:A REVIEW ANDDREVISION OF, THE NARLINS, GENUS MAKAIRA

FA&NCESCA K. LAMONTE

BULLETIN, OF THEf AMERICAN MUSEUM^OF NATURAL HISTORY -VOLUME 107 ARTICLEt 3 NEW YORkK 195 A REVIEW AND REVISION OF THE , GENUS MAKAIRA A REVIEW AND REVISION OF THE MARLINS, GENUS MAKAIRA

FRANCESCA R. LAMONTE Associate Curator of Fishes Department of Fishes and Aquatic Biology

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 107: ARTICLE 3 NEW YORK: 1955 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Volume 107, article 3, pages 319-358, plates 4-12, table 1 Issued November 30, 1955 Price: $1.00 a copy INTRODUCTION THE OBJECT of the present paper is to review market, often in the midst of an auction. In the literature on Makaira and, based on the Misaki, especially, the difficulties were con- literature and on field material, to establish siderable as the fishermen feared that our a stable for the genus and its spe- strange incantations might in some way in- cies. This constitutes a preliminary paper for jure these large and costly fishes" (p. 54). the author's section on speared fishes in In addition, the Jordan and Evermann "Fishes of the western North Atlantic"' and paper contains a great many errors of trans- a discussion of the that are extra- lation and transcription, contradictory state- limital in that series of publications. ments, and keys to which features with no The study of Makaira and its related gen- apparent source have been added. However, era has always presented physical difficulties the paper cannot be completely ignored because of the size of these fishes and the dif- taxonomically. ficulty of preserving and shipping them. In the present paper, distribution is listed Many type species have been based on photo- wherever it has been confirmed or constantly graphs or on specimens hastily examined in a rumored. In most localities marlins are not market; others are mounts, some of which commercially sought, and for this reason, have been greatly distorted by inexpert taxi- and because of the general difficulty in land- dermists. ing and handling them, there undoubtedly re- In localities where marlins are taken only main many geographical localities, and possi- by anglers, few specimens can be retained or bly depths, in which marlins occur but which even thoroughly examined by scientific work- as yet have been unobserved. ers, because the skins, head, and fins must I wish to express my gratitude for help in be kept in condition for mounting. When the securing and handling specimens, and for catch is commercial or can be eaten, the fish other generously given cooperation, to Dr. is often "dressed" at sea and arrives at the Charles M. Breder, Jr., Dr. Vernon E. Brock, dock without head, fins, or viscera. Elsewhere Mr. Roy W. Cann, Mme. Chiang Kai-shek, it is impossible to keep a specimen a sufficient Dr. Antonio Cordeiro, Dr. Fernando de length of time for anything but a most super- Buen, Dr. and Mrs. Roy B. Dean, Dr. ficial study, because of the danger of spoiling William I. Follett, Mr. Gilberto Guajardo, it as food. Dr. Yoshio Hiyama, Colonel John K. Howard, No single investigator has yet been able to Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, Mr. and Mrs. Russ Kline, cover all the known Makaira range, and Prof. T. P. Koh, Mr. and Mrs. Michael to examine only one or Lerner, Dr. Etienne Loppe, Dr. G. E. Maul, many have been able Mr. two specimens. Authors living in widely Dr. James Morrow, Mr. Jiro Murase, separated parts of the world have worked in- John T. Nichols, Mr. Luis R. Rivas, Dr. dependently on the genus, often with insuf- William F. Royce, Commander Kenneth and usually Strickler, the Ocean City Club of ficient literature at their disposal of the Inter- with an insufficient number of specimens. Maryland, and the committees All these circumstances have contributed national Light Tackle tournaments. heavily to taxonomic errors, greatly increased by Jordan and Evermann's 1926 paper, the FIELD MATERIAL work most available in the past. Jordan and The field material on which keys and other Evermann themselves state that "the pre- portions of the present paper are based was lixninary work which makes up this paper is all examined on the grounds when freshly done almost entirely on a basis of photo- caught, and is as follows: graphs" (p. 36), and that "the measurements Makaira ampla: Specimens taken in 1937 in this and other species [of Makaira] are not off Bimini, Bahama Islands, and examined very exact, they having been taken in the by G. M. Conrad and F. LaMonte, and on the same grounds from 1947 to 1951, ex- I Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Uni- F. LaMonte. versity, New Haven, Connecticut. amined by 323 324 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107

Makaira albida: Specimens taken off Acapulco, Mexico, in 1948 and 1949, ex- Bimini in 1950 and 1951, and off Ocean City, amined by F. LaMonte. Maryland, in 1953, examined by F. LaMonte. Makaira mitsukurii: Taken off Australia Makaira mazara: Specimens taken in Aus- and New Zealand in 1939, examined by Greg- tralia and New Zealand in 1939, examined ory and Conrad, and off Talara, Peru, and by Gregory and Conrad, and off Acapulco, Tocopilla and Iquique, Chile, in 1940 and Mexico, in 1948, 1949, and 1952, examined examined by F. LaMonte. by F. LaMonte. In all species, fishes of comparable sizes Makaira mazara takitiensis: Taken off and of both sexes were available. SYSTEMATICS AND DESCRIPTIONS CLASS PISCES TYPE, AND ONLY SPECIES: Xiphias gladius SUBCLASS TELEOSTEI Linnaeus, 1758. The is easily distinguished by its ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII flat, heavy sword, the absence of scales and SUBORDER XIPHIIFORMES' pelvic fins, and the single keel on its caudal KEY TO TEE GENERA OF THE peduncle. In color it varies from bronze XIPHIIFORMES above and whitish below to grayish blue or black above and light below. It is widely dis- I. No pelvic bones or pelvic fins. Neural spines occurrences as fol- not expanded or flattened; haemal spines tributed, with confirmed slightly expanded distally. Air bladder sim- lows: Japan, Korea, Formosa, Philippine Is- ple. Adults scaleless. One keel on either side lands, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaiian of the caudal peduncle; spear slightly Islands, from California to Peru and Chile crowned above, flat beneath, smooth, long, (to slightly south of Caldera), from New- heavy ...... Xiphias (swordfish) foundland south to Cuba, Rochedos do Sao II. Neural and haemal spines flattened and much Paulo, Iceland, Baltic Sea, from Scandinavia expanded. Pelvics present.2 Air bladder to Portugal and south along the west African sacculate. Adults scaled. Two keels on either coast to Senegal, off the Azores and the Ca- side of the caudal peduncle. Spear cylindri- nary Islands, through the Strait of Gibraltar cal, diminishing to a point at its end, rugose. into the Mediterranean and through the Bos- A. Pectorals long or moderately long; dorsal Black fin comparatively high anteriorly, di- porus to the Sea of Marmora and the minishing rapidly in height posteri- Sea, from the Cape Province of Africa around orly .Makaira (marlin) the tip and north to Durban, off Madagascar, AA. Pectorals short. R6union Island. a. Dorsal fin only slightly higher an- This is an important food fish and the ob- teriorly, not falcate, maintaining ject of large commercial fisheries. an even height to its end. Pec- Free eggs, larvae, and juveniles are well toral fins very short and set low known off Messina, where the spawning fish on the sides ...... swim into the large stationary tuna nets, and (spearfish) have been found in other localities.4 aa. Dorsal fin sail-like, rising rapidly to a central height of more than FAMrLY ISTIOPHORIDAE double that of the body below it TETRAPTURUS RAFINESQUE, 1810 Istiophorus (sailfish) SPEARFISH, FURAKAJIKi (IN JAPANESE) DISCUSSION OF GENERA RELATED Tetrapturus RAFINESQUE-ScHmALTZ, 1810, Ca- TO MAKAIRA3 ratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di FAMILY XIPHIDAE animali. .. della Sicilia, pp. 54-55, pl. 1, fig. 1; Sicily. 1758 XIPHIAS LINNAEUS, TYPE SPECIES: Tetrapturus belone Rafin- SWORDFISH, BROADBILL, MEKAJIKI (IN esque, 1810. JAPANESE) Tetrapturus can be distinguished from Xiphias LINNAEUS, 1758, Systema naturae, ed. Makaira by its much more slender body, 10, p. 248; "In oceano Europae." shorter spear, shorter pectorals, lower-lobed 1 Only recent forms are included. The fossils Palaeo- and evenly high dorsal, and smaller caudal rhynchzus, Blochius, and Acestrus have been assigned to span. In color, it resembles M. albida. the Suborder Xiphiiformes by various authors. Herre and Herald 2 The very fragile pelvic fins of marlin, sailfish, and 4Arata (1954), Beebe (1941), (1950), LaMonte (1944), LaMonte and Marcy (1941), spearfish are more often injured or missing than not by Sella the fish are landed, which accounts for figures Nakamura (1949), Sanzo (1910, 1922, 1930), the time obvi- (1911), and Voss (1953). Nakamura (1949) refers to a and descriptions that omit these fins, although H., for the with paper not available to me: Nakamura, 1935-1936, ously intended genera pelvics. "Larval states of shorefishes appearing in the vicinity of 3 Synonymy of the related genera and their species Yoshokukai Shi 5, pages 191- will appear in a subsequent paper. We have had no field Ominato (parts 12, 14). material of Tetraptsurus. 195; 6 pages. 133-139" (sic). 325 326 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 Nakamura (1949, p. 38) says that in this toire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp. 374-375. genus the gonads are asymmetrical, as op- Istiophorus LACtPPDE, 1855, Histoire naturelle posed to those of Makaira, in which they are de Lac6p6de comprenant les cetaces.. . et les "generally symmetrically paired." Specimens poissons . . . avec des notes et la nouvelle classifi- of various Makaira species examined in the cation de A. G. Desmarest, vol. 2, pp. 232-233. field by the present author frequently showed TYPE SPECIES: Scomber gladius Bloch, gonads of which one was shorter, narrower, 1801 (in Bloch and Schneider, Systema or flatter than the other. ichthyologiae, vol. 1, p. 93, genus 21, no. 1; There seem to be two valid species of the vol. 2, p. xxix, pl. 21; "les mers des grandes genus: T. belone Rafinesque, the Sicilian fish, Indes"). and T. angustirostris Tanaka, 1914, from Some authors regard the sailfish as mono- Japan (pl. 8, fig. 1). specific; others believe that the Atlantic and Tetrapturus is rare in most parts of its Pacific are different species, and oc- known range. Nakamura (1943) says that it casionally add a third species from the Indian occurs abundantly in offshore waters in the Ocean. Kuroshio Current. Istiophorus is a brilliantly colored fish, the Occurrences in the following areas have body bright blue above, silver below, and the been authenticated: Florida, northern huge dorsal brilliant blue, often spotted with France, Sicily, Hawaiian Islands, Formosa, dark purple or black. Even when the dorsal and Japan. is furled, the fish is easy to recognize because Nakamura (1949, pp. 41-45) says, "in of its slender body and long slender spear. waters adjacent to Formosa it spawns around Occurrence has been confirmed for the fol- November to December in an area. . . cen- lowing areas: Rhode Island, New York, tered 150 miles offshore in the Pacific . . . fish Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, Ala- with ripe eggs and unripe eggs [were] taken bama, Texas, Bermuda, northern Bahamas, together," but that "nothing at all is known Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, yet about the larvae and their development." British Honduras, Brazil, Windward Is- Sparti (1953) says that T. belone is taken lands, France, Senegambia, Gold Coast in the Straits of Messina from mid-August (Africa), the Mediterranean, California, through September, that sexual maturity is Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Korea, reached by spring and summer, and that a Japan, Formosa, Philippine Islands, Mari- larva hatched in the laboratory (Istituto anas Islands, Fiji Islands, Papua, Malaya, Talassografico) is in all probability this fish. Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Ceylon, Cape Prov- Royce reports it as fairly frequent in Hawai- ince, Madagascar, and north along the coast ian markets. Through the courtesy of Mr. Al of East Africa to Italian Somaliland. Pflueger of Miami, I have seen two mounts of Although sometimes marketed locally, Tetrapturus. Istiophorus is not commercially sought. Whitley (1931b, p. 148) says that "a new Larvae and juveniles are well known from generic name may be required for the Jap- various areas, and the developmental cycle anese swordfish figured by Tanaka with its of the sailfish is better known than that of the edevated spines, short snout and short pec- other speared fishes. Spawning habits, eggs, torals." This is Tetrapturus angustirostris larvae, and juveniles have all been studied.1 Tanaka shown in figure 1 of plate 8 of the present paper. The short snout and short MAKTARA LACUPADE, 1803 pectorals are diagnostic for the genus; the MARLIN "elevated spines" apply to the slightly ele- Makaira LACEPPDE, 1803, Histoire naturelle vated dorsal lobe. The Tanaka specimen des poissons, vol. 4, pp. 689-691, pl. 13, fig. 3; measured 200 cm. from the tip of the spear France. to the tip of the upper caudal lobe. Tetrapturus, non Rafinesque, 1810, sed CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, 1831, Histoire naturelle des ISTIOPHORUS LACtPADE, 1803 1 Beebe (1941), Gflnther (1873, 1874), Herre and SAILFISH, BASHOKAJIKI (IN JAPANESE) Herald (1950), Lfitken (1880), Nakamura (1949), and Voss (1953). Nakamura (1949) lists an article not avail- Plate 5 able to me: Nakamura, 1940, "On the spawning habits L'Istiophore porte-glaive LACEPEDE, 1803, His- of sailfish. Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 52." 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 327 poissons, vol. 8, p. 293 (non pl. 229); (indicus); ments of its length ("dix pieds," "vingt Sumatra. pieds"). Histiophorus PHILIPPI, 1887, An. Univ. Chile, Lacipede's description of his type, M. 1 secc., Mem. Cient. Lit., vol. 71, p. 568, p1. 8; the accompanying drawi'ng do (audax); Chile. nigricans, and Marlina GREY, 1928, Nat. Hist., vol. 28, p. 47, not warrant specific identification with any photograph on p. 48, nomen nudum; (mitsukurii); marlin at present known or found elsewhere New Zealand. HIRASAEA AND NAKAMURA, 1947, in the literature. As far as length-weight pro- Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, pp. 15-16, pl. portions go, M. nigricans Lac6pede appears 3, fig. 1; (marlina); Formosa. to agree most closely with the Pacific species Istiompax WHITLEY, 1931, Australian Zool., M. mazara, but M. nigricans was an Atlantic vol. 6, p. 321, nomen nudurm; (australis); Aus- fish. Although the species can never be iden- tralia. WHITLEY, 1931, Rec. Australian Mus., vol. tified, the genus was adequately described. 18, pp. 147-150; Australia. If the type is not retained, the replacement HIRASAEA AND NAKAMURA, 1947, Bull. type must be designated from in or near the Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 1; (mnitsukurii); Formosa. same locality. As there appears to be no suit- Eumakaira HIRASAKA AND NAIAMURA, 1947, able specimen available, I propose to retain Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, p. 16, pl. 2, the genus but to consider the species Makaira fig. 2; (nigra); Formosa. nigricans Lacep6de unidentifiable. Prov. Pseudoistiophorus DE BUEN, 1950, Publ. One other specimen causing much confu- Cient. Serv. Oceanogr. y de Pesca, Montevideo, sion is a skull in the museum in La Rochelle, no. 5, p. 171; (illingworthi); Hawaii. France, labeled "Makaira. Il de Re, 1772." TYPE SPECIES: Makaira nigricans Lac& Professor Etienne Loppe of the La Rochelle pede, 1803. Museum has kindly sent me photographs of Lac6p6de's description was based on a the skull, which is that of an Istiophorus. rough sketch later found among his papers Jordan and Evermann (1926, p. 58) have by Cuvier and Valenciennes. The type speci- shown one of the same photographs, calling men was washed ashore near La Rochelle, it Makaira ensis (Lacepede). They refer to France, following a storm. Lacepede never the same two photographs as being of two saw the fish, which was eaten. A rough sketch skulls, whereas in reality they are two aspects of it, with notations of measurements and of the same skull. othe,r characters, was sent him by a friend. Makaira has been studied on the com- Figure 3 of his plate 13 is not this original mercial grounds around Formosa and Japan sketch, but one which Lacepede had someone by Koh, Hirosaka, and Nakamura. Unfor- redraw according to the measurements ac- tunately, because of my lack of knowledge of companying the original sketch. However, either Chinese or Japanese, the reports have plate 13, figure 3 does not fit the original been available to me only in part, through measurements as given by Lac6pede, par- the kindness of Professor Koh and Mr. Jiro ticularly differing in the length of the spear, Murase, and in the fine translations by W. G. which is much shorter in the figure than in Van Campeni. On the other hand, Western the description. literature obviously has not been entirely The length given by Lacepede is "330 cm. available to the Chinese andJapaneseauthors. longueur totale," and the weight, "trois cent Owing to this fact, some of their taxonomy is soixante-cinq kilogrammes." If figure 3 of not up to date, and some new genera and spe- plate 13 is to be considered, the length would cies are not valid, although it is evident that appear to have been taken from the point of they know the fishes very well. It is hoped the too-short spear to the mid point of the that the present paper will enable the adop- outer caudal margin, which makes compari- tion of a standard nomenclature for the son with standard lengths impossible. The Makaira species, so that workers in all parts original description does not mention lateral of the world will be certain just what fish is line, scales, or pelvic fins. under discussion. Cuvier and Valenciennes have added to the The following description of Makaira is confusion by giving the weight and measure- based on field material examined by the au- ments of the specimen in the inexact "livres," thor. "pieds," and "pouces," and conflicting state- The weight of the adult Makaira varies 328 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 from that of M. albida, which is considered of the head, the belly, and the fins, which are good-sized at between 30 and 60 pounds and scaleless. Makaira albida scales are smaller, has a known maximum weight of only 161 flatter, and somewhat more regularly set pounds, to that of M. mazara for which there than those of the other species. The lateral is a constantly reported weight of about 2000 line is clearly visible in some species, incon- pounds and a known record weight of 1560 spicuous or invisible in others. pounds. The length of the last specimen was The flesh is whitish, pinkish, or, towards 14 feet 6 inches. Nakamura (1949, p. 51) in- the caudal region, reddish, and often soft and dicates that there are consistent size differ- quite granular. ences in the sexes of the same fish. The spear is rugose and cylindrical, nar- The body is streamlined and fusiform, rowing towards its pointed tip. It is often heavy at the shoulder, and tapering gradu- broken and very often has regenerated with ally towards the widely lunate tail. There are some deformity. Occasionally the injury has two keels on either side of the caudal pedun- evidently been sustained when the spear was cle. The dorsal outline of the head rises from still soft, and as a result the adult spear is the nostrils to the origin of the dorsal fin. The bifid. tip of the more or less falcate dorsal lobe, The lower jaw is comparatively fragile, which varies in height in the different spe- pointed, and much shorter than the upper. cies, is the highest point of the fin; from there The inside of the mouth is white or pink. The it descends to much lower rays which gradu- tongue is adnate except at its extreme tip. ally decrease in height posteriorly. The anal The sides of the jaws, spear, and all but the fin is also lobed and, although its base is much tip of the tongue are covered with tooth-like shorter, similar in outline to the dorsal. Both rugosities. fins can be furled into a groove, and their The triangular nostrils are single, about last few rays are usually invisible unless 19-26 mm. long, and divided by a median sought for and pulled up out of the groove. membranous septum. This is often quite difficult to do and ac- The eyes are large, from 52 to 71 mm. in counts for some of the widely varying fin diameter, laterally placed, and supported in counts in the literature. There are shallower a bony cup. grooves for the pectorals and the pelvics. The There are four gill arches. The gills are first few rays of the dorsal are difficult to laminated and paired, and each pair is at- distinguish as they are fused and are covered tached at the base. There are no gill-rakers. with fairly thick skin. The second dorsal and The air bladder is physoclistic, sacculate, second anal fins are much lower and shorter and very long. and differ in shape from the other fins as the The stomach is sac-like. There is a large photographs show (pls. 6; 7; 8, fig. 2; 9-12). mass of pyloric caeca. The intestines are The caudal lobes are long, their tips wide long. The liver is comparatively small; the apart. The pectoral fins are outwardly nor- spleen and the gall and urinary bladders are mal in shape and differ in length depending very small. The kidneys lie close to the verte- on the species. The pelvics are very narrow, bral column and are inconspicuous. very fragile, and almost always injured. They The gonads lie forward and ventrad in the consist of one unbranched and two fragile body cavity, close to the body floor and on soft rays joined by a short, thin membrane. either side of the stomach. They are often Only the unbranched ray continues for the unlike in size and vary greatly in the indi- full length of the fin. vidual fish depending on sex and on stage of The fin count varies in individuals of the sexual activity or maturity. In one 505-pound same species, but insufficiently to be diag- female M. ampla taken off Bimini, both gon- nostic. The dorsal count runs III 33-42; the ads measured 575 mm. long and 185 mm. anal II 10-13; the pelvic count is I 2 and does in circumference. The vasa deferentia exit not vary. from the gonad about 30 inches from its free The scales of adult Makaira are more or tip and converge at the anus. The anus lies less flattened, elongate, and thorn-shaped, approximately twice as far from the spear sometimes bifid. They are thickly and irregu- tip as from the base of the caudal. larly set all over the body except on the top The vertebral count is 24. The neural and 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 329 haemal spines are expanded and shaped like dominantly many small triggerfish two to propeller blades. three inches long (Xanickthys ringens, which The color of the Makaira species is dis- is an offshore species of open sea) and nu- cussed under the individual species, but in merous small silvery filefish one or two all Makaira the spear, top of the head, cau- inches long (Monacanthus hispidus) . . . and dal, second dorsal and second anal fins, and remnants of one small black-fin tuna about the pelvics are usually dark. eight inches long." These fishes seem particularly subject to Nelson Benedict of the Newark Star-Ledg- injuries, especially to the fragile pelvics, er has reported to me that on August 14, but various other frequent injuries and re- 1953, taken in a concentration generated parts were observed in field speci- 28 miles south-southeast of Beach Haven, mens. In a 482-pound M. ampla, one of the on the 20-fathom curve, water temperature caudal keels was missing and the area had 76' F., were full of flying fishes, small blue- healed. In another, some of the rays of the fish, bonito, skipjack, and gulf weed. first anal had been injured, had regenerated In white marlins (M. albida) from Ocean to some extent, and had become fused and City, Maryland, Wallace and Wallace (1942) overgrown with flesh which also covered part report predominance of Etrumeus sadina. of the anal groove. In a third, the dorsal Dr. D. G. Maitland of Sydney, Australia, groove was overgrown with flesh for some wnrtes me, "I have actually watched a pair distance, and some of the rays lay beneath of feeding upon Physalia... the flesh. Injuries to the pelvics and the spear and absolutely ignoring tempting looking tip are more frequent than not. mackerel bait drifting in front of their noses." The food of Makaira depends to some ex- Scomberesox saurus has been reported in the tent on the local supply, but squid seem to stomachs of marlin taken off New Zealand. be most favored. In M. mitsukurii examined Nakamura indicates that myctophids have in Peru and Chile, we found only squid in been found in the stomachs of "Istiophori- the stomachs. We saw these squid in the dae." water at night in great numbers from the sur- Studies by Hubbs and Wisner (1953) sug- that M. mitsukurii, off California, "feeds face to several feet down. Apparently the gest al- marlins fed on them at night, because in the chiefly on the saury, Cololabis saira," fish taken in the morning the squid were less though the authors found the following fishes thoroughly digested than in those taken in in 32 marlins caught near San Diego: north- the afternoon, and by late afternoon or eve- ern anchovy, Pacific sardine, jack mackerel, ning the stomachs usually contained only the Pacific mackerel, halfmoon, bonito?. eyes and the beaks of the squid. In several Neither Hubbs and Wisner nor the present blue marlin (M. ampla) taken off Bimini, I author has ever seen any evidence that the di- food found in the stomachs of Makaira had found small Scomberomorus partially of the gested; in one fish, the skull and bones of a been slashed or impaled by the spear some and a fish. It must be added, however, that the small grunt; in another, squid in at- few unidentifiable fish bones; in another, an spear is certainly used to some extent about 15 tack or defense (probably the same instinct almost untouched Caranx latus instances of inches long; in another, the bait (a bonefish); in a fish), as witnessed by several 52 pounds, marlins' ramming small boats, and by an in- and in one, a bonito that weighed in a letter doubled tail to head and almost whole-the cident off Cuba, reported to us in a from Mr. Emilio de Mesa of Havana, and only food in the stomach. Baughman, Province, letter of November 17, 1940, reports that one off the Cape Africa, reported "four marlin taken off the Texas coast had by K. H. Barnard (1951, p. 265). During Donald Erdman the last war, a German submarine sank a been feeding on snappers." rubber near the port of writes from Puerto Rico that during a fishing boatload of crude 11 to Nuevitas, Cuba. Bundles of the material were tournament off San Juan, from October fishermen and sold to dealers for 16, 1954, he examined the stomach contents picked up by them repairing automobile tires. In some of the of the 14 M. ampla caught, and found were found broken- with the of bundles of this hard stuff "all more or less full exception marlin which had penetrated into one empty stomach," and containing "pre- off spears 330 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 the rubber from 3 to 5 inches. One bundle con- and Japan, particularly in the Kuroshio tained three such spears. Dr. Barnard re- (Kuroshiwo) Current, and in the South China ports a bale of rubber washed ashore near and Philippine seas. The set lines, which Dr. Kleinmond, Cape Province, pierced by two Koh tells me are set at about 30 and 60 Makaira spears and cites another case of a fathoms, appear to be primarily for the pur- piece of rubber about 12 inches thick pierced pose of catching tuna. by a marlin spear. The marlins we examined were quite free from parasites except for an occasional KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Makairal trematode, and Penella, which was most fre- I. Body slender, its depth less than pectoral quently attached in the cheek region. We length; dorsal height usually greater than, but occasionally equal to, body depth; spear also found, on the pelvics and on the scaleless long, slender; cross bars on sides of body belly, a small organism which has been mis- A. Depth in length 5.6 to 7.5; this depth 1.03 taken in the literature for scales, but which to 1.63 in the pectoral. Head in length proved to be a parasite, identified for me by 1.98 to 3. Dorsal lobe greater than body Prof. Lyell Thomas as an arthropod. Dr. depth and 1.02 to 1.25 in the pectoral. James Morrow has recently sent me a speci- Lateral line conspicuous. Body bril- men of an orange-colored, encysted parasite liantly colored, cross bars conspicuous. which he found frequently in Peruvian Average adult weight 30 to 60 pounds; Makaira, and which Dr. Ross Nigrelli has maximum confirmed weight 161 pounds identified for us as a at a length of 8 feet 8 inches (standard or trematode, Glomeritrema total?) subcuticulk Yamaguti. Yamaguti (1942) de- albida (Poey), white marlin, Atlantic scribed this from a Makaira mitsukurii taken B. Depth in length 5.4 to 6.58; this depth 1 to off Naha (Nawa) on the southern tip of the 1.8 in the pectoral. Head in length 2.46 Ryu-Kyu Islands. In 1881, Ramsay listed as to 2.72. Dorsal lobe equal to or greater parasitic on a New South Wales marlin, than body depth and 1 to 1.3 in the "Echeneis, Caligus and Penella." pectoral. Lateral line invisible or very The genus Makaira is widely distributed inconspicuous. Body color and cross bars in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans vary greatly in intensity. Average adult and is usually found in blue water in mod- weight 250 to 300 pounds. Maximum erate depths. Detailed accounts of the migra- confirmed weight 692 pounds at a tory movements of the marlins in Japanese length of 13 feet 5 inches...... mitsukurii (Jor- and adjacent waters, as well as the sex ratio dan and Snyder), , Pacific of fishes examined there, can be found in II. Body robust; depth usually greater than pec- Nakamura (1949). toral length but may run to 1.16 in it; dorsal Discussion of the very scanty knowledge lobe low, 1 to 1.9 in depth, never greater of spawning, eggs, larvae, or young of than depth. Spear stout. Cross bars present Makaira is given under the species and under or not on sides of body. the section on possibly juvenile forms. A. Low dorsal, deep body, short, stout spear. These fishes are the object of widespread Color usually uniform, not brilliant. rod and reel angling for sport, and, in a few 1. Dorsal 1.34 to 1.7 in body depth and 1.3 to 1.5 in the pectoral. Head in length areas, of commercial fisheries both on set 2.56 to 3, spear shorter and stouter lines and by harpoon. When hooked by an- than that of M. m. tahitiensis or M. glers, the marlin leaps frequently and spec- ampla. Depth in length 4.3 to 5.5; this tacularly; off Ecuador, the present author depth greater than to 1.16 in the pec- has also seen the fish leaping when free. toral. Body usually uniformly dark, There is little commercial fishing for marlin occasionally faintly barred. Adult off the United States where it is seldom eaten weight reported up to 2000 pounds; except when smoked. A commercial fishery confirmed maximum weight 1560 of small size exists in Cuba, and the fish is pounds at a length (standard or marketed locally elsewhere. In numerous lo- calities outside the United States it is con- 1 This key was made from adult, fresh specimens. Males and females of comparable sizes were available. sidered good food when it happens to be Length is standard, taken from the spear tip unless taken. It is commercially caught off Formosa otherwise stated. The color is that of fresh specimens. 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 331 total?) of 14 feet 6 inches. Tetrapturus georgii, non Lowe, 1840, nec Fowler, ...... mazara (Jordan 1936, sed TORTONESE, 1940, Boll. Mus. Anat. and Snyder), black marlin, Pacific Comp. Torino, ser. 3, vol. 48, pp. 173-178; Genoa. 2. Dorsal lobe 1.39 to 1.9 in body depth, 1.5 in pectoral. Head in length 2.56 to Makaira albida (Poey) is one of the two 2.7; spear less short and stout than Atlantic marlins. Its outstanding characters that of mazara. Depth in length 4.08 are its slender body and spear, its conspicuous to 5.28; this depth greater than to lateral line, and its high dorsal lobe. Its 1.07 in the pectoral. Body usually scales are also smaller, shorter, flatter, and uniformly washed with dirty white; more regularly arranged than those of M. head and fins usually dark; dorsal ampla. often has large dark spots on the shows more green in its membrane. Adult weights confirmed This fish usually (stand- color than do the other species of Makaira. up to 755 pounds at a length of the body is brilliantly ard or total?) of 13 feet 71 inches . The upper part . . mazara tahitiensis (Nichols greenish blue, darker above, the color becom- and LaMonte), silver marlin, Pacific ing lighter and more brilliant towards or just B. Dorsal lobe 1 to 1.6 in depth of body and above the median body line, where it sud- 1.1 to 1.59 in pectoral length. Head denly changes to bright whitish silver. The in body length 2.6 to 2.8; spear longer belly is whitish. The body is crossed by light and more slender than that of mazara or blue or light lavender bars. The dorsal fin is m. takitiensis, but much stouter and brilliant blue, often blotched or spotted with more rugose than that of albida. Depth or, on portions of the fin near- depth greater black, purple, in length 4.4 to 6.3; this est the base, white. The fin rays are dark. than or equal to pectoral length. Color light The maximum rod and reel catch was 161 brilliant blue above, silvery below; 8 feet 8 inches. bands usually visible to midline of body. pounds; its length was given as Dorsal fin brilliant cobalt or purple-blue. A weight of 800 pounds incorrectly reported Confirmed maximum size 742 pounds at for this species by Jordan and Evermann a length (standard or total?) of 12 feet (1926, p. 67) is the weight given by Poey for 10- inches. Makaira ampla. The average size for this fish ampla (Poey), blue marlin, Atlantic; in North American waters is from 30 to 60 pounds. Dr. Arsenio Cordeiro of Lisbon re- Makaira albida (Poey), 1860 ports several of over 80 pounds off Madeira. to be WHITE MARLIN A fish weighing 101 pounds thought this species was caught off Miami Beach, Plate 6 FIorida, in 1939. Tetrapturus albidus POEY, 1860, Memorias sobre Occurrences of M. albida in the following la historia natural de Ia Isla de Cuba, vol. 2, pp. areas have been confirmed: Nova Scotia, 237-244, 258-260; 1861, tom. cit., pl. 15, fig. 1; Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, north coast of Cuba. Maryland, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Tetrapturus lessonae CANESTRINI, 1861, Arch. northern Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, vol. 1, fasc. 1, pp. 259 Bermuda, Zool. Anat. Fisiol., Genoa, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Brazil, Portugal, 261, pl. 17; Liguria. the Italian EvERMANN, Azores Islands, Madeira, and Makaira albida (Poey) JORDAN AND off British 1926, Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 12, Riviera. It has also been reported Indies northward in Gulf Honduras (Mather, 1952). pp. 66-67; "West no Stream to Woods Hole." Its spawning habits are not known, and Tetrapturus belone, non Rafinesque, 1810, sed free eggs, larvae, or juveniles have as yet been LEGENDRE, 1928, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 53, identified. pp. 391-392, fig. 1; Finistere, Brittany (male). DESBROSSES, 1938, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. OF SYNONYMY Brittany DIsCUSSION 63, pp. 48-58; west-northwest of Groix, Li- (female). Tetrapturus lessonae Canestrini, 1861, guria: Canestrini's plate shows a fish with from dorsal lobe, 1 Dr. Royce, who has examined many specimens long, slender spear, high long me the warmer waters of the equatorial Pacific, tells pectoral fin, and long, rather slender body. that this species occurs there, but not off the west coast The lateral line, not mentioned in the text, of South America where the water is colder. 332 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107

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C d') .80 4)04 cU.4) , 0 o..a I a C 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 333 rises at the shoulder. The total length is given 200 miles west-northwest of the island of as 2240 mnm. Groix, was gutted on board, the posterior Comparing this with a specimen of M. portion of the opercles was cut off, and the albida fronm OceaIn City, Maryland, which ventral fins were removed. Measurements measured 2220 mm., I find: given in Desbrosses' account are of the OCEAN gutted, mutilated specimen, but nevertheless CANESTRINI'S plainly show it to be Makaira If CITY CIMEN albida. SPECIMEN SPECIMEN drawn to scale from the measurements given, would be a fish falling clearly into Depth in total length 8 8.6 the result Head in total length 3 3 M. albida except for a somewhat too narrow Depth in dorsal 1.2 1.1 body and too short head, two characters Pectoral in length 6 6 explicable by the gutting and the removal of Lateral line Distinct Distinct (in part of the opercles before measurements were the plate) taken. Dorsal height, body depth, and length of spear and pectoral fin rule out its belong- The smallest Makaira ampla measured in ing to the genus Tetrapturus. Bimini by the presentt author was 2520 mm. In 1940, Tortonese identified a mounted in total lengtlh. Comparing this with Cane- specimeni from Genoa in the Turin Museum strini's specimen, I find: (N. Cat. 784) as Tetrapturus georgi Lowe BIMINI CAN:ESTRINI'S (see p. 347 of the present paper). It is evident SPECIMEN SPECIMEN from the description given by Lowe, and Deptlh in total length 5.7 8.6 quoted here in full, that, although the Lowe Head in total length 3.2 3 specimen was not a Tetrapturus and in all Depth in dorsal Dorsal 1.1 probability was a Makaira, it cannot be greater specifically identified. Tortonese giives, how- Pectoral in length 5.8 6 ever, measurements that would place his Lateral line Not visi- Distinct (in fish in M. albida. ble plate; not mentioned in text) Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder), 1901 STRIPED MARLIN, MAXAJIKI (IN JAPANESE), These figures leave little doubt that the PEZ AGUJA AND MARLIN (IN CHILE) Canestrini specimen should be synonymized with M. albidla (1lPoey). We note that Jordan Plate 7; plate 8, figure 2 and Evermainn's 1926 account of the Cane- Tetrapturus mitsukurii JORDAN AND SNYDER, strini specimen contaitns errors both of trans- 1901, Jour. College Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. lation andcl of transcription of numerals. 15, p. 304, pl. 16, fig. 5; Misaki, Japan. There is 1928: This apparently no type specimen. Tetraptutrus belone of Legendre, Histiophorus audax PHILIPPI, 1887, An. Univ. fish, identified by Legendre as T. belone Chile, 1 secc., Mem. Cient. Lit., vol. 71, p. 568, Rafinesqlue, was taken on September 21, 1928, pl. 8; Iquique, Chile. Type apparently in the off the Brittany coast atnd brought in three museum of the University of Chile, Santiago. days later to the Laboratoire Maritime at Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder) Concarneau, minus b)ranchial arches, heart, JORDAN AND EVERMANN, 1926, Occas. Papers and stomach. It measured 2.01 meters. California Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 61, pl. 18; shores Legendlre's figure (fig. 1) is a poor photograph of Japan, Hawaii, and the Santa Barbara Islands. of a sonmewhat mutilated( fish with the first Makaira mazara, non Jordan and Snyder, sed dorsal flat to the ridIge of the back, but show- (partim) JORDAN AND EVERMANN, 1926, Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p1. 11, fig. 1; ing clearly eniotugh for onie to determine that Hawaii. it is defixiitely not thie dorsal lobe of T. belone Prov. Makaira grammatica JORDAN AND EvER- Rafinesqlue. Tlhe spear also appears to be too MANN, 1926, Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., long for that genus. The general appearance vol. 12, p. 55, pl. 16; Hawaii. of the fish indficates Makaira albida (Poey). Makaira holei JORDAN AND EVERMANN, 1926, Tetrapturus belone of Desbrosses, 1938: Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 12, pp. This fish, also taken off the Brittany coast, 63-64, pl. 19, fig. 1; California and Mexico. 334 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 Makaira zelandica JORDAN AND EVERMANN, whereas the other two fishes appear humped 1926, Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 12, at the shoulder. The longer, more slender pp. 65-66, pl. 19, fig. 2; New Zealand. spear and higher dorsal lobe are also notice- Marlina mitsukurii GREY, 1928, Nat. Hist., vol. able at once. 28, no. 1, p. 47, photograph on p. 48, nomen nudum; New Zealand. The striped marlin shows great variety in Tetrapturus brevirostris, non Playfair, 1866, sed intensity of color and color pattern. The DERANIYAGALA, 1933, Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 18, specimens seen in South America were fairly p. 53; Ceylon. brilliant in the water, when fighting, and ?Kajikiaformosana HIRASAKA AND NAKAMURA, when just landed. There were a few light 1947, Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, pp. blue or lavender cross bars and a cobalt dor- 13-14, fig. on p. 13; Formosa. sal fin often spotted or blotched. The Aus- Kaj"kia mitsukurii HIRASAXKA AND NAKAMURA, tralian and New Zealand specimens were 1947, Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, p. 14, startlingly cross-barred. South American and pl. 2, fig. 1; Formosa. Tetrapturus tenuirostratus DERANIYAGALA, 1951, Mexican specimens were also seen in which Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 26, p. 139, pl. 1, fig. b; 1952, the cross bars were very faint and the body A colored atlas of some vertebrates from Ceylon, appeared uniformly dark above and dark vol. 1, p. 105, pl. 27; Ceylon. silvery below. This was particularly true of Mexican specimens and of the fishes of Since Jordan and Snyder described Tetra- smaller size. pturus mitsukurii from Misaki, Japan, in The largest striped marlin on record is a 1901, erroneously placing it in Tetrapturus rod and reel catch of 692 pounds, which was instead of in Makaira, it has been known by 8 feet 8 inches long. their specific name and popularly as the Occurrences of this fish have been con- striped marlin (in Japanese and Formosan firmed from the following areas: southern waters as makajiki). However, in 1887, California, Baja California, Gulf of Cali- Philippi described and figured a fish from fornia, Pacific coast of Mexico, Panama Iquique, Chile, as Histiophorus audax into Canal Zone, Ecuador, Peru, Chile (northern), which M. mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder) Hawaiian Islands, Fiji Islands, Korea, Japan, fits. Philippi had both males and females. The Formosa, Philippine Islands, and Ceylon. type specimen appears to be in the museum Nakamura (1949, p. 44) writes that of the University of Chile. Kajikia mitsukurii spawning "seems to be According to strict taxonomic observance, at its peak from April to May, and in the fish this fish should have been called M. audax taken at that season the gonads are generally (Philippi), 1887, and a few authors have so well developed, ripe ova being seen fre- called it. But owing not only to scientific but quently. At this season in Formosan waters also to angling interest in the fish, it has been this species is comparatively scarce in the very widely known by the other scientific Pacific coast waters and more abundant in name since 1901. In the hope that a proposal the South China Sea. Consequently it is for a provision in the R6gles Internationales thought that spawning is carried on mainly de la Nomenclature Zoologique (see Hem- in the South China Sea. In form the ripe ova ming, 1953, paragraph 28, pp. 25-26), which are almost the same as those of the sailfish, would limit the Law of Priority, will be in- and it is impossible to distinguish them corporated in the Regles, the present author merely by seeing the eggs. No data have here retains the specific name mitsukurii. been obtained as yet concerning the larval The body of this fish is slender, as is its and juvenile forms. It is known that this long spear. The depth is 5.4 to 6.58 in the species also spawns near the Ogasawara Is. length and 1 to 1.8 in the pectoral fin. Further in the Central Pacific around May-June." characters can be found in the key to the species of Makaira. Owing to the fact that DIscussIoN OF SYNONYMY M. mitsukurii is much less bulky at the Histiophorus audax Philippi, 1887: Com- shoulder than the other two Pacific marlins, parison of Philippi's description with M. the dorsal and ventral body outlines are char- mitsukurii field specimens leaves little doubt acteristically smooth and streamlined, that they are the same fish. 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 335 H. audax M. mitsukuri4 Fowler (1928, p. 136) placed M. gram- Dorsal in depth Dorsal slightly Dorsal slightly matica in T. mitsukurii, but later (1934, p. greater greater 400) put it questionably in Tetrapturus ma- Dorsal in pec- 1.1 1-1.3 (field zara. Herre (1953, p. 256) puts it in M. mit- toral measurements sukurii. It is here placed provisionally in M. average 1.1) mitsukurii, but if the size were known, it Depth in pec- 1.14 1-1.8 might turn out to be the juvenile form of this toral or some other species. The standard length in H. audax is given Makaira holei Jordan and Evermann, 1926: as about 2.5 in the dorsal height, which The type (Museum of the California Acad- would make the standard length approxi- emy of Sciences No. 610) is a mounted speci- mately 2544 mm. This would mean a head in men "taken presumably off Catalina, Cali- length ratio of 2.6 and depth in length 5.8, fornia, or off Lower California." The authors as compared with head in length in M. also had "photographs of others." The plate mitsukurii, 2.46 to 2.72, average field meas- shown is not that of the type specimen, al- urement, 2.56, and a depth in length, 5.4 to though presumably it represents the same 6.58, average field measurement, 5.7. I am species. Measurements, except for the depth, therefore placing H. audax in M. mitsukurii which is given as 4.5, an obvious misprint, (Jordan and Snyder). are within those of M. mitsukurii. In Jordan Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder) and Evermann's key, the diagnostic charac- Jordan and Evermann, 1926: This species is ters are stated as "crossbars narrow, clear correctly placed in Makaira. The original white," and "pectoral fin 1t in head slightly description is repeated, and some photo- exceeding dorsal lobe which slightly exceeds graphs are discussed. depth of body and is a little less than pec- Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder) Jor- toral; first anal higher." dan and Evermann (partim) 1926: See pages Based on the above characters and the 337, 338. plate, I am placing M. holei in M. mitsukurii. Makaira grammatica Jordan and Ever- Makaira zelandica Jordan and Evermann, mann, 1926: The type (Museum of the Cali- 1926: The type (Museum of California Acad- of Sciences No. 608) consists emy of Sciences No. 611) is based on "a pho- fornia Academy Archey, of a photograph and the dorsal fin of a speci- tograph received from Mr. Gilbert in the Honolulu market. The Curator of the Auckland Museum of a speci- men examined New Zea- photograph shows a fish without its spear. men taken in the Bay of Islands, is not given. The dor- land." The authors separate this species from The size of the specimen that "it ap- sal, which is described as "middle part of dor- M. mitsukurii on the grounds ma- pears to have a shorter spear, certainly has a . . . much . . . higher [than in M. sal color is not quite zara]," is shown in the photograph to resem- lower dorsal lobe, and the of M. mitsukurii. It has been the same." The photograph, which is appar- ble the dorsal shows that the tip of the pulled up out of the groove for photograph- ently of a mount, dorsal lobe is missing; otherwise the fish is ing. There is a possibility that this is a young where it is fish. The measurements given are, for the recognizable as M. mitsukurii, there- here placed. most part, not the customary ones and 1928 fore cannot be compared with those of other Marlina mitsukurii Grey, (nomen The dorsal height in the pectoral nudum): In 1928, the late Zane Grey pub- species. on "Big game fishing in New length appears to be that of M. mitsukurii, lished an article as 11). Zealand seas," in Natural History, a popular 1.16 (given by Jordan and Evermann of the American Museum of and M. m. the publication In both M. mazara takitiensis in which the than this. The photograph Natural History. The sentence dorsal is lower scientific name is used reads: "Captain shows a high dorsal lobe equal to or greater the Mitchell took two black marlin (Makaira than the body depth below it, although of 685 and 976 pounds (the latter tip of the fin is broken off, if full allowance marlina) not the world's record); 21 striped marlin is made for the body depth which is ranging from 192 to clearly shown in the photograph. (Marlina mitsukurii) 336 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 360 pounds and averaging 259k pounds... acutirostratus Deraniyagala, which has been (The rest of the sentence concerns other corrected on an insert slip to read Tetrapturus fishes.-) Further references to the marlins con- tenuirostratus Deraniyagala. This plate should cern only their behavior on the angler's hook. not be used diagnostically. In describing the There are two photographs, one captioned characters of this species (p. 105), he gives "R. C. Grey standing beside his 386-pound the length as 2640 mm. but does not say striped marlin swordfish," the other "Capt. whether or not it is the length of the type. L. D. Mitchell with his 976-pound black The description, not very detailed, states marlin swordfish." that "the branched rays of the first dorsal The above quotation does not constitute a at mid length are about half the height of its valid description of a genus, and the fish that anterior lobe," which eliminates this fish from is widely known as the striped marlin should the genus Tetrapturus and puts it definitely remain Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Sny- in Makaira, and, in my opinion, in all proba- der). bility it is M. mitsukurii. Whitley (1931b, p. 147) says that "Marlina Grey, 1928, is distinguished by its striped Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder), 1901 body and reduced scales, and the Striped BLACK MARLIN, PEZ-ZUNCHO (IN CHILE), Marlin Swordfish of New Zealand, which has KUROKAJIKI (IN JAPANESE) been called Makaira mitsukurii would be Plate 9 better termed Marlina zelandica (Jordan and Tetrapturus mazaYa JORDAN AND SNYDER, 1901, Evermann) on zoogeographical grounds." I Jour. College Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 15, pp. feel that the grounds in this case are purely 304-305; Misaki, Japan. Apparently there is no geographical and are insufficient to justify type specimen. any splitting of Makaira mitsukurii. ?Tetrapturus indicus CUVIER AND VALEN- Kajikia formosana is possibly a juvenile, CIENNES, 1831, Histoire naturelle des poissons, probably, as Hirasaka and Nakamura first vol. 8, pp. 286-2871; Sumatra. Prov. STEAD, 1906, thought, of M. mitsukurii. Their Kajikia Fishes of Australia, p. 170, fig. 61; New South mitsukurii "(Jordan and Evermann) 1901" Wales; 1908, The edible fishes of New South is Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder), Wales, p. 100, pl. 68; New South Wales. MCCUL- LOCH, 1921, Australian Zool., vol. 2, p. 106, pi. 34; 1901. Hirasaka and Nakamura have elimi- New South Wales. nated the genus Makaira on the grounds, in Tetrapturus australis WALL, 1854, Illus. Sydney my opinion unjustifiable, that "the charac- News, March 11; Australia (inadmissible). WHIT- teristics of Makaira [are] very indistinct," LEY, 1954, Australian Zool., vol. 12, p. 58; New and have made a new genus from the Japa- South Wales. nese common name for speared fishes. Histiophorus gladius, non Bloch, 1801, sed Tetrapturus brevirostris (Playfair) Derani- RAmSAY, 1881, Proc. Linnean Soc. New South yagala, 1933: This fish from Ceylon, which Wales, vol. 5, pp. 295-297, pl. 8; New South measured 8 feet 8 inches, is without doubt Wales. mitsukurii. brevirostris of Tetrapturus brevirostris, non Playfair, 1866, nec M. Tetrapturus Day, 1878, sed VAN KAMPEN, 1908, Natuurkund. Deraniyagala (1949; in an article not avail- Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie, vol. 67, pp. 120- able to me) was put by that author in 1951 124; Batavia. into the synonymy of Tetrapturus tenuiros- Makaira marlina JORDAN AND HILL, 1926, in tratus Deraniyagala. This species was based Jordan and Evermann, Occas. Papers California on "a fish in the British Museum labelled Acad. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 59-60, pl. 17; Pacific coast Makaira indica." The photograph given is of Mexico. of a Ceylon specimen, freshly caught. The Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder) JORDAN dorsal fin is being held so that one cannot see AND EVERMANN, 1926, Occas. Papers California the height of the lobe. Deraniyagala also Acad. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 53-54 (partim, non pl. 11, puts into T. tenuirostratus, Histiophorus fig. 1); Pacific Ocean, Japan, and Hawaii. NAKA- brevirostris Day, 1889, which is probably a MURA, 1938, Rept. Fish Exp. Sta. Govt. Formosa, juvenile. Deraniyagala's "A colored atlas of vol. 10, p. 20, pl. 10; Formosa. GRIFFIN, 1927, some vertebrates from Ceylon" (1952, vol. 1, 1 The few dimensions that are given fit either this pl. 27) shows a plate labeled Tetrapturus species or M. m. tahitiensis. 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 337

Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 58, pp. 141- prove that M. m. tahitiensis, in which it is 143, pl. 139 fig. 5; New Zealand. also reported, does not warrant subspecific Tetrapturus mitsukurii, non Jordan and Snyder, distinction. 1901, sed FOWLER, 1928, Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Professor T. P. Koh of Taiwan University Mus., vol. 10, p. 136 (partim); 1934, Mem. Bernice tells me that the rigid pectoral in Formosan P. Bishop Mus., vol. 11, p. 400, figs. 1, 2; Japan. australis WHITLEY, 1931, Australian marlins is characteristic of the shirokajiki Istiompax (M. m. takitiensis) and not of M. mazara, the Zool., vol. 6, p. 321; Australia; 1931, Rec. Aus- that in Ha- tralian Mus., vol. 18, pp. 147-150; Australia (type kurokajiki. This confirms rumors only). waii the fish called the silver marlin has a Eumakaira nigra HIRASAKA AND NAEAMURA, rigid pectoral and accounts for its frequent 1947, Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, pp. confusion with the black marlin. Specimens 16-18, pl. 2, fig. 2; South China Sea and Japanese of the silver marlin seen by the author in Current. Acapulco did not have rigid pectorals as far Prov. Makaira herscheli, non Gray, 1838, as could be seen. They were extremely heavy Table Bay, sed J. L. B. SMITH, 1950, The sea fishes specimens and had been pulled up to the of southern Africa, p. 3151; east coast of Africa. Fish dock over a high stone wall several feet above Makaira mitsukurii HERRE, 1953, Rept. the boats. It is possible that in the rough and Wildlife Serv., U. S. Dept. Interior, no. 20, scarred both sides of the pp. 255-256; Philippine Islands (partim). handling, which ?Istiompax kowardi WHITLEY, 1954, Australian fishes, something had broken and the pectoral Zool., vol. 12, pp. 58-60, pl. 3, fig. 3; New South therefore lay flat. There is no question of mis- Wales. identification by Dr. Koh, as the Japanese name shirokajiki (white speared-fish) and This species can be distinguished by the the Chinese name pu-pi (white skin) both great depth of body at the shoulder and by refer to the pale tone. Dr. Yoshio Hiyama of the comparatively short spear and low dor- Tokyo also reports a rigid pectoral for the sal lobe. The lateral line is not usually visible shirokajiki, and not for the kurokajiki. The externally. local name for the shirokajiki, Dr. Koh tells Gregory and Conrad (1939, pp. 453-454) me, is lee-tsu, which means erect fi'n. in their qualitative characters give as their Makaira mazara is usually uniformly dark best criterion for identifying the black marlin, for at least three-quarters of the sides, whitish the following character: "In most fishes the below. All the fins are dark. Occasionally dark adducted pectoral fin lies flat against the blue forms part of the color pattern of the side of the body, that is, the plane of the upper side and dorsal fin, and, infrequently, upper surface of the fin is in a vertical posi- indistinct lateral bars are to be seen immedi- tion.... This normal twist which brings ately after the fish has been fighting or im- the adducted fin (in which the upper surface mediately after death. The dorsal is fre- is horizontal) to the snug, vertical, adducted quently blotched or spotted. The eye, brown position is noted in most marlins. In marlina death. Further diag- which in life, is bluish after [M. mazara], - . . however, the twist nostic characters are given in the key to the streamlines the pectoral against the flank species. Makaira mazara is well known to of the body is lacking and thus, when ad- anglers, particularly when of large size and ducted, the pectoral remains in the horizontal is then easily recognizable, but is not so position. This character was observed on all easily distinguished when small or of medium of the black marlins examined." size. Since the establishment of an angling This character, it will be noted, is a move- club in Cabo Blanco, Peru, which has facili- ment, not an anatomical structure. It may tated fishing in a hitherto quite inaccessible be proved, however, that the whole pectoral area, this marlin has been taken on rod and complex of bones, tendons, and muscles in reel in very large sizes: 1020, 1051, and 1560 some way prevents the fin from being brought pounds, the last the heaviest weight to date, flat against the body. In this case, the rigid although the fish is constantly reported to pectoral will be the chief diagnostic character reach 2000 pounds. Dr. James Morrow writes for this species and very likely may go far to me from Cabo Blanco that a black marlin seen by him weighed only 108 pounds and 1 Plate 67, page 317, should not be used for diagnosis. 338 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 was an immature female. The 1560-pound as proportionately long and a fifth of its specimen was 14 feet 6 inches long. length [standard or total?]; its ventrals only Occurrence of Makaira mazara has been about a half. The first dorsal lobe was about confirmed for the following areas: Gulf of three-fourths of the depth of the body be- California, Acapulco, Panama Canal Zone neath it, getting rapidly lower and reaching (Pacific), Peru, Hawaiian Islands, Korea, four or five times lower for the rest of its Japan, Formosa, Philippine Islands, Aus- length. Although Cuvier and Valenciennes tralia, and New Zealand. There are persistent say that it is "in every way a Tetrapturus" reports of the fish in the Fiji Islands, Samoa, and very close to that of the Mediterranean, Natal (East Africa), Kenya, and Tanganyika. but with a longer spear, their description of Nakamura (1949, p. 44) says that "spawn- the dorsal removes it from Tetrapturus, and ing of the black marlin occurs from April to that character, with the rest of the descrip- August in the waters east of Luzon and For- tion, puts it into Makaira mazara or possibly mosa, and eggs from ripe ovaries have been M. m. tahitiensis. collected. There is not as yet, however, any Stead (1906) shows a rather ambiguous material on the larval and juvenile states. figure, which he calls T. indicus. It has the The form of the ripe ova is just like that of comparatively low dorsal and short spear of the sailfish and K. mitsukurii(l' [Makaira M. mazara. He refers, in this popular ac- mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder)]." count, to a specimen of about 12 feet long taken off Manly in 1905, and says that the DISCUSSION OF SYNONYMY photograph and spear are in the New South Tetrapturus mazara Jordan and Snyder, Wales Department of Fisheries. He refers 1901: The species was based on a specimen to the fish as being the same species as that of from Misaki, Japan, stated by Jordan and the Wollongong specimen (Ramsay, 1881). Evermann (1926) to have weighed 1080 Stead gives a photograph of the Manly speci- pounds. The type description gives the length men. It shows a laterally half-submerged fish as 10 feet without the spear. While the origi- which, although apparently a Makaira and nal description is not very complete and lacks probably M. mazara, is not more certainly a figure, it gives dorsal count, dorsal body identifiable. This is not the specimen from outline with "high back, profile rapidly ris- Manly referred to by Whitley (1931b, p. 149). ing to dorsal," dorsal in pectoral, shape of McCulloch (1921, p. 106), in a key, defines dorsal, and, in the key, mentions the "very the genus Tetrapturus as having a single ven- long pectoral" and the short dorsal.2 It also tral ray and low dorsal and puts T. indicus gives a color description, but this must have Cuvier and Valenciennes and Histiophorus been based on information given to the au- gladius of Ramsay "(nec Broussonet)" into thors, not on the market specimen on which M. mazara. the type seems to have been based and which Istiompax australis Whitley, Tetrapturus could not have retained the color described. australis Wall, Tetrapturus australis Macleay These authors say that the fish is known in MS, Histiophorus gladius Ramsay: Whitley Japan as kurokajiki. (1931a) named a new genus Istiompax and a Tetrapturus indicus Cuvier and Valen- new species, I. australis, in the Australian ciennes, 1831: This species was based on a Zoologist (p. 321), stating that "The holotype drawing sent to the authors by Sir Joseph of the new species, which is also the orthotype Banks. The specimen came from Sumatra. of the genus" is the specimen figured by Ram- The authors did not see the fish. It is stated say (1881)-Histiophorus gladius Ramsay. to have been "9 pieds" long and to have He says the specimen is mounted in the Aus- weighed "200 livres." The snout is described tralian Museum and that he has also ex- amined a fresh specimen from Manly. The 1 Nakamura's (1949) bibliography lists an article I description is too inadequate to be valid for have not seen: Nakamura, 1938, "On the spawning either habits of the black marlin. Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 50." genus or species. However, in the Rec- 2 Both here and in Jordan and Evermann (1926), the ords of the Australian Museum (1931b, pp. dorsal height is given as "1 in the length of the body 148-150) Whitley describes his genus and without the head"; this is probably an error for 51. species and gives the species synonymy. AMER. Mus. NAT. HIST. VOL. 107, PLATE 4 I N Va A6

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I: J, *' ' - 2 Fish from Mooloolabah, Australia, weighing 4 pounds 53/2 ounces. Courtesy of Messrs. Alfred Radcliffe and .Carrodus Fish taken off Hawaii, weighing 97 pounds. Courtesy of Messrs. C. M. Cooke, III, and C. M. Cooke, IV 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 339 Among the synonyms of I. australis, he gives the length of lower mandible to gape, 16.5 "Istiompax australis Whitley... [ex Tet- inches, to gill-cover, 21 inches. These dimen- rapturus australis Macleay MS]," a name, of sions place the fish in Makaira mazara. course, invalid because of its having appeared Tetrapturus brevirostris of Van Kampen in manuscript only. In 1954 (p. 58) he gives (1908) was a stuffed fish in the Buitenzorg the synonymy of the genus Istiompax, again Museum, examined by Van Kampen and listing the invalid Marlina Grey, 1928, and identified by him as T. brevirostris (Playfair). also as orthotype of Istiompax, I. australis He does not state whether he is dealing with (VWall). The Wall references, of which I have the fish in a stuffed or a fresh state, but we obtained pshotostats, appear to be unsigned, may assume that it was fresh, as he says it and were published in a newspaper, the Il- was a male. His dimensions fit those of M. lustrated Sydney News of March 11, 1854, mazara, between which and the Buitenzorg and September 2, 1854. Mr. Whitley, who specimen he himself found no important dif- has been kind enough to help untangle the ferences. matter of the Wall reference, tells me that Taxonomically, confusion has been caused the latter article was signed, although there by Jordan and Hill's (in Jordan and Ever- is no signature on the photostat. I feel that mann, 1926) Makaira marlina. The general this item should be explained and should be implication in the literature is that either M. excluded from further synonymy, as the name mazara (Jordan and Snyder) or M. marlina used in the articles, Tetrapturus australis, is Jordan and Hill is the black marlin, and that invalid because of insufficient description and the other name is that of a different fish, the because it was published in a newspaper. so-called silver marlin. A theory has also The Ramsay (1881) specimen, called by been advanced by anglers that the silver mar- hirn Histiophorus gladius, was harpooned off lin and the black marlin are the two sexes of Wollongong, New South Wales, and towed the same fish. ashore. As this reference is not to be found in From specimens of both black and silver most libraries, part of his description is marlins examined off Acapulco, Mexico, I quoted here: can state that the difference is not one of sex- "The specimen was a male, 13' 4" to the ual dimorphism. center of the caudal fin." Its "dorsal fin was Jordan and Evermann include a photo- about half the height of the body . . . profile graph (pl. 11, fig. 1) which they identify as strongly curved to the snout. Height of body Makaira mazara. This photograph, of a speci- neasured from the base of dorsal spines men examined in the Honolulu market, shows about 5 total length; head from tip of snout a fish from which the spear has been cut and to posterior margin of gill cover X total of which the posterior third of the body is length." The figure shows about 3.5 to a per- submerged and invisible. What remains is a pendicular between the tips of the caudal fairly good photograph of M. mitsukurii, lobes. The plate clearly shows a lateral line, showing the typical body depth, dorsal fin, but it is not mentioned in the text. The gen- and a clear color pattern typical of M. mit- eral color is given as "a deep bluish-black sukurii for some time after death, but not at (much lighter when alive) on the back and all typical of M. mazara. On page 59 of Jor- sides, above the median line, below which it dan and Evermann, Jordan and Hill describe is of a bright silvery hue, almost white on the a new species, Makaira marlina. All their ma- belly." Although the author mentions "much terial was photographic, and they state that lighter when alive," he did not see this fish they have "never seen a specimen of the when it was alive, as it was taken to him Giant Black Marlin of the east Pacific." three days after its capture, and he writes Their type is a photograph of a fish taken off that he received it "in quite a fresh state." Cape San Lucas, Baja California, and re- rhe height of the body is given as 2 feet 6 produced as their plate 17. This photograph inches opposite the dorsal fin; the height of is recognizable as the fish now universally the first dorsal from the base as 18 inches; known as the black marlin, which is Makaira the length of the pectoral, 2 feet 4 inches; mazara (Jordan and Snyder). Jordan and Hill the length of head with snout, 4 feet 5 inches; differentiate it from M. mazara on the basis 340 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 of "deeper body, lower fins, shorter spear turus mazara Jordan and Snyder, Tetrapturus and plain coloration," but the photograph indicus of Stead and of McCulloch, and with which they are comparing it is the one Makaira mazara of Jordan and Evermann. mentioned above which is a picture of M. He gives a good description of Makaira ma- mitsukurii as far as anyone can possibly de- sara (Jordan and Snyder) which the fish un- termine. The length of the pectoral is in- doubtedly is. cluded in their description despite the fact Fowler (1928, p. 136) puts Makaira ma- that in the photograph the pectoral is, as of- zara of Jordan and Evermann and Makaira ten in photographs, shown to be so distorted mitsukurii from the same work, both Ha- that any measurements of it could not possi- waiian specimens, into Tetrapturus mitsukurii bly be correct. Jordan and Snyder (1901), thereby retaining The diagnostic characters given in Jordan an incorrect genus and including in the spe- and Evermann's key, presumably with Hill's cies mitsukurii a fish the description of which knowledge, are: by Jordan and Evermann is partly that of a M. mazara "Median dorsal spines rather high, half to one- (Jordan and Snyder) and partly that of a third dorsal lobe . . . pectoral fin usually black, Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and its length much exceeding depth of body [this Snyder) (Jordan and Evermann, 1926, pl. statement is probably due to the fact that Jor- 11). dan and Evermann are really discussing the Fowler also puts into Tetrapturus mit- slender-bodied M. mitsukurii]; dorsal lobe mod- sukurii, Jordan and Evermann's Makaira erate, shorter than pectoral. Sides without pale grammatica, here considered to be a syno- lateral streak; pale cross-bands rather faint; nym of M. mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder). median dorsal spines moderate. He does not mention Jordan and Snyder's T...... mazara (Hawaii; Japan) Median dorsal spines very low, 5 to 6 in dorsal mazara which, as we have said, only partially lobe; pectoral fin barely equal, or not equal, to corresponds to Jordan and Evermann's M. depth of body; body very robust, the depth 5 in mazara. In the same paper, Fowler retains body from tip of spear to base of caudal; dorsal Tetrapturus brevirostris (Playfair), originally lobe low, about 11 in pectoral; spear short (from Histiophorus brevirostris Playfair and un- eye), twice rest of head. Body plain steel-color doubtedly a Makaira. with no pale cross bars and no white spots on Fowler later (1934, p. 400, figs. 1, 2) fins . . . marlina (Pacific coast of Mexico)" changed his 1928 synonymy and retained mazara and The Tetrapturus Jordan Snyder, in- characters given for M. marlina in the cluding in it, questionably, Makaira gram- key are in some ways a better description of matica Jordan and Evermann and Tetrap- M. mazara than is the type description. It turus mitsukurii Fowler (1928, p. 136, partim; is obvious that M. marlina, which was de- non and scribed Jordan Snyder, 1901). by Jordan and Hill as a different spe- In making this change in 1934, Fowler en- cies, based on their plate 17, belongs in M. tirely omitted Tetrapturus brevirostris (Play- mazara. but Nakamura fair) retained T. illingworthi and T. (1938) also had fishes of both ectenes, although he says that they are "likely sexes. In Japan and Formosa, as we have synonyms" of mazara, and further describes stated, one is known by a local name meaning T. ectenes as white "a doubtful nominal species speared-fish, the other by a name mean- described from an imperfect photograph." ing black speared-fish. Almost all authors Tetrapturus kraussi, here placed with agree that the fish called kurokajiki (black T. speared-fish) illingworthi and T. ectenes in unidentifiable is Makaira mazara, but many of specimens, was put questionably under T. them call the shirokajiki (white speared-fish) illingworthi by Fowler. Makaira marlina. As we have said above, Tetrapturus Griffin (1927, pl. 13, fig. 5) figures a typical is a Makaira mazara distinct genus, established by Rafinesque in which he calls by that name 1810 on his type T. belone from Sicily and and says was a "black marlin, inactive fe- characterized male." Into its synonymy he puts H. gladius by a low-lobed dorsal of even Ramsay, 1881 "(nec height, long narrow body, short spear, short Broussonet)," Tetrap- pectoral, and narrow caudal span. 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 341 Istiompax: Whitley's synonymy (1931b, by him to Istiompax. One of these, a specimen p. 148) for Istiompax australis Whitley is as from Port Stephens, New South Wales, is follows: probably a juvenile; the other, from Manly "Histiophorus gladius Ramsay, 1881 ... Male (not preserved) was a fish 13 feet 1 inch long, holotype of Istiompax australis Whitley, 13 ft. 4 in. as compared to Ramsay's fish which was 13 long, in the Australian Museum. Off Wollongong, feet 4 inches long (both measured to the end New South Wales; July 4, 1880. Id. Tenison- of the middle caudal rays). The Manly speci- Woods, ... 1882 . . . Not 'Scomber gladius Brous- men fits neither Makaira mazara nor Makaira sonet, ... 1786,' which according to authors, is a mazara tahitiensis very well, but there are species of Istiophorus, but Mr. C. D. Sherborn some peculiar differences between it and the states (in lit.) 'Pure invention, no such name oc- Ramsay specimen which was only 3 inches curs.' I have not seen this paper. size, ... Id. longer. Although so nearly the same "Tetrapturus indicus Waite,... 1904 the dorsal lobe of the Manly specimen is 54 Stead,... 1906 ... (Manley, N.S.W.) . .. Id. fish; the McCulloch, . .. 1921, ... 1922 ... Not T. indi- inches lower than that of Ramsay's cus Cuv. and Val., 1831. height of the body at the same point is 74 "Makaira mazara Griffin, ... 1927 ... Id. Mc- inches less; the length of the lower jaw to the Culloch, 1929 . . . Not Tetrapturus mazara Jordan gill-cover is 1 foot 3 inches greater; the tip and Snyder, 1901, from Japan. of the snout to the pectoral fin is 2 feet 2 "Tetrapturus herschelii McCulloch, ... 1929. inches greater. Other than absolute dimen- Not Tetrapturus herschelii Gray, 1838, from sions, nothing is given about this specimen South Africa. except the general color which was "light "Istiompax australis Whitley,... 1931W ... bluish grey, without vertical stripes. First Off Wollongong, N.S.W. Type in Austr. Mus. spots Tetrapturus australis dorsal fin brownish, with some dark [Australian Museum]. (Ex between lower halves of spines; second dorsal Macleay MS.)" greyish." The dorsal color would indicate Ramsay's specimen was a Makaira, incor- that the fish had been out of water for a long rectly identified by him as Histiophsorus time. The dimensions would indicate that it gladius (Bloch), a sailfish incorrectly attrib- was not the same species as Ramsay's fish. uted by many authors to Broussonet. The Working out the fish to scale from the Manly Waite 1904 reference is simply a check list dimensions results in a specimen of which the of New South Wales fishes. There is no way anterior part of the body appears in depth of knowing what Whitley intended by "T. like that of Makaira mitsukurii, but in other indicus C. and V.," as he has included in it dimensions like M. mazara. The body would Day's plate 47, figure 3, which seems to me be extremely long and narrow. I believe that to be a juvenile fish, which it also appeared this specimen should be put in unidentifiable to be to Day. Tetrapturus indicus Cuvier and species, as the fish has been destroyed, and Valenciennes is, in my opinion, either I suspect that mistakes in the dimensions Makaira mazara or its subspecies. have gotten into print. The depth measure- The Tenison-Woods reference is not avail- ment could be due to the fact that the fish able to me. had been gutted or had been kept a sufficient The Stead, McCulloch, Griffin, and Jor- length of time for dehydration to have caused dan and Snyder references are discussed in considerable shrinkage. the above pages. I would place Istiompax in Makaira Whitley seems arbitrarily to have split Lac6p6de and I. australis Whitley in Makaira individual specimens from Australia from mazara (Jordan and Snyder). The Manly fish the species, putting them into new species described by WVhitley is, in my opinion, an that have only geographical locality as a unidentifiable species, and the Port Stephens separating character. specimen should be put under possible ju- In discussing Istiompax, Whitley gives venile Makaira. dimensions of two other specimens assigned Eumakaira nigra Hirasaka and Nakamura (1947, pp. 16-18, pl. 2, fig. 2): Hirasaka and ' This reference is to Whitley (1931a) where the new Nakamura have put ?Tetrapturus mazara genus and species are named, based on Ramsay's speci- Jordan and Snyder and Makaira mazara men, but without description or figure. 342 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 Nakamura, 1938, in the synonymy of this can be definitely established as a constant name. In my opinion the fish should be known species character in both sexes and all growth as Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder). stages, it is not a safe diagnostic character. Hirasaka and Nakamura's excellent plates If it should prove to be constant, Istiompax confirm the opinion that their Marlina mar- howardi, which otherwise fits either M. lina is Mfakaira mazara tahitiensis, and that their ampla or M. mazara, should be assigned to Eumakaira nigra is Makaira mazara. M. ampla because of the non-rigid pectoral. For a discussion of Makaira herscheli of the character J. L. B. Smith, see page 345 under Makaira Otherwise, might be that of an ampla (Poey). immature fish belonging to M. mazara. Herre (1953, p. 256) has put Tetrapturus Since talking with Dr. Royce, I am in- mazara Jordan and Snyder, 1901, into clined to agree with his conclusion that M. Makaira mitsukurii, from which it is cer- ampla runs in the equatorial Pacific, a region tainly distinct. As this is the only Makaira from which I have seen no specimens. species listed by Herre, it would seem either I am therefore leaving this fish in M. that he includes all the Makaira of that re- mazara, but questionably, and also placing it gion in one species, or that he believes M. questionably under M. ampla.

Istiompax Makaira Makaira howardi mazara ampla Head in standard length 2.7 2.56-3 2.6-2.8 Depth in length 5.56 4.3 -5.5 4.4-6.3 Dorsal in depth 1.36 1.34-1.7 1 -1.6 Dorsal in pectoral 1.4 1.3 -1.5 1. 1-1.59 mazara to be absent from the region, a con- Makaira mazara tahitiensis clusion not supported by Hirasaka and (Nichols and LaMonte), 1935 Nakamura. SILVER MARLIN, SHIROKAJIKI (IN JAPANESE; Istiompax howardi Whitley, 1954 (pp. 58- WHITE SPEARED-FISH), PU-PI (IN CHINESE; 60, pl. 3, fig. 3): Photographs of this fish, sent WHITE SKIN), LEE-TSU (IN CHINESE to me from Bermagui, New South Wales, IN FORMOSA: ERECT FIN) where it was caught, were very confusing, Plate 10 but Whitley has given absolute measure- ments, from which there seemed little doubt Makaira nigricans takitiensis NICHOLS AND that this was a black marlin, Makaira mazara. LAMONTE, 1935, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 807, The fish was an immature female. Whitley p. 1, fig. 1; Tahiti. Type specimen (A.M.N.H. No. 12449A) was a photograph sent to us by Eastham gives as his diagnosis: "a marlin with general Guild. characters of the black marlin, but with de- pressible ?Tetrapturus indicus CUVIER AND VALEN- pectoral fins and bluer colouring CIENNES, 1831, Histoire naturelle des poissons, above, it has a narrow rostrum, a long ven- vol. 8, p. 286; Sumatra. tral skin-groove, and the rather low anterior Marlina marlina HIRASAKA AND NAKAMURA, profile of a striped marlin . . . yet it has a 1947, Bull. Oceanogr. Inst. Taiwan, no. 3, p. 15, deeper body than a striped marlin, without pl. 3, fig. 1; Formosa. light bands, and without the elevated first Istiompax dombraini WHITLEY, 1954, Aus- dorsal fin. The first dorsal fin has large dark tralian Zool., vol. 12, p. 60; New South Wales. spots, and the posterior spines are short. Vertebrae Makaira nigricans tahitiensis, designated 11+13=24. Body robust, not as a subspecies Nichols and compressed, its depth less than one-fifth of by LaMonte in 1935, and which those authors now agree total length. Lateral line indistinct. Spi-nous should be Makaira dorsal lobe lower than depth of body. Ventral mazara tahitiensis, is fins much shorter found in Hawaii, Tahiti, Mexico, the Japan- than the long, low pec- Formosa region, and elsewhere in the Pacific. torals." It is the Until the mechanism fish known to English-speaking an- of the rigid pectoral glers as the silver marlin. 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 343

The present author feels that it is very pos- current area of the Kuroshio and also abun- sible that the silver marlin and the black mar- dant in the South China area and the "main lin, Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder), species" in the March to May migration "in are the same fish. It is possible that at some the waters off Annam to the Hainan area." stage of maturity or of sexual development, The external characters are described in the the characters of M. m. tahitiensis appear; key on page 331. At first glance, the longer, again it is possible that some pathological more slender spear and the whitish over- condition has resulted in the "white over- wash are the outstanding characters. The wash" characteristic of M. m. tahitiensis and color in life varies somewhat, but seems fairly in the slight differences in body proportions. consistently to be dirty white, not very sil- If these are a result of possible endocrine very, over the major portion of the body. imbalance, it then remains to be determined The head, fins, and sometimes the dorsal whether such imbalance is to be considered ridge and a short distance below it are dark. racial or merely a pathological condition in a There is no indication of cross bars and no few individuals. blue in the life color. The spear is compara- The problem of the distribution of this tively longer and more slender than that of fish has been greatly complicated by a fact, M. mazara, and the fish is more slender for -only recently drawn to the author's atten- its length. In all the specimens I examined, tion, that on our own west coast and in Ha- the spear was very rugose above, and the waii the common names "black marlin" and flesh of the fish was soft and quite granular. are often used in precisely the There is as yet no published information "'silver marlin" or reverse sense in which they are used in most about the spawning habits, eggs, larvae, -other parts of the world. This is incompre- juveniles of this fish. hensible, as the names are based on the dis- DIscUssIoN OF THE SYNONYMY tinctive colors of the two fishes. rigid pectoral is as TetraPturus indicus Cuvier and Valen- The question of the m. tangle of name usage ciennes, 1831, placed questionably in M. yet unsolved, and this the has added to it. Whether the pectoral is tahitiensis, is discussed elsewhere in pres- rigid or is somehow locked in death ent paper (p. 338). absolutely Nakamura (1947, p. 15) or the struggle before death; whether it is Hirasaka and silver marlin, base their genus Marlina on Jordan and Hill's rigid in the black marlin, the 1926) description or both; and why it is rigid all remain to be (in Jordan and Evermann, of Makaira marlina, a description that seems determined. whereas p. 62) states in his key to me to belong to Makaira mazara, Nakamura (1949, Nakamura's fish, as well as that in Marlina "the pectoral fin forms a Hirasaka and falls right angle with the side of the body and can- Nakamura's 1938 Makaira mcrlina, into M. m. tahitiensis, and does not seem to not be folded against the body without break- and Hill. The ing the joint," and that in Eumakaira (which be the fish described by Jordan the blue marlin) Japanese authors use the name shirokajiki is the black or even possibly fish. "the pectoral fins can be readily folded back for their silver Istiompax dombraini Whitley, 1954, is de- against her body." This means that the a not much the black non-rigid, pec- scribed as having a rigid pectoral, marlin has rigid, and elevated dorsal lobe, and as resembling the torals! Professor Yoshio Hiyama reports the australis 1954) [see in the shirokajiki (the silver "black marlin, I. (Wall, rigid pectoral p. 339 above] in most characters but [with] a marlin, M. m. tasitiensis), and the non-rigid sword." Whitley (M. mazara). thinner and more tapering fin in the kurokajiki further says, "Most specimens weigh less Occurrences of M. m. tahitiensis in the fol- 200." No the than 150 pounds but some reach lowing areas are authenticated: Mexico, are given. Islands, Tahiti, For- figure and no body proportions Hawaiian Islands, Fiji The description is very scant, to which a mosa, Japan, and French Indo-China. In species is at- Naka- color description fitting several most areas it is far from abundant, but Provisionally I am placing the spe- as the most abundant tached. mura (1943) reports it cies in M. m. tahitiensis. species throughout the fishing season in the 344 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEbUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 Makaira ampla (Poey), 1860 It occurs from Georges Bank to the Wind- BLUE MARLIN ward Islands; off France; and in the equa- torial Pacific. Plate 11 Ripe females of the blue marlin have been Tetraptur-us amplus POEY, 1860, Memorias taken off the northern coast of sobre la historia natural de la Isla Cuba (La- de Cuba, vol. 2, but no free or larval pp. 237, Monte, 1944), eggs forms 243, ff.; 1861, tom. cit., pl. 15, fig. 2; have as northern coast of Cuba. Type specimen: yet been recognized. Possible ju- Male, veniles are 2453 mm. long, Poey Collection No. 190. discussed on page 347. Prov. Tetrapturus herschelii GRAY, 1838, Ann. OF Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 313, pl. 10; Table Bay. DIsCUSSION SYNONYMY Non Makaira herscheli of Smith, 1950, east coast of Tetrapturus herschelii Gray, 1838, was Africa. based on a specimen taken at Table Bay, in Makaira ampla (Poey) JORDAN AND EVER- the British Museum (Natural History) in MANN, 1926, Occas. Papers California Acad. Sci., London. The type, a stuffed specimen, was vol. 12, p. 69; West Indies. apparently described from the stuffed fish. Prov. Makaira bermudae MOWBRAY, 1931, The is that of Fauna Bermudensis, no. 1, p. 1, photograph; figure the mount. Gunther, Castle Harbour, Bermuda. Specimen destroyed. who must have seen it, has added some in- Makaira perezi DE BUEN, 1950, Publ. Cient. formation about the type. Serv. Oceanogr. y de Pesca, Montevideo, no. 5, Gray's plate shows a long, narrow Makaira pp. 171-175, figs. 1-43; Punta Carretas, Monte- in which the pectorals are on a curve so that video, Uruguay. one cannot determine their length. They ?Istiompax howardi WHITLEY, 1954, Australian seem to be short. The dorsal lobe is about Zool., vol. 12, pp. 58-60, pl. 3, fig. 3; New South 1.2 in Wales. the body depth. The spear is quite stout and appears short because it remains Makaira ampla (Poey) is an Atlantic spe- thick for a greater distance than is usual. cies known to anglers as the blue marlin. It Gray gives the length as "nearly 11 feet," is distinguished from the other Atlantic spe- which is very long for M[. albida, the narrow- cies, Makaira albida (Poey), by its greater est of the Makaira species for the Atlantic body depth,' its lower dorsal lobe, its incon- fauna. He gives the pectorals as 1 foot 9 spicuous or invisible lateral line, heavier inches and the pelvics as "imperfect; 9"." ;pear, and the fact that it reaches a far Guinther adds, "Depth more than 2 head, rreater weight than does the white marlin, and v of total" (the Gray plate agrees with M. albida. The present rod and reel record this head-length ratio). Gray also gives the for this fish is 742 pounds, at a length of 12 length of the upper jaw from the nostrils as feet 10 inches. nearly three-fourths of the length of the The dorsal fin is cobalt or purplish blue, head. often marked with darker spots or blotches. The depth in this length corresponds to The upper part of the body is very dark blue, Gray's figure. According to the figure, the becoming brilliant towards the median line standard length would be about 114 inches. where the color suddenly changes to bright, Therefore, the pectoral in the length would dense silver. When the fish has just been be 5.4, the depth in the pectoral 1.1. The landed, the lighter blue or lavender cross dorsal of the figure is low and about 1.2 in the bars on the sides are strikingly powder blue, depth, as the body below it is not at all deep. as is a spot around the pectoral base and The depth in the standard length would be under the fin. All the colors are intensified about 6. Jordan and Evermann's (1926) state- immediately after death, but fade quickly, ment, " . . . pectoral which is as long as the the fish becoming uniformly dark. spear which is j length of lower jaw," does not at all with I agree Gray's original descrip- Jordan and Evermann (1926, p. 69) write, "depth of tion. and body 5 in length of head to tip of lower jaw; depth of Jordan Evermann, quoting from body S in length from tip of spear to base of caudal." Guinther, say "posterior part of dorsal fin Poey gives the measurement not as the depth of the much lower than the body," but what GUn- body but as the pectoral fin into the body length from ther actually said is "the greater portion of the lower iaw tip. the dorsal fin much lower than the body." 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 345 Dr. J. L. B. Smith of Rhodes University visionally in M. ampta, but not including the has kindly lent me the photograph from specimen photographed and listed by J. L. B. which color plate 67, figure 875, in his "The Smith and said to occur on the other side of sea fishes of Southern Africa" (1950) was Africa, off East London. made. The plate, however, does not resemble Makaira bermudae: Although, in my opin- the photograph very closely. The fish, Dr. ion, this is Makaira ampla (Poey), in view of Smith says, is "a mount in our museum" and the fact that both L. L. Mowbray and L. S. is "so far regarded as confined to the east Mowbray, who saw the fish, believed that it coast of Africa-not uncommon East London was a new species, it is in the present paper -only one species in our area." The type of placed provisionally in M. ampla. The fish .B. herschelii came from the west side of the was destroyed before a thorough examina- Cape. The photograph, slightly distorted be- tion could be made. The photograph by Mow- cause the fish was forwardly bent, showed a bray is much distorted. short-lobed dorsal, a stout spear, and a deep Makaira perezi de Buen, 1950: This fish body, deepest farther towards the mid por- was towed to shore by de Buen at Mar de tion of the body than is usual, a feature prob- Solis, near Punta Carretas, Montevideo, ably due to inexpert mounting. This photo- Uruguay, on March 11, 1950. De Buen dis- graph seemed to be more like that of a fish tinguishes his species by the shape and origin in the M. mazara group than of one in the of its first dorsal as opposed to that of M. aZbida-mitsukurii group which is narrower marlina of Jordan and Hill (1926); the form bodied, with a longer, more slender spear of the caudal fin, the pectoral length, the than in the former group. The dorsal lobe in body, which is less robust than that of Jor- the plate, supposedly made from the photo- dan and Hill's fish, and the "uniform color graph, is high; the body color is like that of without bars or spots." a blue or a white marlin; and the spear is that Dr. de Buen kindly sent me copies of the of M. mazara or M. m. takitiensis. The pec- original photographs of his specimen, and I toral fin is shown on a curve, and the anal is have sent him clear photographs of the blue incorrectly drawn. This seems to be more a and the white marlins for comparison, but composite figure than a figure of any single have not heard whether or not he finds any species, although it could be M. ampla. similarity to his species. In the meantime, comparing the measurements given for his Without more specimens or information in Makaijra herscheli in Smith (1950) cannot be fish with those of Makaira ampla taken identified. Although said to be quite common the field, I find that de Buen's fish is well commercially off East London, I have been within the limits of Makaira ampla (Poey). unable to secure any photographs of it other M. perezi M. ampla than the one of the mount. DE BuxN (PoEY) Gray's M. herschelii agrees with Makaira Head in standard length 2.8 2.6-2.8 a,mpla, M. albida, M. mitsukurii, and M. Depth in standard length 6 4.4-6.3 tnazara in the relations of depth to pectoral; Dorsal in depth 1.1 1 -1.6 with M. ampla in dorsal into depth; with M. Depth in pectoral 1.07 1.1-1.59 M. and M. mitsukurii in depth a4npla, albida, In the photographs of M. perezi, the tip in length. As the fish appears to be too large of the leaves one Atlantic and one of the spear is broken off. The shape for M. albida, this dorsal is that of M. ampla. The tail is de- Pacific form, quite different from each other, formada between and mitsukurii). scribed by de Buen as "semilunar, to choose (ampla por dos ramas agudas en el 'apice y destacando The dorsal fin of the fish shown in Smith's This is in in M. mitsukurii, en el centro tres ondulaciones." plate is far lower than that no way different from the caudal of M. ampla, which throws the fish into M. ample, for three than in which the "three undulations" (like which the spear is more characteristic scallops) sometimes show quite clearly and for mitsukurii and for which the geographical are not present. location is right. The possibilitY of a new spe- sometimes there- De Buen describes the color as "Uniforme, cies does not seem justified to me. I.am bandas ni manchas. M .s obscure el lomo, fore putting Makaira herschelii (Gray) pro- sin 346 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 con tonalidad azul brillante. La primera dor- perfectly possible description of a large M. sal es ligeramente mas palida que al cuerpo ampla in life. The de Buen specimen meas- y posee menudas manchas irregularmente ured 3820 mm. in total, and 3300 mm. in distribuidas entre los radios cortos." This is standard, length. No weight is given. a good description of M. ampla after death, This specimen does not seem to justify and we gather that de Buen's specimen was specific differentiation and is here placed in dead when he towed it to shore. It is also a Makaira ampla (Poey).

INCERTAE SEDIS Tetrapturus kraussi Jordan and Evermann p. 400, fig. 2; Tahiti): Here Fowler retains (1926, p. 33, pl. 9; Hawaii; Museum of the Makaira australis (Whitley), originally Whit- California Academy of Sciences No. 601): ley's type (1931a, 1931b) of a new genus, The type is a photograph of a specimen ex- Istiompax, from New South Wales. The fish amined in the Honolulu market. No size is is figured by Fowler in his figure 2, a-d. The given. The description states that the spear legend to figure 2 states, "obtained at Pa- is "a little longer than the rest of the head, peete, Tahiti, by Eastham Guild." Figure 2a 2' in the pectoral." The whole length of the is of "a fish weighing 823 pounds, collected spear cannot be seen in the photograph, and February 6, 1932." No other weights are the pectoral appears to be very short. The given. The fish shown in figure 2b, stated in rest of the head, than which the spear is sup- the legend to have been collected July 24, posedly a little longer, is shown in the photo- 1931, appears to be the specimen, weighing graph as 1.5 in the pectoral, which indicates 504 pounds, on the photograph of which the that this fish may be T. illingworthi Jordan subspecies Makaira mazara tahitiensis (Nich- and Evermann (1926). The tip of the dorsal ols and LaMonte), 1935, was based. The appears to be broken. fishes shown in figures 2c and 2d are de- Because of the short pectoral, the slender scribed as "smaller fishes with longer ven- body, and the nature of the dorsal fin, the fish trals." The fish in the outline figure 2d is simi- may conceivably be a Tetrapturus or the lar to M. m. tahitiensis, but does not seem to young of a Makaira. Given the incomplete be the species shown in figures 2a, b, and c. photograph, no size, and the confusing de- Because dimensions are lacking, it is impos- scription, with measurements that must be in- sible to determine what the fishes are, other correctly stated, it is impossible to identify than that they definitely belong in the genus the fish. Makaira. Makaira australis (Whitley) Fowler (1934,

POSSIBLE JUVENILES OF MAKAIRA Fishes of small size that appear to have mens of which the 97-pound fish caught off juvenile characters are placed here. None of Hawaii them may well be a young Makaira can be identified specifically at the mitsukurii, as Mr. Charles M. Cooke III present time. None was found on grounds suspects. The spear of the Australian where only one species of Makaira was pres- fish ent. (4 pounds 52 ounces) is too long and the None was examined internally. is too for it to be a If these are young Makaira, juvenile char- body deep Tetrapturus, which would indicate that it, too, is a young acters, at a length of about 3 feet to a stage Makaira. fish just preceding that of an adult, This was 3 feet long. Mr. Cooke would be a also lent me a photograph of another small dorsal fin high throughout its length, al- 5 feet though not always of even height, a narrow fish, 31 inches long, which also had the characters mentioned above. On exhibit in body, and, in some species, a short pectoral the fin. The spear seems to be of normal Makaira American Museum of Natural History length. is a small mounted fish originally labeled Plate 12 shows two recently taken speci- Tetrapturus which now seems to us to be a young Makaira. The mount shows a very 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 347 thin-bodied fish, hardly deeper at the shoul- habits of K. formosana, and that it appears der than midway along its length. It is to have approximately the same distribution slightly over 4 feet in total length. The dor- and migrations as the short-nosed spearfish are not yet sal, of which the lobe is only very slightly [Tetrapturus], but the details higher than the rest of the fin, is twice the known. They also say, "From a considera- this spe- depth of the body below it. The spear is long, tion of certain data it appears that Formosa the pectorals are short, and the caudal span cies appears in the waters east of is wide. Its body is less deep, especially at somewhat later than the short-nosed spear- the shoulder, than that of a young Istiophorus fish." no type is of similar size. This fish was taken in the The genus Kajikia, for which spring of 1939, in the Gulf Stream halfway named, is obviously Makaira and is so syn- between Bimini, Bahamas, and Miami, Flor- onymized here. Kajikia mitsukurii of these ida. authors is here put into Makaira mitsukurff Kajikia formosana Hirasaka and Naka- (Jordan and Snyder). It is also possible that as the authors first mura (1947, pp. 13-14) is said by the authors K. formosana is actually, to be similar to Tetrapturus ectenes. Hirasaka thought, a juvenile of Makaira mitsukurii. that these fishes, which A small specimen of Istiompax australis and Nakamura state Australia "occur in the eastern sea of Formosa and are Whitley, taken off Port Stephens, February and April," (see p. 341), and so identified by Whitley, is landed at Suao between of Makaira. were once considered as a juvenile form of K. here put under possible juveniles studies made it out Small specimens from Madras, discussed by mitsukurii, but "further Play- [them] in a different Day (1878) as Histiophorus brevirostris more reasonable to put Makaira, al- They do not state in any publica- fair, are also possibly juvenile species." one of these has tions available to me what the further studies though the plate illustrating an adult fish. I am therefore were. The size is given as "about 150 cm. every aspect of Madras specimens as un- long," and the weight as "30 kg." This could also listing these They are further discussed on be a juvenile. In 1949, the same authors state identifiable. that there are no data on the spawnmg page 349. UNIDENTIFIABLE SPECIMENS have been placed too far forward The following names can never be posi- anal fin and and doubled, or the fins are a strangely dis- tively assigned owing to loss of the type speci- correctly, circumstances here discussed: torted portrayal of pelvics, placed men or to other the blade-like pelvics of Xiphias imperator Bloch and Schneider but otherwise unlike Istioplorus or Makaira. Because, how- (1801, vol. 1, p. 93; vol. 2, pl. 21; Mediter- either attribute three ever, the authors noted the presence or ab- ranean): Bloch and Schneider in their descriptions, one to the genus Xiphias: Xiphias velifer, sence of ventrals species must assume that these fins were intended as which has a large, high, semicircular first dor- caudal pelvics. The short dorsal has probably re- sal, a conspicuous lateral line, two of obvi- sulted from failure to pull the fin up out keels, and ventral fins, and which is very which has one the groove. The very short pectoral, ously Istiophorus; X. gladius, and the type of fins portrayed keel and no ventrals and obviously is forked caudal, caudal seem to indicate that the artist had not seen Xiphias gladius Linnaeus; and X. imperator, the de- dorso the specimen and had misinterpreted described as, "X. pinnis brevibus, have not noticed the and which, in scription. The authors scabro, carina caudali nulla," caudal keel ("carina caudali nulla"). The plate 21, is shown with a small forked caudal definitely identified. those of the specimen can never be fin and other fins resembling For a discussion of Makaira nigricans usual central type of teleost fish. The figure 327. first Lacepede, 1803, see page shows the first and second dorsals (the Lowe p. 36; One Tetrapturus georgii (1840, a short fin), a single anal, and ventrals. Madeira; same Ei- Madeira; 1849, vol. 3, p. 3; of two errors have been made in thefigure. specimen): Lowe's original description (1840) ther the ventrals were intended to be the first 348 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 of this fish is here quoted in full: "Having at Lowe's specimen is obviously a Makaira, length, through Mr. Leacock's kind exer- but the description is too scant for identifica- tions, obtained a fine example of the Peito in tion of the species. perfect condition I am enabled to state that Tetrapturus indicus Cuvier and Valen- it forms a new and very distinct species of ciennes, in Waite (1904, p. 42) is merely Tetrapturus Rafin.; differing from T. belone given in a faunal list of New South Wales Raf., as described by MM. Cuvier and fishes. There is no way of knowing what fish Valenciennes, especially in having the pec- Waite meant. toral fins proportionally twice as long, and Histiophorus brevirostris Playfair, 1866, in the body clothed with large scales of a pecul- Playfair and Gunther (1866, pp. 53-55), is iar shape and nature. I only forbear to draw described by Playfair from notes made from up its specific character till I have checked a fresh Zanzibar specimen. The figure was my notes and observations by examination made from the same specimen, but after of more examples; but I hope to be allowed mounting. The mount was destroyed. The the privilege at once of commemorating by figure shows a very long, slender, rather its specific name the valuable assistance ren- short-speared fish, a Makaira, with a long dered to the cause of Ichthyology by Mr. pectoral fin. The description gives absolute George Butler Leacock of this island gen- measurements of length, depth, head, pec- erally, as well as in the present instance." torals, and upper jaw from angle of mouth. In 1849, Lowe repeated this description It also describes the "anterior portion of the without change or addition. dorsal" as being "somewhat elevated but Jordan and Evermann (1926, pp. 55-56) much less so than in a species hitherto de- partially quote the description and add: scribed," and says that the color was "uni- "This is certainly different from Tetrapturus form." The "total length" was 10 feet 4 belone and is doubtless a species of Makaira. inches. Its long pectoral and plain colors suggest, In 1866, the species "hitherto described" perhaps, identity with the later described were T. albidus and T. amplus Poey, T. les- Makaira lessonae of Italy, but it seemed best sonae Canestrini, T. herschelii Gray, T. to list both provisionally as distinct species." georgii Lowe, M. nigricans Lace6pde, T. indi- In their key (p. 51), although they had no cus Cuvier and Valenciennes, and T. belone specimen except the Lowe fish, as described Rafinesque, and the other genera were Isti- by him, in addition to the "plain color" ophorus and Xiphias. which was not mentioned by Lowe, they in- From the figures given, the head would be clude matter for which there seems to be no 3.4 in the length, which is given as "total" source. but may have been taken to the end of the Dr. Maul, Director of the Funchal Mu- middle caudal rays or the tip of the caudal seum, writes me that peito is a name used for lobes, a shorter head than that of any species all marlins. A mounted specimen of marlin known to us, the extreme being that of M. seen by the present author in the Alges albida and of M. mazara in which the limit Aquarium, Lisbon, and labeled T. georgii, was for head in length is 3. The depth in this same taken off Tavira, Algarve, Portugal. The length would be 6.2. If 6.2 is standard length, mount was in poor condition, but the fish the measurement would fit M. ampla, M. appeared to be Makaira ampla. albida, and M. mitsukurii. However, the depth Fowler (1936, p. 1277) synonymizes T. in this length, as shown in the figure, is 7.1, georgii Lowe with Makaira nigricans Lace- which fits only M. albidaL. The depth in the pede, although questionably. He states in pectoral (1.1) fits M. albida, M. mazara, and that paper that he regards all the nominal M. mitsukurii. The low dorsal lobe, 1.4 in the Atlantic forms as one. He lists this M. nigri- depth, is typical of M. mazara, as is the uni- cans from Madeira, but his description is form color. made from specimens from "the Gulf Stream The low dorsal, uniform color, relation- from off New Jersey, Florida, and Cuba," ship of dorsal and pectoral, and the geo- and appears to be a composite of M. ampla graphical locality would indicate that the fish and M. albida. was probably Makaira mazara (Jordan and 1955 LAMONTE: MARLINS 349 Snyder), but the depth of the fish shown in description states that the "spear from the the figure of the mount is far too slight for tip of the lower jaw is 21 in the pectoral." that species. The mount was probably badly The photograph shows what is left of the done, and the skin may have been much spear from the tip of the lower jaw as 6+ in stretched, increasing the length and reducing the pectoral. The description gives, in the the depth, but the author presumably saw key, "dorsal lobe not longer than pectoral." and approved the figure before it was pub- It would be impossible to determine this from lished. If the length is total length, the fish the photograph owing to the area of the dorsal could be M. mazara, but if standard, or to lobe that is lacking. Nor could one tell what the outer mid-margin of the caudal, it could the body depth was. The two Tetrapturus only be M. mitsukurii. As the mount has characters shown clearly in tlhe photograph been discarded long since, and there will are a rather short pectoral and a rather nar- never be any way of determining the length row caudal span. However, this fish was 6 measurement used by Playfair, this speci- feet (whether total or standard length is not men is placed in uniden-tifiable specimens. stated) long and weighed only 60 pounds; Boulenger (1887, p. 660) lists as Tetrap- therefore it must have been very narrow- turus brevirostris two fishes taken off Muskat, bodied. If the spear was measured in the but gives no characters. market and was 24 in the pectoral (the por- Day (1878, p. 199, pl. 47, fig. 3) had sev- tion of the spear beyond the tip of the lower eral specimens from Madras which he de- jaw), then the spear was too long for a Tetrap- scribed as possibly belonging in H. breviros- turus and the fish is possibly a young Ma- tris Playfair. According to Day's measure- kaira. I feel that there is no way of knowing ments, the largest of these was only 4 feet 4 what the fish really was, and that it should inches long and the fish on which the plate be put in the list of unidentifiable specimens. is based was "a little over 4' long." His de- Also in this category must go de Buen's genus scription, he states, was based on "speci- Pseudohistiophorus (de Buen, 1950, p. 171) mens" in the Madras Museum. From the pro- which is based on Tetrapturus illingworthi portions given, Day's fishes were probably as its type. small specimens of Makaira mitsukurii (Jor- Tetrapturus kraussi Jordan and Evermann dan and Snyder). Jordan and Evermann 1926, p. 33, pl. 9; Hawaii): Here again is a (1926) have used Day's description, but have picture of a fish with not only the spear, but quoted the measurements incorrectly. Owing also even the tip of the lower jaw, cut off. to the fact that the length of Day's fish The tip of the dorsal lobe is broken off, and seems to be that of a juvenile and the plate the ventral outline of the body is obscured. has the appearance of an adult and the de- The tail lobes are cut off by the edge of the scription is possibly, but not surely, that of photograph. A short pectoral shows, as well Makaira mitsukurii, I am placing the Day as an appiarently narrow body. No size is and plate in unidentifiable speci- given for this fish. The type is this photo- description in mens with the provision that, when the de- graph, again of a "specimen examined the velopmental cycle of Makaira is better Honolulu market." The short pectoral would known, these fishes may correspond to a ju- indicate a Tetrapturus, as would the appar- venile stage. ently very narrow body and what appears illingworthi Jordan and Ever- to be the beginning of a narrow caudal span. Tetrapturus to estimate the mann (1926, p. 32, pl. 8): No one will ever It is, however, not possible know what this fish was. The type is a photo- height of the dorsal lobe or the length of the a dor- spear. The dorsal lobe is given as 14 in the graph of a fish with a broken-off spear, as sal from which the tip of the lobe has been pectoral. The photograph shows them broken off quite far down, and a body the equal, although the dorsal tip is mutilated. outline of which is obscured by a paper The head is given as 3x in body to base of lower caudal, spear included, and the spear as or piece of cloth. The authors state that they discover be- examined the fish in the market in Honolulu. 22 in the pectoral. I cannot at tween what points the spear was measured. The dimensions of the description are the variance with the plate. For example, the However, if the head, with complete 350 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 spear, was 34 in the standard length of the the shape of the dorsal, and the depth of the body, the spear was short enough to have body ruling out that genus. The type, of been that of a Tetrapturus. As we shall never which figure 2 of plate 11 purports to be a know what the dimensions of this fish really photograph, is stated in the text to have were, T. kraussi is put among the unidenti- weighed only 40 pounds, although previously fiable specimens. in the text the authors say, "the weight of Tetrapturus ectenes Jordan and Evermann the specimens examined was 72, 80 and 100 (1926, pp. 34-35, pl. 11, fig. 2; Hawaii): It pounds respectively." The text mentions a is possible that the figure numbers of plate 11 "short pectoral." In both photographs the may be reversed. However, both figures of pectoral is considerably longer than the dorsal the plate are photographs of mutilated speci- lobe which in one case is about 1.5 in the pec- mens "examined in the Honolulu market" toral and in the other, 1.4. Obviously some by the authors. In both, the end of the spear is misstatements have occurred in the text. Both missing, and the posterior part of the body figures appear to the present author to be is submerged so that the tail does not show. Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder), al- Both, however, resemble fully adult fishes, though if the specimen shown in figure 2 and both show a very long pectoral fin and a actually weighed only 40 pounds, it, despite high dorsal lobe. According to the text by its adult appearance, must have been a ju- Jordan and Evermann figure 1 of plate 11 is venile, certainly of Makaira. Tetrapturus Makaira mazara, but in my opinion it is M. ectenes Jordan and Evermann is here placed mitsukurii; figure 2 of plate 11 is certainly in unidentifiable specimens. not a Tetrapturus, the length of the pectoral, SUMMARY THE VALID RECENT GENERA in the two fami- Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder), 1901 lies of speared fishes, Istiophoridae and STRIPED MARLIN the marlin; Xiphiidae, are Makaira Lac6pede, Type: Tetrapturus mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder, Istiophorus Lac6pede, the sailfish; Tetrapturus 1901; Misaki, Japan Rafinesque, the spearfish; and Xiphias Lin- Histiophorus audax Philippi, 1887; Iquique, Chile naeus, the swordfish, which is monospecific. Makaira mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder) Jordan Out of the tangle of the old and recent and Evermann, 1926; shores of Japan, Hawaii, literature on Makaira, there emerge two valid and the Santa Barbara Islands Atlantic species and three Pacific species Makaira mazara, non Jordan and Snyder, 1901, with a possible subspecies of one of them: sed (partim) Jordan and Evermann, 1926; Makaira albida (Poey), the white marlin of Hawaii (Poey), the blue Prov. Makaira grammatica Jordan and Evermann, the Atlantic; Makaira ampla 1926; Hawaii marlin of the Atlantic and Pacific; Makaira Makaira holei Jordan and Evermann, 1926; Cali- mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder), the striped fornia and Mexico marlin of the Pacific; Makaira mazara (Jor- Makaira zelandica Jordan and Evermann, 1926; dan and Snyder), the black marlin of the New Zealand Pacific; and Makaira mazara tahitiensis Marlina mitsukurii Grey, 1928 (nomen nudum); (Nichols and LaMonte) a possible subspecies, New Zealand the silver marlin of the Pacific. Tetrapturus brevirostris, non Playfair, 1866, sed the synonymy of the Deraniyagala, 1933; Ceylon For quick reference, ?Kajikia formosana Hirasaka and Nakamura, genus and its species is here repeated without 1947; Formosa the full bibliographic references. Kajikia mitsukurii Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; Formosa MAKAIRA LACfriDE, 1803 Tetrapturus tenuirostratus Deraniyagala, 1951, MARLIN 1952; Ceylon France Type: Makaira nigricans Lac6pede, 1803; (Jordan and Snyder), 1901 Tetrapturus, non Rafinesque, 1810, sed Cuvier and Makaira mazara Valenciennes, 1831; Sumatra. (Non pl. 229.) BLACK MARLIN Histiophorus Philippi, 1887; Chile Type: Tetrapturus mazara Jordan and Snyder, Marlina Grey, 1928 (nomen nudum); New Zea- 1901; Misaki, Japan land. Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; Formosa ?Tetrapturus indicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Istiompax Whitley, 1931a (nomen nudum); Aus- 1831; Sumatra. Prov. Stead, 1906, 1908; Aus- tralia. Whitley, 1931b; Australia tralia. McCulloch, 1921; Australia. Kajikia Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; Formosa Tetrapturus australis Wall, 1854 (inadmissible); Eumakaira Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; For- Australia. VW'hitley, 1954; Australia. mosa Histiophorus gladius, non Bloch, 1801, sed Ram- Prov. Pseudohistsophorus de Buen, 1950; Hawaii say, 1881; Australia Tetrapturus brevirostris, non Playfair, 1866, nec Makaira albida (Poey), 1860 Day, 1878, sed Van Kampen, 1908; Batavia WHITE MARLIN Makaira marlina Jordan and Hill, 1926; Pacific Cuba coast of Mexico Type: Tetrapturrus albidus Poey, 1860; Makaira mazara (Jordan and Snyder) Jordan and Tetrapturus lessonae Canestrini, 1861; Italy 1926 (partim, not the plate); Pacific Makai-ra albida (Poey) Jordan and Evermann, Evermann, to Ocean, Japan, and Hawaii. Nakamura, 1938; 1926; West Indies northward in Gulf Stream Formosa. Griffin, 1927; New Zealand Woods Hole Tetrapturus mitsukurii, non Jordan and Snyder, Tetrapturus belone, non Rafinesque, 1810, sed 1901, sed Fowler, 1928 (partim); Hawaii. Legendre, 1928; France. Desbrosses, 1938; Fowler, 1934; Japan France Istiompax australis Whitley, 1931a; Australia. Tetraptiris georgsi, non Lowe, 1840, nec Fowler, Whitley, 1931b; Australia 1936, sed Tortonese, 1940; Genoa 351 352 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOL. 107 ?Eumakaira nigra Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; INCERTAE SEDIS South China Sea and Japanese Current Tetrapturus kraussi Jordan and Evermann, 1926; Prov. Makaira kerschelii, non Gray, 1838, Table Hawaii Bay, sed J. L. B. Smith, 1950; east coast of Makaira Africa australis (Whitley) Fowler, 1934; Tahiti Makaira mitsukurii Herre, 1953 (partim); Philip- POSSIBLE JUVENILES pine Islands ?lstiompax howardi Kajikia formosana Hirasaka and Nakamura,, Whitley, 1954; Australia 1947; Formosa Istiompax australis Whitley, 1931; Port Stephens, Makaira mazara tabitiensis Australia (Nichols and LaMonte), 1935 ?Ilistiophorus brevirostris Playfair, 1866, in Day, SILVER MARLIN 1878; Madras. (See also below.) Type: Makaira nigricans tahitiensis Nichols and UNIDENTIFIABLE SPECIMENS LaMonte, 1935; Tahiti Xiphias imperator Bloch and Schneider, 1801; ?Tetrapturts indicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Mediterranean 1831; Sumatra Makaira nigricans Lac6pede, 1803; France Marlina marlina Hirasaka and Nakamura, 1947; Tetrapturus georgii Lowe, 1840; Madeira Formosa Tetrapturusindicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1904, Istiompax dombraini Whitley, 1954; Australia in Waite; Australia Histiophorus brevirostris Playfair, 1866; Zanzibar Makaira ampla (Poey), 1860 Tetrapturus brevirostris (Playfair) Boulenger, 1887; Muskat BLUE MARLIN ?(Or juvenile) Histiophorus brevirostris Playfair, Type: Tetrapturus amplus Poey, 1860; Cuba 1866, in Playfair and Gunther; Playfair, 1878, Prov. Tetrapturus hersckelii Gray, 1838; Table in Day; Madras. Bay. Non Makaira herscheli Smith, 1950; east Tetrapturus illingwortki Jordan and Evermann, coast of Africa 1926; Hawaii Makaira ampla (Poey) Jordan and Evermann, PseudohistioPhorus illingworthi (Jordan and Ever- 1926; West Indies mann) de Buen, 1950; Hawaii Prov. Makaira bermudae Mowbray, 1931; Ber- Tetrapturus kraussi Jordan and Evermann, 1926; muda Hawaii Makaira perezi de Buen, 1950; Uruguay Tetrapturus ectenes Jordan and Evermann, 1926; Istiompax howardi Whitley, 1954; Australia Hawaii BIBLIOGRAPHY This does not purport to be a full bibliography BROUSsoNET, PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE for the genera and species. Only literature used in 1786. M6moire sur le voilier. Espace de pois- the preparation of the present paper is listed. son peu connue, que se trouve dans les Acad. Sci. Paris, ARATA, GEORGE F., JR. mers des Indes. M6m. 1954. 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