DOCSLIB.ORG

General Clauses Act, 1897Is a Consolidatingact Itconsolidated the General Clauses Act, 1868 and the General Clauses Act, 1887

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

L CLAUSES ACT, 1 Page Inrroduction 1 Sections P I' 1. Short title 2. Repeal GENERAL DE IONS 3. Definitions 4. Application offoregoing definitions to previous enactments . 4A. Application of certain definitions to Indian Laws . GENERAL RULES OF CONS 5. Coming into operation of enactments 5A. Coming into operation of Govenior-General's Act . 6. Effect to repeal 6A. Repeal of Act making textual amendment in Act or Regulation . 7. Revival oF~epealedenactments 8. Construction of references to repealed enactments . 9. Commencement and termination of time 10. Computation of time 11. Measurement of distances 12. Duty to be takenpro Lafain enactments 13. Gender and number l3A. References to the Sovereign 14. Powers canrerred to beexercisable from time to time. 15. Power to appoint to include power to appoint a-ofj5cw . 16. Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss . 17. Substitution of functionaries 18. Successors 19. OEcial chiefs andsubordinates PROVISIONS AS TO O ERS RULES, ETC., E UNDER 20. Construction of notifications, etc., issued under enactmenu . 21. Power to issue, to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind notifications, orders, rules or bye-laws 22. Making or rules or bye-laws and issuing oE orders between passing and commencement of enactment Sections Page 23. Provisionsapplicable to maklngof rules or bye-laws after previous publication 24. Continuation of orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted SCELLANEOUS 25. Recovery of fines 26. Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments . 27. Meaningof serviceby post 25. Citation of enactments 29. Saving for previous enactments, rules and bye-laws . 30. Application of Act to Ordinances 30A. Application of Act to Acts made by the Governor-General . 31. Construction of references to Local government of a Province 7 rnODWrnON The General Clauses Act, 1897is a consolidatingAct Itconsolidated the General Clauses Act, 1868 and the General Clauses Act, 1887. Before the enactment of the General Clauses Act, 1868, provisions of the Interpretation Act, 1850 were followed. Theprovisions ofthat Actand certainadditions wereframed togetherand thus emerged the General Clauses Act, 1868. The object of the General Clauses Act, 1868 was to shorten thc language used in the Acts of the Governor-General of India in Council. It contained only 8 sections. A supplementary General Clauses Act was enacted as the General Clauses Act, 1887 which containcd 10 sections. The additions enacted in this Actwere based on the personal experience of Sir Courteney Ilbertwho drafted this Act. In 1987, the General Clauses Act of1868 and 1887 were consolidated and a new Bill was introduced in the Council of the Governor-General on 4thFebruary, 1897. While intmducingthe Bill in the Council the thenLaw Memberpointed out that the new Bill was not intended to change the existing law. Its object was simply to shorten the language of fulurestatutoryenactments and as faras possible, to provideforunifomirty of expression where there was identity of subjectmatter. It was convenient that the Genera4 Clauses Acts of 1868and 1887, whichwerealready on thestatute book, should be consolidated to have Legislative Dictionary and rules forthe Constructionof Acts in one and the same enactment. ACT I@OF 11897 The General Clauses Bill was referred to the Select Com'ttee and the Select Committee submined its report on4th March, 1987. Based on the report of the Select Committee the Bill was passed by the Council of the Governor-General and it came on the statute bookas the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 189 LIST OF WING ACTS AND AD 1. The Amending Act, 1903 (1 of 1903) 2. Act 10 of 1914 3. Act 17 of 1914 4. Act 24 oE 1917 5. Act 18 of 1919 6. Act31 of 1920 7. Act 11 of 192 8. Act 18 of 1928 9. Act 19 of 1936 10. The Adaptation of Indian Laws Order, 1937 11. The Indian (Adaptation ofExisting IndianLaws) Order, 1947 12. The Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950 13. The Adaptation of Laws (Amendment) Order, 1950 14. The Adaptation of Laws (No.1) Order, 1956 1 An Act to consolidate and extend the General Clauses Act, I868 and I887. [IIrk March, 1897) WHXREAS it is expedient lo consolidate and extend the General Clauses Acts, 1868 (1 of 1868) and 1887 (1 of 1887), it is hereby enacted as follows:- PRE PI I. Short title.--(l) This Act may be called the General Clauses Act, 1897; 2[* * *I ?=*I 2. Repeal-[Repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1903 (I of I903), Sec. 4 and Schedule III]. ONS tiow-In this Act, and in all Central Acts and Regulations made after the commencement of this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or contexf- (1) "abet", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall have the same meaning as in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860); (2) "act", used with reference to an offence or a civil wrong, shall include a series of acts, and words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omissions; (3) "affidavit" shall include affinnation and deciaration in the case of persons by law allowed to ahor declare instead of swearing; (4) "barrister" shall mean a banister of England or Ireland, or a member of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland; (5)"British India" shall mean, as respects the period before the commencement of Part III of GovernmentofIndia Act, 1935,all territories andplaceswithinKis Majesty's 1. For Smcocnr of 0b;wiion and ilrssoos, sec Gzcliz of lndu. 189-, Pr V, p. j&lor Rcpon of the Sclwt Cammince.sczGarriieof India. PL \'. p.--, adfor Pioaediop in Couocil secGazelre of India, PL\% p~. 35.40.56 and 76. n~isA;rbsbwodeclsred~okinforocinmcS~nrhalPwpau by IhcSanhiPs-SenlcmearKcgultion (3 of 1272) rec 3: in Paorb PipIda by the Panrb Piploch Iaws Re~ulacion.1929 (1 of 1929). wc Z: in Khonlmalr Dklric! by the Kh0odm.h Lws Rcyhtios 1936 (4 of 1136). ac 3 mdScD: and io lhc Any1 Disuict by the Any1 Laws Regulation. 1936 (5 of 1936). soc. 3 and Sch. TheActhasbeenpartiaUy extPndedtoBerarby tbcBerarLawsAc< 1941(4of1941)andtothe neu.Pmvinoss and Mcrged States by the Mcrged Stam (Laws) Aq1949 (59 of 1949). Tho Abhasbeen extended to- Goa, Daman and Diu with modificatioe~by Regulation 12 o€ 1962, sec3 and Sch.; Dadra and Nagar Naveli by Regulation 6 of 1963. wc2 and Sch.2 - Pondicherry by Regulation 7 of 1963, socj and ScD.1; and Iaaedive. Minicay and Amidivi Islands by Regulation 8 of 1965, scc3 and Sch. It has beenamended in Assam by the AssarnCommissianos' PowesDimibvtion Ac< 1939 (Assam Actlof 1939). 2. Ibc word "an6 in sub-section (1) and sub-seclion (2) rep. by Aa10 of 1914s~3 and Sch. n. 3. Subs by the AO. 1950. for the former Sedion. The General Clauser Acr, 1897 3 dominions whichwerc for thetimekinggoverned by HisMajesty throughtheGovemor General of India or through any Governor or OEficer subordinate to the Governor General of India, and as respecs any period after that date and before the date of establishment of the Dominion of India mans at$ territories for the time being comprised within the Goveruon' Provinces and the Chief Conunissioners' Provinces, except that a reference to British India in an Indian law passed or made before the conuncncenxnt of Part III oithe Govenunent of India Act, 1935, shalt not include a reference to Berar; (6) "British possession"shall mean any part of Her Majesty's dominions exclusive of the United Kingdom, and where parts of those dominions are under both a Central and a Local Legislature, all pa& under the Central Legislature shall, for the purposes of this definition, be deemed to be one British possession; (7) "Central Act" shall means an Act of ParliamenS and shall include- (a) an Act of the Dominion kgislature or of the Indian Legistaturc passed before the commencerncnt of the Constitution, and @) an Act made before such commencement by the Governor General in Council or the Gdvernor General, acting in a legislative capacity; COMrnNTS The date of commencement of ibe Constihition is 26th January, 1950. (8) "Cenlral Govenunen!? shall,- (a) in relation to anythingdone before thecommencement of the Constitution, meantheGovernorGeneralorthe Governor General in Council, as thecase may bc; and shall include,-- (i) in relation to functions entmsted undersub-section (1) of Section 124 of the Government of Lndia Act, 1935, to the Government af a Province, the Privnicial Government acting within the scope of the authority given to it under that sub-section; and (ii) in relationtotheadministrationof a Chief Comolissioncr'sProvince, the Chief ConunissioneractingwithinthescopeoEtheauthoritygiven to him under sub-section (3) of section 94 of the said Act; and @) in relation to anything done or to be done after the commencement of the Constitution, mean the President; and shalt iiclude,- (i) in relation to Functions entrusted under clause (1) of ariicle 258 of the Constitution, Lo the Government of a State, the Sbte Govenunent acling within the scopc of the authority given to it under that clause; ,**I I .I1 , (i) in relation to the administration of a Part C State 2[bcfore the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 19561, the Chief Commissioner or the Lieutenant-governor or the Government of a neighbouringState or other authority acting within the scopeofthe authority given to himor it under axtide WC or article 243 of the Constitution, as the case may be; l[and 1. T%cword "'and" omitred by tbo Adapraiion of Laws (No. 1) Order, 1956. 2. Ins. by the Adaptation of Laws Order (No. 1) Order, 1956. The General Clouser Acr, 1897 (iii) in relation to the adnunistration of a Union territory, the administra- tor thereof actingwithin the scope of theauthority given to himunder article 739 of the Constitution]; COMMENTS Thedate.of commencement of the Constiturion (Scveoth Amendment) Act, 1956 is 1st January, 1956.
Recommended publications
  • Political History of Modern Kerala.Pmd

    Political History of Modern Kerala.Pmd

    Political History of Modern Kerala Chapter III POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COCHIN Introduction he political movements in Cochin offer almost a contrast to those Tof Travancore in respect of their origin, character and course of events. There is no such phase in the modern history of Cochin as the one marked by the Memorials in the politics of Travancore. The fact that the princes of the large-sized Cochin royal family entered into matrimonial relations with Nair families ensured for the Nair community a privileged position in the civil services and there was no need for them to petition or protest in regard to denial of jobs as in Travancore. The communal overtones associated with the movements in Travancore were also by and large absent in Cochin. Whereas the Government of Travancore proceeded with liberal social reforms like Temple Entry, the Government of Cochin not only followed a policy of caution in this field but even opposed the move for Temple Entry. At the same time, in Travancore the GovernmentBOOKS adopted a policy of opposition to the popular demand for responsible government while in Cochin it implemented a liberal policy of conceding this demand by stages. Mention should also be made in this context of the personal factor. Sir R.K. ShanmukhamDC Chetti who was the Dewan of Cochin in the crucial thirties was much different from Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, his counterpart in Travancore at the time, in his outlook and approach.This was mainly because the former was a leading light of the non-Brahmin movement in the Madras Presidency before he accepted the office of the Dewan of Cochin.
  • Travancore-Cochin Integration; a Model to Native States of India

    Travancore-Cochin Integration; a Model to Native States of India

    Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Travancore-Cochin Integration; A model to Native states of India Dr Suresh J Assistant Professor, Department Of History University College, Thiruvanathapuram Kerala University Abstract The state of Kerala once remained as an integral part of erstwhile Tamizakaom. Towards the beginning of the modern age this political terrain gradually enrolled as three native kingdoms with clear cut boundaries. The three native states comprised kingdom of Travancore of kingdom of Cochin, kingdom of Calicut These territories never enjoyed a single political structure due to the internal and foreign interventions. Travancore and Cochin were neighboring states enjoyed cordial relations. The integration of both states is a unique event in the history of India as well as History of Kerala. The title of Rajapramukh and the administrative division of Dewaswam is unique aspect in the course of History. Keywords Rajapramukh , Dewaswam , Panjangam, Yogam, annas, oorala, Melkoima Introduction The erstwhile native state of Travancore and Cochin forms political unity of Indian sub- continent through discussions debates and various agreements. The states situating nearby maintained interstate reactions in various realms. At occasionally they maintained cordial relation on the other half hostile in every respect. In different epochs the diplomatic relations of both the state were unique interns of political economic, social and cultural aspects. This uniqueness ultimately enabled both the state to integrate them ultimate into the concept of the formation of the state of Kerala. The division of power in devaswams and assumed the title Rajapramukh is unique chapters in Kerala as well as Indian history Volume XII, Issue VII, 2020 Page No: 128 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Scope and relevance of Study Travancore and Cochin the native states of southern kerala.
  • Constituent Assembly Debates Official Report

    Constituent Assembly Debates Official Report

    Volume VII 4-11-1948 to 8-1-1949 CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES OFFICIAL REPORT REPRINTED BY LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI SIXTH REPRINT 2014 Printed by JAINCO ART INDIA, New Delhi CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA President : THE HONOURABLE DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD Vice-President : DR. H.C. MOOKHERJEE Constitutional Adviser : SIR B.N. RAU, C.I.E. Secretary : SHRI H.V. IENGAR, C.I.E., I.C.S. Joint Secretary : SHRI S.N. MUKERJEE Deputy Secretary : SHRI JUGAL KISHORE KHANNA Under Secretary : SHRI K.V. PADMANABHAN Marshal : SUBEDAR MAJOR HARBANS RAI JAIDKA CONTENTS ————— Volume VII—4th November 1948 to 8th January 1949 Pages Pages Thursday, 4th November 1948 Thursday, 18th November, 1948— Presentation of Credentials and Taking the Pledge and Signing signing the Register .................. 1 the Register ............................... 453 Taking of the Pledge ...................... 1 Draft Constitution—(contd.) ........... 453—472 Homage to the Father of the Nation ........................................ 1 [Articles 3 and 4 considered] Condolence on the deaths of Friday, 19th November 1948— Quaid-E-Azam Mohammad Ali Draft Constitution—(contd.) ........... 473—500 Jinnah, Shri D.P. Khaitan and [Articles 28 to 30-A considered] Shri D.S. Gurung ...................... 1 Amendments to Constituent Monday, 22nd November 1948— Assembly Rules 5-A and 5-B .. 2—12 Draft Constitution—(contd.) ........... 501—527 Amendment to the Annexure to the [Articles 30-A, 31 and 31-A Schedule .................................... 12—15 considered] Addition of New Rule 38V ........... 15—17 Tuesday, 23rd November 1948— Programme of Business .................. 17—31 Draft Constitution—(contd.) ........... 529—554 Motion re Draft Constitution ......... 31—47 Appendices— [Articles 32, 33, 34, 34-A, 35, 36, 37 Appendix “A” .............................
  • In Re the Delhi Laws Act, 1912, the

    In Re the Delhi Laws Act, 1912, the

    Supreme Court of India In Re The Delhi Laws Act, 1912, The ... vs The Part C States (Laws) Act, 1950 on 23 May, 1951 Equivalent citations: 1951 AIR 332, 1951 SCR 747 Author: H J Kania Bench: Kania, Hiralal J. (Cj), Fazal Ali, Saiyid, Sastri, M. Patanjali, Mahajan, Mehr Chand, Mukherjea, B.K. & Das, S.R. & Bose, Vivian PETITIONER: In re THE DELHI LAWS ACT, 1912,THE AJMER-MERWARA (EXTENSION Vs. RESPONDENT: THE PART C STATES (LAWS) ACT, 1950. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 23/05/1951 BENCH: KANIA, HIRALAL J. (CJ) BENCH: KANIA, HIRALAL J. (CJ) FAZAL ALI, SAIYID SASTRI, M. PATANJALI MAHAJAN, MEHR CHAND DAS, SUDHI RANJAN BOSE, VIVIAN MUKHERJEA, B.K. CITATION: 1951 AIR 332 1951 SCR 747 CITATOR INFO : R 1952 SC 75 (29) RF 1952 SC 123 (9,49) D 1952 SC 252 (64,110) R 1953 SC 252 (27) R 1954 SC 465 (9) RF 1954 SC 569 (17) R 1957 SC 414 (13) RF 1957 SC 510 (9,11) R 1958 SC 468 (25) R 1958 SC 682 (11) R 1958 SC 909 (7) R 1958 SC 956 (4) R 1959 SC 512 (7) E&F 1959 SC 749 (28) E 1960 SC 833 (8) RF 1961 SC 4 (15) R 1961 SC 954 (23) RF 1961 SC1381 (4) RF 1961 SC1519 (4) RF 1962 SC 981 (5,6,12,13) F 1964 SC 381 (38) R 1965 SC 745 (17,156,178) R 1965 SC 845 (30,55) R 1965 SC1107 (22,79,80) MV 1966 SC 693 (28) D 1966 SC1788 (44,45) RF 1967 SC 212 (26) RF 1967 SC1048 (20) R 1967 SC1480 (3,4,9,19) RF 1968 SC1232 (13,15,49,50,52,75) RF 1969 SC 549 (2) RF 1971 SC 454 (6) RF 1973 SC1461 (227,450,566,1874,1890) D 1974 SC 669 (12) R 1974 SC1660 (17,28,48,55) R 1975 SC1549 (34,35) RF 1975 SC2299 (46,685) D 1976 SC 714 (38,41,45,48,51,57,58,62,64,69 RF 1979 SC1475 (18) R 1980 SC 650 (5) RF 1980 SC 882 (15) C 1982 SC 710 (51) R 1982 SC1126 (9) R 1984 SC1130 (29) R 1990 SC 560 (3,12,13,14,17,18,20,21,22,23, RF 1992 SC 522 (21) ACT: Delhi Laws Act , 1912, s.
  • RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT Purshotam Singh Vs. Narain Singh

    RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT Purshotam Singh Vs. Narain Singh

    RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT Purshotam Singh Vs. Narain Singh Civil Misc. Writ No. 24 of 1954 ( Wanchoo, C.J. and Dave, J.) 16.08.1955 JUDGMENT Wanchoo, C.J. 1. This is an application by Purshotam Singh for a writ, direction or order in the nature of certiorari or mandamus under Article 226 of the Constitution quashing the order of His Highness the Rajpramukh, which was conveyed to the Additional Jagir Commissioner, Udaipur, on 3-4-1954. 2. The facts put forward by the applicant in support of his application are these : 3. The last holder of the Jagir of Jilola wasThakur Pratapsingh who died in September 1952without leaving any male issue. Pratap Singh had a son Govind Singh who had gone in adoption to the Jagirdar of Amet. Purshotamsingh is the son of this Govind Singh, and says that he was adopted by the widow of Pratapsingh as a son to Pratapsingh after his death. The applicant also says that there was a will by Pratapsingh in his favor bequeathing all his property including the jagir to him. Anyhow disputes arose about the succession to the jagir on the death of Pratapsingh. Eventually the dispute was confined to Purshottam Singh on the one hand, and Narain Singh, opposite party, on the other. The matter was enquired into by the Additional Jagir Commissioner, and he made a report on 1-9-1953. In this report, the Additional Jagir Commissioner said that Purshotamsingh would be entitled to succession if the rule of Murisala was ignored; but that if the rule of Murisala was applied, Narainsingh would be entitled to succeed.
  • SUPREME COURT of INDIA Page 1 of 15 PETITIONER: MAHARAJA SHREE UMAID MILLS LTD

    SUPREME COURT of INDIA Page 1 of 15 PETITIONER: MAHARAJA SHREE UMAID MILLS LTD

    http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 15 PETITIONER: MAHARAJA SHREE UMAID MILLS LTD. Vs. RESPONDENT: UNION OF INDIA DATE OF JUDGMENT: 27/11/1962 BENCH: DAS, S.K. BENCH: DAS, S.K. KAPUR, J.L. SARKAR, A.K. HIDAYATULLAH, M. DAYAL, RAGHUBAR CITATION: 1963 AIR 953 1963 SCR Supl. (2) 515 CITATOR INFO : F 1964 SC 888 (6) R 1964 SC1043 (96,133) D 1964 SC1495 (12) R 1964 SC1793 (14) R 1964 SC1903 (17,23) R 1967 SC 40 (5,7) R 1971 SC 846 (9) ACT: Excise Duty- Agreement with Ruler-Exempting payment of duty- Ifamounts to law-Whether agreement binding on Government of India-Power of Parliament to alter agreement-Constitution of India, Art. 295. HEADNOTE: A formal agreement executed in 1941, between the Ruler of jodhpur and the appellant provided that the State would exempt the appellant from State or Federal excise duty and income-tax, super-tax, surcharge or any other tax on income and that if the appellant had to pay any such duty or tax, the State would refund the same to the appellant. After India had attained independence, jodhpur joined the United State of Rajasthan on April 7, 1949. On January 26, 1950, Rajasthan became a Part B State. The Central Excises and Salt Act, 1944, was extended to Rajasthan from April 1, 1950, and the Union of India recovered excise duty from the appellant for the period 1-4-1950 to 31-3-1952. Similarly, the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, was extended to Rajasthan and the Union sought to assess and recover income-tax from the appellant.
  • Constitutional History of India 1773 - 1947 Ad Semester - V, Academic Year 2020-21

    Constitutional History of India 1773 - 1947 Ad Semester - V, Academic Year 2020-21

    STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A HISTORY CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA 1773 - 1947 AD SEMESTER - V, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr I THE REGULATING ACT 03 II CHARTER ACT 09 III THE INDIAN COUNCILS ACT 20 IV MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS 26 V CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1935-1947 31 Page 1 of 43 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A HISTORY CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA 1773 - 1947 AD SEMESTER - V, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 UNIT - I THE REGULATING ACT 1773 Regulating Act, 1773 The territorial acquisitions of the East India Company produced a startling effect in England. The public in General clamored for an immediate Parliamentary intervention. Two parliamentary Committees were appointed to enquire into the affairs of Fast India Company. The servants of the Company were concentrating on their private trade. The trade of the Company was being neglected. The Company has almost forgotten about trade and was progressively thinking in terms of conquering more and more land. This needed large armies. Hence more expenditure. This greed for land very often brought the Company in armed conflict with native powers. This meant a heavy loss to the Company. Change in the texture of the Company The employees of the Company were given low salaries but they were allowed to carry on private trade. The result was that the employees concentrated on their private trade and became rich. The Company’s trade started dwindling. Pitiable condition of the People The guiding principle for the employees of the Company was to make money. The effect of this anarchical tendency was that people of India suffered the entire suffering.
  • Travancore-Cochin, Report, Part I A, Vol-XIII

    Travancore-Cochin, Report, Part I A, Vol-XIII

    CENSUS OF INDIA, 1951 VOLUME XIII • TRAV ANCORE-COCHIN PART lA-REPORT by U. SIVARAMAN NAIR, M. A., ph. D., F. A. SC., F. N. lo, Superintendent of Census Operations, Travancore-Cochin Price Rs. 2-8-0. PUBLISHED BY THE· MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS BRANCH, CIVIL LINES, DELHI 1953 () o -€)- c - -.., ., POPULATION DENSITY ---....-_ _J Below ;sao 300- 500 TRAVANCORE COCHI! STATE 500 - no Seal. 1 Inch - 20 Mile. '50-1000 1000-ISOO ....,..~.J.J STATE 1500-11000 _~u Rural N ......"ou"· ... 20 DO-1500 G··. am~ Abo.. eSOO Alrlcultul"lll Urban 13-21 Cod. Number of Taluk PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRESSES AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL i>RZSS-t T R I VAN D RUM. CONTENTS PAGE MAP OF TRAVANCORE-COCHIN~ ,STATE Frontispiece PREFATORY NOTE i 1 INTRODUCTORY 1 2 CHAPTER I-GENERAL !pOPULATION 8 3 CHAPTER II-RURAL POPULATION 29 4 CHAPTER Ill-URBAN POPULATJ:ON 34 5 CHAPTER -:e,IV-AGRICULTURAL ~ CLASSES 43 6 CHAPTER V-NON-AGRICULTURAL CLASSES 52 7 CHAPTER~ _VI-FAMILIES, SEXES AND PRINC:IPAL AGE GROUPS 64 PREFATORY NOTE The 1951 Census Report consists of four The success of the census enumeration goes volumes:- entirely to the energy and enthusiasm of the 1. Part I-A. Report District Collectors, the Tahsildars, Municipal Commissioners and the Divisional Forest Officers. 2. Part I-B. Subsidiary Tables I feel extremely happy to record that these 3. Part II Tables officers devoted themselves to the work whole­ 4. Administrative volume heartedly and with ability. They have laid me Parts I-B and II contain the results of the under a deep sense of obligation.
  • Djh3a - History of India from 1858 to 1964 A.D

    Djh3a - History of India from 1858 to 1964 A.D

    1 DJH3A - HISTORY OF INDIA FROM 1858 TO 1964 A.D Unit - I Constitutional Developments in India after Mutiny of 1857- Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858-India Council Act of 1861, 1892 and Minto- Morley Reforms Act of 1909- Government of India Act of 1919 – Introduction of Dyarchy-Govt. of India Act of 1935 – Provincial-Indian Independence Act of 1947 – Transfer of power-Relation with Foreign powers-Afghanistan- Burma-Nepal Unit - II Princely States-Major Princely States a survey- British policies towards Princely States- Integration of the Indian States- Development of Education- Women’s Movement – Dalit upsurge- Peasants and workers Movements – Communal and Separatist Movements- Indian Civil Servants – Development of Press in India. Unit - III Major Developments since 1858- Local self Government-Development of Trade and Commerce- Industry, Transport and Irrigation- Development of Science of Technology- Socio – Religious Reform Movement- Brahmo Samaj- Arya Samaj- Ramakrishna Mission – The Theosophical Society- Christian Missionary – Societies. Unit - IV Freedom Movement- Indian National Congress- Moderates and Extremists- Muslim League- M.K. Gandhi and M.A. Jinnah-The Gandhian Era- The Amirstar Massacre of 1919- Non- Co- operation movement- Nehru Report 1928- Simon Commission- Civil disobedience movement- Round table conference Communal Award – Poone a Part. Unit - V Final Phase- World War II and its impact- Quit India movement- Crips mission, Wavel plan and Cabinet mission- Partition and distribution of power - Reorganisation of Linguistic States - The Post - Independence Era - Five year plans and Economic Developments - Science and Technology-Growth of higher education - India’s foreign policy. Reference Books: 1. A.R. Desai -Social Background to India’s nationalism 2.
  • Majority Language Death

    Majority Language Death

    Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 (January 2014) Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia, ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso, pp. 19-45 KWWSQÀUFKDZDLLHGXOGFVS 2 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4600 Majority language death Liudmila V. Khokhlova Moscow University The notion of ‘language death’ is usually associated with one of the ‘endangered languages’, i.e. languages that are at risk of falling out of use as their speakers die out or shift to some other language. This paper describes another kind of language death: the situation in which a language remains a powerful identity marker and the mother tongue of a country’s privileged and numerically dominant group with all the features that are treated as constituting ethnicity, and yet ceases to be used as a means of expressing its speakers’ intellectual demands and preserving the FRPPXQLW\¶VFXOWXUDOWUDGLWLRQV7KLVSURFHVVPD\EHGH¿QHG as the ‘intellectual death’ of a language. The focal point of the analysis undertaken is the sociolinguistic status of Punjabi in Pakistan. The aim of the paper is to explore the historical, economic, political, cultural and psychological reasons for the gradual removal of a majority language from the repertoires of native speakers. 1. P REFACE. The Punjabi-speaking community constitutes 44.15% of the total population of Pakistan and 47.56% of its urban population. 1 13DNLVWDQLVDPXOWLOLQJXDOFRXQWU\ZLWKVL[PDMRUODQJXDJHVDQGRYHU¿IW\QLQHVPDOOHU languages. The major languages are Punjabi (44.15% of the population), Pashto (15.42%), Sindhi
  • British Policy Towards the Indian States, 1905-1959

    British Policy Towards the Indian States, 1905-1959

    BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE INDIAN STATES, 1905-1959 by STEPHEN RICHARD ASHTON Thesis submitted from The School of Oriental and African Studies to the University of London for the degree of doctor of philosophy, 1977• ProQuest Number: 11010305 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010305 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT Prior to 194-7 approximately one-third of the Indian sub-continent was broken up into 655 Indian States which were ruled by princes of varying rank. In the process of consolidating their empire in India the British had, during the first half of the nineteenth century, deprived the princes of the power to conduct external relations with each other or with foreign powers. Internally the princes were theoretically independent but their sovereignty in this respect was in practice restricted by the paramountcy of the Imperial power. Many of the princes resented the manner in which the British used this paramountcy to justify intervening in their domestic affairs. During the nineteenth century the British had maintained the princes basically as an administrative convenience and as a source of revenue.
  • An Act to Provide for the Extension of Certain Laws to Part B States. BE It Enacted by Parliament As Follows:— 1

    An Act to Provide for the Extension of Certain Laws to Part B States. BE It Enacted by Parliament As Follows:— 1

    THE PART B STATES (LAWS) ACT, 1951 ACT NO. 3 OF 1951 [22nd February, 1951.] An Act to provide for the extension of certain laws to Part B States. BE it enacted by Parliament as follows:— 1. Short title and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called The Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951. (2) It shall come into force on such date1 as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint. 2. Definition.—In this Act, “appointed day” means the date on which this Act comes into force. 3. Extension and amendment of certain Acts and Ordinances.—The Acts and Ordinances specified in the Schedule shall be amended in the manner and to the extent therein specified, and the territorial extent of each of the said Acts and Ordinances shall, as from the appointed day and in so far as any of the said Acts or Ordinances or any of the provisions contained therein relates to matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws, be as stated in the extent clause thereof as so amended. 4. Construction of references to laws not in force in Part B States.—Any reference in any Act or Ordinance specified in the Schedule to a law which is not in a Part B State shall, in relation to that State, be construed as a reference to the corresponding law, if any, in force in that State. 5. Construction of references to authorities where new authorities have been constituted.—Any reference, by whatever form of words, in any law for the time being in force in a Part B State to any authority competent at the date of the passing of that law to exercise any powers or discharge any functions in that State shall, where a corresponding new authority has been constituted by or under any Act or Ordinance now extended to that State, have effect as if it were a reference to that new authority.