincent's A.P.C. will give safe and ? certain relief. This has been proved in past influenza when Vincent's MM H epidemics A.P.C. was found to be H the most effective remedy. All used the ingredients :n preparation of Vincent's A.P.C. tire standardised in accord- ?mee with the British Pharmacopoeia. It coo tains no not ? I opiates and does affect the heart. jllllllaf stores 'M I I I I I Chemists and everywhere stock Vincent's II ?II I I A.P.C POWDERS at 12 L^l f?r 1/6; 24 jl f^ I I I I H I for 2/6 and jrr-~__ j(T^"\ " ]|*l IV II II TABLETS, Pocket Size lw^ili£U~^ 24 > Tuu of 1/6 Bonl6B ? ?VM^HI > V SSmWW {^^^??llll^^^H of 48, 2/6. Remember Vincent's A.P.C is V'MP&fr i^M^M^UW^U^^^M^MW pre- %; JsWWJflf pared on the same as in < SW 'IllllllllllSlllM formula that used j ?SS&M ]UMMMl^^J33iMMM^^^k leading hospitals. l-t^S^^ lllim Wholesale DUtributons Ebos?iggi '^?????????????Efl Salmond & Spraggon _^l^SSk u shows how much a can money girl waste on face powder . like .. Paying high prices did And still we^^^^^^^^^^^H just ... looking ordinary ... Until . . thot^^^^^^^H lucky The we first day day discovered Revelry . Revelry, the "bclonced" face pow- SMOOTH AS A BABY POWDEI^BH FOR SAFETY'S SAY—"V I N C E N der. goes 3 more SAKE, T'S* through processes A microscope test wou(d soon show than other So whue most powders. you the difference o.hers ore ei o between ordinary e,th too l.gh: clmg face derj ond R or so soon look i_ , j-xc heavy they aouqhv atTTerence tsetween . i - i . n i i i. i- i sharp, laqqed " clln9!T that fear the delicate tis ~n?*or?f, ? h b?hi Prides History ?* W *"? a"d smoothly, imperceptibly." Thdt h ?\/? th' T?t rounded gro,ns. S7?? couldn t ??bolonce"-that is Revelry! Revelry be softer to your skin if it were a Y I WEDNESDAY r TUESQA 1 ?UfiSo4y Dr Chapple also became involved in women’s politics. and later President, of the South Australian Medical V3?-l I Honey Scones, I (230 a" \ La??* SoZfa^, I n I Ts?ffs Mai Acherry Cakes, CaS, Srjrr^es, / Supported by the Women’s Non-Party Association, she Women’s Society. She also held the role of honorary 1 creain^^^inna- J Sponge Sandwich: 1 os*?J I 11'' Pis^^gc I /Roast Rabbit and J igSf ?ef I r^^ESkeT* Potatoes, <^d85" stood in Adelaide’s municipal elections held in December doctor at the Salvation Army maternity hospital for I mon SPO^ lmO ti/Baked /Sea); ?f nP £i H Stuffed / French Beans and Vfels 5^ JS&* \ Savoury / Pogfe. i 1 Eggs. Carrots,/ H 1919. In an editorial, the Advertiser newspaper unmarried mothers from 1910 to around 1940. H ? Prune CiSS**ua??ra. Qu^' M bit. Mg?;i^> / commented on her suitability as a candidate: “She has Her work also demonstrated an ongoing interest in 20the Countries Visited Bronchitis a wonderfully good record in connection with the war, For ‘underbelly’ of Adelaide society: as a doctor trustedIn 10-Month by having displayed administrative talents which should the courts, she was called to give evidence in cases Tour Coughs, Colds enable her to render excellent service as a councillor the features Canadiol Mixture Quickly involving backstreet abortion and police violence.Recalling principal if elected. Previous attempts to capture seats in the of her 10 months' tour abroad, dur-<*> Loosens Things Up ing which she visited more than 20 The From 1921 to 1922 she also worked as an Honorary It'? different—lt's faster in action- Round of the medical City Council for ladies have proved unsuccessful, but world's loveliest countries, It's compounded on superior, fact findings new In Medical Officer in the night clinic at the AdelaideLady Sandford. who returned this country. by Canadiol Mixture in principle there is nothing against them; on the the Orion on Saturday, said yesterday Buckley's (triple name this amazing acting-) is the of Table that she much as if she had been Hospital, where she treated women with venereal felt rough ajid cold prescription that "acta Bridge witnessing events through a fast-mov flash" is pure contrary, a strong case can be made out in favour of like a. yet so and free KITTY camera. a child can By LADY disease, which had become a significant post-ing war from harmful drugs that "Movie take It—and 9 cameras, by the way, provided atop coughing. Home us our Again.—Mrs. N. P. Owen, of utilising the special gifts of women.” Voters disagreed, quite early in trip with one of One little and the ordinary cough 10 women on sip on SPORTS WERE WELL PATRONISED our most Is The Cedars, Toorak, returned home health issue . by Saturday interesting experiences," she eased—a few doses and that tough weather conditions. said. "Stopping at Pietermaritzburg on oTd hang-on cough is silenced—it's the Orion after a holiday trip to Co- however. Phoebe was defeated. afternoon, despite adverse left— Top our wonderful watch how way we really to speed Kath Clendinnen and Barbara Wilton went to through Africa found that lombo. Misses Chelten ily hard, lingering colds are pot ont Gaumont-British was in the midst of Phoebe cherished her independence, making six of business. Guests Entertained.—Mr, and Mrs. ham for the Amateur Turf Club meeting; Pat 'King Solomon's Mines,' and we top right—Miss filming to It was the first and the last time that Phoebe stood were fortunate see most of Right away that tightness begins of Brunswick with and Miss Lottie Lewis with "Warrior" enough to Hubert Simpkins, street, MacKenzie "Dot," loosen up—the bronchial passages at overseas trips during her career in an era thewhenlocation work on this gigantic pic Walkerville, were host and hostess clear—you're en your toes again— at the South Adelaide Club at the ture. We were that never since for election. She remained committed to women’s Riding gymkhana Weigall told happy and breathing easier. two very cheery late afternoon parties and her the Duke of Gloucester's visit had such Oval;internationalbottom left—Miss Moorna travel was difficultDarby and arduous.pony In 1953, Get far the friends. a witnessed. Buckley's—by largest last week to many gathering of natives been all blli carnival at selling cough medicine In of issues, and was an advocate for equality, but she at the horses-in-action the Prospect hundreds of From Abroad.—Canon R. P. Hewgill "Pompey"she was invited to the Queen’s Coronation CeremonySome were brought from zardly cold Canada—to-day. Bottom Len and Miss miles and all were 2/6 a and Mrs. Hewgill returned home to Oval. right—Mrs. Smith Margaret away, paid day on Sat preferred professional practice to politics. However, —untold wealth to them. Everything Church terrace, Walkenrille, held McCoyat Westminsterwatched the races Abbey.at Cheltenham. She also attended the urday after spending a holiday in Eng she continued to work towards removing professional land. Medical Women’s International Association Conference Home Again.—After a delightful trip to Dr. and Mrs. barriers to women and became a founding member, Russian Singapore, Humphrey Setting Makin, of Mills terrace. North Ade in Edinburgh and visited clinics in Berlin, Vienna and on the Nieuw Social returned The laide, Holland. p3 At Arts Ball Car.—Mr. and Mrs. O. Budapest . By Tipping, The most successful ball arranged by of Gilberton, left home Edwin terrace. the S.A. School of Arts and Crafts dur- on by car for Victoria. will Dr. Phoebe jP^C/tNADIOLMixruttProduct of W.K. BUCKLEY lift Friday They Chapple Returns ing the past eight years was held at I several at Bar- Round lorento.Conc.de ftoch?tt?r.NT. be away on weeks, staying , Phoebe continued to JohnworkMartin's fromdining herhall privateSaturday practice won on to tion which Could Heads their way to Melbourne. IN addition taking in Coro-<*> at Belfast. Nothing It took the form of a i:?Ml,W?lWt?aaillVtJ mother roonal ? part have added to the comfort of the dele Conducted By IDRA nicht. Russian ? wore B Clip Plans.—Many people have al nation festivities and visiting cabaret. Several of the euests a cure—pure. had been omitted from the pre in Norwood, in Adelaide’s eastern suburbs, until she ? Bllll^ tnd ready gone over to Melbourne for the gates Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Sutton, of Mount costumes, many* others clinics in different The was a Russian and of Europe. parations. congress badge back oif Cup, and there are others still to go. parts Gambier, who have been on a trip to were in fancv dress. At the no free pass in the trams, and a special was 85. Her later life was marked by involvement in ? H Mr. Mrs. Clifford Lang, of Glenelg, Dr. Phoebe who returned Europe, arrived by the Orion on was a striking contains Qn j and J Chapple, floor had been hired from London at Satur- the band platform poster, *?^ will at the Oriental on which were shown I^B^H will leave shortly. 0 on day. They stay four dancing \ Adelaide Saturday, was also a cost of £300 for the reception and ? few days. scenes Russian ballet To America.—Mrs. J. Hotel for organisationsa committed totaken women’s from the welfare, but she chafing eSi Lux H A Trip j Jance in Hall. inci Patter- ortimate that her visit coincided the King's This recent If. ".gjj during iis visit here. was the H| son. who is at Milford House, dentally was left for visit of the Mr. and Mrs. A. Maling, of Sydney, staying rith two the art medical on work of four students—Misses Mar North Adelaide, is leaving for Sydney important gath King and Queen a week later. arrived receivedSaturday. littleThey acknowledgementare at the in the press. Although .iorie Fisher. Delna Dorothy ? tops on November 6on the Strathmore. In ( South Spencer. rings. The idea of on a Australian Hotel. vessel in port Harvie. and Vanessa Lainbe. Miss Har the for The was women living leave Sydney she will join Mariposa first the conference of at Miss her life andwill workby thewere largely defined by her wartime n-hen accommodation is a premium Consie Baker vie was clever a California, and octors under also responsible for the holiday in expects i the auspices of the is as Duntroon for Sydney on a holi evidently becoming popular, be today sketch on the front cover of the dance tmbies. to be away about three months. ledical Women's International Asso m^mmi^Bl^^^^l ] tween two and three hundred doctors day. service, she preferredprogrammes. to play down her experiences. iation. This was held at Edinburgh, stayed on the Almanzora at Belfast, Mr. Mrs. M. Braham, of Mel Those who won for the Motoring Holiday. Miss Helen ] Dr. the and the prizes nd Chappie was Australian and a Nor of then later went for cruise to on Saturday, are lucky numbers were Gill Crabbe, Childers street, North Ade- ! lelesate. bourne, whoShe arrived marched each year on Anzac Day,Miss Kathleen ironically at the as the Mr. laide, will leave this week on a motor way, described by Dr. Chappie at the Hotel Napoleon. and John Lee. The winners of the ! I^hHk most beautiful in dress holiday to Sydney. She will return country the world. Thomson, of section were:—Best cos ing Mr. and Mrs. fancy and head ofAndrew the nursing units. P. of Melbourne, away on tumes. Mr. R. Stephen (Hitler) and by way be for While the Continent. Dr. Chappie Karibow. Kapunda, accompanied by three weeks. Mrs. A. G. O. (Victorian period): nearly attended clinics at Berlin, Vienna, and Sister Jerram, are staying at Braested. Grav humorous. Mr. G. Shedlev (snake By Plane.—Mr. Kenneth Chatterton, Budapest. Budapest was looking Park terrace. Parkside. par charmer) Mr. John Dowie (Empire BROTHERS son prosperous to the Phoebe Chapple died on Marchand 24, 1967 and was LEVER LIMITED 5.353.32 of Sir Alfred and Lady Chatterton. ticularly owing great E. and Riley. Mesdames Bordeaux builder): ordinal woman. Miss Janet whose to popularity of its artificial bathe for Miss from Kent, England, engagement Savill. who motored Mr. H. Hancock rheumatic cases, to which were and Childs: and best pair. Miss Bagot was recently an people crematedarrived Adelaidewith fullon Sat military honours. Unmarried and Molly Melbourne, in and Miss Jov Prider. The iudees were flocking from all she nounced, arrived in Adelaide last week parts of Europe, They are at the Hotel Napo- J. urday. Mr. M. MacNallv and Mr. and Mrs His lips said "Darling" by plane from Calcutta. They are said. with no children, her estateMcDonald. helped to fund a bursary said planning to flv back to India after the was Mrs. L Debrell. of New York, is but his breath She particularly impressed in stay A "sparkle" dance was held just be a 10 wedding. Munich with remarkable monument ing at the South Australian Hotel. at St Ann’s College at thefore midnight, University when in of Adelaidea darkened . On is erected by Hitler to the 16 of Matthews, Cnp Day.—Melbourne Cup day pioneers Mr. Cuthbert Australian ballroom about 250 dancers each car "Stale Tobacco" a the Nazi movement who were killed in very favorite date for bridge parties, tenor, and his wife National Library of Australia http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page2645964 History References 1. Mitchell, A. M., Medical women and the medical services of the First World War, (Sydney: Self-published, 1978), p. 20 2. Blanche, Craig, ‘Dr Phoebe Chapple: The first woman doctor to win the Military Medal’, (Canberra: Australian War Memorial online, 2009), Available at: http://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2009/06/30/dr- phoebe-chapple-the-first-woman-doctor-to-receive-the-military-medal/, accessed 10 May 2013. 3. The Register, (Adelaide, SA), 27 February 1917, p. 4 4. The Register, (Adelaide, SA), 3 September 1919, p. 7 5. The Register, (Adelaide, SA), 8 November 1919, p. 6 6. Cowper, Julia, A Short History of Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps, (London: Women’s Royal Army Corps Association, 1966), p. 53 7. Stewart, Elizabeth, ‘Nurses under fire’, Wartime, (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 2010), Available at: http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/50/stewart_nurse/, accessed 10 May 2013. 8. The London Gazette, (London, UK), 15 December 2006, supplement no. 2, p. 17359, Available at: http:// www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58183/supplements/17359, accessed 10 May 2013. 9. The Advertiser, (Adelaide, SA), 27 November 1919, p. 6 10. Gibberd, Joyce, ‘Chapple, Phoebe (1879–1967)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Available at: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/chapple- phoebe-5560/text9481, accessed 10 May 2013. Page 44 Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health